中级宏观经济学作业答案一

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宏观经济学作业1

宏观经济学作业1

《宏观经济学》平时作业参考答案一、名词解释:1.国内生产总值:2.边际消费倾向:3.投资乘数:4.通货紧缩缺口:5. 基础货币:6. 法定准备率:7.资本的边际效率(MEC):8.灵活偏好(流动性偏好):9.凯恩斯陷阱(流动性陷阱):10.挤出效应:11.货币幻觉:二、选择题:1.在下列四种情况中应该记入当年国内生产总值的是:( )。

A.用来生产面包的面粉;B.农民生产的小麦;C.粮店为居民加工的面条D. 粮店为居民加工的面条消耗的电。

2.国内生产总值中的最终产品是指:( )。

A.有形的产品;B.无形的产品;C.既包括有形的产品,也包括无形的产品;D.自产的可用的农产品。

3.按支出法,应计入私人国内总投资的项目是:( )。

A.个人购买的小汽车;B.个人购买的游艇;C.个人购买的服装;D.个人购买的住房。

4.国民收入核算中,最重要的是核算:( )。

A.国民收入;B.国内生产总值;C.国民生产净值;D.个人可支配收入。

5.国内生产净值与国民收入的差是:( )。

A.间接税;B.直接税;C. 折旧;D.公司未分配利润。

6.对政府雇员支付的报酬属于( )。

A.政府购买支出;B.转移支出;C.税收;D.消费。

7.下面不属于国民收入部分的是( )。

A.租金收入;B.福利支付;C.工资;D.利息。

8.下列项目应计入GDP的是()A.购买一辆用过的卡车;B.购买普通股票;C.政府转移支付;D.购买一幢当年生产的房屋。

9.今年的名义GDP增加了,说明()A.今年的物价上涨了;B. 今年的物价和产出都增加了;C.今年的产出增加了;D.不能确定。

10.边际进口倾向上升( )。

A.对乘数的影响和MPC一样 B.对乘数没有影响C.使乘数变大 D.使乘数变小11.如果消费函数为C=100+ 0.8 (Y-T),那么政府支出乘数是:()。

A. 0.8B. 1.25C.4D.512.已知:国民收入总额=10亿美元,政府预算有1亿美元的赤字,国际收支有1亿美元的逆差,储蓄额=2亿美元。

张延中级宏观经济学课后习题答案

张延中级宏观经济学课后习题答案

张延《中级宏观经济学》课后习题详解目录第一篇宏观经济学导论 (5)第一章宏观经济学牌述 (5)第二章宏观经济指标的度量 (6)第二篇总需求分析 (11)第三章产品市场均衡:收入一支出模型 (11)第四章产品市场和货币市场的同时均衡:IS-LM模型 (20)第五章宏观经济政策 (29)第三篇总供给分析 (39)第六章对劳动力市场状况的度量 (39)第七章凯恩斯主义的总供给曲线 (40)第八章新古典主义的总供给曲线 (45)第四篇长期经济增长理论 (48)第九章索洛经济增长模型 (48)第二章拿赃瞬标的1.假设某农业国只生产两种产品:橘子和香蕉。

利用下表的资料,计算2002年和2009年该国实际GDP的变化,但要以2002年的价格来计算。

根据本题的结果证明:被用来计算实际GDP的价格的确影响所计算的增长率,但一般来说这种影响不是很大。

2002年2009年0(数量)P(价格)0(数量)P(价格)橘子500.22600.25香蕉150.220().3答:(1)以2002年的价格为基期价格:2002年该国的实际GDP为:GD%)2=50x0.22+15x0.2=14,2009年该国的实际GDP为:GDP蜘=60x0.22+20x0.2=17.2,实际GDP增长率为:—~14xlOO%=22.9%,14(2)以2009年的价格为基期价格:2002年该国的实际GDP为:GD/方=50x0.25+15x0.3=17,2009年该国的实际GDP为:GD/瓠=60x0.25+20x0.3=21,实际GDP增长率为:空丑x100%=23.5%。

17|;|我.睚与23.3%只相£0.6%,由此可.见,用来计算实际GDP的价格的确影响所计算的增长率.但一般来说这神影响不是很大.2.根据国民收入核算恒等式说明:税收的蟾加(■同时椅移支付保持不变)一定意味着在净出口、政府购买或储蓄一投资差额上的变化.⑵个人可支配收入的增加一定意味着消或的增加或投.资的增加。

曼昆中级宏观经济学课后答案

曼昆中级宏观经济学课后答案

曼昆中级宏观经济学课后答案【篇一:曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案第6、7版】txt>复习题1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用,所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。

当我们研究整个经济时,我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。

由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和,所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。

2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界,但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。

经济学家建立模型有助于解释gdp、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。

这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。

模型有两种变量:内生变量和外生变量,一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。

3、经济学家通常假设,一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡,即市场走向供求均衡。

这种假设称为市场出清。

在回答大多数问题时,经济学家用市场出清模型。

持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。

市场要持续出清,价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。

但是,实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。

虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的,但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。

明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。

首先偷格并不总是呆滞的,最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。

市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济,但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。

价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际gdp增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。

第二章宏观经济学数据复习题1、gdp既衡量经济中所有人的收入,又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。

gdp能同时衡量这两件事,是因为这两个量实际上是相同的:对整个经济来说,收入必定等于支出。

这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实:由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者,所以,一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。

2、cpi衡量经济中物价总水平。

它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。

Key_Assignment 1

Key_Assignment 1

Intermediate MacroeconomicsFall 2015Assignment 1 (Answer sheet) Due: Oct. 13Multiple choicesShort Answers:Intermediate MacroeconomicsFall 2015Assignment 1Due: Oct. 13Multiple Choices:1.All of the following are types of macroeconomics data except the:A.price of an IBM computer.B.growth rate of real GDP.C.inflation rate.D.unemployment rate.2. A measure of how fast prices are rising is called the:A.growth rate of real GDP.B.inflation rate.C.unemployment rate.D.market-clearing rate.3.Recessions are periods when real GDP:A.increases slowly.B.increases rapidly.C.decreases mildly.D.decreases severely.pared with a recession, real GDP during a depression:A.increases more rapidly.B.increases at approximately the same rate.C.decreases at approximately the same rate.D.decreases more severely.5.Deflation occurs when:A.real GDP decreases.B.the unemployment rate decreases.C.prices fall.D.prices increase, but at a slower rate.6.Exogenous variables are:A.fixed at the moment they enter the model.B.determined within the model.C.the outputs of the model.D.explained by the model.7.Endogenous variables are:A.fixed at the moment they enter the model.B.determined within the model.C.the inputs of the model.D.from outside the model.8.Important characteristics of macroeconomic models include all of the following except:A.simplifying assumptions.B.functional relationships based on controlled experiments.C.endogenous and exogenous variables.D.implicit or explicit consistency with microeconomic foundations.9.The assumption of continuous market clearing means that:A.sellers can sell all that they want at the going price.B.buyers can buy all that they want at the going price.C.in any given month, buyers can buy all that they want and sellers can sell all that they want at thegoing price.D.at any given instant, buyers can buy all that they want and sellers can sell all that they want at thegoing price.10.How does the distinction between flexible and sticky prices impact the study of macroeconomics?A.The study of flexible prices is confined to microeconomics, while macroeconomics focuses onsticky prices.B.Macroeconomists use flexible prices to explain inflation and sticky prices to explainunemployment.C.Flexible prices are typically assumed in the study of the long run, while sticky prices are assumedin the study of the short run.D.Endogenous variables are measured using flexible prices, while exogenous variables aremeasured using sticky prices.11.The economic statistic used to measure the level of prices is:A.GDP.B.CPIC.GNPD.Real GDP12.GDP is all of the following except the total:A.expenditure of everyone in the economy.B.income of everyone in the economy.C.expenditure on the economy's output of goods and services.D.output of the economy.13.The total income of everyone in the economy is exactly equal to the total:A.expenditure on the economy's output of goods and services.B.consumption expenditures of everyone in the economy.C.expenditures of all businesses in the economy.ernment expenditures.14.An economy's ______ equals its ______.A.consumption; incomeB.consumption; expenditure on goods and servicesC.expenditure on goods; expenditures on servicesD.income; expenditure on goods and services15.Which of the following is a flow variable?A.WealthB.the number unemployedernment debtD.income16.All of the following are a stock except:A. a consumer's wealth.B.the government budget deficit.C.the number of unemployed people.D.the amount of capital in the economy.17.The amount of capital in an economy is a ______ and the amount of investment is a ______.A.flow; stockB.stock; flowC.final good; intermediate goodD.intermediate good; final good18.To compute the value of GDP:A.goods and services are valued at market prices.B.the sale of used goods is included.C.production for inventory is not included.D.goods and services are valued by weight.19.Since GDP includes only the additions to income, not transfers of assets, ______ are not included inthe computation of GDP.A.final goodsed goodsC.consumption goodsD.goods produced for inventory20.When a firm sells a product out of inventory, investment expenditures ______ and consumptionexpenditures ______.A.increase; decreaseB.decrease; increaseC.decrease; remain unchangedD.remain unchanged; increase21.Assume that a rancher sells McDonald's a quarter-pound of meat for $1 and that McDonald's sellsyou a hamburger made from that meat for $2. In this case, the value included in GDP should be:A.$0.50.B.$1C.$2D.$322.Assume that a firm buys all the parts that it puts into an automobile for $10,000, pays its workers$10,000 to fabricate the automobile, and sells the automobile for $22,000. In this case, the value added by the automobile company is:A.$10,000.B.$12,000.C.$20,000.D.$22,000.23.An example of an imputed value in the GDP is the:A.value-added of meals cooked at home.B.housing services enjoyed by homeowners.C.services of automobiles to their owners.D.value of illegal drugs sold.24.The underground economy:A.is included in the latest GDP accounts.B.includes only illegal activities.C.includes domestic workers for whom Social Security tax is not collected.D.excludes the illegal drug trade.25.Nominal GDP is measured in _____ dollars _____ time.A.current; at a point inB.current; per unit ofC.constant; at a pointa inD.constant; per unit of26.Real GDP means the value of goods and services is measured in ______ prices.A.CurrentB.ActualC.ConstantD.Average27.If nominal GDP in 2009 equals $14 trillion and real GDP in 2009 equals $11 trillion, what is thevalue of the GDP deflator?A.0.79B. 1.03C. 1.27D. 1.3028.The GDP deflator is equal toA.the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP.B.the ratio of real GDP to nominal GDP.C.real GDP minus national GDP.D.nominal GDP minus real GDP.29.If nominal GDP grew by 5 percent and real GDP grew by 3 percent, then the GDP deflator grew byapproximately ______ percent.A. 2B. 3C. 5D.830.Nominal GDP measures the value of goods and services in ______ prices, while real GDP measuresthe value of goods and services in ______ prices.A.foreign; domesticB.domestic; foreignC.current; constantD.constant; current31.In the national income accounts, consumption expenditures include all of the following excepthousehold purchases of:A.durable goods.B.nondurable goods.C.new residential housing.D.services.32.In the national income accounts, goods bought for future use are classified as which type ofexpenditure?A.ServicesB.Investmenternment purchases exports33.In the national income accounts, government purchases are goods and services purchased by:A.the federal government.B.the federal and state governments.C.state and local governments.D.federal, state, and local governments.34.All of the following actions are investments in the sense of the term used by macroeconomists except:A.IBM's building a new factory.B.corner candy store's buying a new computer.C.John Smith's buying a newly constructed home.D.Sandra Santiago's buying 100 shares of IBM stock.35.In 2010 in the United States, the approximate percentage of GDP that was spent on consumptionwas:A.67 percentB.50 percent.C.31 percent.D.16 percent.36.GNP equals GDP ______ income earned domestically by foreigners ______ income that nationalsearn abroad.A.plus; plusB.minus; minusC.minus; plusD.plus; minus37.National income differs from net national product by an amount called:A.depreciation.B.indirect business taxes.C. a statistical discrepancy. foreign factor income payments.38.Disposable personal income:A.is computed by subtracting personal tax and nontax payments from personal income.B.is generally greater than personal income.C.includes corporate profits but not dividends.D.does not include government transfers to individuals.39.Prices of items included in the CPI are:A.averaged with the price of every item weighted equally.B.weighted according to amount of the item produced in GDP.C.weighted according to quantity of the item purchased by the typical household.D.chained to the base year by the year-to-year growth rate of the item.40.Measuring the rate of inflation using a market basket that excludes food and energy prices ispreferred by some analysts because this measure, called core inflation,A.provides a real, rather than a nominal, rate of inflation.B.gives a better measure of ongoing, sustained price changes.C.is more consistent with measures of inflation used in other countries.D.fluctuates more than measures of inflation that include food and energy prices.41.Unlike the GDP deflator, the CPI includes the prices of:A.goods purchased by firms.B.goods purchased by governments.C.exported goods.D.imported goods.42.The labor force equals the:A.adult population.B.number of employed individuals.C.number of unemployed individuals.D.number of employed and unemployed individuals.43.If 7 million workers are unemployed, 143 million workers are employed, and the adult populationequals 200 million, then the unemployment rate equals approximately ______ percent.A. 3.5B. 4.7C. 4.9D.744.If the unemployment rate is 6 percent and the number of employed is 188 million, then the laborforce equals ______ million.A.11.28B.176.72C.188D.20045.If an increasing proportion of the adult population is retired, then the labor force participation rate:A.will increase.B.will decrease.C.will remain constant.D.may increase, decrease, or remain constant.46.The employment statistics computed from the establishment survey do not include:A.workers with two jobs.B.the self-employed.C.workers on firms' payrolls.D.part-time workers on firms' payrolls.47.An estimate of total employment in the economy can be obtained from:A.both the household and establishment surveys.B.from the household survey, but not from the establishment survey.C.from the establishment survey, but not from the household survey.D.from neither the household nor the establishment surveys.48.A woman marries her butler. Before they were married, she paid him $60,000 per year. He continuesto wait on her as before (but as a husband rather than as a wage earner). She earns $1,000,000 per year both before and after her marriage. The marriage:A.does not change GDP.B.decreases GDP by $60,000.C.increases GDP by $60,000.D.increases GDP by more than $60,000.49.The circular flow model shows that households use income for:A.consumption, saving, and factor payments.B.consumption, taxes, and factor payments.C.taxes, saving, and factor payments.D.consumption, taxes, and saving.50.In the circular flow model, households receive income from the _____ market and save through the_____ market.A.goods; financialB.factor; financialC.goods; factorD.factor; goods51.An economy's factors of production and its production function determine the economy's:bor force participation rate.B.budget surplus or deficit.C.population growth rate.D.output of goods and services.52.The two most important factors of production are:A.goods and services.bor and energy.C.capital and labor.D.saving and investment.53.A production function is a technological relationship between:A.factor prices and the marginal product of factors.B.factors of production and factor prices.C.factors of production and the quantity of output produced.D.factor prices and the quantity of output produced.54.If an increase of an equal percentage in all factors of production results in an increase in output of thesame percentage, then a production function has the property called:A.constant marginal product of labor.B.increasing marginal product of labor.C.constant returns to scale.D.increasing returns to scale.55.At any particular point in time, the output of the economy:A.is fixed because the supplies of capital and labor and the technology are fixed.B.is fixed because the demand for goods and services is fixed.C.varies because the supplies of capital and labor vary.D.varies because the technology for turning capital and labor into goods and services varies.56.The price received by each factor of production for its services is determined by:A.demand for output and supply of factors.B.demand for factors and supply of output.C.demand and supply of output.D.demand and supply of factors.57.A firm's economic profit is:A.the price of output minus the wage minus the rental price of capital.B.revenue minus costs.C.revenue plus capital costs.D.the price of output minus labor costs.58.The property of diminishing marginal product means that, after a point, when additional quantitiesof:A. a factor are added, output diminishes.B.both labor and capital are added, output diminishes.C.both labor and capital are added, the marginal product of labor diminishes.D. a factor are added when another factor remains fixed, the marginal product of the first factordiminishes.59.The real wage is the return to labor measured in:A.dollars.B.units of output.C.units of labor.D.units of capital.60.An increase in the supply of capital will:A.increase the real rental price of capital.B.decrease the real rental price of capital.C.increase the productivity of capital.D.decrease the real interest rate.61.Economic profit is zero if:A.all factors are paid their marginal products and the law of diminishing returns is valid.B.all factors are paid their marginal products and there are constant returns to scale.C.all firms maximize profits and none are competitive.D.all firms maximize profits and all factors are paid their marginal products.62.According to the neoclassical theory of distribution, if firms are competitive and subject to constantreturns to scale, total income in the economy is distributed:A.only to the labor used in production.B.partly between labor and capital used in production, with the surplus going to the owners of thefirm as profits.C.equally between the labor and capital used in production.D.between the labor and capital used in production, according to their marginal productivities.63.If output is described by the production function Y = AK0.2L0.8, then the production function has:A.constant returns to scale.B.diminishing returns to scale.C.increasing returns to scale.D. a degree of returns to scale that cannot be determined from the information given.64.Skill-biased technological change ______ the demand for high-skilled workers, while the slowdownin the pace of educational advancement reduces the supply of skilled workers, resulting in relatively _____ wages for skilled workers.A.increases; higherB.increases; lowerC.decreases; higherD.decreases; lower65.The demand for output in a closed economy is the sum of:A.public saving and private saving.B.the quantity of capital and labor and production technology.C.consumption, investment, and government spending.ernment purchases and transfer payments minus tax receipts.66.Consumption depends ______ on disposable income, and investment depends ______ on the realinterest rate.A.positively; positivelyB.positively; negativelyC.negatively; negativelyD.negatively; positively67.If the consumption function is given by C = 150 + 0.85Y and Y increases by 1 unit, then C increasesby:A.0.15 units.B.0.5 units.C.0.85 units.D. 1 unit.68.Assume that the consumption function is given by C = 150 + 0.85(Y–T), the tax function is given byT = t0 + t1Y, and Y is 5,000. If t1 decreases from 0.3 to 0.2, then consumption increases by:A.85B.425C.500D.52569.Investment goods as measured in the GDP are purchased by:A.business firms alone.B.households alone.C.business firms and households.D.business firms, households, and governments.70.When economists speak of “the” interest rate, they mean:A.the rate on 90-day Treasury bills.B.the rate on 30-year government bonds.C.the “prime” rate on loans.D.no particular interest rate, since it is assumed that various interest rates tend to move up anddown together.71.The real interest rate is the:A.rate of interest actually paid by consumers.B.rate of interest actually paid by banks.C.rate of inflation minus the nominal interest rate.D.nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.72.The investment function slopes ______ because there are ______ investment projects that areprofitable as the interest rate decreases.A.upward; fewerB.upward; moreC.downward; fewerD.downward; more73.If government purchases exceed taxes minus transfer payments, then the government budget is:A.balanced.B.in deficit.C.in deficit.D.endogenous.74.In examining the impact of fiscal policy, it is assumed that:A.consumption, investment, and the interest rate are endogenous variables.B.consumption, investment, and the interest rate are exogenous variables.ernment purchases, taxes, and interest rates are endogenous variables.ernment purchases, taxes, and interest rates are exogenous variables.75.The demand for the economy's output:A.is always equal to the supply, regardless of the interest rate.B.may be computed provided that we know disposable income.C.is equal to consumption, investment, and government purchases.D.is determined by government purchases and taxes.76.In the classical model with fixed income, if the interest rate is too low, then investment is too______ and the demand for output ______ the supply.A.high; exceedsB.high; falls short ofC.low; exceedsD.low; falls short of77.In a closed economy, Y–C–G equals:A.national saving.B.private saving.C.public saving.D.financial saving.78.If income is 4,800, consumption is 3,500, government spending is 1,000, and taxes minus transfersare 800, private saving is:A.300B.500C.1000D.130079.When the demand for loanable funds exceeds the supply of loanable funds, households want to save______ than firms want to invest and the interest rate ______.A.more; risesB.more; fallsC.less; risesD.less; falls80.Crowding out occurs when an increase in government spending ______ the interest rate andinvestment ______.A.increases; increasesB.increases; decreasesC.decreases; increasesD.decreases; decreasesShort answers:1.Assume that the equation for demand for bread at a small bakery is Q d = 60 – 10P b + 3Y, where Q d isthe quantity of bread demanded in loaves and Y is the average income in the town in thousands of dollars.a. If the average income in the town is 10, state the equation for Q d in terms of Pb.b. Draw a graph of the demand curve with Q d on the horizontal axis and P b on the vertical axis.Label the curve DD.a. Q d = 90 – 10P bb.2.Assume two countries have the same nominal GDP (measured in the same currency using the sameaccounting rules). Explain at least three reasons why you cannot assume that citizens in each country enjoy approximately the same level of economic well-being.Some possible, but not all, explanations include:a. different price levels in the two countries would result in different amounts of real GDP, i.e.,different quantities of goods and services available in each country;b. different-sized populations could result in different quantities of goods and services available perperson in each country;c. different levels of nonmarket production in the two countries would alter the quantity of goodsand services available in each country;d. different amounts of leisure time available (not captured in nominal GDP figures) would causeeconomic well-being to differ in the two countries;e. different distributions of income in the two countries could alter the quantity of goods andservices available to the typical citizen in each country;f. different quantities of both positive and negative externalities associated with producing GDP,such as pollution and congestion, which are not measured in GDP, would cause the different levels of economic well-being between the two countries.3.There are a number of measures of aggregate economic activity, such as GDP, GNP, nationalincome, personal income, and disposable personal income. Each of these measures can be a goodindicator depending on the issue under consideration. For each of the following issues, give your reasons for selecting one of the measures just mentioned as the best indicator to use in studying the issue:a. the proportion of income households save;b. the relative share of earnings going to labor versus capital;c. the total output of final goods and services.a. Disposable personal income provides a measure of the income households have to use foreither consumption or saving after they pay taxes.b. National income provides a measure of the income going to the factors of production.c. GDP is the most complete measure of the value of newly produced goods and services in theeconomy. In contrast, personal income includes transfer payments, which do not represent newly produced goods and services.4.Assume that GDP (Y) is 5,000. Consumption (C). is given by the equation C = 1,000 + 0.3(Y–T).Investment (I) is given by the equation I = 1,500 – 50r, where r is the real interest rate in percent.Taxes (T) are 1,000 and government spending (G) is 1,500.a. What are the equilibrium values of C, I, and r?b. What are the values of private saving, public saving, and national saving?c. Now assume there is a technological innovation that makes business want to invest more. Itraises the investment equation to I = 2,000 – 50r. What are the new equilibrium values of C, I, and r?d. What are the new values of private saving, public saving, and national saving?a. 2,200; 1,300; 4 percentb. 1,800; –500; 1,300c. 2,200; 1,300; 14 percentd. 1,800; –500; 1,3005.Consider two competitive economies that have the same quantities of labor (L = 400) and capital(K = 400), and the same technology (A = 100). The economies of the countries are described by the following Cobb–Douglas production functions:North Economy: Y = A L.3K.7South Economy: Y = A L.7K.3a. Which economy has the larger total production? Explain.b. In which economy is the marginal product of labor larger? Explain.c. In which economy is the real wage larger? Explain.d. In which economy is labor's share of income larger? Explain.a. Output is the same in both economies, given the symmetry of the parameters of theproductions function and the equal quantities of labor and capital.b. The MPL is larger in the South Economy. The MPL depends on the value of (1 –) and theaverage productivity of labor (Y/L). Since the average productivity of labor is the same inboth countries, differences in the MPL depend on the value of (1 –), which is larger in South Economy (.7) than in North Economy (.3).c. Since factors are paid according to the values of their marginal products, the real wage islarger in South Economy, because the MPL is larger in South Economy than in North Economy (from part b).d. Labor's share of income equals (1 –), which is larger in South Economy (.7) than in NorthEconomy (.3).。

宏观经济学作业1

宏观经济学作业1

《宏观经济学》平时作业参考答案一、名词解释:1.国内生产总值:2.边际消费倾向:3.投资乘数:4.通货紧缩缺口:5. 基础货币:6. 法定准备率:7.资本的边际效率(MEC):8.灵活偏好(流动性偏好):9.凯恩斯陷阱(流动性陷阱):10.挤出效应:11.货币幻觉:二、选择题:1.在下列四种情况中应该记入当年国内生产总值的是:( )。

A.用来生产面包的面粉;B.农民生产的小麦;C.粮店为居民加工的面条D. 粮店为居民加工的面条消耗的电。

2.国内生产总值中的最终产品是指:( )。

A.有形的产品;B.无形的产品;C.既包括有形的产品,也包括无形的产品;D.自产的可用的农产品。

3.按支出法,应计入私人国内总投资的项目是:( )。

A.个人购买的小汽车;B.个人购买的游艇;C.个人购买的服装;D.个人购买的住房。

4.国民收入核算中,最重要的是核算:( )。

A.国民收入;B.国内生产总值;C.国民生产净值;D.个人可支配收入。

5.国内生产净值与国民收入的差是:( )。

A.间接税;B.直接税;C. 折旧;D.公司未分配利润。

6.对政府雇员支付的报酬属于( )。

A.政府购买支出;B.转移支出;C.税收;D.消费。

7.下面不属于国民收入部分的是( )。

A.租金收入;B.福利支付;C.工资;D.利息。

8.下列项目应计入GDP的是()A.购买一辆用过的卡车;B.购买普通股票;C.政府转移支付;D.购买一幢当年生产的房屋。

9.今年的名义GDP增加了,说明()A.今年的物价上涨了;B. 今年的物价和产出都增加了;C.今年的产出增加了;D.不能确定。

10.边际进口倾向上升( )。

A.对乘数的影响和MPC一样 B.对乘数没有影响C.使乘数变大 D.使乘数变小11.如果消费函数为C=100+ 0.8 (Y-T),那么政府支出乘数是:()。

A. 0.8B. 1.25C.4D.512.已知:国民收入总额=10亿美元,政府预算有1亿美元的赤字,国际收支有1亿美元的逆差,储蓄额=2亿美元。

宏观经济学在线作业一 满分答案

宏观经济学在线作业一 满分答案

×第一次在线作业单选题 (共40道题)展开收起1.(2.5分)宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系是()A、相互独立的B、两者是建立在共同的理论基础之上的C、两者在理论上又有联系、又有矛盾D、随不同的宏观理论体系,两者的关系是截然不同的我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分2.(2.5分)宏观经济学的主要任务()A、寻找充分就业、平抑物价、经济增长和国际收支平衡的宏观经济政策B、寻找充分就业、平抑物价、均衡利率和均衡投资的宏观经济政策C、建立充分就业、平抑物价、经济增长和国际收支平衡的宏观经济理论D、建立充分就业、平抑物价、均衡利率和均衡投资的宏观经济理论我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分3.(2.5分)哪一本著作对现代宏观经济学的产生起了最为重要的作用A、凯恩斯的《货币论》B、凯恩斯的《就业、利息和货币通论》C、马歇尔的《货币、信用与商业》D、亚当·斯密的《国富论》我的答案:B 此题得分:2.5分4.(2.5分)以下哪一项不是宏观经济学研究的基本问题?()A、当期的国民收入是如何决定的B、导致一个国家经济波动的原因C、导致一个国家长期经济增长的因素D、一国居民生活的普遍幸福我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分5.(2.5分)宏观经济学的中心理论是()A、价格决定理论B、工资决定理论C、国民收入决定理论D、汇率决定理论我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分6.(2.5分)在凯恩斯看来,造成资本主义经济萧条的原因是A、.有效需求不足B、资源短缺C、技术落后D、经济效率低下我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分7.(2.5分)古典宏观经济理论认为,实现充分就业的原因是()A、政府管制B、名义工资刚性C、名义工资灵活性D、货币供给适度我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分8.(2.5分)一国的国民生产总值大于国内生产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收入()外国公民从该国取得收入。

A、大于B、小于C、等于D、无法确定我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分9.(2.5分)经济学上的投资是指()A、企业增加一笔存货B、建造一座住宅C、企业购买一台计算机D、以上都是我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分10.(2.5分)在国民生产总值和国民生产净值的统计数字中,“投资”包括A、通过政府部门生产的任何耐用消费品,如一条新公路B、任何购买一种新发行的普通股C、年终与年初相比增加的存货量D、消费者购买的但到年终并没消费掉的任何产品我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分11.(2.5分)考虑有可能包含在GDP里的两个行为:(1)自由住宅的估计租金,(2)购买新建住宅()A、(1)和(2)都会作为消费被包含在GDP里B、(1)作为消费,而(2)作为投资被包含在GDP里C、(1)作为投资,而(2)作为消费被包含在GDP里D、只有(2)作为投资被包含在GDP里。

宏观经济学作业1

《宏观经济学》平时作业参考答案一、名词解释:1.国内生产总值:2.边际消费倾向:3.投资乘数:4.通货紧缩缺口:5. 基础货币:6. 法定准备率:7.资本的边际效率(MEC):8.灵活偏好(流动性偏好):9.凯恩斯陷阱(流动性陷阱):10.挤出效应:11.货币幻觉:二、选择题:1.在下列四种情况中应该记入当年国内生产总值的是:( )。

A.用来生产面包的面粉;B.农民生产的小麦;C.粮店为居民加工的面条D. 粮店为居民加工的面条消耗的电。

2.国内生产总值中的最终产品是指:( )。

A.有形的产品;B.无形的产品;C.既包括有形的产品,也包括无形的产品;D.自产的可用的农产品。

3.按支出法,应计入私人国内总投资的项目是:( )。

A.个人购买的小汽车;B.个人购买的游艇;C.个人购买的服装;D.个人购买的住房。

4.国民收入核算中,最重要的是核算:( )。

A.国民收入;B.国内生产总值;C.国民生产净值;D.个人可支配收入。

5.国内生产净值与国民收入的差是:( )。

A.间接税;B.直接税;C. 折旧;D.公司未分配利润。

6.对政府雇员支付的报酬属于( )。

A.政府购买支出;B.转移支出;C.税收;D.消费。

7.下面不属于国民收入部分的是( )。

A.租金收入;B.福利支付;C.工资;D.利息。

8.下列项目应计入GDP的是()A.购买一辆用过的卡车;B.购买普通股票;C.政府转移支付;D.购买一幢当年生产的房屋。

9.今年的名义GDP增加了,说明()A.今年的物价上涨了;B. 今年的物价和产出都增加了;C.今年的产出增加了;D.不能确定。

10.边际进口倾向上升( )。

A.对乘数的影响和MPC一样 B.对乘数没有影响C.使乘数变大 D.使乘数变小11.如果消费函数为C=100+ 0.8 (Y-T),那么政府支出乘数是:()。

A. 0.8B. 1.25C.4D.512.已知:国民收入总额=10亿美元,政府预算有1亿美元的赤字,国际收支有1亿美元的逆差,储蓄额=2亿美元。

宏观经济学作业一及标准答案(国民收入模块)

宏观经济学作业一及答案(国民收入模块)作者:日期: 2、单项选择题1. 一国的国内生产总值(GDP ()。

A. 是指一定时期内(通常为一年)在该国境内生产的全部最终产品和劳务的货币价值总和B. 是指一定时期内(通常为一年)该国的国民(无论在哪里居住)生产的全部最终产品和劳务货币价值总和C. 等于C 、In 、S 、Xn 的总和D. 在数值上总是低于 GNP2. 一国的国民生产总值(GNP ( )A. 是指一定时期内(通常为一年)在该国境内生产的全部最终产品和劳务的货币价值总和B. 是指一定时期内(通常为一年)该国的国民(无论在哪里居住)生产的全部最终产品和劳务货币价值总和C. 等于C 、S 、G 和Xn 的总和D. 在数值上总是低于 GDP3. —国的GDP 和GNP 之间的主要区别在于 GDP 包括( A. 外国要素所有者在该国内获得的净要素报酬 C.转移支付D4 •在哪种情况下, GDP 会等于GNP ?( )5 •假定李强支付1000元给王刚,则( )。

A. 可以肯定国内生产总值(GDP 增加了 1000元B. 可以肯定国内生产总值(GDP 增加了,但无法确定增加的数量C. 可以肯定名义国内生产总值增加了,但无法确定实际国内生产总值是增加还是减少D. 据已知信息无法确定国内生产总值是否发生变化6•进行国民收入核算时怎样避免重复计算?( )A.在计算时包括转移支付 B •中间产品和最终产品都计算在内 C.只计算最终产品和劳务D•只计算中间产品7•将一国经济中所有市场交易的货币价值进行加总( )A. 会得到生产过程中所使用的全部资源的市场价值B.所获得的数值可能大于、小于或等于 GDP 的值C. 会得到经济中的新增价值总和D. 会得到国内生产总值'8刘老师在家里后院自己种菜供自家食用,这种活动( )A. 不计算在GDP 之内,是为了避免重复计算B. 不计算在GDP 之内,因为这里包含了中间产品C. 计算在GDP 之内,因为它反映了生产活动D. 具有生产性,但不计算在 GDP 之内,因为没有市场交易发生9. 可以将哪几项加总求得 GDP ?( )A. 消费、投资、政府购买支出、出口和进口B. 国内私人总投资、政府购买支出、消费和净出口C. 消费、投资、工资和租金B•固定资本消费 •政府购买支岀A.转移支付为零时 B •固定资本消费为零时 C.外国要素所有者在该国内获得的净要素报酬为时 D .个人税收为零时13 •在经济学的定义中,投资包括(A. 任何企业存货的增加C.购买普通股票或优先股票•储蓄帐户上的现金增加•购买耐用品,如汽车、冰箱等14 •根据国民收入核算中的定义,投资是指()A. 企业用于购置机器设备的支岀 B •所有建筑C.企业存货的变动 D .以上都是15•要核算GDP时,政府转移支付(例如社会保障支岀或失业救济等)是()A. 计入GDP中的 B .投资支出C.计作政府购买支岀 D •计作消费支岀16 •在核算GDP时,转移支付()A. 不计入是因为它们仅仅反映通货膨胀水平B. 不计入是因为它们不具有“生产性”C. 计入是因为它们属于投资支岀的一部分D. 计入是因为它们增加了接受者的支出17. GDP与NDP的区别在于()A. GDP计算的是总出口,而NDP计算的是净出口B. GDP包括企业税,而NDP不包括企业税C. 在计算GDP时计入的是净投资而计算NDP时计入的是总投资D. 在计算GDP时计入的是总投资而计算NDP时计入的是净投资18 •如果折旧高于当年私人总投资,则说明()A.名义GDP上升,但实际GDP下降 B .投资是负的C.该经济中的进口大于出口 D .经济在扩张19 •在哪种情况下,一国经济在扩大其资本品的存量?()A.当净投资高于总投资时C.当总投资高于资本折旧时B •当资本折旧高于总投资时D •当总投资为正时20 •如果某年的国内私人总投资为1200亿元,净投资为650亿元,则该年度该国的资本存量(D.消费、投资、政府购买支岀和进口10 •净岀口是指()。

(完整版)【上海交通大学-安泰】中级宏观经济学作业答案

1. In the United States, the capital share of GDP is about 50%, the average growth in totaloutput is 3% per year, the depreciate rate is 5% per year, the capital-output ratio is 4.Suppose that the production function is Cobb-Douglas, so that the capital share ofoutput is constant, and the United States has been in a steady state. (10points)a) What must the saving rate be in the initial steady state?△Y/Y = 0.03 => n = 0.03sf(k) = (n + s = (n + ®k/f(k)= (0.03 + 0.05)* 4 = 0.32b) What is the marginal product of capital in the initial steady state?MPK * K/Y = 0.5=> MPK = 0.5/(K/Y) = 0.5/4 = 0.125c) What will the capital-output ratio be at the Golden Rule steady state?MPK = (n + © = 0.03 +0.05 = 0.08MPK * K/Y = 0.5=> K/Y = 0.5/0.08 = 6.25d) What must the saving rate be to reach the Golden Rate steady state?sf(k) = (n + ©)ks = (n +©)k/f(k) = 0.08 *6.25 = 0.52. Prove each of the following statements about the steady state of the Solow model withpopulation growth and technological progress. (10 points)a) The capital-output ratio is constantIn the steady state, we know that sy = (+ n + g)k. This implies that k/y = s/( + n + g).Since s, ©, n, and g are constant, this means that the ratio k/y is also constant. Since k/y = [K/(L* E)]/[Y/(L* E)] = K/Y, we can conclude that in the steady state, the capital-output ratio is constantb) Capital and labor each earn a constant sharoef an economy 's income.We know that capital's share of income =MPK (K/Y). In the steady state, we knowfrom part (a) that the capital-output ratio K/Y is constant. We also know that the MPK is a function of k, which is constant in the steady state; therefore the MPK itself must be constant. Thus, capita'ls share of income is constant. Labo'rs share of income is 1 - [capital's share]. Hence, if capita'ls share is constant, we see that lab'osr share ofincome is also constantc) Total capital income and total labor income both grow at the rate of population growthplus the rate of technological progress, n + g.We know that in the steady state, total income grows at n + g--the rate of population growth plus the rate of technological change. In part (b) we showed that labo'sr and capital's share of income is constant. If the shares are constant, and total incomegrows at the rate n + g, then labor income and capital income must also grow at the rate n + g.d) The real rental price of capital is constant, and the real wage grows at the rate oftechnological progress g.Define the real rental price of capital R as:R = Total Capital Income/Capital Stock= (MPK *K)/K= MPK.We know that in the steady state, the MPK is constant becausecapital per effective worker k is constant. Therefore, we can conclude that the real rental price of capital is constant in the steady state.Output is divided between capital income and labor income. Therefore, the wage per efficiency unit of labor can be expressed as:w = f(k) -MPK ? k.In the steady state, f(k), MPK and k are all constant numbers because capital pereffective worker k is constant. Therefore, the wage per efficiency unit of labor isconstant. The wage per unit of labor is related to the wage per efficiency unit of labor by the equationWage per Unit of L = wE.Thus, the growth rate of real wage equals the growth rate of E, g.3. The country of Leverett is a small open economy. Suddenly, a change in world fashionsmakes the exports of Leverett unpopular. (10 points)a) What happens in Leverett to saving, investment, net exports, the interest rate, and theexchange rate?When Leverett ' s exports become less popular, its domestic savingrG does not -change. This is because we assume that Y is determined by the amount of capital and labor, consumption depends only on disposable income, and government spending is a fixed exogenous variable. Investment also does not change, since investment depends on the interest rate, and Leverett is a small open economy that takes the world interest rate as given. Because neither saving nor investment changes, net exports, which equal S T, do not cha nge either. This is show n in the Figure as the unmoving —I curve.The decreased popularity of Leverett ' s exports leads to a shifti n wetaerdxpoofr t hsecurve, as shown in the Figure. At the new equilibrium, net exports are unchanged but the currency has depreciated.Even though Leverett ' s exports are less popular, its trade balarnecmeahinaesd the same. The reason for this is that the depreciated currency provides a stimulus to net exports, which overcomes the unpopularity of its exports by making them cheaper.b) The citizens of Leverett like to travel abroad. How will this change in the exchange rateaffect them?Leverett 'cusrrency now buys less foreign currency, so traveling abroad is moreexpensive. This is an example of the fact that imports (including foreign travel) have become more expensive—as required to keep net exports unchanged in the face of decreased demand for exports.c) The fiscal policymakers of Leverett want to adjust taxes to mai ntai n the excha nge rateat its previous level. What should they do? If they do this, what are the overall effects on sav ing, inv estme nt, net exports, and the in terest rate?If the gover nment reduces taxes, the n disposable in come and con sumpti on rise. Hen ce, sav ing falls so that net exports also fall. This fall in net exports puts upwardpressure on the excha nge rate that offsets the decreased world dema nd. Inv estme nt and the in terest rate would be un affected by this policy since Leverett takes the world in terest rate as give n.4. Con sider an economy with the follow ing Cobb-Douglas product ion fun cti on:丫*忙/3The economy has 1000 units of capital and a labor force of 1000 workers.a) Derive the equatio n describ ing labor dema nd in this economy as a fun ctio n of the realwage and the capital stockThe dema nd for labor is determ ined by the amount of labor that profit-maximizi ng firm wants to hire at a given real wage. The profit-maximizing condition is that the firm hire labor un til the margi nal product of labor equals the real wage,MPL = W/PThe margi nal product of labor is found by differe ntiat ing the product ion fun cti on with respect to laborIn order to solve for labor dema nd, we set the MPL equal to the real wage and solve for L:2 1/3 1/3 W 8 W 3_K L = => ??= K(_)3 P " 27 (P)Notice that this expressi on has the in tuitively desirable feature that in creases in the realwage reduce the dema nd for labor.b) If the real wage can adjust to equilibrate labor supply and labor dema nd, what is the realwage? In this equilibrium, what are employme nt, output, and the total amount earned by workers?We assume that the 1,000 units of capital and the 1,000 units of labor are supplied inelastically (i.e., they will work at any price). I n this case we know that all 1,000 un its ofeach will be used in equilibrium, so we can substitute them into the above labor dema nd function and solve for W/P.In equilibrium, employment will be 1,000, and multiplying this by 2/3 we find that theworkers earn 667 un its of output. The total output is give n by the product ion fun cti on:Y=K 1/3L 2/3=10001/310002/3=1000Notice that workers get two-thirds of output, which is con siste nt with what we knowabout the Cobb-Douglas product ion fun cti on from the appe ndix to Chapter 3.c) Now suppose that Con gress, concerned about the welfare of the work ing class, passesa law requiring firms to pay worker a real wage of 1 unit of output. How does this wagecompare to the equilibrium wage?The con gressi on ally man dated wage of 1 unit of output is above the equilibrium wage of 2/3 un its of output.d) Con gress cannot dictate how many workers firms hire at the man dated wage. Give nthis fact, what are the effects of this law? Specifically, what happens to employment,output, and the total amount earned by workers?Firms will use their labor dema nd fun cti on to decide how many workers to hire at the3given real wage of 1 and capital stock of 1,000: L=(8/27)1000(1) =296, so 296 workerswill be hired for a total compensation of 296 units of output.1000 =8 W 刃100咋)e) Will Congress succeed in its goal of helping the working class? Explain.The policy redistributes output from the 704 workers who become involuntarilyunemployed to the 296 workers who get paid more than before. The lucky workersbenefit less than the losers lose as the total compensation to the working class falls from 667 to 296 units of output.5. Suppose we know that workers tend to receive 70% of all the income earned inGermany, that the German depreciation rate is 10%, and that there is no populationgrowth or technological progress. Suppose we CANNOT assume the production function in Germany takes the convenient Cobb-Douglas form, but we can assume that whatever the production function is, it has constant returns to scale, that the only two factors of production are capital and labor, that markets are competitive, and that firms maximize profits. Using just this information, compute what saving rate Germany should try tohave, if it wants to enjoy the maximum amount of consumption per person in steady state (that is, to achieve the golden rule)As the optimal point, the solution must satisfy the golden rule condition: MPK = 3 .(1) Second, as a steady state, it must satisfy: sy* = 3 k*. (2) Also, using Euler 's theorem we know the share of income going to capital is1 —0.70 = 0.30This is useful, because this share may be written as: So we know a third condition here:Combining conditions (1) and (2):And then using condition (3):MPK * K / Y MPK(k*/y)= 0.30 (3) s = MPK k*/y* s = 0.3。

中级宏观经济学作业答案一


复 就业增加 但通货膨胀进一步加急
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中级宏观经济学作业答案 三
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9 面临信贷配给的企业 其投资主要取决于企业未来的现金流量和保留利润 公司的利润 下降 不能期望投资增加
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6 答 有两种可能
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中级宏观经济学作业答案一Ch2 P62 47894答因为要支付国外高额的债务利息所以NFP为负由GNP=GDP+NFP及NFP<0可得GDP较大7答a流量b存量c流量d存量8答有毛投资且毛投资正好等于折旧无净投资9答PV=50/(1+10%)+50/(1+10%)2+50/(1+10%)3=124$PV’=50/(1+15%)+50/(1+15%)2+50/(1+15%)3=114$PV’<PV, 因为贴现率提高导致项目的现值变小有同学问第6题怎么做下面是其答案a P1Q1+P2Q2+P3Q3=GDP=500b设各个商品在物价指数中的权重分别为w1w2w3定义w=P1Q1/GNP w1=P2Q2/GNP w3=P3Q3/GNP1则物价指数PI定义为PI=w 1*P1'/P1+w2*P2'/P2+w3*P3'/P3'表示下一期的数那么很容易知道第一期的物价指数就是100%c将题设给出的数据带入公式就得到第二期的物价指数PI'=0.2*6/5+0.5*12/10+0.3*17/15=0.24+0.6+0.34=1.14所以通货膨胀率为14%名义GDP'=P1'Q1'+P2'Q2'+P3'Q3'=126+324+187=637实际GDP''=GDP'/PI'=558.8因此经济的真实增长率为558.8-500/500=11.75%中级宏观经济学作业答案二Ch3 P110 234682答a存在非自愿失业b总就业生产都不变非自愿失业增加3古典基本凯恩斯极端凯恩斯a向右移向右下方移向下移b向左移向左上方移向上移c向右移不变不变d问题可能是出错了或是翻译有误不用考虑4解a由劳动力市场均衡得L=20/3, W/P=5/3;总供给曲线为Q s=80B这个总供给曲线代表古典情形C 因为名义工资给定故为凯恩斯情形的供给曲线又K=3给定Q=12L MPL=12为常数所以是极端凯恩斯情形的总供给曲线P=W/MPL=1/46解a C+I+G=(10-5P)+20+15=Q s=5+P 所以P=20/3 Q=35/3b G=25时P=55/6 Q=85/6c如果Q s=10固定不变则类上可得P=7 Q=10P=9 Q=108阿根廷由于是短期合同名义工资对价格水平具有较高的弹性所以总供给曲线近似于古典情形政府积极的经济政策对增加产出的效果不是很好瑞士情况与阿根廷相反7复但通货膨胀进一步加急中级宏观经济学作业答案三Ch4 P167 2347102答案是123页的第二段3a家庭的预算约束线如下/Q2CC1/Q1100b由书上p131页公式 4.9可以算得Y P=148美圆c由书上p123页公式 4.6可以算得 C=148美圆d家庭福利变差7期1消费储蓄期2消费a预期冲击增加下降增加b暂时冲击几乎不变增加几乎不变c持久冲击增加不变增加4记得当时在习题课上与一些同学争论这道题的答案是无法判断增加储蓄与否强烈的依赖偏好也就是效用无差异曲线的形状你们可以试着根据152页图4-7的b画一下就知道了这道题出的不好也可能是翻译的问题10方法之一是减少社会保障支出促使家庭增加储蓄8净贷方在利率提高时不会成为净借方净借方在利率提高时有可能会成为净贷方CCER 2000年秋季中级宏观经济学作业答案五Ch5 P215 2 3 4 6 892J=I-dKJ 1=800-0.1*10000=-200 万美圆K 2=K1+J1=9800 万美圆J 2=I2-dK2=1500-0.1*9800=720万美圆3MPK=r+da MPK=K-0.5=r=0.11 K2=82.6I=K2-(1-d)K1=1.6b MPK=K-0.5=r+d=0.21 K2=22.6I=K2-(1-d)K1=-51.34MPK>r+d他的工作并不出色应该增加投资使MPK=r+d6a厂商会今年就增加投资使资本存量达到最优水平明年只是少量投资b厂商会投资推迟到明年明年投资增加较大今年投资较少8主要区别是加速数模型假定投资总是是实际的资本存量等于意愿的资本存量调整成本模型承认实际的资本存量与意愿的资本存量通常并不相等企业只能逐渐缩小它们之间的缺口q理论隐含着调整成本模型的观点但是它更强调企业的股票市值对资本重置成本的比值q有助于度量实际的资本存量与意愿的资本存量之间的缺口9面临信贷配给的企业其投资主要取决于企业未来的现金流量和保留利润公司的利润下降不能期望投资增加中级宏观作业答案5chap.6 p.265 1 2 7 8 91答不可能因为如果A国利率与世界利率不同就存在套利机会A国是开放型小国经济资本的流动会很快平抑掉利率差使与世界利率相等2不可能经常项目盈余要么意味着本国在国外的净资产增加要么意味着本国对国外的净债务减少而这两者都使本国将来可动用的资源增加消费增加6答有两种可能1S曲线斜率为负但储蓄对利率的弹性小于投资对利率的弹性此时CA曲线斜率为正但比曲线斜率为正时要陡rCAOI S O CA2S曲线斜率为负但储蓄对利率的弹性大于投资对利率的弹性此时 CA曲线斜率为负SIr =10% CA=S I0b若r / =8%则S/=32 I/ =42 CA/ =S/I/=10若r // =12%则S //=48 I //=38 CA // =S //I //10c若I70r重新解a b得a / ) r =14% I=S=56 CA=0b / ) r / =8%r // =12%S / =32S // =48I / =62I // =58CA / =30CA // =109解a由rQQ r C C ++=++112121得 128))(1(1122=−++=C Q r Q C b20111−=−=C Q TB 22222=−=C Q TB c20111−=−=C Q CA 2012=−=CA CA Macroeconomics in a global view第8章 作业答案3.108.102.011.01ˆ11)1(11≈++=++=+=++Pi P i P r A %5%8=>=∴B A r r A 债券实际收益率高2) %5%202.0108.011.01%8ˆ1=<==−++=⇒=+BA r r P 3) 住在瑞士购买A 债券住在巴西购买B 债券41机会成本的现值1.91.01%10*100=+2因为家庭需要货币作为支付手段进行交易而把金融资产换成货币需要交易成本机会成本与交易成本之间的两难冲突决定了货币持有量7i di Q dQ i bQ i bQ d PMP M d ibQ P M P M DDD 222)2(21)()2)(21(221*−====1 由上面的公式可推出实际收入增加5%需要的实际货币持有量增加2.5%2 利率下降10%实际货币持有量增加5%3 利率上升10%产量上升10%实际货币持有量不变货币余额与实际收入的比例(1.11)()2()2(2112121QP M Q P M Qi b Q i bQ Q P M DD D===+8. 名义利率不变家庭意愿持有的实际货币量不变9.由托宾公式可推出212==b Qi M PQ v 通胀高的国家名义利率也比较高所以货币周转率较高第九章作业P415—P4164a. 根据货币基础变动等式)()()(1111**−−−−−+−+−=−c c c c g c g c h h L L B B E D D M M 在资本控制的情况下,上式变为)()()(111−−−−++−=−c c g c g c h h L L TB E D D M M 贸易顺差增加货币供给(P388),出口商得到外汇汇入央行,并换得本国货币,A 国一年贸易顺差8亿美元,高能货币相应增加8亿美元,货币供给增加b. 央行冲销贸易顺差的货币影响的方法有两种1 在公开市场抛售所持的政府债券8亿美元2 减少经过贴现窗口对商业银行的净信贷数量5由条件25.0,2.0==d d c r a. 货币乘数 78.211≈++=ddr c φb.72.078.22===⋅=φδδδφδM M M M h h央行应当购买0.72亿美元债券c. 如果1.0=d r 那么56.06.326.325.01.025.01==≈++=d M δφ8.a.见P400政府的债务增加有两个组成部分财政部对公众的债务增加)(1gp g p D D −−和中央银行拥有的债务量的增加)(1gc gc D D −−一般情况下公众对债务的需求量变动不大赤字的增加就靠央行购买公债进行融资预算赤字的货币化使得政府只要靠印制货币就可以购买商品和服务其最终效应是增加公众持有的货币供给c. 由货币基础变动等式)()()(1111**−−−−−+−+−=−c c c c g c g c h h L L B B E D D M M央行持有的公债增加为了不影响货币供给央行可以通过抛售相应数量的外汇储备或减少相应数量的对商业银行的净信贷数量进行冲销操作使货币基础维持不变9.a.2%,20,500,)(21,2500=⇒=====P M M i Y P iYM M D S D sb. 1M D 2500M 25001250DM p =2 M D2500 3 D 2500500YM D5=c10002)1.02)42)5000========PiM Y iii M YP i ii Yi M P i M M D DD S D 10. 利率提高持有储备的机会成本上升商业银行会减少其超额储备持有率因此储备/存款比率下降又因为dd d c r c ++=1φ货币乘数上升因此货币供给上升图象如下SiM第10章作业答案P4714. a. 由购买力平价公式**11*PPPPEEEPPδδδ−==−−如果本国价格比外国价格提高得快即第二个等式右边为正因此汇率将升高本币贬值b.实际汇率***<−==PdPPdPedePEPe实际汇率e下降5.a根据利率平价EEEii−+=+1*%10%7250250255%5<=−+=i投资于拉美国家的债券更有利b. 5.2621)1(*1=++=+iEiE6.a.货币币值低估即汇率上升由购买力平价国内价格上升实际货币余额M/P下降小于公众对实际货币余额的需求于是公众抛出手中的金融资产B和B*换回本币以补充对实际货币余额的需求会对本币造成升值压力央行为维持固定汇率购买公众抛出的外国资产增加本国货币供给因此恢复均衡后官方持有的外汇储备增加b.央行购买国内资产起初货币供给增加本国货币的超额供给出现公众试图将手中的多余货币换成金融资产B 和B *公众购买外国资产的企图会造成本币贬值央行为钉住汇率必须抛出外汇储备来防止外汇价格上升当外汇储备减少量等于最初央行购买的国内资产量时超额货币供给才完全被吸收重新达到均衡此时国内价格水平不变官方持有的外汇储备减少c. 国外价格水平上升汇率被钉住由购买力平价国内价格水平相应上升货币超额需求出现公众抛售金融资产B 和B *换取所需本币本币有增值压力央行为稳定汇率抛出本币购买外国资产直至货币短缺得到缓解恢复均衡后官方持有的外汇储备量上升d. 外国利率上升国内资本流出套利央行为钉住汇率需要抛出外储套利的结果是本国利率上升那么本国对实际货币余额的需求下降最终恢复均衡时官方储备下降国内价格水平不变e 预期未来币值低估即E 上升由购买力平价预期国内价格水平会上升 公众购买外国资产抛出本币本币有贬值压力央行抛出外汇储备来进行缓解当央行的外储不足本币贬值这时官方的外储持有量下降国内价格上升7清洁浮动汇率制下a. 央行抛售本国资产B 最初高能货币存量会下降对本币的超额需求会导致对外国货币的需求下降汇率会升值由购买力平价国内价格水平同比例下降即汇率升值会降低外国货币的本币价格从而减少本国商品的国内价格直到实际货币余额M/P 恢复b. 外国价格上涨公众抛售外国资产对外币需求下降, 汇率E 上升本国价格不变c.外国利率上升 国内资本流出套利本币贬值国内价格水平上升9. 由于该国实行固定汇率制由购买力平价外国价格上升会导致本国价格相应上升本币出现超额需求由于该国资本完全受控制公众不能通过抛售外国资产获得所需的本币对本币的超额需求导致国内利率上升会使储蓄增加投资减少经常项目出现赢余于是央行向公众出售的外汇小于购入的外汇量因此净结果就是货币供给增加央行持有的外汇储备增加第11章 作业答案2a. 汇率固定时货币量由货币需求决定政府只能间接地通过国际储备流失为政府赤字融资公式如下)()(**1DEF P B B E c c =−−−2500)(**1−=−=−−DEF EP B B c c 所以央行每年外汇储备下降2500万美元如果赤字不变当外汇储备足够时这一过程会持续下去而如果外储即将耗尽公众预期政府无法维持固定汇率制就会试图在汇率崩溃前将大量本币换为外币资产so-called 对外储的投机冲击公众的这种行为将会迅速耗尽剩余储备将经济由固汇制推向浮汇制外储变动的时间路径大体如下图所示R0 time b 外储耗竭之前经济为固定汇率制汇率不变由购买力平价国内价格水平不变名义及实际货币余额均不变耗竭之后只能依靠发行货币为赤字融资货币供给上升又Q不变V 不变实际货币余额M/P不变国内价格随货币供给的上升而上升由购买力平价汇率相应上升本币贬值4.a 固定汇率制下国内价格水平*EP P =不变0%2%2)()()()()()(****111=+−=+−=−⇒=−−−−−−GDP P M GDP DEF GDP P B B E DEF P B B E M M c c c c δ外汇储备不变b 浮动汇率制下⇒=∴=∴=−=−=−−−−0ˆ%2%21111PP P GDP P M P M GDP PM M DEF Q 5.a %6.31ˆ1ˆ%64=⇒⋅+====⇒=P P M PP GDP DEF GDP V Q P M PQ MVb %6.28%3%6.31ˆˆˆ*=−=−=P P E8.铸币税Q PM M M M %2.0))((11=−−−又由已知条件43=⇒=P M PQ M得到 %6.011=−−−M M M 实际货币余额不变%6.0ˆ1111=−=−=−−−−M M M P P P P 10如果合同是以名义条件确定的则通货膨胀上升使财富由贷款者向借款者作再分配所以公司倾向于使用贷款Macroeconomics in a global view宏观经济学作业答案 第12章5a) 政府支出增加IS 曲线右移货币供给增加LM 曲线右移所以总需求增加利率变动情况不定视政府支出和货币供给增加的幅度而定b) 政府支出下降IS 曲线左移货币供给增加LM 曲线右移所以利率下降总需求变动情况视政府支出和货币供给变动的相对幅度而定c) 税收下降IS 曲线右移货币供给下降LM 曲线左移所以利率上升总需求变动情况视税收和货币供给变动的相对幅度而定d) 货币供给与价格水平等量变动实际货币余额不变LM 曲线不动IS 曲线也不动所以利率和总需求都不变6a) 政府开支减少IS 曲线右移总需求增大1古典情形下因为总供给曲线竖直产出水平不变价格上升从而导致实际货币余额减少LM 曲线左移恢复均衡时总需求水平与开支增加前相同价格水平上升产出水平不变利率上升私人投资完全挤出2极端凯恩斯情形下总供给曲线水平总需求的增加完全反映在产出增加上价格水平不变3基本凯恩斯情形下总供给曲线向上倾斜总需求的增加一方面导致产出的增加一方面导致价格的上升价格上升又减少经济中的实际货币余额LM 曲线左移总需求水平又稍有减少恢复均衡时的情形介于古典情形和极端凯恩斯情形之间价格水平上升但比古典情形幅度小产出水平和总需求上升比极端凯恩斯情形幅度小私人投资被部分挤出b) 减少政府支出并减少货币供给总需求水平下降1 古典情形下价格水平下降产出水平不变2 极端凯恩斯情形下价格水平不变产出水平下降3 基本凯恩斯情形下价格和产出都下降幅度在前两种情形之间c) 税收和货币供给同时增加对总需求的影响视二者变动的相对幅度而定d) 税收和政府支出等量增加IS 曲线右移考虑平衡预算乘数总需求增加1古典情形下价格水平上升产出水平不变2极端凯恩斯情形下价格水平不变产出上升3基本凯恩斯情形下价格和产出都上升幅度介于前两种情形之间7 a. IS 曲线由产品市场均衡条件求得355.0104.020)(8.0+−=⇒+−+−=⇒++=Q i i T Q Q GI C Q 凯恩斯乘数政府支出乘数511=−c 税收乘数41=−cc b. LM 曲线由货币市场均衡条件求得255.0250)5.0(−=∴==−⇒=Q i P P i Q M M SD Q c ==⇒−=+−=605255.0355.0e e Q i Q i Q i d 把355.0+−=Q i 代入P i Q )5.0(50−=中得 3550−=Q P e 1P=2的极端凯恩斯情形政府支出增加不影响价格产出和利率水平变化==⇒=−+−+−=655.7502)5.0(124.020)20(8.0e e Q i i Q i Q Q 2Q=60 的古典场合产出水平不变Q=60代入产品市场和货币市场的均衡条件中==⇒ =−+−=5.21050)5.0(405.0e e P i P i Q Q i8政府既想增加产出又想增加私人投资应采取扩张性的财政政策第13章 作业答案5Q政府支出减少,IS 曲线左移,均衡点移至B 点,但在B 点,国内利率小于国外利率,国际套利将很快使国内利率与国外利率相等,经济将维持在C 点上,商品市场需求与国外利率一致,与此同时,会出现超额货币供给,家庭会把他们的部分货币转换成外国债券,央行抛出外储,吸收增加的货币余额LM 曲线左移最终IS LM CM 曲线交于C 点经济达到均衡恢复均衡后总需求减少利率水平不变央行外汇储备增加如果央行出售债券冲抵政府开支减少即图中在IS 曲线移至IS’时,LM 曲线同时移到LM’处,均衡点由A 移到C 点,总需求减少,利率和外汇储备不变6本章讨论的是固定汇率制的情况对于该小国国内外价格同比例提高实际汇率PEP e *=不变贸易余额不变总吸收也不变IS 曲线不移动另外由于国内价格上升货币余额减少LM 曲线左移此时出现超额货币需求公众抛出外国资产增加本币持有量LM 曲线内生右移直到回到原来的位置恢复均衡后外汇储备增加利率不变总需求不变7 a. 世界利率提高由于国际套利国内利率与世界利率趋同产品市场需求与世界利率一致出现超额货币供给公众购买外币资产央行为维持固定汇率而抛售外储减少货币供给直到IS 曲线与LM 曲线的交点确定的均衡利率等于提高后的世界利率恢复均衡后总需求减少外储减少货币余额减少在古典情形下价格下降产出不变在极端凯恩斯情形下价格不变产出下降在基本凯恩斯情形下价格和产出都下降幅度介于前两种情形之间b.外国产出增加,导致对本国出口的需求增加,贸易余额上升,IS 曲线右移,此时出现超额货币需求,公众抛出外币资产换成本币,央行购买外币资产,外汇储备上升,经济中实际货币余额上升,LM曲线右移,直到LM’,在C点达到均衡总需求上升外汇储备增加货币余额增加在古典情形下价格上升产出不变在极端凯恩斯情形下价格不变产出上升基本凯恩斯情形下价格和产出都上升c.货币供给增加,税收下降,IS曲线和LM曲线都右移,总需求增加;外汇储备变动情况视货币供给和税收的变动幅度而定,实际货币上升.在古典情形下,价格上升,产量不变由于价格上升实际货币余额减少LM曲线左移直到LM’,实际货币余额比初始水平下降在极端凯恩斯情形下价格不变产出上升在基本凯恩斯情形下价格和产出都上升货币余额比初始水平大9 a.(1)资本自由流动CM减税IS曲线右移B处超额货币需求公众抛出外国资产增加本币央行购买外汇外储增加LM曲线右移至C点国内外利率相同总需求上升因为资本的流动速度快均衡可在短期内可由A到C2资本控制的情形短期内利率上升总需求上升实际货币余额不变外储不变长期内由于吸收上升贸易余额逆差导致实际货币余额下降利率急剧上升总需求回到原水平b. 央行购买公众手中国库券,导致货币供给上升(1)资本自由流动ABO开始均衡由A移到B点,但在B点国内利率低于国外利率,公众购买外币资产,央行抛出外储,外储下降,实际货币余额下降,LM曲线回到原位实际货币余额不变利率不变总需求不变2资本控制短期内LM曲线右移利率下降总需求上升总吸收上升导致总进口上升造成贸易逆差实际汇率或保持不变价格不变或有所下降价格上升所以进口上升出口保持不变或实际下降B处贸易逆差贸易逆差导致货币供给下降LM曲线左移直至恢复初始水平所以长期内利率和总需求不变外储下降实际货币余额不变第14 章作业答案2a)货币供给上升LM曲线右移导致国内利率低于国际利率资本流出汇率贬值净出口增加IS曲线内生右移直到国内利率与国际利率一致因此在该小国货币扩张导致名义汇率贬值b)进出口对汇率变化十分敏感时汇率贬值一单位IS曲线内生右移的幅度更大因此汇率变动在进出口对汇率变动敏感时比较小3价格提高实际货币余额下降LM曲线左移至LM’新的均衡必位于LM’曲线和CM 曲线的交点B上,IS 曲线必内生地左移到该点达到稳态均衡时实际汇率下降,贸易余额下降但名义汇率的变动须分两种情况讨论1)如果价格变动在最初名义汇率没有作出调整时使IS曲线移到IS’与IS之间由于国内价格下降使得贸易余额下降,IS曲线左移)此时名义汇率仍需继续升值以使实际汇率继续下降直至达到IS’曲线处在此过程中名义汇率与实际汇率同向变化也可以换一种说法如果价格上升导致的实际汇率的下降使IS曲线左移的幅度不足以抵销货币余额下降引起的利率上升则名义汇率下降以保证实际汇率下降的幅度足够大2)如果价格变动在最初名义汇率未作调整时就使IS曲线移到IS’以左(比如红线处)则名义汇率须上升使得IS曲线回到IS’处实际汇率稍有上升但在整个过程中名义汇率上升而实际汇率下降LM’LMCM6A小国开放经济中政府开支增加IS曲线右移但由于利率升高资本流入套利本币升值净出口减少IS曲线内生右移直至回到原处经济重新达到均衡此时总需求不变消费和投资不变因为利率不变政府支出的增加挤出了贸易余额B大国如果增加政府支出将影响世界利率如图CM’CM大国其他国家对于大国增加政府支出IS曲线先移到IS’处,因利率高于国际利率,资本流入套利,本币升值,贸易余额下降,IS曲线内生右移,但不会移到原处,均衡时CM曲线移到CM’处,世界利率升高,大国在B处重新达到均衡,此时总需求上升,消费和投资下降(因为利率上升),贸易余额下降即政府支出增加对消费投资和贸易余额都有挤出作用但未完全挤出对于其他国家因为世界利率上移本币贬值贸易余额上升IS曲线内生右移到IS’处,在D点重新达到均衡,此时,总需求上升,消费和投资下降,贸易余额上升,政府支出不变9.政府希望提高产量又不希望改变利率,可能是不希望挤出私人部门的消费和投资以及使贸易余额恶化要达到这个目的可以配合使用扩张性的财政政策和扩张性的货币政策如图LM’同时采取扩张性财政政策(如增加政府支出或减税)和扩张性货币政策(如增加货币供给),IS 曲线和LM曲线同时右移相同幅度,新的均衡仍然在CM曲线上,利率不变而总需求增加,如果总供给曲线不是古典情形的,则产出增加这种政策不影响汇率和贸易余额Macroeconomics in a global view:第15章作业答案1. a. 暂时性供给冲击b. 暂时性需求冲击c. 暂时性需求冲击d.持久性供给冲击4.)ˆˆ()ˆˆ()ˆˆ(11111111111e f e n e f f P P j Q Q P P h U U P P wp wp P W +++++++++++−+=−−=−−=(1)f nf e Q Q U U wp P W P P 1111111%5ˆˆ+++++++===⇒==即实际工资仍然为原来的市场出清的实际工资水平失业率是自然失业率产量为充分就业产量2f n f e Q Q U U wp P W P P <>>⇒<+++++,,ˆˆ111113f n f e Q Q U U wp P W P P ><<⇒>+++++,,ˆˆ111115PCA Bf Q Q政府要把失业率永久性的降到自然率以下必须不断采取扩张总需求的政策如图(即663页分析)最初经济在A 处达到均衡此时失业率为自然率政府扩张总需求使均衡移到B 处失业率降至自然率之下价格水平上升但下个时期工人和厂商会根据该通胀率调整工资水平总供给曲线上移此时政府如果仍想维持低于自然率的失业率则必须继续扩张总需求又由于在此过程中通货膨胀预期不断提高通货膨胀率会不断提高b. 为避免加速的通货膨胀公众须有理性预期在理性预期假设下工资根据前瞻性预期决定过去的通胀本身并不重要因此没有惯性7. 理性预期是前瞻性的即厂商或工人是根据对未来政府政策的预期形成对未来价格的预期适应性预期是后瞻性的是根据过去的历史形成对未来价格的预期由于理性预期认为工人和厂商预测时不会出现系统偏差并且根据对价格的预期调整工资如果预测准确政府的政策就不会有效政府的政策只有在未被预期到时有效在适应性预期下政府的宏观政策有效但短期内存在失业和通胀的tradeoff 而长期内菲利普斯曲线竖直宏观政策不能改变失业率8答案依赖于预期的形成在适应性预期下B 国公众根据过去的通货膨胀率形成对将来通胀的预期然后根据此预期调整名义工资其结果与名义工资根据过去通胀指数化时的情形是类似的存在通胀和失业的替代降低通胀都要付出产量下降的成本哪国成本更大取决于A 国工资指数化的程度和B 国工资对通胀预期调整的反应程度在理性预期下如果B 国政府使公众相信自己要降低通胀则公众就会调整名义工资到合适水平从而实现充分就业同时A 国由于名义工资刚性紧缩的需求政策必然导致产量的降低因此理性预期下A 国降低通胀的成本更大Macroeconomics in a global view:第17章 作业答案1. 顺周期的变量有消费投资产量就业实际工资存款周转货币存量 无周期的变量有实际货币余额名义利率短期内顺周期长期不一定) 逆周期的变量无4.(1)凯恩斯学派政府开支增加引起总需求增加假定名义工资和价格固定总需求增加引起产量增加有两种机制可以引起经济波动一种是纯存货周期理论描述的当销售未预期地增加时存货就会减少在t-1期存货的突然变化等于实际销售减去预期销售即21−−−bQ bQ ;在t 期企业生产足够的产品补充t 1期发生的存货的未预期下降因而21−−−=bQ bQ Q s ,又由于预期销售等于前期销售所以1−=bQ Q u ;由上可得当期产量是前两期滞后水平的函数0212I bQ bQ Q +−−−(见page756),总需求的一个冲击可通过企业的存货投资变动引起经济波动另一种引发周期的途径是由投资加速数理论描述的投资变动是收入变化。

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