英美概况论文
2、美国黑奴制——利用肤色进行种族隔离1709年，纽约华尔街出现了大规模拍卖黑奴的市场。
北美独立战争前夕，黑奴总数已近50万，约占各殖民地人口的1/7。
在英属北美13个殖民地都有黑奴，但主要集中在南部种植园。
美国独立后，南部各州普遍实行黑人奴隶制，直到1863年，时任总统亚伯拉罕•林肯宣布正式解放黑奴。
然而19世纪70年代，美国南部多个州和地方通过了对黑人实行种族隔离或其他歧视措施的《吉姆•克罗法》。
这一法律直到1965年黑人民权运动期间才被废除。
但是黑人仍受种族歧视和压迫，美国黑人在政治、经济、教育、就业、居住等方面很难享受到与白人相同的待遇。
他们处在美国社会的底层。
美国人主要分为四大类，第一，土生土长的北美印第安人，就是美洲本来的原住民，现在人口已经很少了，在美国已经属于少数民族了;第二，欧洲白人移民，特别的英法移民，殖民扩张的时候去美国的欧洲白人;第三，非洲，黑人移民，是殖民时代，非洲被殖民者贩卖到美洲做奴隶的黑人第四，近现代的亚洲人，有中国人，日本人，印度人等。
最后补充，拉美的移民也不少，特别是墨西哥的移民。
简介主要指17-19世纪（新航路开辟以后）欧美商人以廉价工业品（枪支等）运到非洲换取奴隶，把黑奴运到美洲卖掉，从美洲购回生产原料（金银，工业原料），制成商品再运到非洲以换取奴隶的循环贸易活动。
因其贸易涉及欧、美、非三洲，故称。
过去，欧洲与美洲、亚洲进行着大规模的三角贸易；大西洋三角贸易是指欧洲、西非和美洲之间的贸易。
新航路的开辟。
“黑三角贸易”顺利进行的政治、历史、地理原因分析：美洲殖民者对印第安人实行种族灭绝政策，导致美洲劳动力大量的缺乏。
15世纪末随着哥伦布发现美洲新大陆，欧洲美洲之间开辟了新航线。
那时候，商业在发展，贸易在扩大，从世界范围来看，欧亚两洲商贸发达，对于西欧、北欧的国家来说，亚洲无疑是千里之遥，而美洲、非洲则近得多，这便为“黑三角贸易”提供有利因素。
于是，葡萄牙、西班牙、英国、法国等等开始殖民扩张。
他们在美洲创建种植园，开发金银矿，由于需要大量的廉价劳动力，在利润的驱使下，殖民者于是将贪婪的目光投向未开发非洲大陆，开始了罪恶的奴隶贸易。
根据资料记载，1562年英国的约翰-霍金斯爵士从塞拉利昂装运奴隶，在海地换取兽皮和糖，在返航之后成为朴茨茅斯最富裕的人。
由于利润高得惊人，所以伊丽莎白女王和枢密院官员也对他的第二次航行进行投资。
他遵循前次的步骤满载一船白银而回，成为英国最富裕的人。
正是由于政府对奴隶贸易的默许，使得奴隶贸易越发猖獗。
欧洲殖民国家无不参与。
一些欧洲人看着有利可图，也纷纷加入这个行列。
因此，三角贸易由此展开了。
影响它促进了英国资本主义的发展，给英国带来了巨额财富，推动了英国工商业的发展，使欧洲资本主义得到充分发展，是资本原始积累的重要步骤。
同时，黑奴贸易为美洲殖民地的开发提供了大批廉价劳动力，促进近代美洲资本主义文化的形成。
然而，黑奴贸易对非洲人的摧残和对非洲社会经济的破坏却是不可估量的，使非洲丧失将近一亿的精壮劳动力。
让欧洲资本主义得到充分发展，经济上，是资本原始积累。
结论在16世纪到19世纪北大西洋进行的“黑三角贸易”，资本主义的发展以及政府的默认，欧洲殖民者对利润的疯狂追逐，加上非洲人民由于原始的社会结构造成的愚昧，是“黑三角贸易”顺利进行的主要历史原因。
由加那利寒流、几内亚暖流、北赤道暖流、墨西哥暖流、北大西洋暖流所组成的三角形形状的环流，为“黑三角贸易”提供了极为有利的航运条件，使得奴隶贩子在出程、中程、归程中一直顺风顺水，奴隶贸易的速度因此加快。
美洲合适的气候条件以及较为丰富的金银矿产资源，使种植园和采矿业发展很快，产生了巨额利润，是整个黑三角贸易进行的主要动力，亦在客观上为“黑三角贸易”提供了有利的地理条件。
所以，“黑三角贸易”在资本主义发展的历史趋势下、在有利的地理条件下，以巨额利润为动力，顺利进行数百年。
存在制度化的种族主义反对种族歧视游行美国种族歧视问题的存在是其制度化种族主义发展至今的必然产物。
从杜鲁门总统开始，美国政府便致力于黑人权利立法。
到约翰逊总统执政时期，最终从法律上取消了种族主义。
因而在美国，虽然合法的种族歧视与隔离被取消了，但制度化的种族主义却丝毫未减。
绝大多数黑人因肤色被剥夺了享有与白人同等待遇的权利。
“黑人应在社会底层”一类思想并非没有市场。
决策者们把解决问题的着眼点定位于改变广大黑人的文化、行为、道德，而不是消除其穷困窘境本身。
这就是说，美国政府在制定该项政策之前，就已对黑人的文化、行为、道德作了彻底否定，这便决定了美国政府的黑人政策无法摆脱种族主义的影响。
相关政策埋下歧视基础随着美国经济的衰退，有色人种、特别是广大黑人的生存条件面临日益严重的威胁，种族冲突愈发激烈，种族主义更加猖獗。
民主党和共和党在竞选中令人吃惊地联合起来，他们从各自利益出发，均把矛头指向有色人种，特别是黑人，并由此出笼了一系列相关政策。
首先，否认黑人享有获得政府福利救助的权利，拒绝给予黑人基本的生存保障。
1996年通过的《福利法案》强行规定了需要政府救济的黑人可得到资助的年限（一生中只有5年），解除了政府部门对其所应承担的救助义务。
其次，减免“精英集团”（以富有的白人为主体）的纳税额，实施有种族主义倾向的经济举措。
在广大黑人最基本的福利待遇被大刀阔斧地砍除时，许多白人却得到了政府的额外津贴。
黑人表现提供歧视口实种族主义的存在也有黑人自身的原因，许多黑人自身的表现为政府对其实行种族歧视性政策提供了口实。
长期以来，许多黑人因得不到平等的受教育机会，没有工作，其中一些人（特别是部分年轻人）经常会做一些“残忍的毒品交易”，以自己的方式模仿资本主义的创业精神。
在黑人聚居区，掠夺性的犯罪每时每刻都可能发生。
另外，还有一些黑人，特别是一些黑人妇女，他们习惯依赖政府的救济生活，不思进取。
种族主义分子以此为由，把广大黑人诬蔑为“寄生于毒品中的无业游民”，“缺乏道德、礼貌、良心的嗜血好战者”。
由此，政府的决策者们为其制定“强硬政策”找到了“凭据”。
黑人斗争的历史还很短反对种族歧视公益广告美国建国200年后，才出现了马丁〃路德〃金为黑人争取权利的运动。
在这个运动中，有一位黑人领袖说：自由只能用子弹才能得到。
可见直到美国建国200年后，种族仇恨依然十分强烈。
然而，子弹最终打进了马丁〃路德〃金。
因而，美国黑人要想获得真正的平等，还必须不断地进行顽强的抗争。
在马丁〃路德〃金的故乡亚特兰大，当地黑白两个流行音乐电台的主持人想借1976年2月马丁〃路德〃金诞辰之机，搞一个黑白民众的联合音乐派对。
这个提议一出，在听众中反响热烈，电台热线快被打爆。
但到了举行派对的当晚，到场的民众中80%以上是黑人。
这表明，尽管美国取消种族隔离制度已经几十年，但多数白人和黑人还是选择过相互隔离的生活。
美国是一个典型的多种族、多民族的国家，建国以来汇聚了来自世界各地的多种族的人。
长久以来。
虽然各族人民在美国社会发展中做出了自己的贡献，然而，美国社会却没有像其宪法所宣扬的那样“人人生而平等”．都能享有自由、民主、平等的权利，直到今天种族歧视这一根深蒂固的问题仍然存在。
在言必称人权的当代社会，我们有必要对美国种族歧视问题作一深入的认识。
一、美国种族歧视问题的现状(一)美国种族构成状况。
最新统计显示，美国现有人口2．8亿，其中白人仍占大多数．有1．8亿，约占美国总人口的63 。
这些人的老家多为欧洲，也有少数人或其祖上从北非、中东移居而来。
自美国建国以来．这些人就是美国杜会的主体。
排在白人后面的族裔依次为西班牙裔、黑人、亚裔、印第安人与阿拉斯加原住民、夏威夷土著与其他太平洋岛民等，他们可以称为美国的“少数民族”。
西班牙裔是指那些从古巴、墨西哥、中南美洲迁移而来的人及他们的后裔，他们中的大部分是白人与印第安人的混血儿。
由于西班牙裔的老家离美国最近，因而这些地方向美国移民的人数也最多，有3500万，堪称“第一大少数民族”。
黑人，或者称之为非裔美国人是“第二大少数民族”．有3400多万人。
这些人的祖上是非洲人，他们是被作为奴隶贩运到美国来的。
1860年爆发的南北战争结束后．奴隶制被废除，黑人得以成为美国的公民。
亚裔是“第三大少数民族”．有1000万。
他们多是从中国、印度、日本、朝鲜半岛、越南迁移而来．19世纪六七十年代，2O世纪七八十年代是亚裔涌人美国的两个高峰期。
印第安人与阿拉斯加原住民有250万，占美国总人口的0．9 。
多数的印第安人仍生活在保留地里，主要从事旅游业夏威夷土著与其他太平洋岛民的人口不到4O万[1](二)美国种旅歧视问题现状。
美国1776年7月4日诞生时通过的世界上第一部人权法案——《独立宣言》庄严宣告：美国“所有的人都是生而平等的”。
然而美国建国200多年的历史和现状表明，美国的种族歧视及因此而产生的种族冲突直到今天也没有停止过。
一位历史学家曾说，这个国家从一开始就一直存在着种族歧视，开始是黑人、印第安人，后来就是墨西哥人、波多黎各人和古巴人。
种族歧视问题成为美国“人权记录” 中最不光彩的一页。
在美国，黑人等少数民族始终是二等公民，在政治、经济、教育等问题上受到不同程度的歧视。
黑人和白人之问，教育水平、就业率、平均工资等方面都有明显差距，由此形成的种族贫富差距和黑人的贫困化则是人人皆知[2]。
司法中的种族歧视也极为严重。
在美国，被关押在监狱里的黑人和被判死刑的黑人比例明显高于白人。
在各州的监狱中，大约47 的为黑人，16％的为拉美裔。
据联合国发表的一份调查报告称，在美国．犯有同样的罪．黑人及有色人种往往受到比白人重2至3倍的惩罚．杀害白人被判死刑的黑人是杀害黑人被判死刑的白人的4倍。
尽管种族问题如今仍是困扰美国社会的大问题之一，但是．明目张胆“种族歧视”的人是越来越少了。
越是大公司和政府部门，对少数族裔越是客气耐心．谁也不想犯“歧视” 这一大忌。
美国的种族歧视从目前来看，开始在新的领域呈现出新的现象，传统的政治保守势力也开始介入到其中，简单的单一种族歧视被文化上的隐性歧视所代替。
同时．还出现了一个奇怪的现象．一方面是美国存在的较强烈种族歧视，另一方面，美国社会的任何行为．都担心会被带上种族歧视的印记．大家都知道种族歧视不好．但是大家都会有意无意地犯种族歧视的毛病．从中可见白人至上主义在某些美国人中十分顽固。
就在这样的怪圈中，美国的种族歧视仍在继续。
二、种族歧视问题的根源。
(一)历史的影响。
美国一向被称为一个移民的国家。
移民对美国的影响恐怕比对其他任何一个国家都要重要。
如果没有源源不断从全世界来的各国移民，美国决不能达到今天的成就。
美国的西部恐怕至今还是野生动物的乐园．美国的文化也不会象今天这样丰富多彩。
正如卡特总统在1980年所提出的：“美国的力量就在于她的人民的内心和丰富的多元文化。
英美概况论文2
If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。
英美文化概况结课论文
The Differences between the United States and China in Education “Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.” Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said. As we all know, education is necessary to ourselves and even our society. But people in different countries receive various educations because of diverse culture. Let us see the differences in education between America and China and the influence of different education on people.First, there is much distinction between those two countries in ideals of education. American asserts equality. She claims that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want so that American can produce a society of literacy and local control. She places emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning. Students in America should learn to discover and create new approaches to understand what is already known. American students prefer to practice by themselves instead of listening to the teachers sitting in the classroom. However, students in China are taught to learn not creative thinking but basic skills. Chinese require that students should acquire knowledge as what teachers teach and what teaching materials tell. Chinese always instill into kids’minds a thought that what teachers and teaching materials say are definitely right so that Chinese students lack the critical thought since they are children. Thus, it becomes that American students possess great abilities though get low grades and Chinese students have low abilities while get high scores, as is known to all.Second, the atmospheres in the classroom show the divergence of the two countries’education. Chinese teachers are good at drawing conclusions from a question for students to make them have no question. But American teachers are efficient at enlightening students on a question and enable every student to put forward more new questions. A student in Chinese class has to put up his hand to be allowed to stand up by teachers to answer questions while in American class students are encouraged to speak freely. If a Chinese student disagree what his teacher say, he will suffer some criticisms; nevertheless, an American students will be awarded praise if he does that. We can find out that the Chinese class pays more attention to discipline and the United States focuses on human rights.Three, the ways to further education are entirely different in China and America. There is no annual college entrance examination. Applicants are chosen on the basis of four aspects: high school records, high school teachers’recommendations, the impression they make during interviews at the university, scores on Scholastic Aptitude Test. In an American soap opera called Gossip Girl, an actor called Dan, who wants to study in Yale and passed the SAT, struggles to get three recommendations from his high school teachers or famous writers. But every Chinese student knows that if they want to go to university they must pass the college entrance examination and if they hope to go to key colleges, they have to get higher scores. So the purpose of American education system is to make students find out their shortcomings and straighten them up and Chinese educational system is elimination.Four, students’ extra-curricular life in United States is more colorful than Chinese students’. There are many students’organizations----clubs and activities in the American school helping students become successful when pursuing hobbies. Inaddition, they often do some part-time jobs to make money, which may be for activities or other things. However, Chinese students don’t have so many activities and in their extra-curricular life they will spend most of time attending cram school or doing their homework. So, they are losing their hobbies gradually.In general, I think our government should make reformation on our educational system immediately. Not only should our grades be focused on, but also students’practical ability and creative thinking should be paid more attention. Thus, our country will be more thriving and prospering and we Chinese will be more happiness!。
英美概况作文
On 1st September 1939, the second world war started.The US was suffering from the great depression, and the US government was busy on recovering its economy. At that time, for the American conservative was still the charge of the the country, the American government wasn’t willing to take part in this war. And the world war 2 did not cover the US, so the US has no reason to take part in. Beside this, the US could sell weapon to the country who involved the world war2 to make money, which helped the America develop economy.However, we all know that the US decided to take part in the war finally. What’s the reason for the US government’s decision? In December 7th in 1941, Japan sneaked the pearl harbor. This was why the US decided to go into world war2. As a result, the US became one member of the antifascist alliance.On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air attack on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After just two hours of bombing, more than 2400 American were dead. The attack at pearl harbor outraged American. So the American government declared war on Japan soon. Which bring the united states into world war2. Why the Japanese chose to attack Pearl Harbor? The Japanese thought that they want to continue their expansion within Asia, but the united states curbed the Japanese expansion by emburgo.After the pearl harbor sneak, the American government waged themidway island battle on June 4, 1942. This battle was an important turning point in the pacific campaign, the victory allowed the united states to move into an offensive position. The Japanese wanted to draw the U.S navy out to the pacific to destroy their aircraft carrier force. We may find lots of words said that the US was considered the winner, but the US was just by intelligence and sheer luck only. Before the battle, Japan had been the superior in sea battles and midway base had only small damage and was still operational. I think that the battle of midway represented the strategic high water mark of Japan’s pacific ocean war. The results of the battle was that it permanently weakened the imperial Japanese Navy. Then the US government decided to drop atomic bomb to Japan. Become the atomic bombs, the Japanese country was destroyed too much. So the Japan declared to capitulate. I think the atomic bombs dropped by US accelerate the failure of Japan. The bombs were the importance factors to win the Japan. After the war2, the US has became the capitalist world hegemony. Through selling weapons to the country who jointed in the world war2, US became so rich. So , to sum up, the US made a huge contribution to the success of world war2 , however, the US also achieve too much from the world war 2.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美国家概况论文
Elizabeth’s worldElizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess.when she became queen of England in 1558, she inherited a weak and backward island that had been severely divided by three religious upheavals in two decades. Most of her subjects doubted the ability of a woman to lead the tattered country and anxiously waited for her to marry.But Elizabeth chose to play her role as the monarch of he realm alone.Applying her instinct,intelligence ,energy,and stubbon willfulness to the task, she would become the strongest and most beloved the island had seen in centuries. During Elizabeth’s forty-four year reigna of great success, England became one of Europe’s most powerful and sophisticated countries and a growing empire. In military strength ,exploration ,commerce ,and above all the arts .the nation experienced a golden age that changed the culture of England ,as well that of Europe and North America,forever.In November 7, 1558,Mary died of cancer .English legend has it that when lords arrived to bring Elizabeth the news ,thery found her reading a Bible under an oak tree in her garen.(The oak tree is an English symbol of the nation’s stability and duration.) Upon hearing of Mary’s death ,Elizabeth fell to her knees,anf the messengers heard her recite a werse from Psalm 118 in Latin:“This is the Lord’s doing;and it is marvelous in our eyes”As is know to everyone,“Bloody Mary”was a totally political innocent.she had left the nation in poor shape.Its military powers were diminished,the royal government was deeply indebt,poverty was widespread,and the population had become bitterlyby the rapid religious changes imposed by three monarchs in a row.No one could imagine that after a long social unrest, to be added the political chaos, religious persecution and external setbacks, the 1558 marked the great England that it was about to enter an unprecedented era.Elizabeth was a master of political science. She inherited her father's supremacist view of the monarchy, but showed great wisdom by refusing to directly antagonize Parliament. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. And then,she began to reccorganize the Privy Council ,the board of advisors that carried out the administrative function of the government in the matters of economy ,defense,foreign policy,and law and order,and its members served as the queen’s chief advisors. Elizaeth also dimissed thirty of Mary’s councilors. she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil. No one but Elizabeth herself was to have greater power during her reign .Though Ceil began his office holding the firm belief that a woman alone could not rule England ,he would serve Elizabeth faithfully for forty years.He was a voice for caution and moderation and a valuable counterbalance to some of the dashing ,but rash ,statesmen that flocked to Elizabeth ‘s court.What’s more, Elizabeth used the varying factions (instead of being used by them, as were her siblings), playing one off another until the exhausted combatants came to her for resolution of their grievances.Almost in every country of the world, they are all facing the politicalharassment at the turn of regime. That is to say,a drastic reform of Politics is imperative.When Elizabeth ascended the throne, the fighting between the Catholic who regarded the European continent as its core and Protestants was very intense because of "Bloody Mary" who is a paranoid. Religious reform of the United Kingdom ,the British civil wars, and religious wars in Europe liked staggered reefs, full of dangerous.The one mistake being made, the United Kingdom would not be only involved into a big bloody melee of continental Europe, but also into the "civil war" between the Protestant in Scotland and the Catholic in Ireland. That was the the real challenge which shou be faced When Elizabeth tookthe throne. It was hard to imagine that she was chosen and then consolidate the middle way.That was to say, Elizabeth established the ingenious Anglican System after then, making Protestant and Catholic strike a balance On the surfaceThis Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. During a long period of time, the British were in a stable era. Few English monarchs enjoyed such political power but Elizabeth, while still maintaining the devotion of the whole of English society.As the old saying goes，“All things dying, the spirit is forever.”The one of the best judgements to a monarchy, but also from the ideological legacy of its era. Elizabeth's reign ,known as the Elizabethan era ,was during one of the more constructive periods in English history. It was famous above all for theflourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake and John Hawkins. Moreover,Bacon ,with its fun-filled language, endowed the thinking way of human beings with the "new science" and "new tools". Hobbes was "frightened premature" in the gunfire of the “Spanish Armada" and later its "Leviathan" has become one of the pioneers of modern political science.What I want to emphasizs is that at that time,under the rule of the this beautiful and lonely Queen, the United Kingdom brought the whole world entered a golden era in human beings’history.But why did such a wonderful woman live alone, never married then? I guess this is what everyone does want to know. Whether out of kindness or political intentions, every one had a desire that expected that Elizabeth would marry.It was but despite several petitions from parliament, she never did. The reasons for this choice are unknown, and they have been much debated. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings.One of her mottoes was: "I see, and say nothing". This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances.Ever once,Elizabeth was surrounded by some radical ministers who forced her to get married,but then the whole country was totally shocked by what she said, “I can only have one, that is England”. Some psychologi sts believe that Elizabeth’s move was closely related to her painful childhood. Anyway,she was a heroine in England.Because she give up the joy of the flesh and become a completewell-being of women,jut for England.Although Elizabeth was called “Good Queen Bess” and she had so much reputation,her most important contribution were her concern for her subjects, her defense of the country, the use of a good consultant,and her help for England avoiding the economic crisis and religious wars, and whatever. However,each coin has two sides.According to what I know,historians tend to be more cautious in their assessments. They often depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity to the point where many of her subjects were relieved at her death,especially in the problems of the expedition to Spain and Portugal in 1589. Recently,there is a Intense criticism about the slave trade in Africa in Elizabethan era and her mistakes made in Ireland.At first,Queen Elizabeth put the blame on Hawkins who started to participate in such immoral trade.But Hawkins showed her the profits of his career soon after, she changed her views. She not only covered the trade of Hawkins, but also directly benefited from it, or even to provided him with ships and personnel. The support provided by the royal recognition of Queen Elizabeth on the slave trade made this trade legalized, even it made more British businessmen participate into it. On the other thing, Elizabeth did a military victory in the Irish, but not a religious and politica lvictory. That kind of extreme cruelty which meant annihilation, or one rebel, all need death.could not be erased from history.Since then,the Irish are always the problem of the Imperial bodybleeding, Pusing part- which has been extended to the contemporary Therefore, for my part, Queen Elizabeth should be criticized in some aspects not always be praised.However,she was an excellent England ruler, the Tudor dynasty founder of the Golden Age. As Queen, she had defeated Spain's all-powerful Armada, making the British Empire become the legendary founder of the Sea, letting the English Reformation in a calm and a firm advocate of national unity and executor.Her 44 years on the throne provided valuable stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.Elizabeth, women's classics, is a legend of the history of the classic human,评论，观念，各有不同做好自己那份就好。
《英美概况》中文版完整版 (2)
英美概况一、引言英美是世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一。
它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要地位，对全球事务产生着巨大影响。
本文将介绍英美的概况，包括其地理、历史、政治体制、经济特征、文化传统等方面的内容。
二、地理特征英美地理上位于北美洲和欧洲西北部。
英国是由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成的岛国，而美国则横跨北美洲的中北部，拥有广袤的土地和多样的地貌。
两国均享有得天独厚的地理优势，拥有丰富的自然资源。
英国气候温和多雨，其著名的乡村风光和城市景观吸引了众多游客。
美国的气候多样，从亚热带到温带再到寒带都有覆盖，其自然景观包括大峡谷、黄石国家公园等世界级的自然奇观。
三、历史沿革英美的历史源远流长。
英国自古以来就是一个重要的国家，曾经统治过英帝国，将其文化和制度传播到全球各地。
美国则在17世纪开始建立，经过独立战争后成为一个独立自主的国家。
英国和美国在历史上有着密切的联系。
美国的政治制度和法律体系受到了英国的影响，英文也成为美国的官方语言之一。
两国之间的经济合作也非常紧密，互为重要的贸易伙伴。
四、政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，现在的国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。
英国的政治制度相对稳定，民主成熟，议会制度是其核心。
议会分为两院，下议院成员由选举产生，上议院则由继承、任命和制度推举产生。
美国是一个联邦制共和国，政府采取三权分立的制度。
总统是国家元首和政府首脑，由选举产生。
国会由参议院和众议院构成，代表着各州和人民的利益。
美国政治体制注重权力平衡和制衡，保障了国家的稳定和民主。
五、经济特征英美在经济上都属于高收入国家，拥有发达的市场经济。
英国是全球最重要的金融中心之一，伦敦市是世界金融的核心。
英国的经济以金融、保险、制造业和创新科技为支柱。
美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的经济实力和产业基础。
其经济结构多样化，包括工业、农业、服务业等多个领域。
美国的创新和科技水平世界领先，许多科技巨头诞生于美国。
六、文化传统英美文化有着广泛的影响力。
英美概况（英国篇1：英国的国土与人民）1
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛-⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。
英美概况英文作文
英美概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and multicultural country with a rich history and a strong sense of individualism. From the bustling streets of New York City to the serene beauty of the Grand Canyon, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors and residents alike.In terms of politics, the US is a federal republic with a two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties. The country is known for its strong emphasis on democracy and individual freedoms, and has a long history of political activism and social movements.When it comes to food, the US is a melting pot of different culinary traditions, with each region offeringits own unique dishes and flavors. From Southern barbecue to New England clam chowder, there's something for everyone to enjoy.In terms of culture, the US is a global leader inentertainment, with Hollywood producing a large majority of the world's films and television shows. The country is also known for its music, with genres like jazz, rock, and hip-hop all having roots in American culture.In terms of geography, the US is incredibly diverse, with everything from deserts and mountains to forests and beaches. The country is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including bears, eagles, and bison.In terms of economy, the US is one of the largest and most influential in the world, with a strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship. The country is known for its technological advancements, particularly in the fields of Silicon Valley and biotechnology.In terms of education, the US is home to some of the world's top universities and research institutions, making it a popular destination for students from all over the world. The country also has a strong emphasis on sports, with American football, basketball, and baseball being particularly popular.In terms of language, English is the most widely spoken language in the US, but the country is also home to a large number of Spanish speakers, particularly in states like California and Texas.In terms of transportation, the US has a well-developed network of highways, railways, and airports, making it easy to travel around the country. The US is also known for its love of cars, with many Americans relying on them for their daily commute.。
英美概况论文
My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。