英汉对比与翻译第一章
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Unit1翻译理论及英汉对比

• • • •
translation0301@ 密码123456 My e-mail: adawxd@
1. What is translation?
• Discuss with your partners: • • • • • As a language activity? As an art? As a kind of cross-cultural communication? As a job? As a subject?
• head • (1)He was badly wounded in the head. 他头部受重伤。 (2)You should use your head a bit.
你该用一下自己的头脑。
(3)He has a good head for mathematics.
他的数学能力很强。
(4)The dinner cost us five dollars a head.
• hold a wolf by ears 骑虎难下 • as thick as thieves 亲密无间 意译
音译适用于专有名词(人名、地名等) 和一些特殊的文化现象。音译中,汉字 已经不表意, 只表音。 • Beatles 披头士 • cool 酷 •
• His wife held the purse string. 他的妻子掌管经济大权。(purse string是 钱袋子,握着钱袋子即掌握着经济大权。) 阐释
可以学到什么?
• • • • • 一、翻译技巧 二、对英语句子的分析和把握 三、积累词汇 四、语法知识的巩固 五、为英语四级做准备
*教学计划
Teaching Schedule
• To learn Translation well, you have to: • read more; • practice more; • think more; • discuss more
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)

Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer (正迁移) Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异,提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识,把负迁移(干扰)转化为正迁 移(促进)。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑, If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉对比翻译绪论与第一章

词汇。
英汉句法对比
英语句子结构复杂
英语句子中常用从句、短语、修饰语 等来扩展句子结构,层次感强。
汉语句子结构简单
汉语句子结构相对简单,较少使用复 杂的从句和修饰语,更注重句子的流 畅性和自然性。
英语强调时态和语态
英语中时态和语态的变化非常丰富, 用来表达动作发生的时间和状态。
汉语较少使用时态和语态
翻译的过程与方法
翻译的过程
翻译的过程一般包括理解、表达和校对 三个阶段。理解是准确把握原文的意义 和风格;表达是用目标语言表达理解的 内容;校对是对译文进行修改和润色, 确保译文的准确性和通顺性。
VS
翻译的方法
常见的翻译方法包括直译、意译和音译等 。直译是指在保持原文意义的基础上,尽 可能保留原文的表达形式;意译是指以传 达原文意义为主要目的,不拘泥于原文的 表达形式;音译是指用目标语言的文字转 写原文的词语。
虽然有学者探讨了英汉翻译的标准,但相关研究还不够系统和深入。
未来研究方向
建议加强跨文化交际因素的分析,增加实证研究的比重,进一步深化 对翻译标准的探讨,并拓展新的研究领域。
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04 英汉翻译实践案例分析
Hale Waihona Puke 新闻类文本翻译总结词
新闻类文本翻译要求准确、客观、及时地传达信息,同时要符合目标语言的新闻写作规 范。
详细描述
在进行新闻类文本翻译时,要特别注意语言的专业性和准确性,确保信息传递的准确无 误。同时,由于新闻语言具有很强的时效性,翻译时也需要考虑到时间因素,尽可能快 速地完成翻译工作。此外,还需要注意目标语言的表达习惯和新闻写作规范,如标题的
02 英汉语言对比概述
英汉句法对比
英语句子结构复杂
英语句子中常用从句、短语、修饰语 等来扩展句子结构,层次感强。
汉语句子结构简单
汉语句子结构相对简单,较少使用复 杂的从句和修饰语,更注重句子的流 畅性和自然性。
英语强调时态和语态
英语中时态和语态的变化非常丰富, 用来表达动作发生的时间和状态。
汉语较少使用时态和语态
翻译的过程与方法
翻译的过程
翻译的过程一般包括理解、表达和校对 三个阶段。理解是准确把握原文的意义 和风格;表达是用目标语言表达理解的 内容;校对是对译文进行修改和润色, 确保译文的准确性和通顺性。
VS
翻译的方法
常见的翻译方法包括直译、意译和音译等 。直译是指在保持原文意义的基础上,尽 可能保留原文的表达形式;意译是指以传 达原文意义为主要目的,不拘泥于原文的 表达形式;音译是指用目标语言的文字转 写原文的词语。
虽然有学者探讨了英汉翻译的标准,但相关研究还不够系统和深入。
未来研究方向
建议加强跨文化交际因素的分析,增加实证研究的比重,进一步深化 对翻译标准的探讨,并拓展新的研究领域。
THANKS FOR WATCHING
感谢您的观看
04 英汉翻译实践案例分析
Hale Waihona Puke 新闻类文本翻译总结词
新闻类文本翻译要求准确、客观、及时地传达信息,同时要符合目标语言的新闻写作规 范。
详细描述
在进行新闻类文本翻译时,要特别注意语言的专业性和准确性,确保信息传递的准确无 误。同时,由于新闻语言具有很强的时效性,翻译时也需要考虑到时间因素,尽可能快 速地完成翻译工作。此外,还需要注意目标语言的表达习惯和新闻写作规范,如标题的
02 英汉语言对比概述
英汉对比与翻译(全)

Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:
张春柏英汉对比与翻译

4) 幽幽岁月,苍海桑田. 5) 门铃一响,来了客人,从不谢客,礼当 接待. 5) Suddenly the bell rang, announcing the arrival of a visitor. As I had never rejected any guest, I thought I should this one as well.
五四运动的杰出的历史意义在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义
汉英对比与翻译教学
华东师范大学 张春柏
I. 为什么要对比 (why): to help improve the teaching/learning of translation, composition, and grammar
II. 比什么 比什么(What): From words to sentences and discourse, as well as ways of thinking.
My purpose here: to call our attention to the importance of form in the teaching/learning of translation 1) word form: morphology (as well as sounds, esp. in poetry) 2) sentence form: structure 3) cohesion: how sentences are connected to each other to form a coherent piece of discourse
3) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动,又是反封
建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义,在 于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态,这就 是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥 协地反封建主义。五四运动所以具有这种性 质,是……五四运动是在当时世界革命号召 之下,是在俄国革命号召之下,是在列宁号 召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级世 界革命的一部分。……
英汉对比与翻译第一章 (1)

1) Derivation
• The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. • The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. • He astonished us by moving rapidly. • He astonished us by his rapid movements. • He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.
• 介词短语: • with the first attempts to introduce natural enemies of insects • 有人首次试图引进昆虫的天敌
Introduction
• 定语从句: • that were proving troublesome farmers • 给农民带来麻烦的(昆虫) to
Introduction
• Example 1:
• In America the science of biotic control has its obscure beginnings a century ago with the first attempts to introduce natural enemies of insects that were proving troublesome to farmers, an effort that sometimes moved slowly or not at all, but now and again gathered speed and momentum under the impetus of an outstanding success.
英汉语言对比与翻译(一)分析

1. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:2
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
刘宓庆:“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的 实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得 多。……即既实现意义对应,又实现形式对 应。这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根 本办不到的。基本上,汉外互译必须放弃拘 守形式的努力而倾全力于意义。”1
例句
例2 山西省是中国古代文明发祥地之一,有 悠久的历史。
1. Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China. It has a long history or Shangxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China and has a long history
连接词的使用与否不能保证译成的汉语就 是线性序列的,或者译成的英语就是空间 结构的。
重估英汉语言比喻对实践的价值
英语的空间结构,实际上是一种“修饰”结构,也就是 “主从”结构;
汉语的线性序列,实际上是一种“并列”结构,亦即每个 子句都是“主谓”结构(含隐性主谓结构)。
汉译英: Step 1:找出句子的重心,用主谓形式将它表示出来,作
“波浪形”结构:汉语的句子关系往往是并列、并行的,因 此是以时序或逻辑顺序排列的。子句与子句之间的关系须 透过上下文才能决定,所以句子是意合的;而且连词的使 用也不像英语中普遍,结构也较为简练明快。汉语的句式 称之为“流水句”,整个句子像由一个一个独立的子句, 按时间顺序或逻辑顺序层层推进。因此,有人把汉语句子 结构比作“波浪形”结构,每个子句犹如波浪,前浪推后 浪,宛如“万顷碧波,层层推进”。
He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
刘宓庆:“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的 实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得 多。……即既实现意义对应,又实现形式对 应。这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根 本办不到的。基本上,汉外互译必须放弃拘 守形式的努力而倾全力于意义。”1
例句
例2 山西省是中国古代文明发祥地之一,有 悠久的历史。
1. Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China. It has a long history or Shangxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China and has a long history
连接词的使用与否不能保证译成的汉语就 是线性序列的,或者译成的英语就是空间 结构的。
重估英汉语言比喻对实践的价值
英语的空间结构,实际上是一种“修饰”结构,也就是 “主从”结构;
汉语的线性序列,实际上是一种“并列”结构,亦即每个 子句都是“主谓”结构(含隐性主谓结构)。
汉译英: Step 1:找出句子的重心,用主谓形式将它表示出来,作
“波浪形”结构:汉语的句子关系往往是并列、并行的,因 此是以时序或逻辑顺序排列的。子句与子句之间的关系须 透过上下文才能决定,所以句子是意合的;而且连词的使 用也不像英语中普遍,结构也较为简练明快。汉语的句式 称之为“流水句”,整个句子像由一个一个独立的子句, 按时间顺序或逻辑顺序层层推进。因此,有人把汉语句子 结构比作“波浪形”结构,每个子句犹如波浪,前浪推后 浪,宛如“万顷碧波,层层推进”。
He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1
英汉对比与翻译(全)

语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事,你做也好,他做也罢,我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer (语言迁移) 2. Linguistic contrast(语言对比) 欢迎光临 (对比与翻译) 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) (正迁移) Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
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• 2) New factories are being built all over the country. • 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。
2) Inflection
• 3) During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
3) Complex sentences
• I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. • 我坚信,英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个 积极而充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民 利益的。
3) Complex sentences
3) Complex sentences
• 英语 英语:采用语法的三大手段——形态变化、 词序和虚词,常用包孕许多修饰成分或从句 的复合句或长句。 • 汉语 汉语:要借助词序和虚词,常用短句、分句、 流水句,按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序,有先 有后,有主有次,逐层叙述。 • 这些句子中的语序,常常不同,甚至完全相 反。
• 他们不得不变换花样,提出所有种族在自己 的所谓本土上分别发展的办法,并许诺非洲 人最终在这些地区获得独立。
2) Attribute
• An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. • 元素是一种物质,这种物质不能用一般 的化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。
• 第二方面画的是应用科学家们在工作中所运用的特 殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员,从政府 官员到普通老百姓,都要使用这种方法。
2) Attribute
• They were forced to put forward an alternative of separate development for all races in this so-called homelands, with a promise of eventual independence for the Africans in these areas.
• • • • •
1. Inflected forms 2. Word order 3. Function words 4. Intonation 5. Tone
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• 一、英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意 义的形态变化 • 二、英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对 固定。 • 三、英汉都有大量的虚词(form words), 但各有特点 • 四、英语是语调语言,汉语是声调语言。
2) Attribute
• The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
2) Attribute
• There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. • 住在这监牢似的房子里,活着没有多大 意思。
2) Attribute
• My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. • 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
2) Inflection
• Inflections in English: • Verbs: conjugation • Nouns, pronouns, adverbs: declension
2) Inflection
• • • • • • Inflections in English: 性(gender) 数(number) 格(case) 时(tense) 体(aspect) 语态(voice) 语气(mood) 人称(person) 比较级(degree of comparison)
2) Attribute
• Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields. • 至今仍保存着许多速写,画的是坐在路 旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Example: • 他 爱 她。 • He loves her. • She loves him.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Means to express grammatical relationships:
2. Word order
• 1) Main parts of a sentence • 2) Attributes • 3) Complex sentences
1)Main parts of a sentence
• English: • SVO • I repaired the desk. • Chinese: • SOV • 我把桌子修了。
Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
毛海燕
Chapter One
• Synthetic vs. Analytic • 综合语和分析语
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
1) Derivation
• • • • 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快,令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。
2) Inflection
• • • • • • 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已经给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.
1. Inflected forms
• 1) Derivation构词形态变化 • 2) Inflection 曲折形态变化
1) Derivation
• Affixation: • Prefix • Suffix
1) Derivation
• 英语:词缀灵活多变,常常一缀多 义,不仅规模大,数量多,而且种 类齐全。 • 汉语:利用词缀构词仍处于发展中, 不论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。
1) Derivation
• He moved astonishingly fast. • He moved with astonishing rapidity. • His movements were astonishingly rapid. • His rapid movements astonished us. • His movements astonished us by their rapidity.
2) Inflection
• 1)They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. • 他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们 在一起工作就有三十年了。
2) Inflection
2) Attritle yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. • 基思,一个讨饭的,身材矮小,面色苍 白,衣衫褴褛,瘸腿,满脸胡子。
2) Attribute
• She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.. • 她心底厚道,为人乐观,性情温柔,待 人和蔼,器量又大。
• 战争期间(要是)碰上这样的年景,很多人肯定 会死去,很多人会逃荒要饭,很多人会被迫卖儿 卖女。
2. Word order
2. Word order
• Latin: • Amor vincit omnia. • = Omnia vincit amor. • Chinese: • “爱能征服一切”。 • English: • Love conquers all things.
2) Inflection
• 3) During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
3) Complex sentences
• I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. • 我坚信,英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个 积极而充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民 利益的。
3) Complex sentences
3) Complex sentences
• 英语 英语:采用语法的三大手段——形态变化、 词序和虚词,常用包孕许多修饰成分或从句 的复合句或长句。 • 汉语 汉语:要借助词序和虚词,常用短句、分句、 流水句,按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序,有先 有后,有主有次,逐层叙述。 • 这些句子中的语序,常常不同,甚至完全相 反。
• 他们不得不变换花样,提出所有种族在自己 的所谓本土上分别发展的办法,并许诺非洲 人最终在这些地区获得独立。
2) Attribute
• An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. • 元素是一种物质,这种物质不能用一般 的化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。
• 第二方面画的是应用科学家们在工作中所运用的特 殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员,从政府 官员到普通老百姓,都要使用这种方法。
2) Attribute
• They were forced to put forward an alternative of separate development for all races in this so-called homelands, with a promise of eventual independence for the Africans in these areas.
• • • • •
1. Inflected forms 2. Word order 3. Function words 4. Intonation 5. Tone
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• 一、英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意 义的形态变化 • 二、英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对 固定。 • 三、英汉都有大量的虚词(form words), 但各有特点 • 四、英语是语调语言,汉语是声调语言。
2) Attribute
• The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
2) Attribute
• There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. • 住在这监牢似的房子里,活着没有多大 意思。
2) Attribute
• My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. • 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
2) Inflection
• Inflections in English: • Verbs: conjugation • Nouns, pronouns, adverbs: declension
2) Inflection
• • • • • • Inflections in English: 性(gender) 数(number) 格(case) 时(tense) 体(aspect) 语态(voice) 语气(mood) 人称(person) 比较级(degree of comparison)
2) Attribute
• Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields. • 至今仍保存着许多速写,画的是坐在路 旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Example: • 他 爱 她。 • He loves her. • She loves him.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Means to express grammatical relationships:
2. Word order
• 1) Main parts of a sentence • 2) Attributes • 3) Complex sentences
1)Main parts of a sentence
• English: • SVO • I repaired the desk. • Chinese: • SOV • 我把桌子修了。
Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
毛海燕
Chapter One
• Synthetic vs. Analytic • 综合语和分析语
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
1) Derivation
• • • • 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快,令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。
2) Inflection
• • • • • • 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已经给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.
1. Inflected forms
• 1) Derivation构词形态变化 • 2) Inflection 曲折形态变化
1) Derivation
• Affixation: • Prefix • Suffix
1) Derivation
• 英语:词缀灵活多变,常常一缀多 义,不仅规模大,数量多,而且种 类齐全。 • 汉语:利用词缀构词仍处于发展中, 不论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。
1) Derivation
• He moved astonishingly fast. • He moved with astonishing rapidity. • His movements were astonishingly rapid. • His rapid movements astonished us. • His movements astonished us by their rapidity.
2) Inflection
• 1)They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. • 他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们 在一起工作就有三十年了。
2) Inflection
2) Attritle yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. • 基思,一个讨饭的,身材矮小,面色苍 白,衣衫褴褛,瘸腿,满脸胡子。
2) Attribute
• She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.. • 她心底厚道,为人乐观,性情温柔,待 人和蔼,器量又大。
• 战争期间(要是)碰上这样的年景,很多人肯定 会死去,很多人会逃荒要饭,很多人会被迫卖儿 卖女。
2. Word order
2. Word order
• Latin: • Amor vincit omnia. • = Omnia vincit amor. • Chinese: • “爱能征服一切”。 • English: • Love conquers all things.