3.微观第三章 思考题答案详解
第三章思考题A、B、C答案一、思考题A详解1.1 A 需求量的减少幅度小于价格的上升幅度，需求价格弹性小于1，缺乏弹性。
1.2 C 富有弹性的商品价格上升，需求量大幅度下降，销售收益下降。
1.3 B 需求曲线越垂直，斜率绝对值越小，弹性越小；越靠近坐标轴下端，点的坐标值越小，弹性越小。
两个方面都使弹性小，缺乏弹性。
1.4 C 劣等品随着收入的增加，需求量反而减少，所以需求收入弹性小于零。
1.5 a.消费者的偏好程度。
偏好越大，则需求价格弹性就越小。
b.商品的可替代程度。
可替代性越大，则商品的需求价格弹性就越大。
c.商品用途的广泛性。
用途越广泛，需求的价格弹性就越大。
d.商品对消费者生活的重要程度。
商品越重要，需求的价格弹性就越小e.商品的消费支出在消费者预算支出中所占的比重。
比重越大，则需求的价格弹性越大。
f.消费者调整需求量的时间。
时间越长，则需求价格弹性就越大。
1.6 替代品的可获得性影响到商品需求价格弹性的大小。
联想笔记本电脑的替代品包括其它品牌的笔记本电脑，以及所有的台式电脑；而台式电脑的替代品仅包括所有的笔记本电脑。
因此，联想笔记本电脑较易获得替代品，其需求价格弹性较大。
1.7供给价格弹性的大小取决于厂商改变所生产商品数量的能力。
所有口味的蛋糕范围广泛，使用的原材料也广泛，厂商容易改变生产的数量，所以供给价格弹性大；而巧克力蛋糕的范围狭窄，其原料也限定在巧克力等特定原料上，如果巧克力短缺，供给就会出现问题，厂商就无法改变生产的数量，所以供给价格弹性小。
1.8粮食的需求缺乏弹性。
粮食大丰收导致供给增加，粮食价格下跌，但需求量并没有增加太多，因此农民的收益很可能是下降的。
但如果只是某户农民丰收，市场的总供给基本不变的情况下，粮食价格变化不大，该户农民收益一定是增加的。
二、思考题B详解2.1 B 税收的负担取决于供给曲线和需求曲线的相对弹性。
商品的需求缺乏弹性，说明这种商品的价格升高后，消费者对其需求量减少的幅度并不大，那么，征税使商品价格升高，税收更多地由消费者承担。
2.2 A 价格需求弹性小于1，价格变化后需求量的变化幅度不大，价格适当升高，需求量减少的幅度有限，使得商家总体收益增加。
2.3 D 低质量白酒是劣等品，收入弹性应该是小于0。
2.4 A 弹性的定义是需求量的变动对价格变动的反应程度。
B绝对值的说法不正确。
C的自变量和因变量颠倒。
D应该是需求量的变动，而不是需求的变动量。
2.5 A 对工人的需求缺乏价格弹性，工资率下降使工人的需求数量增加幅度不大，导致整体的工资总额减少。
2.6 A 价格下降使得买者总支出反而增加，说明买者的需求量增加幅度大于价格下降的幅度，因此，这种商品是富有弹性的。
2.7 P2-P1=-2（万元）(P2+P1)/2=9（万元）Q2-Q1=20（万辆）(Q2+Q1)/2=60（万辆）价格弹性=-(20/60)/(-2/9)=1. 52.8由于小张并不知道连环画的具体价格，也不知道他压岁钱的总数目，他只决定了在连环画上的支出为100元，因此，他对连环画的需求函数为： 100Q P=， 由这个需求函数，我们可以得到需求价格弹性： 221001100dQ P P E dP Q P =-⋅=⋅=。
小张对连环画的需求与他能拿到多少压岁钱无关，因此需求收入弹性为0。
2.9(1) 我国的城乡分割政策造成大量进城务工的农村劳动力很难在工作的城市中真正安家落户，而传统文化的影响以及亲情的联系，使得在春节期间回家团聚成为广大外出务工者一种强烈的需求。
同时，对于大多数外出务工者而言，目前的航空票价相对过高，而长途公路运输在安全性与舒适性上也很难满足人们的需要。
因此，春运期间人们对于铁路运输的需求是缺乏价格弹性的。
事实也证明，铁路部门关于提价抑制需求的理由很难站住脚。
(2) 不能排除嫌疑。
如前所述，春运时铁路的需求价格弹性比较低，提价将使生产者收益增加。
从这个角度来看，在春运期间的提价行为无疑增加了铁路部门的收入。
(3) 即便铁路部门在淡季确实下调了价格，也是有利于其收益的。
因为在淡季，铁路运输的需求价格弹性相对较大，根据收益与弹性的关系，此时的降价行为有助于增加铁路部门的收益。
而在春运期间“恢复原价”的行为无疑也有利于铁路部门的利益。
应该看到，政府部门的目标并不一定总是社会福利的最大化，政府部门自身也是一个利益主体。
2.10. 运输价格应降低。
因为大量运输的需求价格弹性约为1.6，即其需求富有弹性。
而根据需求的价格弹性与销售者收入之间的关系，我们知道，若某种商品或劳务的需求是富有弹性的（缺乏弹性的），则降低价格将为销售者带来较多的（较少的）收入，而提高价格会使销售者的收入较前减少（增加）。
因此这里为了增加富于弹性的大量运输的收入，应当降低运输价格。
三、思考题C详解3.1．如果考虑到提高生产者的收入，那么对农产品和电视机、录像机一类消费品应采取提价还是降价的办法。
为什么？答：根据需求的价格弹性与销售总收入之间的关系，我们知道，对需求富于弹性的商品来说，其销售总收入与价格成反方向变动，即它随价格的提高而减少，随价格的降低而增加；而对需求缺乏弹性的商品来说，其销售总收入与价格呈正方向变动，即它随价格的提高而增加，随价格的降低而减少。
所以，为了提高生产者的收入，对农产品这类需求缺乏弹性的必需品应该采取提价办法，而对于电视机、录像机这类需求富于弹性的奢侈品应该采取降价的办法。
3.2 比尔·盖茨的微软如何成为计算机软件行业的“天下无敌”？答：（1）.年轻时就要敢于尝试和善于思考1968年，盖茨与他湖畔中学的同学保罗·艾伦（Paul Allen）利用一本指导手册，开始学习Basic编程。
不久后，这两名小男孩与湖畔中学“计算机中心公司”签订了一份协议。
协议规定，盖茨和艾伦向CCC报告PDP-10存在的软件漏洞；作为回报，CCC则向他们两人提供免费上机时间。
1971年，盖茨为湖畔中学编写程序，其中包括一款课表安排软件。
1972年，盖茨卖掉了他的第一个电脑编程作品 ---- 一个时间表格系统，买主是他的高中学校，价格是4200美元。
1975年1月，在当月出版的美国《大众电子》（Popular Electronics）杂志上，刊出了一篇MITS公司介绍其Altair 8800计算机的文章。
艾伦向盖茨展示了这款机器图片。
盖茨在哈佛最难忘的回忆之一，发生在1975年1月。
那时，盖茨从宿舍楼里给位于Albuquerque的一家公司打了一个电话，那家公司已经在着手制造世界上第一台个人电脑。
盖茨提出想向他们出售软件。
当时，盖茨很担心，他们会发觉我是一个住在宿舍的学生，从而挂断电话。
但是他们却说："我们还没准备好，一个月后你再来找我们吧。
"这是个好消息，因为那时盖茨的软件还根本没有写出来呢。
就是从那个时候起，盖茨日以继夜地在这个小小的课外项目上工作，这导致了盖茨大学生活的结束，以及通往微软公司的不平凡的旅程的开始。
1975年2月1日，经过夜以继日的工作后，盖茨和艾伦编写出可在Altair 8800上运行的程序，出售给MITS的价格为3000美元，但相应版税却高达18万美元。
（2）.不能错过历史机遇1972年的一个夏天，年龄比他大3岁的保罗拿来一本《电子学》的杂志，翻到第143页上，指着一篇只有十个自然段的文章，对比尔说，有一家新成立的叫英特尔的公司推出一种叫8008的微处理器芯片。
两人不久就弄到芯片，摆弄出一台机器，可以分析城市内交通监视器上的信息，于是又决定成立了一家命名为“交通数据公司”（TrofOData）的公司，不过，两位少年的游戏很快结束了。
1973年比尔上了哈佛大学，保罗则在波士顿一家叫“甜井”的电脑公司找到一份编程的工作。
两位伙伴经常会面，探讨电脑的事情。
1974年春天，当《电子学》杂志宣布英特尔推出比8008芯片快10倍的8080芯片时，比尔和保罗已认定那些像PDP8型的小型机的末日快到了。
他们在新芯片背后已看到了对每个人来说堪称是完美电脑的辉煌前景：个人化、适应性强而且最重要的是不超出个人购买力。
一句话，英特尔的8080芯片将改变整个工业结构。
如苹果砸出牛顿的智慧一样，个人电脑突入盖茨的脑海也有一个外在的启蒙者。
1975年1月份的《大众电子学》杂志封面上Altair8080型计算机的图片，一下子点燃了保罗•艾伦及好友比尔•盖茨的电脑梦。
这台世界上最早的微型计算机，标志着计算机新时代的开端。
这个基于8008微处理器的小机器，却是一位虎背熊腰的大汉的杰作，他叫埃德•罗伯茨，当时他经营的MITS公司陷入困境，情急之下发明了这台微机。
还在哈佛上学的盖茨看到了商机，他打电话表示要给Altair研制Basic语言，罗伯茨将信将疑。
结果，盖茨和艾伦在哈佛阿肯计算机中心没日没夜地干了8周，为8008配上Basic语言，此前从未有人为微机编过Basic程序，盖茨和艾伦开辟了PC软件业的新路，奠定了软件标准化生产的基础。
1975年2月，大功告成，艾伦亲赴MITS演示，十分成功。
这年春天，艾伦进入MITS，担任软件部经理。
念完二年级课程，盖茨也飞往MITS，加入艾伦从事的工作。
那时他们已有创业的念头，但要等到Basic被广大用户接受，此前他们是不会离开罗伯茨的，他们有待羽翼渐丰。
（3）.借力IBM最早干起计算机软件编程的不是盖茨，而是他的朋友和竞争对手加里•基尔代尔。
这位海军研究院里的教授，在PC研制上起过重大作用。
作为最伟大的程序设计员和设计家之一，他搞程序主要是出于缜密思维的雅兴，而不是为了赚钱。
他为英特尔8008芯片写出了PL／I这样大型的、复杂的计算机语言，他也是解释型Basic程序的发明者，他所开发的CP／M，更是差点断了盖茨飞黄腾达的美梦。
如果70年代初王安能觉悟到PC的力量，就不会有微软。
而如果没有基尔代尔这个堪称“PC之父”的先驱，也不会有今天的微软。
基尔代尔最大的遗憾就是错过了与IBM合作的天赐良机，而将这一机会拱手让给了盖茨。
1979年1月1日，盖茨把微软总部迁往华盛顿州贝莱佛（Bellevue）市。
1980年，IBM准备进军PC市场，想购买CP／M操作系统。
盖茨表现出十足的骑士风度，愿为IBM安排与基尔代尔的会晤。
因为此时，盖茨手中除了Basic还一无所有。
1980年8月28日，盖茨与IBM签订合同，同意为IBM的PC机开发操作系统。
随后他以5万美元价格购买了一款名QDOS的操作系统，对其稍加改进后，将该产品更名为DOS，然后将其授权给IBM使用。
1981年8月12日，IBMPC问世。
负责这个项目的唐•埃斯特利奇成了PC业的“教父”，他也是IBM中唯一让盖茨诚服的人。
这位“教父”在1984年就给IBM 带来40亿美元的收入，光这一块就可成为美国第74大公司，也是仅次于除去这一部门的IBM和DEC的第三大电脑公司。
西方经济学(第三版)部分习题答案
6.(1)①K=2(PL/PK)L; ②K=(PL/PK)1/2L；③K=1/2(PL/PK)L；④K=3L。
(2) ① L=200×22/3,K=400×22/3;②L=2000,K=2000; ③
L=10×21/3,K=5×21/3 ;
④ L=1000/3,K=1000。
7.(1) A(λL)1/3(λK)2/3=λAL1/3K2/3=λQ，故，该生产函数是规模报酬不变的。
7. X1=M/(2P1); X2=M/(2P2)。 8.若：a>P1/P2，最优组合是：(M/P1，0）；若： a<P1/P2，最优组
合是：(0，M/P2）； a=P1/P2，最优组合是：预算线M=P1Q1+P2Q2 上的任何一点。 9. (1) q=1/(36p2) ;(2) p=1/(6q0.5) ;(3) CS=1/3。
4. （1） TPL=Q=20L-0.5L2-50，APL=20-0.5L-50/L，MPL=20-L。
（2）L=20, L=10, L=0。
（3）L=10。
5.Q=min(L,4K)是固定投入比例的生产函数，有效率的资本与劳动投 入组合应满足：K/L=1/4。
（1）当Q=32时，L=32,K=8;（2）当：Q=100时， L=100,K=25,minC=325。
10.解：A商品的价格总效应为：ΔQP=－40； 当PA=20时，QA=90,购买A的支出为共为6500－1800=4700， 当商品A的价格上升到P=40时，为保持其实际收入不变， 对其进行斯卢茨基补偿后，让他仍买得起原来的商品组
合，其收入为M=4700+40×90=8300,则，Q=0.02×8300 －2×40=86, 故， 替代效应为：ΔQS=86 －90= -4； 收入效应为：ΔQI=ΔQP－ΔQS= -36。
微观经济学习题及答案
复习思考题第1章 绪 论1.简述微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别与联系。
2.经济模型应该准确地描述现实世界吗？3.实证分析与规范分析的区别是什么？4.市场与行业的区别是什么？第2章 供给和需求的基本原理1.在下列各种情形下，啤酒的市场价格将如何变动？（1）啤酒生产原料价格上涨；（2）消费者收入普遍提高；（3）啤酒业进行大规模的广告宣传；（4）凉夏。
2.假设一个封闭的岛国遭受了大海啸的袭击，造成大面积农田被毁坏，但所幸的是只有很少一部分居民死亡。
请画图分析大海啸发生前后该国粮食市场均衡价格和数量的变化。
3.有人说，气候不好对农民不利，因为农业要歉收；但也有人说，气候不好对农民有利，因为农业歉收后谷物会涨价，农民因此而增收。
试利用所学的经济学原理对这两种说法给予评价。
4.刘先生决定总是把他的收入的一个固定比例（1/a ）用于购买食品。
请计算他对食品的需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性。
5.已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为P Q d550-=，供给函数为P Q s 510+-=。
（1）求均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形；（2）假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为P Q d560-=.求出相应的均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形。
（3）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，供给函数变为P Q s 55+-=.求出相应的均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形。
6. 2006年3月1日，中国发改委等四部门联合发布通知，确定了2006年白小麦的最低收购价格为每50公斤72元。
请画图分析这种最低收购价格措施如何影响市场结果。
第3章消费者行为1.画出下述情况下消费者对牛肉汉堡包和啤酒偏好的无差异曲线：(1)李明喜欢啤酒，但厌恶汉堡包，不管他吃了多少个汉堡包，他总喜欢再多喝一点啤酒。
(2)张军对不管是3杯啤酒还是2个汉堡包的偏好是无差异的，当他多消费这两种食物中的任何一种的时候，其偏好没有变化。
微观经济学第三章习题及答案
第三章习题： 一、名词解释：效用 基数效用论 序数效用论 边际效用 边际效用递减规律 消费者均衡 消费者剩余 无差异曲线 预算线 边际替代率 收入效应 替代效用二、选择题1、总效用曲线达到顶点时，（ B ） A.平均效用达到最大点 B.边际效用为零 C.边际效用达到最大点 D.平均效用与边际效用相等2、对于同一消费者而言，处在不同的无差异曲线上的各种商品组合（ A ） A.效用是不可能相等的B.一般情况下，效用是不可能相等的，但在个别场合，有可能相等C.效用是否相等或不相等要视情况而定D.效用是可能相等的3、无差异曲线的形状取决于（ D ） A.商品效用水平的高低 B.消费者的收入 C.商品价格 D.消费者偏好4、随着收入和价格的变化，消费者的均衡也发生变化。
假如在新的均衡下，各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用，这意味着（ C ）A.消费者生活状况没有变化B.消费者生活状况恶化了C.消费者生活状况得到了改善D.无法确定5、如果一条无差异曲线的斜率等于2dYdX=-，说明（ A ） A.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X B.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X C.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X D.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X6、若小王的MRS XY 小于小张的MRS XY ，则对小王来说，要想有所得，就可以（A ） A.放弃X ，用以与小张交换Y B.放弃Y ，用以与小张交换X C.或者放弃X ，或者放弃Y D.维持现状，不交换7、无差异曲线如果是呈直角形的话，说明（ D ） A.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是替代品 B.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是互补品 C.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全替代品 D.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全互补品8、某消费者需求曲线上的各点（ A ）A 、表示该消费者的效用最大点B 、不表示效用最大点C 、有可能表示效用最大点9、恩格尔曲线从（ B ）导出A.价格—消费曲线B.收入—消费曲线C.需求曲线D.无差异曲线10、吉芬商品的价格上升时，应该有（ B ）A.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用大于后者B.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用小于后者C.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用大于后者D.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用小于后者 11、如果预算线平行移动，可能的原因是（ C ） A.消费者购买的其中一种商品的价格发生变化 B.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生不同比例的变化C.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例而且同方向的变化D.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例但不同方向的变化12、下列哪种情况不属消费者均衡的条件（ D ） A.λ=⋯⋯===ZZY Y X X P MU P MU P MU B. 货币在每种用途上的边际效用相等 C.MU P λ=D. 各种商品的边际效用相等三、判断题1、对于同一个消费者来说， 同样数量的商品总是提供同量的效用。
黄亚钧微观经济学(第3版)笔记(第3章生产者选择)
黄亚钧《微观经济学》（第3版）第三章 生产者选择复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、生产技术1．生产函数（1）生产函数的含义生产函数是在既定的生产技术条件下，各种可行的生产要素组合和可能达到的最大产量之间的技术联系。
生产函数本身并不涉及价格或成本问题。
假定投入的生产要素为劳动（L ）、资本（K ）、土地（N ）等，目前的技术状况为T ，则生产函数可表达为：(),,,,Q f L K N T =L式中，Q 代表产量。
在生产函数中，产量Q 是指一定投入要素的组合所能生产出来的最大产量，也就是说，投入要素的使用是有效率的。
假定只有两种投入要素：劳动L 和资本K ，因此生产函数可写成：(),Q f L K =，这是简化的、一般形式的生产函数。
（2）生产函数的基本特征①若生产要素的投入量不同，则产品的产出量也不同，一般来讲，更多的投入一定会得到更多的产出。
②厂商采用的生产技术决定厂商生产函数的具体形式，生产技术与生产函数之间存在对应关系。
2．边际生产力递减规律（1）短期生产函数①短期短期指的是至少无法改变某些要素投入的那段时期。
其中无法改变投入量的那些要素称为固定投入。
在短期中，根据要素的可变性，把所有投入要素分为两大类：固定投入和可变投入。
固定投入也称不变投入是指在一定的时期内，其数量不随产量的变动而变化的要素；而可变投入则正相反，在一定时期内，其数量随着产量的变动而变化。
②长期长期指的就是在这段期限中厂商可以改变所有的投入，旧的机器设备可能已经折旧完毕，旧的厂房可能已经破损，厂商可以按照需求状况和技术状况增添新的机器设备和厂房。
最新微观经济学第三章习题及答案资料
第三章习题： 一、名词解释：效用 基数效用论 序数效用论 边际效用 边际效用递减规律 消费者均衡 消费者剩余 无差异曲线 预算线 边际替代率 收入效应 替代效用二、选择题1、总效用曲线达到顶点时，（ B ） A.平均效用达到最大点 B.边际效用为零 C.边际效用达到最大点 D.平均效用与边际效用相等2、对于同一消费者而言，处在不同的无差异曲线上的各种商品组合（ A ） A.效用是不可能相等的B.一般情况下，效用是不可能相等的，但在个别场合，有可能相等C.效用是否相等或不相等要视情况而定D.效用是可能相等的3、无差异曲线的形状取决于（ D ） A.商品效用水平的高低 B.消费者的收入 C.商品价格 D.消费者偏好4、随着收入和价格的变化，消费者的均衡也发生变化。
假如在新的均衡下，各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用，这意味着（ C ）A.消费者生活状况没有变化B.消费者生活状况恶化了C.消费者生活状况得到了改善D.无法确定5、如果一条无差异曲线的斜率等于2dYdX=-，说明（ A ） A.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X B.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X C.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X D.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X6、若小王的MRS XY 小于小张的MRS XY ，则对小王来说，要想有所得，就可以（A ） A.放弃X ，用以与小张交换Y B.放弃Y ，用以与小张交换X C.或者放弃X ，或者放弃Y D.维持现状，不交换7、无差异曲线如果是呈直角形的话，说明（ D ）A.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是替代品B.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是互补品C.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全替代品D.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全互补品8、某消费者需求曲线上的各点（ A ） A 、表示该消费者的效用最大点 B 、不表示效用最大点 C 、有可能表示效用最大点9、恩格尔曲线从（ B ）导出A.价格—消费曲线B.收入—消费曲线C.需求曲线D.无差异曲线10、吉芬商品的价格上升时，应该有（ B ）A.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用大于后者B.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用小于后者C.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用大于后者D.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用小于后者 11、如果预算线平行移动，可能的原因是（ C ） A.消费者购买的其中一种商品的价格发生变化 B.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生不同比例的变化C.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例而且同方向的变化D.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例但不同方向的变化12、下列哪种情况不属消费者均衡的条件（ D ） A.λ=⋯⋯===ZZY Y X X P MU P MU P MU B. 货币在每种用途上的边际效用相等 C.MU P λ=D. 各种商品的边际效用相等三、判断题1、对于同一个消费者来说， 同样数量的商品总是提供同量的效用。
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第3章 供给和需求的基本原理)
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第3章供给和需求的基本原理)或需求法则，是指商品需求量与其价格之间的互为反方向变化的依存关系。
在其他条件保持不变的情况下，一种商品的需求量的大小，取决于该商品价格的高低。
如果商品价格上升，则消费者对该商品的需求量就相应减少；反之，如果该商品的价格下降，其需求量就增加。
也就是说，消费者对一种商品的需求量随着该商品价格的上升而减少，随着商品价格的下降而增加，商品的需求量与价格呈反方向的变动关系。
因此需求规律就是市场上的价格与其需求量之间关系的描述。
如果把需求规律反映在坐标图上，则这一规律就表现为需求曲线具有的负的斜率，即需求曲线自左上方向右下方倾斜。
应注意的是，需求规律适用于所有正常商品和大部分低档商品；对于一些特殊的低档物品（如吉芬商品），则不适用，消费者对吉芬商品的需求量是随着商品价格的上升而增加的。
4．影响需求曲线的因素（influences affecting demand curve）答：需求是指居民户在某一特定时期内，在每一价格水平下，愿意而且能够购买的商品量。
给定某一价格，一系列因素均会对需求曲线产生影响：平均收入水平、人口规模、相关商品的价格及其可获得性、个人和社会的偏好，还有其他特殊因素等。
5．供给表或供给曲线（SS）（supply schedule or curve，SS）答：供给表或供给曲线是用来表示在其他条件相同时，一种商品的市场价格与生产者愿意生产和销售的数量之间的关系的工具。
（1）供给表是某商品的各种价格和相应的供给数量的数字序列表，把供给表里的数字序列用曲线形式表示出来就是供给曲线。
（2）供给曲线是供给函数的几何表示，描述供给量与价格之间的函数关系，表明卖者或生产者在某一特定时期内对某一商品的供给量同这种商品的价格之间存在着一一对应的关系。
6．影响供给曲线的因素（influences affecting supply curve）答：供给表示在其他条件不变的情况下，生产者在一定时期内对应于各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的商品的数量。
高鸿业微观第七版第3章习题参考答案
第三章消费者选择一、简答题1.【答案】按照两商品的边际替代率MRS 的定义公式，可以将一份肯德基快餐对衬衫的边际替代率写成：MRS xy ＝－XY ∆∆其中：X 表示肯德基快餐的份数；Y 表示衬衫的件数；MRS xy 表示在维持效用水平不变的前提下，消费者增加一份肯德基快餐消费时所需要放弃的衬衫的消费数量。
在该消费者实现关于这两种商品的效用最大化时，在均衡点上有：MRS xy ＝25.08020=＝Y X P P 它表明：在效用最大化的均衡点上，对于该消费者来说，一份肯德基快餐对衬衫的边际替代率MRS xy 为0.25。
2.【答案】（1）消费者的收入M ＝2元×30＝60元。
（2）商品2的价格元3206020|2===M P 。
（3）由于预算线方程的一般形式为：P l X l ＋P 2X 2＝M所以，由(1)、(2)可将预算线方程具体写为：2X 1＋3X 2＝60。
（4）将(3)中的预算线方程进一步整理为203212+-=X X ，显然，预算线的斜率为32－=k 。
（或者预算线的斜率3221-==P P k －）（5）在消费者效用最大化的均衡点E 上，有MRS l2＝21P P ，即无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值即MRS 12等于预算线的斜率的绝对值21P P 。
因此，在此MRS l2＝21P P ＝32。
3.【答案】一般说来，发给消费者现金补助会使消费者获得更大的效用。
其原因在于：在现金补助的情况下，消费者可以按照自己的偏好来选择购买自己需要的商品，以获得尽可能大的效用。
而发放实物补助，则可能此实物不是消费者所需要或最需要的，从而出现发放的实物量大于消费者自由选择时所消费的实物量，这时消费者就难以得到最大的满足了，造成消费者总体效用水平的降低。
如图3－1所示。
图3－1实物补贴和货币补贴在图中，AB是按实物补助折算的货币量等于现金补助情况下的预算线。
在现金补X和助的预算线AB上，消费者根据自己的偏好选择商品1和商品2的购买量分别为*1 *X，从而实现了最大的效用水平U2，即在图3－1中表现为预算线AB和无差异曲线2U2相切的均衡点E。
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》习题详解
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》（第19版）第3章供给和需求的基本原理课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．供给与需求分析（supply-and-demand analysis）答：供给与需求分析是经济学的基本分析方法，是指将市场中来自于追求利润最大化的企业的供给问题与来自于追求效用最大化的消费者的需求问题结合起来，综合分析市场达到供求相等时的均衡状态，在此基础上考虑市场机制是如何解决生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产这三大基本经济问题。
2．需求表或需求曲线（DD）（demand schedule or curve，DD）答：需求表或需求曲线是用来表示在其他条件保持不变时，一种商品的市场价格与其需求数量之间的关系的工具。
（1）需求表是某商品的各种价格和相应的需求数量的数字序列表，把需求表里的数字序列用曲线形式表示出来就是需求曲线。
（2）需求曲线是表示商品需求数量与价格之间函数关系的曲线，一般表示需求量的函数关系。
它表明，在其他情况不变时，一个特定群体（在特定情况下也可以指单个的个人）某一特定时期内在各种价格水平下所购买的某种商品的数量。
3．需求向下倾斜规律（law of downward-sloping demand）答：需求曲线向下倾斜规律，又称需求规律或需求法则，是指商品需求量与其价格之间的互为反方向变化的依存关系。
在其他条件保持不变的情况下，一种商品的需求量的大小，取决于该商品价格的高低。
如果商品价格上升，则消费者对该商品的需求量就相应减少；反之，如果该商品的价格下降，其需求量就增加。
平狄克微观经济学第六版第三章课后答案
PART IIPRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND COMPETITIVE MARKETSCHAPTER 3CONSUMER BEHAVIORChapter 3 builds the foundation for deriving the demand curve in Chapter 4. In order tounderstand demand theory, students must have a firm grasp of indifference curves, the marginal rateof substitution, the budget line, and optimal consumer choice. It is possible to discuss consumer choicewithout going into extensive detail on utility theory. Many students find utility functions to be a moreabstract concept than preference relationships. However, if you plan to discuss uncertainty in Chapter5, you will need to cover marginal utility (section 3.5). Even if you cover utility theory only briefly,make sure students are comfortable with the term utility because it appears frequently in Chapter 4.When introducing indifference curves, stress that physical quantities are represented on thetwo axes. After discussing supply and demand, students may think that price should be on the verticalaxis. To illustrate the indifference curves, pick an initial bundle on the graph and ask which otherbundles are likely to be more preferred and less preferred to the initial bundle. This will divide thegraph into four quadrants, and it is then easier for students to figure out the set of bundles betweenwhich the consumer is indifferent. It is helpful to present a lot of examples with different types ofgoods and see if the class can figure out how to draw the indifference curves. The examples are alsouseful for explaining the significance of the assumptions made about preferences. In presentingdifferent examples, you can ask which assumption would be violated.Explaining utility follows naturally from the discussion of indifference curves. Though anabstract concept, it is possible to get students to understand the basic idea without spending too muchtime on the topic. You might point out that we as consumers have a goal in life, which is to maximizeour utility subject to our budget constraint. When we go to the store we pick the basket that we likebest and that stays within our budget. From this we derive demand curves. Emphasize that it is theranking that is important and not the utility number, and point out that if we can graph an indifferencecurve we can certainly find an equation to represent it. Finally, what is most important is the rate atwhich consumers are willing to exchange goods (the marginal rate of substitution) and this is based onthe relative satisfaction that they derive from each good at any particular time.The marginal rate of substitution, MRS, can be confusing to students. Some confuse the MRSwith the ratio of the two quantities. If this is the case, point out that the slope is equal to the ratio of the rise, ∆Y, and the run, ∆X. This ratio is equal to the ratio of the intercepts of a line just tangent to the indifference curve. As we move along a convex indifference curve, these intercepts and the MRSchange. Another problem is the terminology “of X for Y.” This is confus ing because we are notsubstituting “X for Y,” but Y for one unit of X. You may want to present a variety of examples in classto explain this important concept.1. What are the four basic assumptions about individual preferences? Explain thesignificance or meaning of each.(1) Preferences are complete: this means that the consumer is able to compare andrank all possible baskets; (2) Preferences are transitive: this means that preferencesare consistent, in that if bundle A is preferred to bundle B and bundle B is preferredto bundle C, then we should be able to conclude that bundle A is preferred to bundleC; (3) More is preferred to less: this means that all goods are desirable, and that theconsumer will always prefer to have more of a good; (4) Diminishing marginal rateof substitution: this means that indifference curves are convex, and that the slope ofthe indifference curve increases (becomes less negative) as we move down along thecurve. As a consumer moves down along her indifference curve she is willing to giveup fewer units of the good on the vertical axis in exchange for one more unit of thegood on the horizontal axis. This assumption also means that balanced marketbaskets are preferred to baskets that have a lot of one good and very little of theother good.2. Can a set of indifference curves be upward sloping? If so, what would this tell you about the two goods?A set of indifference curves can be upward sloping if we violate assumption numberthree; more is preferred to less. When a set of indifference curves is upward sloping,it means one of the goods is a “bad” in that the consumer prefers less of the goodrather than more of the good. The positive slope means that the consumer willaccept more of the bad good only if she also receives more of the other good in return.As we move up along the indifference curve the consumer has more of the good sheb.Draw a set of indifference curves for Jon.Since Jon is always willing to trade one can of coke for one can of sprite, hisindifference curves are linear with a slope of –1.c.Draw two budget lines with different slopes and illustrate the satisfaction-maximizing choice. What conclusion can you draw?Jon’s indifference curves are linear with a slope of –1. Jon’s budget line is alsolinear, and will have a slope that reflects the ratio of the two prices. If Jon’s budgetline is steeper than his indifference curves then he will choose to consume only thegood on the vertical axis. If Jon’s b udget line is flatter than his indifference curvesthen he will choose to consumer only the good on the horizontal axis. Jon willalways choose a corner solution, unless his budget line has the same slope as hisindifference curves. In this case any combination of Sprite and Coke that uses uphis entire income with maximize his satisfaction.5. What happens to the marginal rate of substitution as you move along a convex indifference curve? A linear indifference curve?The MRS measures how much of a good you are willing to give up in exchange for onemore unit of the other good, keeping utility constant. The MRS diminishes along aconvex indifference curve in that as you move down along the indifference curve, youare willing to give up less and less of the one good in exchange for the other. TheMRS is also the slope of the indifference curve, which increases (becomes lessnegative) as you move down along the indifference curve. The MRS is constantalong a linear indifference curve, since in this case the slope does not change. Theconsumer is always willing to trade the same number of units of one good inexchange for the other.6. Explain why an MRS between two goods must equal the ratio of the price of the goods for the consumer to achieve maximum satisfaction.The MRS describes the rate at which the consumer is willing to trade one good foranother to maintain the same level of satisfaction. The ratio of prices describes thetrade-off that the market is willing to make between the same two goods. Thetangency of the indifference curve with the budget line represents the point at whichthe trade-offs are equal and consumer satisfaction is maximized. If the MRS betweentwo goods is not equal to the ratio of prices, then the consumer could trade one good foranother at market prices to obtain higher levels of satisfaction. For example, if theslope of the budget line (the ratio of the prices) is –4 then the consumer can trade 4units of good 2 for one unit of good 1. If the MRS at the current bundle is –6, then theconsumer is willing to trade 6 units of good 2 for one unit of good 1. Since the twoslopes are not equal the consumer is not maximizing her satisfaction. The consumer iswilling to trade 6 but only has to trade 4, so she should make the trade. This tradingcontinues until the highest level of satisfaction is achieved. As trades are made, theMRS will change and become equal to the price ratio.7. Describe the indifference curves associated with two goods that are perfect substitutes. What if they are perfect complements?Two goods are perfect substitutes if the MRS of one for another is a constant number.Given the MRS is a constant number, the slope of the indifference curves will beconstant, and the indifference curves are therefore linear. If two goods are perfectcomplements, the indifference curves are L-shaped. In this case the consumerwants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion, say one unit of good 1 for every1 unit of good 2. If she has more of one good but not more of the other then she doesnot get any extra satisfaction.8. What is the difference between ordinal utility and cardinal utility? Explain why the assumption of cardinal utility is not needed in order to rank consumer choices.Ordinal utility implies an ordering among alternatives without regard for intensity ofpreference. For example, if the consumer’s first choice is preferred to their secondchoice, then utility from the first choice will be higher than utility from the secondchoice. How much higher is not important. An ordinal utility function generates aranking of bundles and no meaning is given to the utility number itself. Cardinalutility implies that the intensity of preferences may be quantified, and that the utilitynumber itself has meaning. An ordinal ranking is all that is needed to rank consumerchoices. It is not necessary to know how intensely a consumer prefers basket A overbasket B; it is enough to know that A is preferred to B.9. Upon merging with the West German economy, East German consumers indicated a preference for Mercedes-Benz automobiles over Volkswagens. However, when they converted their savings into deutsche marks, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships. How can you explain this apparent paradox?Three assumptions are required to address this question: 1) that a Mercedes costs morethan a Volkswagen; 2) that the East German consumers’ utility function comprises twogoods, automobiles and all other goods evaluated in deutsche marks; and 3) that EastGermans have incomes. Based on these assumptions, we can surmise that while EastGerman consumers may prefer a Mercedes to a Volkswagen, they either cannot afford aMercedes or they prefer a bundle of other goods plus a Volkswagen to a Mercedes alone.While the marginal utility of consuming a Mercedes exceeds the marginal utility ofconsuming a Volkswagen, the consumer will consider marginal utility per dollar foreach good. This means the marginal utility per dollar must have been higher for theVolkswagen since consumers flocked to the Volkswagen dealerships and not theMercedes dealerships.10. Draw a budget line and then draw an indifference curve to illustrate the satisfaction maximizing choice associated with two products. Use your graph to answer the following questions.a.Suppose that one of the products is rationed. Explain why the consumer is likelyto be worse off.When goods are not rationed, the consumer is able to choose the satisfaction-maximizing bundle where the slope of the budget line is equal to the slope of theindifference curve, or the price ratio is equal to the MRS. This is point A in the graphbelow. If good 1 is now rationed the consumer will not be able to attain the utilitymaximizing point. He or she will have to consume more of the other good instead.This is point B below.b.Suppose now that the price of one of the products is fixed at a level below thecurrent price. As a result, the consumer is not able to purchase as much as she would like of the product. Can you tell if the consumer is better off or worse off?When the price of the good is fixed at a level below the current (equilibrium) price,there will be a shortage of the good and the good will have to be effectively rationed.As in the question above, the consumer is worse off because she is not able to attainher utility maximizing point.11. Based on his preferences, Bill is willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 ticket to a basketball game. If movie tickets cost $8 each and a ticket to the basketball game costs $40, should Bill make the trade? Why or why not?No Bill should not make the trade. If he gives up the 4 movie tickets then he willsave $8 per ticket for a total of $32. However, this is not enough for a basketballticket. He would in fact have to give up 5 movie tickets if he wanted to buy anotherbasketball ticket. Notice also, that the marginal utility per dollar is higher for movietickets so Bill will be better off if he consumes more movie tickets and fewerbasketball tickets. To figure this out recall that what Bill is willing to do defines hisMRS. His MRS is 4 so this means that the marginal utility of a basketball game is 4and the marginal utility of a movie is 1:MRS=-4=-MUballMUmovie=-41.Now the marginal utility per dollar can be computed:MUball Pball =440=110MUmovie Pmovie =18.12. Describe the equal marginal principle. Explain why this principle may not hold if increasing marginal utility is associated with the consumption of one or both goods.The equal marginal principle states that the ratio of the marginal utility to price mustbe equal across all goods to obtain maximum satisfaction. In other words, utilitymaximization is achieved when the budget is allocated so that the marginal utility perdollar of expenditure is the same for each good. If the marginal utility per dollar is notequal then utility can be increased by allocating more dollars to the good with thehigher marginal utility per dollar. The consumer will obtain more “bang for the buck”if they reallocate their dollars.If marginal utility is increasing, the consumer maximizes satisfaction by consumingever larger amounts of the good. Thus, the consumer would spend all income on onegood, assuming a constant price, resulting in a corner solution. With a corner solution,the equal marginal principle cannot hold.13. The price of computers has fallen substantially over the past two decades. Use this drop in price to explain why the Consumer Price Index is likely to overstate substantially the cost-of-living index for individuals who use computers intensively.The consumer price index measures the cost of a typical basket of goods purchased bythe consumer in the current year relative to the cost of the basket in the base year.Each good in the basket is assigned a weight, which reflects the importance of the goodto the consumer, and the weights are kept fixed from year to year. The problem withfixing the weights is that consumers will shift their purchases from year to year to givemore weight to goods whose prices have fallen, and less weight to goods whose priceshave risen. The CPI will therefore give too much weight to goods whose prices haverisen, and too little weight to goods whose prices have fallen. For the individual whouses computers intensively, the fixed weight for computers in the basket willunderstate the importance of this good, and will hence understate the effect of the fallin the price of computers. The CPI will overstate the rise in the cost of living for thistype of individual.14. Explain why the Paasche index will generally understate the ideal cost-of-living index.The Paasche index measures the current cost of the current bundle of goods relativeto the base year cost of the current bundle of goods. The Paasche index willunderstate the ideal cost of living because it assumes the individual will buy thecurrent year bundle in the base period. In reality, at base year prices the consumerwould have been able to attain the same level of utility at a lower cost by alteringtheir consumption bundle. Since the base year cost is overstated, the denominatorwill be larger and the index will be lower, or understated.1. In this chapter, consumer preferences for various commodities did not change during the analysis. Yet in some situations, preferences do change as consumption occurs. Discuss why and how preferences might change over time with consumption of these two commodities:a. cigarettesThe assumption that preferences do not change is a reasonable one if choices areindependent across time. It does not hold, however, when “habit-forming” or addictivebehavior is involved, as in the case of cigarettes: the consumption of cigarettes in oneperiod influences their consumption in the next period.b. dinner for the first time at a restaurant with a special cuisineThis example is parallel to examples of adventure seeking. For some, a new diningexperience creates enthusiasm to seek out more exciting and different cuisines anddishes. For others, they develop a fondness for regularity and consistency or fear ofthe new and unknown. In either of these cases, choices change as consumption occurs.2. Draw indifference curves that represent the following individuals’ preferences for hamburgers and soft drinks. Indicate the direction in which the individuals’ satisfaction (or utility) is increasing.a.Joe has convex preferences and dislikes both hamburgers and soft drinks.Since Joe dislikes both goods, his set of indifference curves will be bowed inwardstowards the origin instead of outwards, as in the normal case where more is preferredto less. Given he dislikes both goods, his satisfaction is increasing in the direction ofthe origin. Convexity of preferences implies his indifference curves will have thenormal shape in that they are bowed towards the direction of increasing satisfaction.Convexity also implies that given any two bundles between which the consumer isindifferent, the “average” of the two bundles will be in the preferred set, or wi ll leavehim at least as well off.so ft dr in kb.Jane loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If she is served a soft drink, shewill pour it down the drain rather than drink it.Since Jane can freely dispose of the soft drink if it is given to her, she considers it to be aneutral good. This means she does not care about soft drinks one way or the other.With hamburgers on the vertical axis, her indifference curves are horizontal lines. Herso ft dr in kc.Bob loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If he is served a soft drink, he willdrink it to be polite.Since Bob will drink the soft drink in order to be polite, it can be thought of as a “bad”.When served another soft drink, he will require more hamburgers at the same timein order to keep his satisfaction constant. More soft drinks without morehamburgers will worsen his utility. More hamburgers and fewer soft drinks willincrease his utility.s o ft d rin kd.Molly loves hamburgers and soft drinks, but insists on consuming exactly one softdrink for every two hamburgers that she eats.Molly wants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion so her indifference curvesare L-shaped. For any given amount of one good, she gets no extra satisfaction fromhaving more of the other good. She will only increase her satisfaction if she hasmore of both goods.s o ft d rin ke.Bill likes hamburgers, but neither likes nor dislikes soft drinks.Like Jane, Bill considers soft drinks to be a neutral good. Since he does not careabout soft drinks one way or the other we can assume that no matter how many hehas, his utility will be the same. His level of satisfaction depends entirely on hows o ft d rin kf.Mary always gets twice as much satisfaction from an extra hamburger as she doesfrom an extra soft drink.How much extra satisfaction Mary gains from an extra hamburger or soft drink tellsus something about the marginal utilities of the two goods, or about her MRS. If shealways receives twice the satisfaction from an extra hamburger then her marginalutility from consuming an extra hamburger is twice her marginal utility fromconsuming an extra soft drink. Her MRS, with hamburgers on the vertical axis, is1/2.so ft dr in k3. If Jane is currently willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 basketball ticket then she must like basketball better than movies. True or false? Explain.This statement is not necessarily true. If she is always willing to trade 4 movietickets for 1 basketball ticket then yes she likes basketball better because she willalways gain the same satisfaction from 4 movie tickets as she does from 1 basketballticket. However, it could be that she has convex preferences (diminishing marginalrate of substitution) and is at a bundle where she has a lot of movie tickets relative tobasketball tickets. This would make her willing to give up more movie tickets to getanother basketball ticket. It would not mean though that she liked basketball better.Her willingness to give up a good would in this case depend on the quantity of eachgood in her current basket.4. Janelle and Brian each plan to spend $20,000 on the styling and gas mileage features of a new car. They can each choose all styling, all gas mileage, or some combination of the two. Janelle does not care at all about styling and wants the best gas mileage possible. Brian likes both equally and wants to spend an equal amount on the two features. Using indifference curves and budget lines, illustrate the choice that each person will make.Assume styling is on the vertical axis and gas mileage is on the horizontal axis.Janelle has indifference curves that are vertical. If the styling is there she will takeit, but she otherwise does not care about it. As her indifference curves move over tothe right, she gains more gas mileage and more satisfaction. She will spend all$20,000 on gas mileage. Brian has indifference curves that are L-shaped. He willnot spend more on one feature than on the other feature. He will spend $10,000 onstyling and $10,000 on gas mileage.5. Suppose that Bridget and Erin spend their income on two goods, food (F) and clothing(C). Bridget’s preferences are represented by the utility function U(F,C)=10FC, while Erin’s preferences are represented by the utility function U(F,C)=.20F2C2.a.On a graph, with food on the horizontal axis and clothing on the vertical axis,identify the set of points that give Bridget the same level of utility as the bundle (10,5). Do the same for Erin on a separate graph.Bridget receives a utility of 10*10*5=500 from this bundle. The indifference curve isrepresented by the equation 10FC=500 or FC=50. Some bundles on this indifferencecurve are (5,10), (10,5), (25,2), and (2,25). Erin receives a utilityof .2*10*10*5*5=500 from the bundle (10,5). Her indifference curve is representedby the equation 500=.2F2C2, or 50=FC. This is the same indifference curve asBridget. Both indifference curves have the normal, convex shape.b.On the same two graphs, identify the set of bundles that give Bridget and Erin thesame level of utility as the bundle (15,8).For each person, plug in F=15 and C=8 into their respective utility functions. ForBridget, this gives her a utility of 1200, so her indifference curve is given by theequation 10FC=1200, or FC=120. Some bundles on this indifference curve are(12,10), (10,12), (3,40), and (40,3). For Erin, this bundle gives her a utility of 2880,so her indifference curve is given by the equation 2880=.2F2C2, or FC=120.This is the same indifference curve as Bridget.c.Do you think Bridget and Erin have the same preferences or different preferences?Explain.They have the same preferences because for any given bundle they have the samelevel of utility. This means that they will rank all bundles in the same order. Notehowever, that it is not necessary that they receive the same level of utility to have thesame set of preferences. All that is necessary is that they rank the bundles in thesame order.6. Suppose that Jones and Smith have each decided to allocate $1,000 per year to an entertainment budget in the form of hockey games or rock concerts. They both like hockey games and rock concerts and will choose to consume positive quantities of both goods. However, they differ substantially in their preferences for these two forms of entertainment. Jones prefers hockey games to rock concerts, while Smith prefers rock concerts to hockey games.a. Draw a set of indifference curves for Jones and a second set for Smith.Given they each like both goods and they will each choose to consume positivequantities of both goods, we can assume their indifference curves have the normalconvex shape. However since Jones has an overall preference for hockey and Smithhas an overall preference for rock concerts, their two sets of indifference curves willhave different slopes. Suppose that we place rock concerts on the vertical axis andhockey games on the horizontal axis, Jones will have a larger MRS than Smith.Jones is willing to give up more rock concerts in exchange for a hockey game since heprefers hockey games. The indifference curves for Jones will be steeper.b. Using the concept of marginal rate of substitution, explain why the two sets ofcurves are different from each other.At any combination of hockey games and rock concerts, Jones is willing to give up morerock concerts for an additional hockey game, whereas, Smith is willing to give up fewerrock concerts for an additional hockey game. Since the MRS is a measure of how manyof one good (rock concerts) an individual is willing to give up for an additional unit ofthe other good (hockey games), then the MRS, and hence the slope of the indifferencecurves, will be different for the two individuals.7. The price of DVDs (D) is $20 and the price of CDs (C) is $10. Philip has a budget of $100 to spend on the two goods. Suppose that he has already bought one DVD and one CD. In addition there are 3 more DVDs and 5 more CDs that he would really like to buy.a.Given the above prices and income, draw his budget line on a graph with CDs onthe horizontal axis.His budget line is PD D+PCC=I, or 20D+10C=100. If he spends his entire incomeon DVD’s he could afford to buy 5. If he spends his entire income on CD’s he couldafford to buy 10.b.Considering what he has already purchased, and what he still wants to purchase,identify the three different bundles of CDs and DVDs that he could choose.Assume that he cannot purchase fractional units for this part of the question.Given he has already purchased one of each, for a total of $30, he has $70 left. Sincehe wants 3 more DVD’s he can buy these for $60 and spend his remaining $10 on 1CD. This is the first bundle below. He could also choose to buy only 2 DVD’s for$40 and spend the remaining $30 on 3 CD’s. He can choose the following bundles: Purchased Quantities Total QuantitiesD C D C3 1 2 62 3 3 41 5 4 28. Anne has a job that requires her to travel three out of every four weeks. She has an annual travel budget and can either travel by train or by plane. The airline she typically flies with has a frequent traveler program that reduces the cost of her tickets depending on the number of miles she has flown in a given year. When she reaches 25,000 miles the airline will reduce the price of her tickets by 25% for the remainder of the year. When she reached 50,000 miles, the airline will reduce the price of her tickets by 50% for the remainder of the year. Graph Anne’s budget line, with train miles on the vertical axis and plane miles on the horizontal axis.The typical budget line is linear (with a constant slope) because the prices of the twogoods do not change as the consumer buys more or less of a particular good. In thiscase, the price of airline miles will change depending on how many miles shepurchases. As the price changes, the slope of the budget line will change. Sincethere are three prices, there will be three slopes, or two kinks, to the budget line.Since the price falls as she flies more miles, the budget line will become flatter withevery price change. See the graph in the problem below.9. Debra usually buys a soft drink when she goes to a movie theater, where she has a choice of three sizes: the 8 ounce drink costs $1.50, the 12 ounce drink, $2.00, and the 16 ounce drink, $2.25. Describe the budget constraint that Debra faces when deciding how many ounces of the drink to purchase. (Assume that Debra can costlessly dispose of any of the soft drink that she does not want.First notice that as the size of the drink increases, the price per ounce decreases.When she buys the 8-ounce soft drink she pays $1.508oz$0.19 per oz.When shebuys the 12-ounce size she pays $0.17 per ounce, and when she buys the 16-ounce size, she pays $0.14 per ounce. Given that there are three different prices per ounce of soft drink, the budget line will have two kinks in it, as illustrated below. Notice that at each kink, the slope of the budget line gets flatter (due to the decreasing cost per ounce relative to the “other good” on the vertical axis).O u n ces o fS o ft D rin k 81216。
微观经济学第三章效用论考试知识题
第三章效用论一、单项选择题1、无差异曲线上任一点上商品X和Y的边际替代率等于它们的（）。
A、价格之比B、数量之比C、边际效用之比D、边际成本之比2、根据所用教材中序数效用论的有关内容，我们可以知道预算线的斜率取决于（）。
A、消费者的收入B、商品的价格C、消费者的偏好D、消费者的收入和商品的价格3、消费者实现均衡的条件是（）。
A、P X/P Y＝MU Y/MU XB、P X/P Y＝MU X/MU YC、P X•X＝P Y•YD、以上三者都不是4、假如某消费者所消费的几种商品的价格都相同，为了使其在消费的过程中获得最大的满足，该消费者应该购买（）。
A、相同数量的这几种商品B、这几种商品并使其总效用相等C、这几种商品并使其边际效用相等D、以上答案都不对5、在横轴表示商品X的数量，纵轴表示商品Y的数量的坐标平面上，如果一条无差异曲线上某一点的斜率为－1/4，这意味着消费者愿意放弃（）个单位X而获得1单位Y。
A 、5 B、1 C、1/4 D、46、假定X和Y的价格P X和P Y已定，当MRS XY>P X/P Y时消费者为达到最大满足，他将（）。
A、增加购买X，减少购买YB、减少购买X，增加购买YC、同时增加购买X，YD、同时减少购买X，Y7、假设货币的边际效用为1，消费者购买每一单位物品所支付的价格一定等于（）。
A、消费者从消费第一单位的这种物品中获取的边际效用B、消费者从消费这种物品中获取的总效用C、消费者从平均每单位物品的消费中获取的效用D、消费者从消费最后一单位物品中获取的边际效用8、已知X商品的价格为5元，Y商品的价格为2元，如果消费者从这两种商品的消费中得到最大效用时，商品Y的边际效用为30，那么此时X商品的边际效用为（）。
A、60B、45C、150D、759、一般而言，消费者在其收入较低时会购买黑白电视机，但随着其收入水平的提高，他们会选择购买彩色电视机。
由此，我们可以说黑白电视机对这部分消费者而言是（）。