英语国家概况——美国篇(中译英自测)
英语国家概况——美国篇
Los Angeles
the second largest city
4 times larger in area than San Francisco
Important electronic center
atomic research center
industry—tires, automobiles & aircrafts
(1)
the eastern part
(2)
(3)
the western part
the Great Plains
——five
Great Lakes
River
——Mississippi
——
The Great Lakes (freshwater) Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Michigan Niagara Falls between Lake Erie & Lake Ontario on U.S.- Can. navigation linkage of many industrial areas
50 states mainland - 48 states detached territory - Alaska offshore islands - Hawaii Washington D.C. a federal district of Columbia
Three distinct areas
——
The Mississippi River (the father of waters) longest in North America originate from the Lake Itasca (in MN) to the Gulf of Mexico 3780km long 3 million skm of drainage area
英语国家概况 The United States of American
6
The western part :
It consists of high plateaus and mountains, which extend from Canada through the western part of the United States to Mexico and further south. The whole area of this part holds one-third of the country's territory on the continent. The Rocky Mountains are a spectacular scene .
1
Geography Climate Major Cities People
2
Where is the America？
3
4
Location: The United States is located in the central part of
North America, except Alaska and Hawaii. The country is bordered by Canada to the north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the wes. The total area of the country is 9.6 million square kilometers. The country includes 50 states and a federal district of Columbia. On the mainland Texas is the largest state.
《英语国家概况》美国篇The United States of America
The United States of AmericaPart 1The Country and The American IdentityCommon-sense Knowledge1、全称：The United States of America (美利坚合众国)2、简称： the United States;the U.S.; America.3、National Anthem：《星条旗永不落》 "The Star-Spangled Banner（同时可以叫做国旗）"1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。
4、National Flower：Rose5、Jet lag: About 16 hours (west of America), and 13 hours (east of America).（了解）6、The Capital: Washington D.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）Location1、Canada on the north； Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ；Atlantic Ocean on the east； Pacific Ocean on the west.2、The largest country in the world：Russia，Canada， China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50 states in totalAlaska—the largest ；Rhode Island (罗德岛州)—the smallest ；Texas（德克萨斯州）—the largest on the mainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。
英语国家概况名词解释美国篇
美国部分Chapter14WASPs：Traditionally, the mainstreams American were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo—Saxon Protestants.Indentured Servants契约劳工：Indentured servants refer to some immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross—Atlantic fare and debts.Ellis Island爱利斯岛：Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1980s and at the turn of the century.Sunbelt areas阳光地带：Chapter15Bill of Right人权法案：(1)In 1789,James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.(2)Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and this first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bill of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋：It’s written by Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, public feeling against slavery was increased. Many people joined the abolitionists. They considered slavery inhuman and brutal.Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言：Lincoln issues it during the Civil War, when Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making war a just war against slavery. Under the Emancipation of Proclamation, all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy were freed.Abolitionists废奴主义者：They were people, mostly Northern humanitarians, who strongly opposed slavery and aimed to abolish the system.The Constitutional Convention制宪会议：(1)Since 1781, the thirteen states had been governed by the Articles of Confederation which set up a very weak central government.(2)In May,1787,the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation.(3)After much debate, the Constitution was later ratified.The “Great Compromise”大妥协：On the American constitutional Convention, contradictions emerged between the bigger and smaller states, between the industrial—commercial interests and landed interests, etc. The Great Compromise of July 16,1787,gave each state an equal vote in the Senate, making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.The Federalist Papers联邦文集：(1)During the ratification period, beginning on October 27,1787, the newspapers of New York City carried at short intervals a total of 85 letters to the public written under the name of Publius.(2) Later it was known that these letters were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay and they came to be called the Federalist Papers.The Compromise of 18501850年妥协：(1)With the territorial expansion towards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose.(2)The compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for oragainst slavery and more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件：In 1773,when ships carried tea reached Boston, the governor decided to protest the distribution of tea. Several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party ”.。
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
英语国家概况美国部分
英语国家概况美国部分英语国家概况—美国部分测试题姓名____________ 班级_______________ 分数______________1. America was named after（）.A. Italian navigator ColumbusB. navigator Amerigo VespucciC. some Indian chieftainD. George Washington, founding father of the United States2. Between 1860 and 1990, the United States witnessed（）large-scale population movements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 53.At the beginning of the Berlin Blockade, President Truman turned down the option of（）.A. sending supplies through the highways, protected by tanks and troopsB. sending supplies through the waterwaysC. starting large-scale airliftingD. staring limited airlifting to test the Soviets4.In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of （）.A. coalB. electricityC. oilD. wheat5.The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by （）.A. all of the 13 statesB. all of the states except MarylandC. all of the states except Rhode IslandD. all of the states, but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention6.In the United States, Henry Ford became famous（）.A. because of his wealthB. because he set up the Standard Oil CorporationC. because he was the first to invent carsD. because of his Model T automobile7.The attitude of many Americans toward different political views after WWⅡcan be described as（）.A. following the main trend of viewB. intolerantC. indifferentD. tolerant8.In the U.S., the Red Scare refers to（）.A. a senseless hysteria about the danger of communismB. a fear of Soviet subversionC. a senseless hate of anything foreignD. an intolerance of any idea different from the mainstream idea9.In the United States, the“winner-take-all”system applies to（）.A. all the statesB. a majority of the statesC. all states except MaineD. only Maine10.In “Old Man and Sea”, Hemingway praises the old man’s attitude towards（）.A. defeat and failureB. the seaC. his workD. nature11. Which of the following is NOT among the five biggest cities in the United States?( )A. Chicago.B. New York.C. Miami.D. Los Angeles.12.____, which banned slavery, was added to the American Constitution in December, 1865.( )A. The Bill of RightsB. The Thirteenth AmendmentC. The Civil Rights ActD. The Voting Rights Act13.___ have made it possible for all sections of the American population to have higher education.A. The research universitiesB. The doctoral universitiesC. The community collegesD. The liberal arts colleges14. Colored eggs and bunny are traditional symbols of___.( )A. EasterB. ChristmasC. ValentineD. New Year's Day15. ____is one of the most popular places in the United States to celebrate the New Year's Day.A. The Disney I.and in FloridaB. The White House Lawn in Washington D.C.C. Hollywood in CaliforniaD. Times Square in New York City16. The best-known speech made by civil fights leader Martin Luther King is_____.A. "Guess who?"B. "I have a dream"C. "United we stand, divided we fall"D. "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen"17. The real American literature began_____.A. before the Civil WarB. after the Civil WarC. before the War of IndependenceD. after the War of Independence18. MIT stands for_____.A. the Military Institute of TexasB. the Macy's Instigation of ThanksgivingC. the Miami Institution of TradeD. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology19. At the Constitutional Convention in September 1787, the delegates who argued for a national system called themselves______.A. RepublicansB. DemocratsC. Anti-FederalistsD. Federalists19. The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France______.( )A. increased the American territory by one thirdB. increased the American territory by a halfC. almost doubled the size of the United StatesD. almost tripled the size of the United States20. In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion after WWII, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid, which later came to be called _____.( )A. the Fourteen PointsB. the New FreedomsC. the New DealD. the Marshall Plan21. In view of the problem of poverty in the 1960s, President Kennedy had onceadmitted that_____of the American population went to bed hungry.( )A. about one quarterB. about one thirdC. about halfD. about two thirds22. Membership in the House of Representatives is based on_____.( )A. the number of cities in each stateB. the number of families in each stateC. the size of population in each stateD. the size of cities in each state23. In the United States, if the parents don't send their children to school at certain age,____ .A. the state government will be responsible for itB. they will educate the children themselvesC. they can save a lot of moneyD. they are breaking the law24．Most of the first Chinese immigrants who came to the United States between 1850—1880 settled down in ______.A．Florida B．Washington C．California D．New Jersey25．In September, 1774 the First Continental Congress was held in ______, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.A．New York B．Boston C．Philadelphia D．Concord 26．During the American westward movement, Democratic politician John L. O’Sullivan produced the famous theory of ______.A．“Isolationism”B．“Good Neighbor Policy”C．“Social Darwinism”D．“Manifest Destiny”27．In 1972, U.S. President ______ visited China, which led to the establishment of diplomatic relations with China in January 1979.A．Ronald Reagan B．Richard Nixon C．Jimmy Carter D．Gerald Ford 28．Which work praised the idea of equality and democracy and also celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man?A．Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman. B．Self-reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson. C．Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain. D．Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. 29．The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least ______ years of age.A．30 B．35 C．40 D．4530．On April 30th of 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in ______ which housed the first American government.A．New York B．Washington C．Philadelphia D．Boston31．The conference that decided to set up a world organization ——the United Nations was held in ______.A．T eheran B．Cairo C．Yalta D．Washington32．Which statement is NOT true about the Great Depression in the 1930s?A．Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few days.B．Misery and personal sufferings were widespread.C．Many lost their land and other properties because of foreclosures.D．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic recovery.33．During the American Civil War, the victory at ______ proved to be the turning point for the Union Army.A．Harrisburg B．Gettysburg C．Lexington D．Fort Sumter 34．A typical example of American intolerant nationalism from 1919—1920 was ______ that exaggerated the danger of Communism.A．McCarthyism B．the Ku Klux Klan C．the Red Scare D．Desegregation 35．In the U.S. each local school district has a governing board which is usually ______. A．elected by the voters B．chosen from the teaching staff C．selected from the local community D．appointed by the county magistrate 36．In America, the Constitution provides that ______ shall be President of the Senate.（）A．the Speaker of the House B．the Secretary of StateC．the Chief Justice D．the Vice President37．Higher education in the United States began with the founding of ______ in 1636.（）A．MIT B．Yale University C．Harvard College D．PrincetonUniversity 38．Theodore Dreiser was the literary representative of American______.（）A．Romanticists B．Transcendentalists C．Modernists D．Naturalists 39. The largest racial and ethnic minority in the U.S. is the ______, which accounts over 12.1% of the population.A. blacksB. AsiansC. IndiansD. Hispanics40. The three well-known authors who penned the Federalist Papers are ______.A. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and John JayB. George Washington, James Madison and John JayC. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John JayD. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Adams41. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation called ______.A. the Southern States of AmericaB. the Federalist States of AmericaC. the Confederate States of AmericaD. the Anti-confederate States of America42. With the development of industry and extension of railroad network in the early 20th century in the U.S.A., there appeared ______.A. a rapid growth of citiesB. an influx of foreign goodsC. an increase of urban ghettosD. a great increase in the number of farms43. In the early part of the 19th century, ______ was the centerof American writing.A. BostonB. DetroitC. New York CityD. Philadelphia44. The most important patriotic holiday in the U.S. is ______.A. HalloweenB. Veterans’ DayC. Thanksgiving DayD. Independence Day 25．______ to the Constitution, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights.（）A．The first three amendments B．The first five amendmentsC．The first ten amendments D．The first twelve amendments46．The Articles of Confederation in 1781 was unusual because it provided for ______.（）A．no king B．a strong central government C．civil rights D．taxation powers 47．In his inaugural speech,______ said that“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”. A．Lyndon Johnson B．Theodore Roosevelt C．John F. Kennedy D．Franklin Roosevelt48．The Second World War came to an end in ______.（）A．1945 B．1946 C．1947 D．194949. The four problems that face the economy of the United States are______.A. unemployment, inflation, financial crisis and trade deficitB. unemployment, inflation, financial deficit and trade deficitC. mortgage losses, inflation, financial deficit and trade deficitD. unemployment, market failures, financial deficit and trade deficit50. Which statement about the U.S. Constitution is NOT true?A. It is the supreme law of the land.B. It is the oldest written constitution in the world.C. It was adopted in 1781 at the Second Continental Congress.D. It provides the basis for political stability, economic growth and social progress.。
英语国家概况——美国篇(中译英自测)
第三部分美国第十一章人口与民族1移民是人口增长的一个主要来源.自从美国独立到20世纪60年代,美国的移民政策基本上是开放的.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点.2如今,80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和西班牙国家.3美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人,大约占总人口的12.1%.1619年,第一批黑人作为奴隶被运到北美洲.4《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》这两部小说生动地描述了黑人奴隶的悲惨生活。
5、1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865年的宪法第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。
6、1964年《人民权法案》加强了对黑人的选举权、使用公共设施以及和白人享受同等教育的保护。
此法案还包括保证黑人享有同等就业机会的条款。
1965年《选举权法案》皆在保护黑人和其他人种的选举权。
第十二章美国历史（一）1“最初的美国人”是印第安人。
2美洲的第一块土地英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立。
1607年至1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
3、在1620年，102名英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫“五月花号”的船来到新大陆。
他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
4、殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。
这些生活方式的特征在美国人的性格形成的过程中发挥了作用。
这些特征是：建立代议制政府，法制，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
5、1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国商品。
6.《独立宣言》是由弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰弗逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。
7.1776年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西州的特伦顿击败了英军。
之后不久，美军又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。
这次胜利是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的独立。
8、美国独立战争表明，在争议的战争中，弱国是可以击败强国的。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
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第三部分美国
第十一章人口与民族
1移民是人口增长的一个主要来源.自从美国独立到20世纪60年代,美国的移民政策基本上是开放的.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点.
2如今,80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和西班牙国家.
3美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人,大约占总人口的12.1%.1619年,第一批黑人作为奴隶被运到北美洲.
4《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》这两部小说生动地描述了黑人奴隶的悲惨生活。
5、1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865年的宪法第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。
6、1964年《人民权法案》加强了对黑人的选举权、使用公共设施以及和白人享受同等教育的保护。
此法案还包括保证黑人享有同等就业机会的条款。
1965年《选举权法案》皆在保护黑人和其他人种的选举权。
第十二章美国历史（一）
1“最初的美国人”是印第安人。
2美洲的第一块土地英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立。
1607年至1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
3、在1620年，102名英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫“五月花号”的船来到新大陆。
他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
4、殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。
这些生活方式的特征在美国人的性格形成的过程中发挥了作用。
这些特征是：建立代议制政府，法制，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
5、1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国商品。
6.《独立宣言》是由弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰弗逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。
7.1776年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西州的特伦顿击败了英军。
之后不久，美军又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。
这次胜利是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的独立。
8、美国独立战争表明，在争议的战争中，弱国是可以击败强国的。
这是一次历史性的事件：美国人民打碎了英国殖民统治的枷锁获得了独立，这也使资本主义得到了更加自由的发展机会。
它还有巨大的国际影响。
比如，西班牙在美洲的殖民地也相继起来推翻西班牙的殖民统治。
9、《联邦条例》在许多方面与众不同。
第一，它不设国王。
第二，条例把国会作为中央政府，但仍然侧重各州的权利。
第三，《联邦条例》是美国的一部成文宪法。
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10、1787年5月，各州代表在费城召开会议，讨论怎样使《联邦条例》更充分。
除罗德岛外，所有的州都派代表出席了这次制宪会议。
11、1781年3月，美国各州同意了《联邦条例》。
《联邦条例》有两大严重缺陷：一是没有执法部门的执行机构；二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。
12.扩张主义运动产生了“天定命运”理论。
这个短语最早出现在民主党政治家约翰·奥沙利文的文章中。
13、美国和墨西哥之间的战争开始于1846年，结束语1848年。
由于签订了和平条约，墨西哥被迫同意把加利福尼亚和新墨西哥割让给美国。
作为交换，美国同意付给墨西哥1500万美元。
1853年，在加兹登购买计划中，美国又花了1000万美元把30000平方英里的墨西哥领土（即现在南部的亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州）增加到其领土中。
14.亚伯拉罕·林肯当选总统后，南方诸州退出了联邦，成立了一个新的国家——“美利坚联盟”。
林肯决心维护联邦的同意，于是在1861年4月12日，战争爆发了。
15.战争初期，林肯认为通过把这场战争变反对奴隶制的正义战争，他就可以赢得国内外对联邦的支持。
于是，他发表了著名的《解放奴隶宣言》。
16.在尤利西斯·格兰特的指挥下，联邦军在宾西法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了联盟军，这次胜利是内战的转折点。
17.1863年11月19日，林肯在葛底斯堡国家公墓揭幕仪式上发表了简短的演说。
他以令人难忘的语言结束了演说：“民有、民治、民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。
”
18.内战之后,美国的工业、农业、科技迅速发展，人口迅速增加。
19、原因有：
(1)由于战争结束，美国再次进入稳定的政治环境，引来了国内外的资本投资。
（2）黑奴自由了，大量的欧洲和亚洲的移民涌入美国。
因此，美国有了足够的劳动力来满足工业的发展。
（3）科学和发明在加速美国工业的发展中起了非常重要的作用。
（4）联邦政府向外国进口产品征收高额关税，从而鼓励美国人购买美国制造的商品。
（5）美国自然资源丰富。
第十三章美国历史（二）
1黑幕揭发者是一群富有改革思想的记者，他们进行了调查，并揭露了表面繁荣的社会的各种阴暗面。
2.进步运动是一种要求政府规范经济和社会状况的运动，它迅速在全国蔓延并得到广泛的支持。
进步运动不是一个有组织和明确目标的运动，而是为改革政治、社会、和经济所作的多种努力。
3.西奥多·罗斯福总统的贡献：
（1）收回2亿荧幕公用地作为森林保护区，开始大规模灌溉工程建设，比如由联邦政府出资并兼管的亚利桑那的罗斯福水坝。
（2）积极利用《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》阻止垄断性的商业合并。
（3）利用1906年《赫伯恩法》规范铁路运价，废除回扣。
4.威尔逊总统推行他的“新自由”政策，成就如下：
（1）内战以来第一次降低10%的关税，而且一些商品都被免关税。
（2）通过《联邦储蓄法》，对银行系统不再实行要权管理，想蹭被忽略的南部和西部提供更好的银行设施，在政府的监控下，保证联邦银行发行的货币能适应需要。
（3）会听取投诉，并进行调查来接旨托拉斯。
（4）给农民提供低息款
（5）规定铁路工人8小时工作日，改善船员待遇
（6）采用所得税
（7）宪法第19条修正案通过了妇女的选举权
5.许多历史学家都把美国的20世纪20年代描绘成一个物质上成功、精神颓废的时期。
6.战争结束后，有一段时期，具有很强侵略性和偏狭性的民族主义高涨，就是不允许与主流观点或相违背的意见或信仰存在。
许多人认为美国的政治、经济和社会制度比世界上任何其他地方的都好。
这种偏狭性的一个典型例子就是1919年到1920年的“红色恐惧”。
7.对股票市场的第一次重击发生在1929年10月24日，这一天被称为“黑色星期四”。
数千万的股票在市场上倾销，是股票价格大跌。
数10亿美元的账面利润在几个小时之内被彻底毁掉。
股票市场崩溃是一个长期经济萧条的开端。
8.1932年，在大萧条期间，美国人民选举富兰克林·罗斯福为他们下一任总统，因为他许诺实施“新政”使美国走出萧条。
罗斯福既不是一个理想主义者，也不是一个梦想家，但是他却知道什么是可行的或可能的。
9.罗斯福总统新政的目的在于“拯救美国民主”，这些措施确实有助于克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济危机。
10.在20世纪30年代初期，美国奉行的是鼓励注意的外交政策，也就是说，使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
1941年，美国太平洋海军基地珍珠港突然遭到日本的袭击，这一事件改变了整个战争形势，美国正式对日宣战，参加第二次世界大战。
11第二次世界大战期间，美国的外交政策主要是针对英国和苏联的。
所有外交活动的两个主导原则是：第一，要夺取战争的胜利；第二，是以符合美国的利益为基础建立战争后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。
12.美国、苏联和英国的首脑在战争期间共会晤了3次。
第一次首脑会议于1943年11月在德黑兰举行；第二次首脑会议于1945年2月在雅尔塔举行；第三次首脑会议于1945年7
月至8月间在柏林城外的波茨坦举行。
13.1945年2月，美国、英国和苏联三国首脑在雅尔塔召开会议。
回忆实际上通过了三大国势力范围的重新划分，并决定建立一个世界组织——联合国。
在这次会议上，斯大林承诺在打败德国3个月后对日本宣战。
第十四章美国历史（三）
1.1946年2月22日，美国驻莫斯科大使馆高级官员乔治·凯南向美国国务院发挥意蜂场电报，分析了苏联的意图并提出建议。
他在电报中写道，美国的政策应该是“长期的、耐心的，但又要坚决、谨慎地遏制苏联的扩张倾向”。
后来，遏制政策成为对苏联的官方政策，一直持续到1989年。
2.1949年3月12日，杜鲁门总统在国会的演讲中突出了杜鲁门主义，大一时美国将支持反对共产主义的任何国家。
3.1947年6月5日，乔治·马歇尔正式提出了援助西欧经济的“马歇尔计划”。