能源资源中英文对照外文翻译文献
白皮书的能源状况与政策中英文对照
-- Energy resources abound.Chinaboasts fairly rich fossil energy resources, dominated by coal. By 2006, the reserves of coal stood at 1, billion tons, and the remaining verified reserves exploitable accounted for 13 percent of the world total, rankingChinathird in the world. The verified reserves of oil and natural gas are relatively small, while oil shale, coal-bed gas and other unconventional fossil energy resources have huge potential for exploitation.Chinaalso boasts fairly abundant renewable energy resources. In 2006, the theoretical reserves of hydropower resources were equal to 6,190 billion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power output was 1,760 billion kwh, equivalent to 12 percent of global hydropower resources, ranking the country first in the world.
能源科普英文作文
能源科普英文作文英文：Energy is a crucial part of our daily lives. It powers our homes, cars, and businesses. However, many of us don't fully understand where our energy comes from or how it's produced. In this article, I will provide a brief overviewof energy sources and production methods.Firstly, there are two main categories of energy sources: renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable sources include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These sources are finite and will eventually run out. Onthe other hand, renewable sources include solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power. These sources are replenished naturally and can be used indefinitely.Secondly, there are various methods of producing energy. One method is through thermal power plants, which burnfossil fuels to heat water and produce steam that drivesturbines. Another method is through nuclear power plants, which use nuclear reactions to generate heat and produce steam. Renewable sources are typically harnessed through solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, and geothermal plants.It's important to note that each energy source and production method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, non-renewable sources are often cheaper and more reliable, but they also contribute to climate change and pollution. Renewable sources are cleaner and more sustainable, but they can be less reliable and more expensive.In conclusion, understanding energy sources and production methods is crucial for making informed decisions about our energy use. By choosing cleaner and more sustainable sources, we can help protect our planet and ensure a brighter future for generations to come.中文：能源是我们日常生活中至关重要的一部分。
能源专业外文翻译--来自太阳的能源
外文原文：ENERGY FROM THE SUNThe sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the solar radiation that reaches the earth. Solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity. The major drawbacks (problems, or issues to overcome) of solar energy are: (1) the intermittent and variable manner in which it arrives at the earth's surface and, (2) the large area required to collect it at a useful rate. Solar energy is used for heating water for domestic use, space heating of buildings, drying agricultural products, and generating electrical energy.In the 1830s, the British astronomer John Herschel used a solar collector box to cook food during an expedition to Africa. Now, people are trying to use the sun's energy for lots of things.Electric utilities are trying photovoltaics, a process by which solar energy is converted directly to electricity. Electricity can be produced directly from solar energy using photovoltaic devices or indirectly from steam generators using solar thermal collectors to heat a working fluid. Out of the 14 known solar electric generating units operating in the US at the end of 2004, 10 of these are in California, and 4 in Arizona. No statistics are being collected on solar plants that produce less than 1 megawatt of electricity, so there may be smaller solar plants in a number of other states. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGYPhotovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a photovoltaic (PVs) cell, commonly called a solar cell. A photovoltaic cell is a nonmechanical device usually made from silicon alloys.Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed. Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface.When the electrons leave their position, holes are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of a battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity flows.The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV system. Individual cells can vary in size from about 1 cm (1/2 inch) to about 10 cm (4 inches) across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array. The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules. As many modules as needed can be connected to form the array size (power output) needed.The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight. Climate conditions (e.g., clouds, fog) have a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a PV array and, in turn, its performance. Most current technology photovoltaic modules are about 10 percent efficient in converting sunlight with further research being conducted to raise this efficiency to 20 percent.The pv cell was discovered in 1954 by Bell Telephone researchers examining the sensitivity of a properly prepared silicon wafer to sunlight. Beginning in the late 1950s, pvs were used to power U.S. space satellites. The success of PVs in space generated commercial applications for pv technology. The simplest photovoltaic systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches used everyday. More complicated systems provide electricity to pump water, power communications equipment, and even provide electricity to our homes.Photovoltaic conversion is useful for several reasons. Conversion from sunlight to electricity is direct, so that bulky mechanical generator systems are unnecessary. The modular characteristic of photovoltaic energy allows arrays to be installed quickly and in any size required or allowed.Also, the environmental impact of a photovoltaic system is minimal, requiring no water for system cooling and generating no by-products. Photovoltaic cells, like batteries, generate direct current (DC) which is generally used for small loads (electronic equipment). When DC from photovoltaic cells is used for commercial applications or sold to electric utilities using the electric grid, it must be converted to alternating current (AC) using inverters, solid state devices that convert DC power to AC. Historically, pvs have been used at remote sites to provide electricity. However, a market for distributed generation from PVs may be developing with the unbundling of transmission and distribution costs due to electric deregulation. The siting of numerous small-scale generators in electric distribution feeders could improve the economics and reliability of the distribution system.SOLAR THERMAL HEATThe major applications of solar thermal energy at present are heating swimming pools, heating water for domestic use, and space heating of buildings. For these purposes, the general practice is to use flat-plate solar-energy collectors with a fixed orientation (position).Where space heating is the main consideration, the highest efficiency with a fixed flat-plate collector is obtained if it faces approximately south and slopes at an angle to the horizon equal to the latitude plus about 15 degrees. Solar collectors fall into two general categories: nonconcentrating and concentrating.In the nonconcentrating type, the collector area (i.e. the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation).In concentrating collectors, the area intercepting the solar radiation is greater, sometimes hundreds of times greater, than the absorber area. Where temperatures below about 200o F are sufficient, such as for space heating, flat-plate collectors of the nonconcentrating type are generally used.There are many flat-plate collector designs but generally all consist of (1) a flat-plate absorber, which intercepts and absorbs the solar energy, (2) a transparent cover(s) that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat loss from the absorber, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air or water) flowing through tubes to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing.Solar space heating systems can be classified as passive or active. In passive heating systems, the air is circulated past a solar heat surface(s) and through the building by convection (i.e. less dense warm air tends to rise while more dense cooler air moves downward) without the use of mechanical equipment. In active heating systems, fans and pumps are used to circulate the air or the heat absorbing fluid.SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTSSolar thermal power plants use the sun's rays to heat a fluid, from which heat transfer systems may be used to produce steam. The steam, in turn, is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine and into electricity from a conventional generator coupled to the turbine. Solar thermal power generation is essentially the same as conventional technologies except that in conventional technologies the energy source is from the stored energy in fossil fuels released by combustion. Solar thermal technologies use concentrator systems due to the high temperatures needed for the working fluid.PARABOLIC TROUGHThe parabolic trough is used in the largest solar power facility in the world located in the Mojave Desert at Kramer Junction, California. This facility has operated since the 1980 and accounted for the majority of solar electricity produced by the electric power sector in 2004.A parabolic trough collector has a linear parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the sun's radiation on a linear receiver located at the focus of the parabola. The collector tracks the sun along one axis from east to west during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver. Because of its parabolic shape, a trough can focus the sun at 30 to 100 times its normal intensity (concentration ratio) on a receiver pipe located along the focal line of the trough, achieving operating temperatures over 400 degrees Celcius.A collector field consists of a large field of single-axis tracking parabolic trough collectors. The solar field is modular in nature and is composed of many parallel rows of solar collectors aligned on a north-south horizontal axis. A working (heat transfer) fluid is heated as it circulates through the receivers and returns to a series of heat exchangers at a central location where the fluid is used to generate high-pressure superheated steam. The steam is then fed to a conventional steam turbine/generator to produce electricity. After the working fluid passes through the heat exchangers, the cooled fluid is recirculated through the solar field. The plant is usually designed to operate at full rated power using solar energy alone, given sufficient solar energy. However, all plants are hybrid solar/fossil plants that have a fossil-fired capability that can be used to supplement the solar output during periods of low solar energy. The Luz plant is a natural gas hybrid.SOLAR DISHA solar dish/engine system utilizes concentrating solar collectors that track the sun on two axes, concentrating the energy at the focal point of the dish because it is always pointed at the sun. The solar dish's concentration ratio is much higher that the solar trough, typically over 2,000, with a working fluid temperature over 750o C. The power-generating equipment used with a solar dish can be mounted at the focal point of the dish, making it well suited for remote operations or, as with the solar trough, the energy may be collected from a number of installations and converted to electricity at a central point. The engine in a solar dish/engine system converts heat to mechanical power by compressing the working fluid when it is cold, heating the compressed working fluid, and then expanding the fluid through a turbine or with a piston to produce work. The engine is coupled to an electric generator to convert the mechanical power to electric power.SOLAR POWER TOWERA solar power tower or central receiver generates electricity from sunlight by focusing concentrated solar energy on a tower-mounted heat exchanger (receiver). This system uses hundreds to thousands of flat sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to reflect and concentrate the sun's energy onto a central receiver tower. The energy can be concentrated as much as 1,500times that of the energy coming in from the sun. Energy losses from thermal-energy transport are minimized as solar energy is being directly transferred by reflection from the heliostats to a single receiver, rather than being moved through a transfer medium to one central location, as with parabolic troughs. Power towers must be large to be economical. This is a promising technology for large-scale grid-connected power plants. Though power towers are in the early stages of development compared with parabolic trough technology, a number of test facilities have been constructed around the world.Last Revised: July 2008Sources: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual,Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report database.中文译文：来自太阳的能源太阳产生能量已有数十亿年，太阳能是太阳辐射到地球的能量。
能源类外文文献翻译（译文1）
太阳能蒸馏：一种有前途的供水代替技术，它使用免费的能源，技术简单，清洁Hassan E.S.Fath埃及，亚历山大，亚历山大大学机械学院工程系摘要：太阳能蒸馏为盐水淡化提供了一种替代技术，它使用免费的能源、技术简单、清洁，为人类提供所需的部分淡水。
太阳能蒸馏系统的发展已经证明：当天气情况良好，并且需求不太大时，比如少于200立方米／天，它在海水淡化过程中有一定的适用性。
太阳能蒸馏器的产量低这个问题迫使科学家研究许多提高蒸馏器产量和热效率，以此来降低产水的费用。
本文对许多最新发展的单效和多效太阳能蒸馏器进行了整体评论和技术评估。
同时，对蒸馏器构造的发展、各部件在运行过程中出现的问题、对环境的影响也进行了阐述。
关键词：太阳能;海水淡化1.简介在淡水需求超出了淡水资源所能满足的量的地方，对低质量的水进行去盐处理是一种合适的淡水来源途径。
对盐水或海水脱盐处理取得淡水满足了社会基本的需求。
一般说来，它不会对环境造成严重的损害作用。
因此，进行海水淡化的工序和工厂在数量上和能力上都有了巨大的进步。
许多不同的海水淡化技术被用来从盐水中分离淡水，包括有：多级闪蒸（MSF）、多效（ME）、蒸汽压缩(VC)、反渗透（RO）、离子交换、电渗析、相变和溶剂萃取。
但是，这些技术只能产生少量的淡水，因而是昂贵的。
另一方面，用来驱动这些技术的传统能源也会对环境产生消极的作用。
而太阳能蒸馏为盐水淡化技术提供了一种有前途的替代处理过程，它使用免费的能源，技术简单，清洁，并能为人类提供所需的部分淡水。
太阳能蒸馏系统的发展已经证明：当天气情况良好，并且需求不太大时，比如少于200立方米／天，它在海水淡化过程中有一定的适用性。
太阳能蒸馏器的产量和热效率，以此来最小化产水费用。
这些方法中包括被动的和主动的单效蒸馏器。
一些工作者也曾试图都产生的水蒸气在外部凝结（在额外的凝结表面上）。
另一方面，浪费的凝结潜热也被利用，从而增加馏出水的产量和提高效率。
能源科普英文作文高中
能源科普英文作文高中英文：Energy is an essential part of our daily lives. It powers our homes, businesses, and transportation. However, not all energy sources are created equal. Some are renewable, while others are non-renewable. In this article, I will discuss the different types of energy sources and their impact on the environment.Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally and sustainably. Examples include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. These sources are considered clean because they do not emit greenhouse gases or other pollutants. They also have a lower environmental impact than non-renewable sources. For instance, wind turbines and solar panels can be installed on existing structures, such as rooftops, withoutdisrupting the natural landscape. Additionally, hydroelectric dams can provide clean energy withoutemitting harmful pollutants.Non-renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are those that cannot be replenished naturally or sustainably. Examples include coal, oil, and natural gas. These sources are considered dirty because they emit greenhouse gases and other pollutants. They also have a higher environmental impact than renewable sources. For instance, coal mining can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. Oil spills can devastate marine ecosystems and harm wildlife.In conclusion, the type of energy source we use has a significant impact on the environment. Renewable sources are cleaner and have a lower environmental impact than non-renewable sources. It is important that we prioritize the use of renewable energy sources to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the planet.中文：能源是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
保护能源英文作文
保护能源英文作文英文：As we all know, energy is an essential resource for human beings. However, with the rapid development of industry and technology, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. At the same time, the limited energy resources on earth are gradually being depleted. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect and conserve energy.Firstly, we can start from our daily life. For example, turning off lights and unplugging appliances when not in use can save a lot of energy. Taking public transportation or carpooling can also reduce energy consumption. Secondly, we can promote the use of renewable energy, such as solar energy and wind energy, which are not only environmentally friendly but also sustainable. Thirdly, we can encourage the development of energy-saving technologies and products, which can reduce energy consumption while maintaining the same level of performance.In addition, governments and enterprises should also play a leading role in energy conservation and protection. Governments can formulate relevant policies and regulations to promote energy conservation and the development of renewable energy. Enterprises can invest in research and development of energy-saving technologies and products, and adopt energy-saving measures in production and operation.In short, protecting energy is not only aresponsibility of individuals, but also a common goal of the whole society. Only by working together can we achieve sustainable development and a better future.中文：众所周知，能源是人类必不可少的资源。
分析能源的英语作文有翻译
分析能源的英语作文有翻译Energy Analysis。
Energy is a vital resource that is essential for the functioning of modern society. It is used for everything from powering our homes and vehicles to running our businesses and industries. However, as the world's population continues to grow and demand for energy increases, it is becoming increasingly important to analyze our energy usage and find ways to make it more sustainable.One of the most important aspects of energy analysis is understanding where our energy comes from. The majority of our energy is generated from fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources are finite and their extraction and use have significant environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. As a result, there is a growing need toshift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, which have much lower environmental impactsand are more sustainable in the long term.Another important aspect of energy analysis is understanding how we use energy. The biggest consumers of energy are buildings and transportation. In buildings, energy is used for heating, cooling, lighting, and powering appliances and electronics. In transportation, energy is used for fueling vehicles and powering publictransportation systems. By improving the energy efficiencyof buildings and transportation systems, we cansignificantly reduce our energy usage and associated environmental impacts.There are many ways to improve energy efficiency, including using energy-efficient appliances and electronics, upgrading insulation and windows in buildings, andinvesting in public transportation and electric vehicles. Additionally, individuals and businesses can reduce their energy usage by adopting simple practices such as turningoff lights and electronics when not in use, using natural light instead of artificial light, and adjustingthermostats to more energy-efficient temperatures.In conclusion, energy analysis is an important tool for understanding our energy usage and finding ways to make it more sustainable. By shifting towards renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency, we can reduce our environmental impacts and ensure that we have a reliable and sustainable energy supply for generations to come.能源分析。
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
能源资源中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)土耳其的能源需求摘要：本研究的目的是预测在土耳其使用Box-Jenkins方法论2007 - 2015年期间的一次能源需求。
由能源和自然资源部规定的期限1970至2006年的年度数据进行的研究中使用。
考虑到单位根检验的结果，能源需求的系列是一阶差分平稳。
位居其后的替代模型可以发现，最合适的模型是能源需求的系列ARIMA （3,1,3）。
根据这个模型，估计结果表明，能源需求也将继续增加的趋势，在预测期内。
据预计，在一次能源需求将在2015年达到119.472 TOE与相比，应设计用于在土耳其的需求不断增加2006.因此能源政策增加约22％。
介绍经济政策的最终目标是维持社会福利水平的增加。
有必要通过有效地利用资源，以实现在社会福利的增加，以增加产量。
出于这个原因，可以看出，已内化到新的增长模式的技术因素是一个快速发展。
在技术的发展也有助于在对能源的需求的增加。
事实上，在与工业革命发生在18世纪末和19世纪初，生产过程中采用新技术，以及无论在国家的基础，并在全球范围内增加能源消耗带来的。
然而，随着工业化在一起因素，例如人口和城市化也起到了作用，显著作为能源消费的增加解释变量。
能量需求，这取决于上面提到的因素，表现出动态结构的未来值，是非常重要的在于要今天实施的政策方面，由于所使用在我们的日常生活中的大部分能量资源具有一个不平衡各地区和储量分布中一直在稳步下降。
上面提到的局限性迫使国家在考虑到可持续增长做出预测已经塑造他们的能源政策。
本研究的目的是预测在土耳其通过Box-Jenkins方法的基础上规定的期限1970年至2006年的年度数据对能源的需求期间二零零七年至2015年。
土耳其是不被认为是丰富的化石燃料，诸如石油，天然气和煤炭的国家之列。
出于这个原因，正确的能量需求预测携带在设计在国内实施的策略一个显著值。
在土耳其和世界能源需求：为了满足能源需求，一方面是国家继续寻找新的能源资源，另一方面，他们专注于项目，将提供更有效和高效地利用现有资源（DPT，1996）。
之所以本次搜索的是能源消费显示出增加趋势迅速取决于各种因素，如工业化，人口和城市化在世界各地。
实际上，因为它可以在图1中所示，全球能源消耗，这是283.3万亿英热单位（英国热量单位（BTU），从63º˚F加热一磅水（453.6克）至64ºF.所需的能源量）在1980年，达到472.5万亿英热单位在2006年同比增长约66.8％左右。
它还预测，该值将在2030年达到678.3万亿英热单位（EIA，2006）对能源的需求，这表明随时间连续增加的趋势，目前是通过化石燃料如汽油，天然气和煤，核能和可再生能源资源满足。
据预测，汽油，天然气和煤，这是最消耗这些资源，也将保持在未来的重要性。
然而，在所提到的资源的同时增加消费的结果的储量的减少导致消费者对替代能源资源。
这种情况下，显然可以在图2中显示，其中在根据资源的全球能源消费的发展等，并针对它吸引注意，可再生能源如阳光，风，水和地热资源将在未来变得更为重要（EIA，2006）在土耳其的能源消耗也显示并行与世界各地的发展，迅速增加的趋势。
发生在社会经济平衡尤其是1980年以后的变化有这种倾向显著的贡献。
因此，在第4个计划期间，包括1983年1978，一次能源消费不能超过由于发生在上世纪70年代的经济，政治和社会不稳定2.1％的年。
在20世纪80年代后半期，随着经济观察复苏持续的城市化进程共同造成能耗增加至6％的年平均增长率上升。
当被清楚地感受到了经济危机的负面影响，这增长率降低至20世纪90年代平均为4.3％。
6.1年均增长在8日计划期间并行与旨在要达到的经济增长率目标。
目标数目2003中，其中，经济获得稳定和2001年的危机消退（DPT，2006年）的影响后达到在周期一定程度。
图3显示能源消耗中列出了不同因素，如人口，城市化和工业化有增加的趋势。
该图还提请注意这样的事实，虽然在期间观察到一定的休息时间，当经济危机发生及其影响持续，能源消费的总体趋势，增加并没有改变。
能源和自然资源部预测，能源需求将达到约1.7亿TOE（石油当量吨），并在情况（图4），同比增长约60％对能源生产和消费目前的情况。
在土耳其，有关于由使用不同的方法，并采取不同时期考虑进行将来能耗几个预测研究。
在这些研究中，虽然有人预测的能量需求将在时间增加并达到显著的水平，观察到预测的结果通常彼此不同。
文献综述：有在土耳其能源需求预测的一些研究。
这些研究，Ediger和Akar （2007）预测相对于初级能源需求类型的燃料的通过使用ARIMA和季节性ARIMA 方法的期间2005-2020。
该研究得到的结果表明，在每年的能源需求，这是在1950-2005年期间 4.9％的增长速度，将下滑至 3.3％在2005-2020年期间，Unler（2008年）所使用的粒子群优化（PSO）技术来预测2006-2025的基础上在1979-2005年期间获得的数据期间的能源需求。
Ediger和Tatl1dil（2002）预测，通过使用周期分析方法根据从周期1950-1999的数据的主要的能源需求。
他们在研究中取得的成果表明，能源需求总量将在2010年达到阿凯131440000 TOE和阿卡特（2007年）通过关于1970年至2004年期间的数据预测工业和全社会用电量的未来值。
这是通过使用GPRM方法预测调查结果显示，工业能耗将达到140.37亿千瓦时，能源消耗总量将在2015年2 Toksar（2009年）达到265.7雷公藤预测期间2007年至2025年的电力需求三岁以下通过使用蚁群优化（ACO）根据不同的GDP，人口和进口增长率的情况。
Hamzaçebi（2007年）通过“人工神经网络”（ANN）预测的2003-2020期间用电能耗。
根据能量需求分析模型，所述人工神经网络的研究结果表明，消费水平将实现在工业和运输比在壳体和农业部门预测较高和较低。
Erdogdu（2007）提供了用于基于通过使用协整分析和ARIMA模型通过1923年至2004年期间的数据对2005-2014期间预测的电力需求。
他的研究结果提出的用电量将在2015年达到160.090亿千瓦时，呈现出3.3％的年均增长。
在他的天然气需求研究的一个问题，最近进入土耳其突出，Erdogdu （2009年），从使用ARIMA模型周期1987- 2007年分析的数据和计算的天然气消费量将达到2008年期间的值-2030。
见表1关于在土耳其能源需求预测进行的研究信息。
工具和方法与此研究中，它的目的是预测在土耳其使用Box-Jenkins方法论的期间2007-2015的初级能源需求。
为此，由能源和自然资源部规定的期限1970年至2006年的年度数据预测研究中的能源需求作为依据。
Box-Jenkins方法：在分析和预测中使用的Box-Jenkins的方法被广泛认为是最有效的预测方法。
这种方法适合ARIMA模型（ARIMA）款型（Baltagi，2008）。
ARIMA方法结合两个不同的部分为一个方程;它们是自回归过程和移动平均处理（Bashier和塔拉勒，2007）。
自回归过程（AR）是其中变量（YT）的当前值是它的过去值的函数加上一个误差项;如：其中，YT是变量被预测，p为所使用的过去的值的数目，u是误差项和正态分布的。
的AR过程可以写成滞后算形式：移动平均处理假定变量YT的当前值作为误差项加一恒定的过去的值的函数。
顺序（Q）移动平均线，MAX（Q）表示为：主要过程可写成滞后算法形式：创建ARIMA模型，可以把两个规范没有独立变量组合成一个方程式，如下：其中，θ，Ф是ARIMA系数分别。
在滞后算法组成的ARIMA模型如下：一个ARIMA模型（肯尼迪，2003年）建立的三个基本步骤：（1）识别/模型选择：P、D和q的值必须被确定。
简约的原则，采用最平稳时间序列可使用p和q的非常低的值进行建模。
（2）估计：θ和Ф参数必须估计，通常是通过使用最小二乘近似最大似然估计。
（3）诊断检查：估计模型必须检查其是否足够，如果需要修订，这意味着这整个过程可能要重复进行，直到一个满意的模型中找到。
结果为了通过使用盒 - 詹金斯方法来执行预测中，首先，该系列的平稳性，通过使用自相关函数（ADF）和Dickey-Fuller（ADF）的试验进行测试。
根据表2中所示的原始序列的相关图中，自相关和部分自相关值落在95％的置信界限与滞后一定水平之外。
这表明，能源需求具有正处级单位根。
所计算的ADF检验统计比MacKinno临界值中的1％，5％和10％的显着性水平的绝对值越大支持该结果（表3）。
为此，它被认为在固定的水平，一阶差的相关性如图4和表4，作为自相关和部分自相关值落入95%的置信水平，可见对能源的需求满足这一系列在其一阶差差异的平稳状态。
以下的平稳性检验，最合适的ARIMA模型用于通过盒式詹金斯方法预测通过使用序列、Akaike和Schwarz标准的一阶差值获得的相关性鉴定为ARIMA （3,1,3）。
预测模型在表5中给出。
统计分析，以测试所述预测模型参数的相关性对误差项进行。
为此，首先在一系列的残差的相关图进行了检查（表6）。
该残差的ACF和PACF是95％置信限度内表明，没有自相关存在。
与此同时，自相关通过使用Breusch-Godfrey LM检验也进行测试。
结果进行了检查最多10滞后和可看出，没有了任何自相关，如概率值被发现是0.05（表7）更大。
测试该模型的相关性之后，使初级能源需求将在2007 - 2015年期间显示趋势预测。
这在图中所示的预测趋势的结果。
5指出的能量需求，这是97.995 TOE 在2006年，将通过在22％的速度增加，2015年达到119.472 TOE。
还有在本研究中取得的成果和能源和自然资源部的官方预测之间差异显著。
能源和自然资源部预测，在一次能源需求增长将发生在更高的利率。
事实上，当我们在看表8所示为2015年数据，结果表明，两种预测之间的差异是48.331 TOE。
但是，在由Ediger和Akar（2007）进行的研究中获得的预测结果是显著类似于在本研究中所获得的预测结果。
结论能源在实现经济和社会发展的一个显著的作用。
各地区和由于需求所观察到的增加储量的减少之间的能源资源的分布不平衡使能源问题更重要。
这种限制导致了对国家制定政策，这将使有效和高效地利用能源。
由于能源消耗列出了不同的因素，如工业化，人口和城市化在世界各地迅速增加的趋势。
据预测，汽油，天然气和煤，这是最消耗这些资源，将保持在未来的重要性。
同样，在土耳其能耗也趋于迅速增加。