ZMET intro_deep metaphors_dallas
zmet研究方法
例子：西安经典旅游元素分析
研究选用旳测试者是来自不同年龄层，不同工 作性质，土生土长旳西安本地居民，首先要求他 们对受访主题进行了解，选择6到8张与研究主题 旳想法和概念有关旳照片。经过访谈进一步了解 受访者选择照片旳理由，和照片展示画面对受访 者旳意义，随即建立图片与图片之间旳关联性， 找出受访者旳深层想法、反应和潜意识，借此了 解受访者旳感觉与态度，并将之转化为文字，得 出每位受访者对西安城市意象旳终极价值。
STEP2：半构造化访谈
研究者在访谈前先以ZMET有关文件为主要根据，拟定环节与访谈 纲领。总共有十个环节，分别是：
环节五，请受访者所选出旳最具代表性图片； 环节六，请受访者描述出相反感觉旳图片； 环节七，感官印象，经过不同旳感官描述，涉及味觉、听觉、嗅觉、 触觉、色彩和情绪，来取得受访者主要且较为主要旳感觉； 环节八，描绘出受访者个人心智地图； 环节九、十，总结图片与小短文，请受访者利用说故事阶段所搜集 旳图片，在研究者旳帮助下呈现出一幅能够代表其整体想法旳图片， 并加以阐明。
STEP3：感官影像比喻
访谈过程得到原始资料（需要录音统计）， 从中分析出，研究主题给受访者旳认知感觉。此 步奏需要从原始资料中抽取某些概念
STEP4：绘制个人心智地图
借助Nvivo8质性分析软件对访谈材料进行编 码，并绘制出受访者各自旳心智地图
STEP5：概念抽取与共识地图旳绘制
如有3位及以上旳受访者所提到旳概念，以及概念与概念 间旳关系，即可纳入受访者对研究对象感觉与想法旳共识 地图之中。Zaltman and Schuck提出，概念与概念间旳 关联性代表着受访者思索旳脉络，呈现出想法旳过程。所 以，研究者在同步考虑概念旳反复数量以及概念与概念之 间旳关系后来，最终拟定了若干个关键概念并纳入共识地 图，同步整顿出几大要素，也能够说是研究对象旳价值意 义所在。这几种要素是受访者所提到旳终极价值以及分类 阶段旳归类方式作为分群根据。
dasiamrpn训练代码
python
import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim as optim from DA_SiAMRPN import SiAMRPN_ResNet50, SiAMRPN_MobileNetV2 from DA_SiAMRPN_Track import DA_SiAMRPN_Track from DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V2 import DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V2 from DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V3 import DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V3 from DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V4 import DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V4 from DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V5 import DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V5 from DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V6 import DA_SiAMRPN_Track_V6 # 定义模型和优化器 model = SiAMRPN_ResNet50() optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001) # 训练数据集 trainset = SomeDataset() # 替换为实际训练数据集 trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=1, shuffle=True) # 训练模型 for epoch in range(num_epochs): # 替换为实际训练轮数 for i, data in enumerate(trainloader): # 遍历每个训练样本 inputs, labels = data # 获取输入和标签 inputs = inputs.cuda() # 将输入数据移至GPU上 labels = labels.cuda() # 将标签数据移至GPU上 optimizer.zero_grad() # 清空优化器梯度 outputs = model(inputs) # 前向传播，获取输出结果 loss = criterion(outputs, labels) # 计算损失函数值 loss.backward() # 反向传播，计算梯度 optimizer.step() # 更新模型参数
空间通道双重注意力道路场景语义分割
第28卷㊀第5期2023年10月㊀哈尔滨理工大学学报JOURNAL OF HARBIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY㊀Vol.28No.5Oct.2023㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀空间通道双重注意力道路场景语义分割王小玉,㊀林㊀鹏(哈尔滨理工大学计算机科学与技术学院,哈尔滨150080)摘㊀要:无人驾驶领域的一个重要问题就是在低功耗移动电子设备上怎样运行实时高精度语义分割模型㊂由于现有语义分割算法参数量过多㊁内存占用巨大导致很难满足无人驾驶等现实应用的问题,并且在影响语义分割模型的精度和推理速度的众多因素中,空间信息和上下文特征尤为重要,并且很难同时兼顾㊂针对该问题提出采用不完整的ResNet18作为骨干网络,ResNet18是一个轻量级的模型,参数量较少,占用内存不大;同时采用双边语义分割模型的技术,在两条路径上添加通道空间双重注意力机制,来获取更多的上下文信息和空间信息的想法㊂另外还采用了精炼上下文信息的注意力优化模块,和融合两条路径输出的融合模块,添加的模块对于参数量和内存的影响很小,可以即插即用㊂以Cityscapes 和CamVid 为数据集㊂在Citycapes 上,mIoU 达到77.3%;在CamVid 上,mIoU 达到66.5%㊂输入图像分辨率为1024ˑ2048时,推理时间为37.9ms ㊂关键词:无人驾驶;实时语义分割;深度学习;注意力机制;深度可分离卷积DOI :10.15938/j.jhust.2023.05.013中图分类号:TP391.41文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-2683(2023)05-0103-07Semantic Segmentation of Unmanned Driving SceneBased on Spatial Channel Dual AttentionWANG Xiaoyu,㊀LIN Peng(Harbin University of Scienceand Technology,Computer Scienceand Technology,Harbin 150080,China)Abstract :An important issue in the field of unmanned driving is how to run real-time high-precision semantic segmentation modelson low-power mobile electronic devices.Existing semantic segmentation algorithms have too many parameters and huge memory usage,which makes it difficult to meet the problems of real-world applications such as unmanned driving.However,among the many factors that affect the accuracy and speed of the semantic segmentation model,spatial information and contextual features are particularly important,and it is difficult to take into account both.In response to this problem,it is proposed to use the incomplete ResNet18as the backbone network,design a bilateral semantic segmentation model,and add a channel space dual attention model to the two paths to obtain more contextual and spatial information.In addition,the attention optimization module that refines the context information and the fusion module that integrates the output of the two paths are also used.Take Cityscapes and CamVid as data sets.On Citycapes,mIoU reached 77.3%;on CamVid,mIoU reached 66.5%.When the input image resolution is 1024ˑ2048,the segmentation speed is 37.9ms.Keywords :driverless technology;real-time semantic segmentation;deep learning;attention mechanism;depth separable convolu-tion㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀收稿日期:2022-04-04基金项目:国家自然科学基金(61772160);黑龙江省教育厅科学技术研究项目(12541177).作者简介:林㊀鹏(1997 ),男,硕士研究生.通信作者:王小玉(1971 ),女,教授,硕士研究生导师,E-mail:wangxiaoyu@.0㊀引㊀言随着人工智能与汽车交通的结合, 自动驾驶热潮被掀起,如何准确㊁快速地检测路况㊁路标等信息成为目前研究的热点目标[1]㊂许多研究人员逐渐将注意力转向了对道路场景的理解㊂主要领域之一是道路场景的语义分割[2]㊂基于深度学习的图像语义分割作为计算机视觉中的一项基本任务,旨在估计给定输入图像中所有像素的类别标签,并呈现出不同颜色区域掩模的分割结果㊂2014年,文[2]提出的全卷积神经网络(FCN),被誉为深度卷积神经网络的奠基之作,标志着分割领域正式进入全新的发展时期㊂与之前所有图像语义分割算法最大的不同在于,FCN用卷积层代替分类模型中全部的全连接层,学习像素到像素的映射㊂并且,提出了在上采样阶段联合不同池化层的结果,来优化最终输出的方法[2]㊂目前很多的优秀的基于深度学习的图像语义分割算法都是基于FCN的思想实现的[3]㊂2015年,剑桥大学在FCN的基础上,实现了突破,提出了SegNet模型[3]㊂从那时起,更多的语义分割算法被开发出来,并且分割的准确性一直在提高,如deeplab系列[4],多路级联模型(refinenet)[4]和PSPNet等[5]㊂近年来,深度学习在图像语义分割方面有了很大的进步㊂在自动驾驶等领域有着很大的应用潜力㊂但是算法模型大多关注对图像分割准确率的提升,其计算成本和内存占用较高,模型的实时性得不到保证[6]㊂在许多实际应用中,对于模型的实时性也有很高的要求㊂根据这一需求,目前最常用的ENet,MobileNet系列也随即被提出[7]㊂实时进行语义信息分割技术逐渐分化一个新的领域㊂在实时语义分割的任务中,为了提高推理速度,有的模型采取缩小图片尺寸的操作,有的采取删减特征图通道的操作,但是这些操作都会丢失一些空间信息[7]㊂这是因为初始图像经历了多次卷积和池化,最终导致初始图片被模型加载后,特征图的分辨率由大变小㊂对于分割任务来说,获取丰富的上下文信息和空间信息㊁高分辨率的特征㊁深层特征的语义信息,可以更好地提高模型的分割精度[8]㊂近年来,在实时语义信息分割算法中,双边分割网络算法(BiSeNet)在语义分割任务上获得了瞩目的成绩[9]㊂本文在BiSeNet的基础上,上下文路径以轻量化模型ResNet18作为骨干网络㊂引入两个空间通道双重注意力机制CBAMT和CSSE模块㊂通过在上下文路径的轻量型特征提取网络引入CBAMT模块,从空间和通道两个维度来判断应该学习什么特征[10]㊂然后使用注意力优化模块(ARM),强化对轻量型特征提取模型不同阶段的特征学习[11]㊂通过在空间路径引入CSSE模块获取更多的空间特征,并且可以利用深度可分离卷积减少参数量㊂最后使用特征融合模块(FFM)将两条路径的输出进行融合㊂1㊀本文算法BiSeNet其结构如图1所示,双边分割网络设计有2条支路结构:空间支路和上下文支路㊂空间支路解决空间信息的缺失;上下文支路解决感受野小的问题,获取丰富的上下文信息[12]㊂两条路径采取的方法分别为:在空间支路中,输入的图像经过三层由大卷积核组成的卷积层的卷积,将输入图像压缩成原图尺寸1/8的特征图,这样就保留丰富的空间信息㊂并且这些卷积层的卷积核都是小步长的,经过这些卷积层的学习,最终可以生成高分辨率的特征[13];在上下文支路中,将全局平均池化添加到支路中,获取最大的感受野㊂并且还添加注意力机制来指导特征学习㊂图1㊀原始模型的结构Fig.1㊀original model1.1㊀基于空间和通道的双重注意力机制单元文[3]提出一种轻量的空间通道双重注意力机401哈㊀尔㊀滨㊀理㊀工㊀大㊀学㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第28卷㊀制CBAM,可以在通道和空间维度上进行注意力关注[14]㊂CBAM由两个单独的子模块组成,分别是通道注意力模块(CAM)和空间注意力模块(SAM)㊂前者是关注于通道,后者是关注于空间㊂这样的优点是不仅可以很好地的控制模型的参数量,并且能够将其加入到当前已有的模型结构中㊂总之, CBAM是一种随插随用的模块㊂1.1.1㊀CAM对输入的特征图G(HˑWˑC)分别进行基于宽高的整体最大池化和平均整体池化,得到两张1ˑ1ˑC特征的图像㊂然后将它们发送到一个双层神经网络(MLP),这个双层神经网络是共用的[15]㊂第一层神经元个数为C/r(r为减少率),激活函数为Relu;第二层神经元个数为C㊂然后将MLP输出的特征相加并由sigmoid激活㊂生成最终的通道注意特征图M_c㊂最后,用乘法将M_c和输入特征图G 相乘㊂生成的特征图即为空间注意力机制模块需要的输入特征图Gᶄ㊂1.1.2㊀SAMSAM将Gᶄ作为输入特征图㊂首先进行以通道为基础的最大全局池化和平均全局池化㊂然后将两个特征图HˑWˑ1拼接操作,即通道拼接㊂经过7ˑ7卷积,降维为一个通道,即HˑWˑ1㊂随后由sigmoid函数生成特征图Gᵡ㊂最后将Gᵡ和Gᶄ进行乘法操作,生成最后的特征图㊂1.2㊀改进的空间支路为了使语义分割模型有更好的分割效果,可以通过将低级的空间特征和庞大的深层语义信息相结合来提高模型的分割精度[15]㊂本文提出的空间路径是由3个卷积组成㊂第一层包括一个步长为2的卷积,剩下两层是步长为1的深度可分离卷积[15]㊂然后是批标准化(BN),和以线性整流函数(ReLU)作为激活函数㊂此外本文还在空间路径上添加通道空间模块(CSSE)㊂具体算法如下:特征图HˑWˑC经过全局平均池化,得到特征图1ˑ1ˑC㊂然后经过两个1ˑ1ˑ1的卷积处理,最终得到一个C维向量㊂然后用sigmoid归一化函数得到对应的mask,最后乘以通道分组得到信息校准后的Mᶄ特征图㊂sSE模块类似于SAM㊂具体过程是直接在特征Mᶄ(HˑWˑC)上使用1ˑ1ˑ1,将特征图Mᶄ卷积成为HˑWˑ1的特征图㊂然后用sigmoid 进行激活得到空间特征图㊂最后应用它直接对原始特征图完成空间信息的校准㊂CSSE模块是将cCE 模块和sSE模块以串联的方式连接,并且通过实验证明,组成的CSSE对模型的分割效果的也有提升㊂CSSE结构如图2所示㊂图2㊀CSSE结构图Fig.2㊀CSSE structure diagram1.3㊀改进的上下文支路在原始模型中,为了可以有更大的感受野和更多的语义信息,BiSeNet设计了Context path[15]㊂并且使用Xception作为特征提取的骨干网络[16]㊂Xception可以快速缩小特征图以获得大感受野,来编码高级语义上下文信息[16]㊂本文提出的改进的上下文路径使用轻量级模型ResNet18作为特征提取骨干网络,并且在路径中额外添加了CBAMT 模块㊂本文的特征提取的骨干网络是由4个block组成,每个block由两个3ˑ3的卷积和BN层,以及relu组成㊂此外,本文提出的CBAMT模块是基于文[6]中提出的一种triplet attention方法㊂该方法使用三重分支结构来捕获维度交互,从而计算注意力的权重,实现通道和空间的交互[16]㊂本文提出的改进后的CBAMT模块,采用了triplet attention(三重分支)的思想,三重分支结构3个并行分支分支组成,其中两个分支主要负责维度C与维度H或W之间的交互[17]㊂最后一个分支类似于SAM,用于构建空间感知模块[17]㊂最后,将所有分支的输出进行平均水平聚合㊂CBAMT将CAM模块的输出特征图Fᶄ利用两个平行的包含Z池化层,用于维度交互的分支,将维度C与维度H或W的维度进行交互,将两个输出结果相加得到特征图Fᵡ㊂然后使用特征图Fᵡ作为SAM的输入以得到最终特征㊂Z池化层的作用是将维度H和W的张量减少到2维,并将该维度的平均池化特征和最大池化特征联系起来,这使得该层在减少其深度的同时保持真实张量的丰富表示,这有利于后续计算[18]㊂最后,改进的上下文路径中保留了全局平局池化结构,这样可以为模型提供全局上下文信息,更好地增强模型分割效果㊂CBAMT模块结构如图3,改进后的整体网络模型如图4所示,以及Z-pool计算:501第5期王小玉等:空间通道双重注意力道路场景语义分割Mc(F )=σ((AvgPool(F ),MaxPool(F ))(1)式中:F 为输入特征图;σ为sigmoid 激活函数;Avg-Pool 和MaxPool 分别表示全局平均池化和全局最大池化,f7x7表示卷积操作时,卷积核大小为7㊂图3㊀空间通道注意力模块CBAMT 结构图Fig.3㊀Spatial channel attention module CBAMTstructurediagram图4㊀改进后的模型的整体结构Fig.4㊀The overall structure of the improved mod1.4㊀特征融合模块(FFM )特征融合模块的功能是把来自空间支路的特征和上下文支路的特征融合[18]㊂之所以需要FFM 来融合两者,是由于前者是低层次的特征,后者是高层次的特征[18]㊂具体流程:将来自空间支路和上下文支路的特征进行向量拼接的操作,得到特征图H ,然后对特征图H 进行全局平局池化,得到1ˑ1ˑC 向量㊂最后通过类似SENet 中的通道权重相乘,对特征图H 重新进行加权,得到最后的特征图Hᶄ㊂图5显示了该模块的结构㊂图5㊀FFM 结构图Fig.5㊀FFM structure diagram1.5㊀注意力优化模块(ARM )原始模型还针对上下文路径设计了ARM,如图6所示㊂首先为了获得整体上下文语境信息,使用全局平局池化㊂来帮助模型学习特征,来强化特征提取网络不同阶段的特征学习㊂此外还可以简单地完成整体上下文语境信息的集成㊂并且不必利用上采样,计算成本可以忽略不计㊂图6㊀ARM 结构图Fig.6㊀ARM block diagram1.6㊀注意力优化模块(ARM )上下文路径中添加了两个辅助损失函数来更好地监督输出㊂主损失函数和辅助损失函数都使用Softmax 函数为式(2)[19]㊂辅助损失函数监督模型的训练,主损失函数监督整个BiSeNet 的输出(Lp)㊂添加两个特殊的辅助损失函数监督Context Path 的输出(Li)借助参数α以平衡主损失函数与辅助损失函数的权重,如式(3):Loss =1n ði l i =1n ði loge p iði e p i(2)L (X |W )=l p (X :W )+αðK i l i (X i :W )(3)其中:l p 为主要的loss ;l i 为辅助的loss ;X i 为ResNet601哈㊀尔㊀滨㊀理㊀工㊀大㊀学㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第28卷㊀第i个阶段的输出特征;K=3,ɑ为1㊂在训练过程中,只使用了辅助loss进行训练㊂2㊀实验结果与分析2.1㊀数据集本文使用两个数据集,均是城市道路场景数据集,分别为Cityscapes数据集和CamVid数据集㊂这两个数据集是道路场景语义分割中最常用来进行模型评估的数据集[19]㊂CamVid数据集有11个类别;而Cityscapes包含两类,一类是5000张带有高质量像素级标签的精细图像,一类是20000张带有粗糙标签的附加图,本实验使用的是Cityscapes中5000个高质量像素级标签的精细图像进行实验㊂最后从速度即推理时间以及精度两个方面与Baseline模型进行对比,分析模型的分割性能,并且通过可视化结果展示模型的分割性能㊂2.2㊀参数设置本文实验环境为Win10操作系统,Nvidia RTX 1080Ti6GB,Python3.9编译环境,Pytorch1.9框架㊂具体参数为 bitchsize=8,momentum=0.9,weight-decay=5ˑ10-4㊂采用 poly 学习率,power=0.9㊂本文采取随机梯度下降优化算法(SGD)进行模型训练,并使用 poly 学习策略,其公式为:η=η∗(1-itermax_iter)power(4)其中:初始学习率为2.5ˑ10-2㊂iter是当前的迭代次数;max_iter是总迭代次数[19]㊂设置为1000(即产生1000个epoch)㊂功率值固定为0.9;主要和次要损失平衡参数设置为1㊂2.3㊀消融实验本文还做了在相同条件下CBAMT和CSSE这两个模块对模型性能的提升的有效性试验结果见表1㊂从表1可以看出,CBAMT和CSSE两个模块均可以提高模型分割精度,而且CBAMT的提升效果要优于CSSE㊂表1㊀各模块在CamVid数据集上的有效性验证Tab.1㊀Validation of each module on the CamVid dataset CBAM CSSE CBAMT FFM ARM mIoU%ɿɿɿɿ66.5ɿɿɿ66.1ɿɿɿɿ65.9ɿɿɿ65.7㊀㊀注:ɿ表示有效㊂2.4㊀算法整体性能分析与比较本文使用的Baseline模型是个人实现的Res-Net18版本的BiSeNet模型㊂2.4.1㊀分割精度模型性能采用平均交并比(mIOU)来衡量,计算公式为mIoU=1k+1ðk i=0p iiðk j=0p ij+ðk j=0p ji-p ii(5)本文算法与其他算法的分割结果的对比如表2所示㊂由表2可见,本文模型的精度与原BiSeNet 对比,在Cityscapes和CamVid上分割精度度提高了1.6%和1.1%㊂表2㊀分割精度与对比Tab.2㊀Segmentation accuracy and comparison模型mIoU/%Cityscapes CamVid SegNet58.957.0ENet65.752.9DFANet71.361.5 MobileNet177.864.7 BiSeNet(Res-18)75.765.4本文算法77.366.52.4.2㊀推理速度在测试速度实验中,Baseline模型在Cityscapes 上的推理时间为21.5ms,在CamVid上的推理时间为35.5ms,结果如表3所示㊂表3㊀推理速度对比Tab.3㊀Split speed and comparison模型Cityscapes/ms CamVid/msSegNet24.615.7 MobileNet132.310.5 BiSeNet(Res-18)35.521.5本文算法37.924.5㊀㊀本文模型在Cityscapes上的推理时间为37.9ms,在CamVid上的推理时间为24.5ms,证明本文网络本文网络充分满足实时语义分割的要求㊂总之,从速度和精度两个方面综合分析,本文提出的模型在Cityscapes和Camvid数据集上,比701第5期王小玉等:空间通道双重注意力道路场景语义分割BiSeNet(Res18)在推理速度与分割精度之间实现了更好的平衡,与ENet 相比,在精度得到了显著提升,其次与目前常见的MobileNet1相比,推理时间接近,精度方面有所提升㊂但是MobileNet1采用分组卷积,同时模型也没有考虑到空间信息,而且模型层数还是较多,而且对硬件要求,比如GPU 较高㊂而且由于分组卷积,导致在多次重复实验中,偶尔会出现分割效果很差的情况,通过查看文献得知,可能与分组卷积会导致模型学废,后续会对这方面继续研究㊂2.4.3㊀可视化结果本文提出的模型在CamVid 上的分割效果以及与Baseline 模型的比较如图7所示㊂首先,前三列图像分别是初始图㊁标签图和模型的分割效果图㊂从前三者可以看出,改进后的模型有着很好的分割性能㊂另外该模型对不同物体的分割效果是有所区别的㊂其中较大物体的分割效果较好,基本可以准确识别其类别,例如树木㊂相反,对于很小的物体的分割结果存在一些问题㊂比如存在部分细小物体没有识别等问题㊂另外模型同样存在当前大多数实时分割模型对没有标记的物体分割非常混乱的通病㊂通过观察本文模型与Baseline 模型的实际分割效果图(即最后一列图像)的对比,可以看出改进后的语义分割模型的的分割效果优于基础模型㊂图7㊀可视化结果Fig.7㊀Visualization resul2㊀结㊀论本文对语义分割算法的准确度和实时性表现进行深入分析,提出了一种空间通道双重注意力道路场景分割模型㊂在保证分割准确度的同时兼顾模型的实时性㊂上下文路径的CBAMT 模块可以获取更多重要的上下文特征信息,空间路径的CSSE 获取了更丰富的空间信息㊂实验证明,本文提出的模型在精度和速度的平衡性优于原BiSeNet 模型㊂所构建的注意力机制以及轻量级模型对于其他研究者具有参考意义㊂由于本文算法仅对道路场景数据集进行深入测试,对于其他类别缺乏针对性,在后续研究中,会考虑结合具体图像分割目标进行模型设计,进一步提升模型的实用性能,并且对实际的目标进行研究和测试㊂参考文献:[1]㊀JIA Gengyun,ZHAO Haiying,LIU Feiduo,et al.Graph-Based Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Superpixels[J].Journal of Beijing University of Postsand Telecommunications,2018,41(3):46.[2]㊀黄福蓉.用于实时道路场景的语义分割算法CBR-ENet[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2021,16(3):27.HUANG Furong.Semantic Segmentation Algorithm 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[16]SAFAE El Houfi,AICHA Majda.Efficient Use of RecentProgresses for Real-time Semantic Segmentation[J].Ma-chine Vision and Applications,2020,31(6):45. [17]MARTIN F.Grace,PING Juliann.Driverless Technolo-gies and Their Effects on Insurers and the State:An Ini-tial Assessment[J].Risk Management and Insurance Re-view,2018,21(3):1.[18]WEI W,ZHOU B,POŁAP D,et al.A Regional Adap-tive Variational PDE Model for Computed Tomography Im-age Reconstruction[J].Pattern Recognition,2019,92:64.[19]FAN Borui,WU Wei.Sufficient Context for Real-TimeSemantic Segmentation[J].Journal of Physics:Confer-ence Series,2021,1754(1):012230.(编辑:温泽宇)901第5期王小玉等:空间通道双重注意力道路场景语义分割。
美术馆里的雕塑英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in the arts, my visit to the citys renowned art gallery was an experience that left an indelible mark on my soul. The gallery, with its vast collection of paintings and sculptures, was a treasure trove of creativity and history. However, it was the sculptures that truly captivated my attention.Upon entering the gallery, I was greeted by a grand hall adorned with a variety of sculptures. The first piece that caught my eye was a lifesized bronze statue of a dancer. The fluidity of the dancers pose, captured midleap, was mesmerizing. The artist had managed to freeze a moment of grace and power in metal, a testament to the skill and vision of the sculptor. The way the light played off the contours of the sculpture, highlighting the intricate details of the dancers flowing hair and the folds of her dress, was nothing short of magical.Moving deeper into the gallery, I found myself drawn to a series of abstract sculptures. These pieces were a stark contrast to the realistic dancer, with their geometric shapes and bold lines. They were a visual representation of the artists thoughts and emotions, inviting the viewer to interpret their meaning. The use of different materials, such as metal, wood, and stone, added an extra layer of depth and texture to these sculptures.One of the most striking pieces was a sculpture made of twisted metal rods, resembling a chaotic tangle of wires. Yet, upon closer inspection, I could see that there was a sense of order and symmetry to the chaos. The artist had skillfully manipulated the metal to create a sense of movement and fluidity, despite the rigid nature of the material. It was a beautifulreminder that even in the midst of chaos, there can be a sense of harmony and balance.As I continued to explore the gallery, I came across a sculpture that truly moved me. It was a lifesized figure of a mother and child, carved from a single block of marble. The mothers face was serene, her hand gently resting on the childs head. The child, nestled in the crook of the mothers arm, was looking up at her with a look of adoration. The love and bond between the two figures were palpable, evoking a sense of warmth and comfort.The attention to detail in this sculpture was astounding. The softness of the mothers dress, the delicate features of the childs face, and the tenderness of their interaction were all meticulously rendered. It was a masterpiece that showcased the sculptors ability to breathe life into inanimate objects, to make the marble come alive with emotion and humanity.The sculptures in the gallery were not just pieces of art they were stories, emotions, and ideas, frozen in time and space. They were a testament to the power of creativity and the human spirit. Each sculpture was a window into the mind of the artist, a glimpse into their world and their perspective.My visit to the art gallery was an enriching experience that broadened my understanding and appreciation of art. The sculptures, with their unique forms and expressions, left a lasting impression on me. They challenged me to see the world from different perspectives and to find beauty inunexpected places.In conclusion, the sculptures at the art gallery were more than just works of art they were a celebration of creativity, emotion, and the human experience. They served as a reminder that art has the power to evoke emotions, provoke thought, and inspire awe. As I left the gallery, I felt a renewed sense of wonder and appreciation for the world of art and the endless possibilities it holds.。
霸王龙的电影英语作文
The Tyrannosaurus Rex, a colossal beast that once roamed the Earth millions of years ago, has always been a subject of fascination for me. The sheer size and power of this prehistoric predator have been brought to life in numerous films, captivating audiences with its fearsome presence. One such movie that stands out in my memory is the 1993 classic, Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg.Growing up, I was always intrigued by the idea of dinosaurs. The thought of these ancient creatures sharing the same planet with us was both thrilling and terrifying. When I first watched Jurassic Park, I was immediately drawn into the world of the dinosaurs, particularly the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The films groundbreaking special effects and animatronics brought the TRex to life in a way that was both realistic and aweinspiring.The movie begins with the arrival of a group of visitors to the island, including a paleontologist, a mathematician, and a lawyer, who are there to assess the safety and feasibility of the park. As they tour the island, they are introduced to the various dinosaurs, including the TRex. The first time the TRex appears on screen, it is a moment of pure adrenaline. The ground shakes as the massive creature approaches, and the visitors are left in awe of its size and power.One of the most memorable scenes in the film is when the TRex escapes from its enclosure and goes on a rampage. The scene is filled with suspense and terror as the visitors try to escape the island and avoid the TRexs wrath. The special effects in this scene are incredibly realistic,making the TRex seem like a living, breathing creature. The way the TRex moves, its roars, and the way it interacts with its environment all contribute to the realism of the scene.Another aspect of the film that I found fascinating was the portrayal of the TRexs intelligence. In one scene, the TRex is shown using its cunning to outsmart its prey. It hides behind a tree, waiting for the perfect moment to strike. This scene challenges the traditional view of the TRex as a mindless brute, showing that it was a highly intelligent predator.The film also explores the ethical implications of creating a dinosaur theme park. The idea of bringing extinct creatures back to life raises questions about the consequences of playing with nature. The TRex, as the most iconic dinosaur in the film, serves as a symbol of the potential dangers of tampering with the natural world.In conclusion, Jurassic Park is a movie that has left a lasting impression on me. The portrayal of the Tyrannosaurus Rex in the film is both thrilling and thoughtprovoking. The special effects, the suspenseful scenes, and the exploration of the TRexs intelligence all contribute to the films success. The movie serves as a reminder of the power and majesty of these ancient creatures and the potential consequences of trying to bring them back to life.。
dall·e 描述
dall·e 描述
DALL·E是由OpenAI开发的一个基于神经网络的生成式模型，它是GPT-3模型的延伸。
DALL·E的名字来源于艺术家Salvador Dalí和电影人Elsa Lanchester，这也反映了它的设计目标，即创造出令人惊叹的视觉内容。
DALL·E的主要功能是根据文本描述生成图像，而不仅仅是简单的图像标注或分类。
它可以根据用户输入的自然语言描述，生成与描述相匹配的图像，这使其在图像生成领域具有很大的创新性和潜力。
DALL·E模型的工作原理是利用Transformer架构，该架构在自然语言处理领域取得了巨大成功。
它通过学习大量的文本和图像数据，从中提取出语义和视觉信息的关联，然后利用这些信息来生成新的图像。
DALL·E不仅可以生成与输入描述直接相关的图像，还可以进行图像编辑，实现对图像的各种变换和操作，比如改变图像中的物体、添加或删除物体，甚至创造出奇特的、几乎是幻想的图像。
这种能力使DALL·E在许多领域都具有潜在的应用价值，比如设计、创意产业、教育等。
它可以帮助设计师快速生成概念草图，帮助艺术家实现他们的创意想法，还可以用于教育领域，帮助学生
更直观地理解抽象的概念。
然而，DALL·E也引发了一些伦理和隐私方面的担忧，比如可能被用于制造虚假图像、侵犯个人隐私等问题，这也需要引起足够的重视和讨论。
总的来说，DALL·E作为一种结合了自然语言处理和图像生成的先进模型，具有很大的创新性和潜力，但也需要在应用过程中引起足够的重视和谨慎对待。
高考英语阅读理解专项训练
阅读理解New App Helps People Remember FacesLarge gatherings such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue, but privacy experts recommend proceeding with caution.The app, called Social Recall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition, potentially avoiding the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have when meeting somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, who created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1, 000 people.After receiving an invitation to download Social Recall from an event organizer, the user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event, the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have agreed to participate. And the app’s creators say it automatically deletes users’ data after an event.Ann Cavoukian, a privacy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence praises the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be unintended consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to bite you.”The start-up has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then tags it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app.1．What is Social Recall used for?A．Taking photos.B．Identifying people.C．Organizing events.D．Making friends.2．What was Paragraph 3 mainly about?A．How the app works.B．How the app was created.C．What makes the app popular.D．What people can do with the app.3．How does Social Recall help people with prosopagnosia?A．By giving names to the photos kept in their smartphones.B．By collecting information previously entered in the phone.C．By providing the information of a person when they first meet.D．By showing the person’s information when it spots a stored face.4．What can we infer about Social Recall from the passage?A．It may put people’s privacy at risk.B．It has caused unintended consequences.C．It can prevent some communication disorders.D．It is praised by users for its protective measures.As the saying goes, “All roads lead to Rome”—but was that really the case? The answer is not as easy as an unqualified “yes” or “no”. It’s a little more complicated than that.In 2015, three researchers at the Moovel Lab dropped a uniform grid (网格) of almost 500,000 points across a map of Europe. These points were simply random spots from which to start a journey to Rome. The team then developed a method to calculate the best route to Rome using modern routes from each of those starting points. The more frequently a road was used across the different points, the thicker it was drawn on the map. Their results showed many roads led to Rome, connecting other major cities along the way, such as London, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) and Paris, which were also part of the ancient empire.News of the map spread quickly, but it didn’t actually prove that all roads lead to Rome. If the researchers had conducted the same exercise and looked at the quickest way from those same 500,000 points to Berlin or Moscow, the map would also show similar results.The team used computer modeling to look at most logical routes that connect two points on the landscape, and then compared that with their knowledge of Rome roads to see if they’resimilar. Modern routes are often the same in most cases. In other words, many of Europe’smulti-lane highways are the successors of Rome roads.In ancient times, roads were mainly built to ensure people could travel around within a short time. This has changed in recent years, however; newly built motorways avoid populated places to save money in acquiring land.The main roads in ancient Rome were straight lines whenever geography allowed. These major roads were built with different layers like earth and rock, and finally big pieces of stone on the top. They weren’t flat, but had a round roof to allow proper drainage (排水). Then came other secondary dirt roads that weren’t paved. They connected smaller towns and cities, rather than offering any sort of a route to Rome.So, was the saying in Paragraph 1 right? No, but an awful lot of important ones eventually made their way there.5．What did the team do with the new method mentioned in Paragraph 2?A．Drew the map of ancient Rome.B．Showed the layout of cities in Europe.C．Counted all the existing roads in Rome.D．Found the best web of roads leading to Rome.6．What might be a significance of building Rome roads?A．It connected urban areas and rural areas.B．It changed the history of European roads.C．It set a good example to European road styles.D．It contributed to traffic rules of two runways.7．What did people attach importance to while building roads in ancient times?A．Whether the roads were wide enough.B．Whether the roads helped people save time.C．Whether the roads helped collect rainwater.D．Whether the roads were close to people’s residences.8．Which can be the best title for the text?A．Do all roads lead to Rome?B．Why does Rome have so many roads?C．Was ancient Rome an empire in Europe?D．How were roads built in ancient Europe?One morning when I was 15, I got out of bed, stood up, and noticed something wasn’t right. I had a sharp pain in my back and down my leg. Within a year, I had three nerve root injections (神经根注射) and an operation on my back. But the pain remained.After that, everything began to collapse around me. My grades fell quickly and school became even harder than it had been before. However, like my other classmates, I had two arms, two legs and I could walk downstairs. Therefore to others that didn’t seem to exist. But sometimes I just couldn’t stand it and I had to stay in bed rather than attend school, missing a lot of my education.What was difficult was that I fell into a rather unclear category. I struggled to use the term “disability” and, quite honestly, I still didn’t know if I should. No one had given me the green light.I never took up the designated seats on the bus: the pain of standing was often less than feeling judged for sitting. There was nothing wrong with me. But I worried about people taking a dim view. I knew this happened because on occasion I’d even caught myself looking down on some seemingly able-bodied shoppers filling those sacred seats and thinking, “What are they doing? They look fine!”It wasn’t until 2019 that my partner and I went to the cinema to see Pedro Almodóvar’s film Pain and Glory. There was an animated series inspired by Almodóvar’s personal experiences with back conditions. It was shocking. He captured them all — the nerve pain and the back pain and the visuals were unbelievably accurate. I whispered, “That’s what it’s like!” Then I couldn’t help bursting into tears.Navigating a world where people can’t see your pain is upsetting and lonely. Of course, people can’t see the invisible, but try listening, being patient and giving people the benefit of the doubt. They certainly don’t make the pain go away. But they can make moving around in this world a little easier to bear.9．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．The physical pain.B．The author’s decline in grades.C．The fierce competition at school.D．The author’s being absent from school.10．What made the author think things got hard for him?A．That he couldn’t get a seat on the bus.B．That he wasn’t able to accept his disability.C．That he was often laughed at by able-bodied people.D．That he would be measured by the standards of a healthy man.11．Why was the author in tears after seeing the film?A．It helped him know well about his illness.B．It reminded him of his similar feelings.C．He realized his partner’s love for him.D．He was amazed at the actor’s outstanding skill.12．What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?A．Keeping positive makes life easy.B．People in trouble should help each other.C．People should learn to adapt to the challenges.D．Being understood helps ease our painful condition.The Best Kid-Friendly Spots in DallasChicken ScratchADDRESS:2303 Pittman St. DallasChicken Scratch is everyone’s idea of a good time. Crucially, there’s plenty of space for kids to run around and play while the adults relax with a drink. Bands often play free music all year around, and dogs are welcome. The all-natural fresh fruit ice cream really hits the spot in summer and be sure not to miss it then.Celebration RestaurantADDRESS: 4503 W Lovers Ln. DallasPHONE: +1 214-351-5681For a taste of healthy, delicious home-style cooking, there’s no better family-friendly spot than Celebration Restaurant. Open since 1971, Dallas’s “original farm-to-table restaurant” is quitethe property, with a full-service bar and a big yard. Parents can choose a fresh fish or grass-fed steak; kids will love the grilled cheese and meat or vegetable options.Klyde Warren ParkADDRESS:2012 Woodall Rodgers Fwy. DallasPHONE: +1 214-716-4500For those whose kids are fond of running around, Klyde Warren Park is the best—this5.2-acre urban park has a wonderful Children’s Park and huge lawns(草地), plus daily educational programming for kids. Several food trucks line the streets, with plenty of kid-friendly food like pizza and ice cream. Find a table, or spread out a blanket on the lawn; you can either bring food with you or order food at the food trucks.Truck YardADDRESS: 5624 Sears St. DallasPHONE: +1 469-500-0139Complete with a tree-house, daily food trucks, and live music, Truck Yard is a must-have food & play experience. There’s plenty of room for kids to run around, and plenty of food options. The Truck Yard is billed as a “come-as-you-are beer garden and adult playground”. Don’t forget to check their calendar to see what trucks and live entertainment will be there on the day you visit. 13．What’s highly recommended to visitors in Chicken Scratch during hot days?A．Listening to the bands playing.B．Bringing water along with them.C．Having a try of the fruit ice cream.D．Breathing the fresh air with their kids.14．What’s the highlight of Celebration Restaurant?A．Its large number of green plants.B．Its fresh food resources.C．Its beautiful pond.D．Its large space.15．Where would a couple wanting to picnic with their kids probably go?A．5624 Sears St. Dallas.B．2303 Pittman St. Dallas.C．4503 W Lovers Ln. Dallas.D．2012 Woodall Rodgers Fwy. Dallas.Scientists have successfully implanted and integrated human brain cells into newborn rats, creating a new way to study complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (精神分裂症), and perhaps eventually test treatments.Scientists can assemble small sections of human brain tissue made from stem cells in a special container. But in such a container, “neurons(神经元) don’t grow to the size, to which a human neuron in an actual human brain would grow,” said Sergiu Pasca, the study’s lead author from Stanford University. To overcome such restrictions, researchers implanted the groupings of human brain cells, called organoids, into the brains of young rats.Human neurons have also been implanted into adult rats before, but an animal’s brain stops developing at a certain age, limiting how well implanted cells can integrate. “By transplanting them at these early stages, we found that these organoids can grow relatively large and receive nutrients, and they can cover about a third of a rat’s brain,” said Pasca.To test how well the human neurons integrated with the rat brains and bodies, air was blown out across the animals’ whiskers, which prompted electrical activity in the human neurons. That showed that external stimulation of the rat’s body was processed by the human brain tissue.The scientists then conducted another test in the opposite order. They implanted human brain cells which could respond to blue light, and then trained the rats to expect a “reward” of water from a pipe when blue light shone on the neurons via a cable in the animals’ brain. After two weeks, they found pulsing the blue light sent the rats scrambling to the pipe.The team has now used the technique to show that organoids developed from patients with Timothy syndrome grow more slowly and display less electrical activity than those from healthy people.Tara Spires-Jones, a professor at the University of Edinburgh’s UK Dementia Research Institute, said the work “has the potential to advance what we know about psychiatric disorders.”16．Why did scientists research on rats instead of the special container?A．Because psychiatric disorders are too complex.B．Because rats also suffer similar psychiatric illnesses.C．Because it limits the growth of human brain neurons.D．Because human brain neurons grow too quickly in it.17．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A．Rats’age has a significant influence on the research.B．Human brain cells can’t be implanted into adult rats.C．Rats’ brain won’t develop if they receive human neurons.D．Human neurons can grow larger in adult rats’ brain than young rats’.18．Why did the researchers carry out one more test?A．To train rats to respond to external stimulations.B．To show similarities between rats and human tissues.C．To confirm human brain cells could grow well in rats’ brains.D．To check whether signals could be sent back to rats’ body.19．What is the significance of the research?A．It can advance more experiments on rats.B．It can further our study of psychiatric illnesses.C．It can provide some useful experimental methods.D．It can promote our knowledge of human brain cells.Before the age of the smartphone, not everyone had cameras and it took skills and a good eye to capture and create a great photograph. Today, with the huge range of camera apps on our smartphones, we’re all amateur photographers, and pretty good ones at that, since the quality of smartphone images now nearly equals that of digital cameras.The new ease of photography has given us a tremendous appetite for capturing the magical and the ordinary.We are obsessed with documenting everyday moments, whether it’s a shot of our breakfast, our cat—or the cat’s breakfast.Cameras are everywhere-- a situation that is transforming the way we experience dramatic events. With cameras observing most urban centers, have we gotten to the point where cameras don’t need photographers and photographers don’t even need cameras? When there are political events or natural disasters, it is ordinary citizens with cell phones--not photojournalists—who often provide the first news images. Quality still matters,but it’s less important than what’s relevant and instantly shared.Before digital images, most people trusted photographs to accurately reflect reality. Yetphotography has always more stories than we assume. Each picture is a result of a series of decisions—where to stand, what lens to use, what to leave in and out of the frame. Images can also be colored, brightened, faded, and scratched to make photographs more artistic, or to give them an antique look. Such images may be more useful in communicating how the people behind the camera felt than in documenting what was actually in front of the camera.It’s not clear whether this flowering of image making will lead to a public that better appreciates and understands images or simply numb us to the deep effects a well-made image can have. But the change is unavoidable. Perhaps we are witnessing the development of a universal visual language, one that could change the way we relate to each other and the world. Of course, as with any language, there will be those who produce poetry and those who make shopping lists. 20．What makes us all amateur photographers?A．That it takes no skills to take photographs.B．That cell phones provide great convenience.C．That we are more attracted to creating images.D．That professional standards appear to be falling.21．How are digital cameras changing our life?A．Photographers don’t need a camera at all.B．We may get the latest images more easily.C．Natural disasters can be detected in advance.D．People pay more attention to the quality of photos.22．What is Paragraph4 mainly about?A．The creative functions of camera apps.B．The attractive features of digital images.C．The subjective factors behind photographs.D．The negative reviews about artistic images.23．What can we learn about“visual language” in the last paragraph?A．It can be both used in writing poetry and shopping.B．It will contribute to our ability to appreciate images.C．It has a great influence on the development of the universe.D．It offers us a new tool of communication to express ourselves.Zombie ice(僵尸冰) from the massive Greenland ice sheet will eventually raise global sea level by at least 10 inches (27 centimeters)on its own, according to a study released Monday.Zombie or doomed ice is ice that is still attached to thicker areas of ice, but is no longer getting fed by those larger glaciers. That’s because the parent glaciers are getting less replenishing(补充) snow. Meanwhile the doomed ice is melting from climate change, said study author William Colgan, a glaciologist at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. “It is dead ice. It’s just going to melt and disappear from the ice sheet,”Colgan said in an interview. “This ice has entered the ocean, regardless of what climate emission plan we take now.”What scientists did for the study was look at the ice in balance. In perfect balance, snowfall in the mountains in Greenland flows down and recharges and thickens the sides of glaciers, balancing out what’s melting on the edges. But in the last few decades there’s less replenishment and more melting, creating imbalance.Study authors looked at the ratio of what’s being added to what’s being lost and calculated that 3.3% of Greenland’s total ice volume will melt no matter what happens with the world cutting carbon pollution, Colgan said.The unavoidable ten inches in the study is more than twice as much sea level rise as scientists had previously expected from the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet. The study in the journal Nature Climate Change said it could reach as much as 30 inches. By contrast, last year’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report predicted a range of 2 to 5 inches for likely sea level rise from Greenland ice melt by the year 2100.Although 10 inches doesn’t sound like much, that’s a global average. Some coastal areas will be hit with more, and high tides and storms on top of that could be even worse, so this much sea level rise “will have huge societal, economic and environmental impacts,”said Ellyn Enderlin, a geosciences professor at Boise State University.24．What does the underlined word “It” in the second paragraph refer to?A．Parent glaciers.B．Doomd ice.C．Thicker ice.D．Large glaciers. 25．What can we know about ice balance in Greenland?A．The ice is in a perfect state now.B．There is more replenishment and less melting at present.C．What’s being added equals what’s being lost in the last few decades.D．Snowfall in the mountains can’t balance out what’s melting on the edges.26．How does the author prove that Greenland ice is melting fast in Paragraph 4?A．By listing numbers.B．By giving examples.C．By offering suggestions.D．By giving descriptions.27．What can we infer from the passage?A．All the doomed ice will probably disappear sooner or later.B．The melting ice on Greenland can’t be harmful to other countries.C．The sea level will rise 40 inches from the melting of the Zombie ice.D．Only by cutting carbon pollution can we prevent Greenland from shrinking.Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has discovered that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca New York asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting over 10 minutes and how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.His results have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars reasoning that because lying makes people uncomfortable, touchless emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People are also more likely to lie in real time—in an instant message or phone call say—thanif they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand such as: “Do you like my dress?”Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his result work assessment, where honesty is a priority, it might be best done using email.28．What is Hancock’s study centered upon?A．The consequences of lying in various communications media.B．People’s preference in selecting communications technologies.C．People’s honesty levels across a range of communications media.D．The success of communications technologies in conveying viewpoints.29．Why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication? A．They believe that honesty is the best policy.B．They tend to be relaxed when using those media.C．They are most practiced at those forms of communication.D．They are concerned about leaving behind traces of their lies.30．What do the underlined words “hold them to account” in the fourth paragraph most probably mean?A．Do them a favour.B．Catch up with them.C．Keep them informed.D．Let them take responsibility.31．Why does Hancock view the telephone as a preferable medium for promoting sales? A．Salesmen may feel relaxed to overstate.B．Salesmen can talk directly to their customers.C．Salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively.D．Salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy.There are few things in the food world that evoke (引起) stronger opinions than spices like peppers and chilies.Capsaicin (辣椒素) is the chemical in peppers that provides that burn you know and love . Eating spicy food six or seven days a week — even just once a day — lowered death rates by 14percent, according to a large 2015 study by Harvard and China National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “It seems to speed up the body’s fat-burning metabolism,” says Patricia Bridget Lane, a registered nutritionist. “It helps to break down more fat and burn more energy, which can help with weight loss and weight management.” A 2012 review article published in the journal Chemical Senses mentioned that those who eat spicy foods like cayenne pepper noticed a reduction in their desires for fatty, sweet, and salty foods. If you’re immersing your food in too much hot sauce — or you’re eating entirely too many meals that are ultra-high in spice levels — you could be damaging your body as well.According to one scientific study in the National Library of Medicine, capsaicin consumed in abundance can iritate the lining (膜) of your stomach after you eat it. The resulting symptoms of too much capsaicin include nausea, vomiting,abdominal pain, and burning diarrhea.Rebecca Tung, MD, a Florida-based dermatologist said, “When spicy food creates inflammation (炎症) in the gut — from an upset stomach, acid reflux, or other symptoms — sometimes this inflammation can also be seen on the skin with flushing, acne breakout, or even eczema.” “Spicy foods can also kill sleep efforts because they cause heartburn. Lying down makes heartburn worse, and the discomfort from heartburn hinders sleep,” said the health experts at WebMD．32．How can spicy food help with weight loss?A．By burning less energy.B．By speeding up fat-burning.C．By breaking down more sugar.D．By stimulating the desire for salt. 33．What do we know about eating too much spicy food?A．It benefits your skin.B．It affects your sleep.C．It hardly stirs your stomach.D．It does no damage to your health. 34．What’s the main idea of this passage?A．Spicy food can extend our life.B．Capsaicin does harm to our health.C．Eating spices can prevent diseases.D．Capsaicin is a double-edged sword.35．What is the author’s attitude towards eating spicy food?A．Skeptical.B．Opposed.C．Objective.D．Uncaring.If you are hot or overheated, what should you do to stay cool without air conditioning? The following tips might help you.Stay hydratedWhen you’re hot and flushed, hydrating yourself is the first and foremost step to cool down, said Wendell Porter, a senior lecturer in agricultural and biological engineering at the University of Florida. The temperature of the water doesn’t matter since your body will heat it, he added.If your body is suffering from the heat and needs to cool itself, it can’t do that without enough moisture, since the body cools itself by sweating.Take a cold showerTaking a cold shower or bath helps cool your body by lowering your core temperature, Porter said.For an extra cool blast, try peppermint(薄荷)soap.The menthol in peppermint oil activates brain receptors that tell your body something you’re eating or feeling is cold.Use the exhaust fan in your kitchen and/or bathroomTurn on the switch for the exhaust fan in your kitchen to pull hot air that rises after you cook or in your bathroom to draw out steam after you shower.Enjoy frozen treatsEating an ice pop or ice cream to cool down may help for a moment. But don’t consume too much sugar if you’re overheated, Porter said. “Sugar would boost your metabolism (新陈代谢) and you’d start feeling internally hot,”he said.“So the cool treat might be good, but the extra sugar might not.”36．How can you lower your core temperature according to the passage?A．By drinking cold water.B．By taking a cold shower.C．By eating an ice pop or ice cream.D．By using the exhaust fan in your kitchen.37．What should be avoided if one wants to cool down?A．Staying hydrated.B．Trying peppermint soap.C．Sweating yourself.。
deepxde代码解读
deepxde代码解读Deeplab V1引入了atrous convolution，关于空洞卷积这边就不多做介绍，总的来说就是可以在保证分辨率的情况下，获得不同感受野的信息。
来看一下代码self.add_module("layer1", _Stem(ch[0]))self.add_module("layer2", _ResLayer(n_blocks[0], ch[0], ch[2], 1, 1)#最后两个表示stride和dilationself.add_module("layer3", _ResLayer(n_blocks[1], ch[2], ch[3], 2, 1)self.add_module("layer4", _ResLayer(n_blocks[2], ch[3], ch[4], 1, 2)self.add_module("layer5", _ResLayer(n_blocks[3], ch[4], ch[5], 1, 4)self.add_module("fc", nn.Conv2d(2048, n_classes,1)这样就避免了池化带来的损失。
DeepLab V2DeepLabV2在V1的基础上，引入了ASPP操作，通过组合不同的dilation rate的卷积来看一下代码self.add_module("layer1", _Stem(ch[0]))self.add_module("layer2", _ResLayer(n_blocks[0], ch[0], ch[2], 1,1)self.add_module("layer3", _ResLayer(n_blocks[1], ch[2], ch[3], 2,1)self.add_module("layer4", _ResLayer(n_blocks[2], ch[3], ch[4], 1,2)self.add_module("layer5", _ResLayer(n_blocks[3], ch[4], ch[5], 1,4)self.add_module("aspp", _ASPP(ch[5], n_classes, atrous_rates)) #atrous_rates = [6, 12, 18, 24]#看一下这个aspp的操作for i,rate in enumerate(rates):sefl.add_module(nn.Conv2d(in_ch, out_ch, 3, 1, padding=rate, dilation=rate, bias=True))def forward(self,x):sum([stage(x) for stage in self.children()]#就是塞入不同的dilation conv然后求和DeepLab V3•对于block4到block7之间的每个block的三个卷积层，使用的是Multigrid，而不是每层卷积都是固定的rate•改进了ASPP，使用了BN。
瑞倍宁统编代码
瑞倍宁统编代码瑞倍宁（ResNet）是一种很重要的深度学习神经网络模型，在计算机视觉领域应用广泛。
它最初由何凯明等人在2015年提出，并在ImageNet图像识别挑战赛中取得了卓越的成绩。
瑞倍宁的一个重要特点是它的“残差学习”机制。
传统的神经网络往往存在梯度消失或梯度爆炸的问题，导致深层网络的训练变得困难。
而残差学习通过引入“跳跃连接”，将输入直接与输出相加，解决了这个问题。
这样一来，网络可以更轻松地学习偏向于恒等映射的残差函数，同时有效地保留了前面层次的特征信息。
以下是瑞倍宁的主要代码实现：```pythonimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.nn.functional as F#定义基础的残差块class BasicBlock(nn.Module):e某pansion = 1def __init__(self, in_planes, planes, stride=1):super(BasicBlock, self).__init__。
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)。
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1, bias=False)self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)self.shortcut = nn.Sequential。
if stride != 1 or in_planes != self.e某pansion某planes: self.shortcut = nn.Sequentialnn.Conv2d(in_planes, self.e某pansion某planes,kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),。
robertalarge的参数量_理论说明
robertalarge的参数量理论说明1. 引言1.1 概述在自然语言处理(Natural Language Processing, NLP) 领域，深度学习模型已经在诸如情感分析、文本生成和机器翻译等任务中表现出了卓越的性能。
其中，许多最先进的模型都采用了大量参数来提高模型的复杂性和表示能力。
然而，这些大型模型通常需要庞大的计算资源和存储空间，限制了它们在资源受限环境下的应用。
本文将重点研究并理论说明RobertaLarge 模型的参数量问题。
RobertaLarge 是一种基于Transformer 架构的预训练语言模型，在多个NLP 任务上取得了很好的性能。
我们将探讨它所具有的巨大参数量对模型性能的影响，并介绍一些优化方法来减少参数数量，以实现更高效地使用这种强大模型。
1.2 文章结构本文共分为五个部分。
首先是引言部分，对文章进行概述并介绍文章结构。
接下来，我们将详细探讨RobertaLarge 的参数量问题，包括理论背景、模型介绍以及参数量对性能的影响等内容。
随后，我们将介绍一些常见的优化方法，如剪枝与稀疏化技术、权值共享与分组卷积以及其他模型尺寸缩减方法。
在第四部分中，我们将通过选择适当的数据集和实验设计来验证这些优化方法，并进行实验结果的分析和讨论。
最后，在结论与展望部分，我们将总结主要结论，并展望进一步的研究方向。
1.3 目的本文的主要目的是深入探讨RobertaLarge 模型的参数量问题，并介绍一些参数量优化方法。
通过了解模型参数量对性能的影响以及各种优化方法的应用，读者可以更好地理解大型模型背后的原理并提高其在资源有限情况下的应用效率。
同时，本文还希望为未来相关领域的研究者提供一些启发和参考，促进对模型规模和性能平衡方面更深入的探索。
2. RobertaLarge的参数量：2.1 理论背景：在深度学习领域，模型的参数量是衡量模型大小和复杂度的重要指标之一。
参数量越大，模型越复杂，通常意味着模型具有更强大的表达能力，但也会增加计算成本和存储需求。
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Thoughts occur as images
Thought occurs as images
• Humans occurs as images (often visual), not words.
• Words contain only 30% of our meaning.
Verbal Processing 7% • It is important consumers represent
“How does this picture express your thoughts and feelings about eating tacos quesadillas and tortas between meals?” • “It’s a nude girl with her face crossed out. Although she is laughing, you don’t notice it it’s the feelings of guilt.” “Why does this girl represent your feelings of guilt?” • “When I eat by myself, because I’ve been forced to eat on my own, you don’t want anybody to see that you’re eating that kind of food.” “Why don’t you want anybody watching you eating those kinds of things?” • “Obviously you feel… it happened to me a lot… rejection.” “You mentioned she is laughing why is that?
become social representations
What is time?
• She invests her time wisely • This diversion will buy us some time • Good, that will save time • I can’t afford the time just now • He squandered his time • Will you spend some time with me?
Final Step: Digital Imaging
In the final step: each participant creates a summary Digital Image with the assistance of a skilled ZMETtrained, computer graphics artist who serves as their hands.
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Types of Metaphors: at different levels
Personal, idiosyncratic meaning
Surface metaphors (images & expressions) Themes or frames (Thematic metaphors) Deep metaphors
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
97 98 99 100 101
No. of Participants (one-on-one interviews) required to provide all Key Constructs
DuPont / Eastman Kodak / General Motors Research Consortium 1993-1994
• He squandered his time
• Will you spend some time with me? At a deeper level: Time (like money) is a RESOURCE
Metaphors are acquired through the senses
Early physical experiences (sensed through our bodies) • Push up; Sit up; Crawl; Walk he concept, idea, or mental representation of “Balance” The concept of Balance can act as a a “deep” (universal) metaphor • For understanding many domains of life • Structuring our thinking and emotions
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The ZMET process
• 2 hour, one-on-one interview • Pre-interview assignment: “Please collect 6-8 images that represent their thoughts and feelings about the product/service”
• The pre-interview work moves
participants into an advanced stage of thinking
ZMET STEPS: Story-telling
Narratives about each image: meanings the participant associates with each picture
• Metaphors bring consumers’ unconscious thoughts and feelings into awareness
• Most metaphors are acquired through socialization, as they are shared they
protecting the young, caring for the ill. Include core metaphors such as Journey,
Balance, Transformation and fundamental
archetypes, such as The Hero.
Deep metaphors are universal – the expressions are different from culture to culture.
Metaphor: Time is (like) Money
• She invests her time wisely • This diversion will buy us some time
• Good, that will save time
• I can’t afford the time just now
“I get so mad I just boil over.”
Cultural meanings or frames of reference by certain groups of people
Emotional State is a Container
Universal, core meanings shared by all human beings
• “It’s like mischief. I know I shouldn’t do it and maybe it’s harmful
but it feels exciting.”
ZMET: Further Steps…
• Describe missing images: – “Were there any issues or ideas for which you were unable to find a visual image?” • Widen the frame: – “If you could widen the frame of this picture, what might enter the picture that would help me understand even better your thoughts and feelings about eating tacos quesadillas and tortas between meals?” • Construct elicitation: compare images’ meaning – “How are two of these images similar to each other and yet different from the third? How else are they similar to each other? Different from the third?” • Sensory exploration: – “What sound could I hear that would represent your thoughts and feelings about what it’s like for you to eat tacos, quesadillas or tortas between meals?”
Consciousness can process only 20 40 bits per second, from all sources. 95% of our thinking is unconscious
It takes much longer to explain what one has thought than to think it. (Tor Norretranders “The User Illusion”)
MEANING