浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
毕业论文 翻译材料(中英)
原文Sometimes it becomes apparent that previous approaches to a problem haven’t quite worked the way you anticipated.Perhaps you just need to clear away the smoky residue of the past,take a deep breath,and try again with a new attitude and fresh ideas. In golf,it’s known as a“mulligan”;in schoolyard sports,it’s called a “do-over”;and in the computer industry,we say it’s a“reboot.”A reboot is what Microsoft has initiated with its new approach to the mobile phone market.With its clean look,striking fonts,and new organizational paradigms, Microsoft Windows Phone7not only represents a break with the Windows Mobile past but also differentiates itself from other smartphones currently in the market. Windows Phone7devices will be made by several manufacturers and available with a variety of cell providers.For programmers,Windows Phone7is also exciting,for it supports two popular and modern programming platforms:Silverlight and XNA.Silverlight—a spinoff of the client-based Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)—has already given Web programmers unprecedented power to develop sophisticated user interfaces with a mix of traditional controls,high-quality text, vector graphics,media,animation,and data binding that run on multiple platforms and browsers.Windows Phone7extends Silverlight to mobile devices.XNA—the three letters stand for something like“XNA is Not an Acronym”—is Microsoft’s game platform supporting both2D sprite-based and3D graphics with a traditional game-loop architecture.Although XNA is mostly associated with writing games for the Xbox360console,developers can also use XNA to target the PC itself, as well as Microsoft’s classy audio player,the Zune HD.Either Silverlight or XNA would make good sense as the sole application platform for the Windows Phone7,but programmers have a choice.And this we call“an embarrassment of riches.”Targeting Windows Phone7All programs for Windows Phone7are written managed code.Although the sample programs in this book are written in the C#programming language,it is also possible to write Windows Phone7applications in Visual .The free downloadable Microsoft Visual Studio2010Express for Windows Phone includes XNA Game Studio4.0 and an on-screen phone emulator,and also integrates with Visual Studio2010.You can develop visuals and animations for Silverlight applications using Microsoft Expression Blend.2The Silverlight and XNA platforms for Windows Phone7share some libraries,and you can use some XNA libraries in a Silverlight program and vice versa.But you can’t create a program that mixes visuals from both platforms.Maybe that will be possible in the future,but not now.Before you create a Visual Studio project,you must decide whether your million-dollar idea is a Silverlight program or an XNA program. Generally you’ll choose Silverlight for writing programs you might classify as applications or utilities.These programs are built from a combination of markup and code.The markup is the Extensible Application Markup Language,or XAML andpronounced“zammel.”The XAML mostly defines a layout of user-interface controls and panels.Code-behind files can also perform some initialization and logic,but are generally relegated to handling events from the controls.Silverlight is great for bringing to the Windows Phone the style of Rich Internet Applications(RIA), including media and the Web.Silverlight for Windows Phone is a version of Silverlight3excluding some features not appropriate for the phone,but compensating with some enhancements.XNA is primarily for writing high-performance games.For2D games,you define sprites and backgrounds based around bitmaps;for3D games you define models in3D space. The action of the game,which includes moving graphical objects around the screen and polling for user input,is synchronized by the built-in XNA game loop.The differentiation between Silverlight-based applications and XNA-based games is convenient but not restrictive.You can certainly use Silverlight for writing games and you can even write traditional applications using XNA,although doing so might sometimes be challenging.In particular,Silverlight might be ideal for games that are less graphically oriented,or use vector graphics rather than bitmap graphics,or are paced by user-time rather than clock-time.A Tetris-type program might work quite well in Silverlight.You’ll probably find XNA to be a bit harder to stretch into Silverlight territory,however.Implementing a list box in XNA might be considered“fun”by some programmers but a torture by many others.The first several chapters in this book describe Silverlight and XNA together,and then the book splits into different parts for the two platforms.I suspect that some developers will stick with either Silverlight or XNA exclusively and won’t even bother learning the other environment.I hope that’s not a common attitude.The good news is that Silverlight and XNA are so dissimilar that you can probably bounce back and forth between them without confusion!Microsoft has been positioning Silverlight as the front end or“face”of the cloud, so cloud services and Windows Azure form an important part of Windows Phone7 development.The Windows Phone is“cloud-ready.”Programs are location-aware and have access to maps and other data through Bing and Windows Live.One of the available cloud services is Xbox Live,3which allows XNA-based programs to participate in online multiplayer games,and can also be accessed by Silverlight applications.Programs you write for the Windows Phone7will be sold and deployed through the Windows Phone Marketplace,which provides registration services and certifies that programs meet minimum standards of reliability,efficiency,and good behavior. I’ve characterized Windows Phone7as representing a severe break with the past. If you compare it with past versions of Windows Mobile,that is certainly true.But the support of Silverlight,XNA,and C#are not breaks with the past,but a balance of continuity and innovation.As young as they are,Silverlight and XNA have already proven themselves as powerful and popular platforms.Many skilled programmers are already working with either one framework or the other—probably not so many withboth just yet—and they have expressed their enthusiasm with a wealth of online information and communities.C#has become the favorite language of many programmers (myself included),and developers can use C#to share libraries between their Silverlight and XNA programs as well as programs for environments. The Hardware ChassisDevelopers with experience targeting Windows Mobile devices of the past will find significant changes in Microsoft’s strategy for the Windows Phone7.Microsoft has been extremely proactive in defining the hardware specification,often referred to as a“chassis.”Initial releases of Windows Phone7devices will have one consistent screen size.(A second screen size is expected in the future.)Many other hardware features are guaranteed to exist on each device.The front of the phone consists of a multi-touch display and three hardware buttons generally positioned in a row below the display.From left to right,these buttons are called Back,Start,and Search:•Back Programs can use this button for their own navigation needs,much like the Back button on a Web browser.From the home page of a program,the button causes the program to terminate.•Start This button takes the user to the start screen of the phone;it is otherwise inaccessible to programs running on the phone.4•Search The operating system uses this button to initiate a search feature.The initial releases of Windows Phone7devices have a display size of480×800 pixels.In the future,screens of320×480pixels are also expected.There are no other screen options for Windows Phone7,so obviously these two screen sizes play a very important role in phone development.In theory,it’s usually considered best to write programs that adapt themselves to any screen size,but that’s not always possible,particularly with game development.You will probably find yourself specifically targeting these two screen sizes,even to the extent of having conditional code paths and different XAML files for layout that is size-dependent.I will generally refer to these two sizes as the“large”screen and the “small“screen.The greatest common denominator of the horizontal and vertical dimensions of both screens is160,so you can visualize the two screens as multiples of160-pixel squares:480320480800I’m showing these screens in portrait mode because that’s usually the way smartphones are designed.The screen of the original Zune is240×320pixels;the Zune HD is272×480.Of course,phones can be rotated to put the screen into landscape mode.Some programs might require the phone to be held in a certain orientation;others might be moreadaptable.You have complete control over the extent to which you support orientation.By default,Silverlight applications appear in portrait mode,but you’ll probably want to write your Silverlight applications so they adjust themselves to orientation changes.New events are available specifically for the purpose of detecting orientation change,and some orientation shifts are handled automatically.In contrast,game programmers can usually impose a particular orientation on the user. XNA programs use landscape mode by default,but it’s easy to override that.5In portrait mode,the small screen is half of an old VGA screen(that is,640×480).In landscape mode,the large screen has a dimension sometimes called WVGA (“wide VGA”).In landscape mode,the small screen has an aspect ratio of3:2or 1.5;the large screen has an aspect ratio of5:3or1.66….Neither of these matches the aspect ratio of television,which for standard definition is4:3or1.33…and for high-definition is16:9or1.77….The Zune HD screen has an aspect ratio of 16:9.Like many recent phones and the Zune HD,the Windows Phone7displays will likely use OLED(“organic light emitting diode”)technology,although this isn’t a hardware requirement.OLEDs are different from flat displays of the past in that power consumption is proportional to the light emitted from the display.For example, an OLED display consumes less than half the power of an LCD display of the same size, but only when the screen is mostly black.For an all-white screen,an OLED consumes more than three times the power of an LCD.Because battery life is extremely important on mobile devices,this characteristic of OLED displays implies an aesthetic of mostly black backgrounds with sparse graphics and light-stroked fonts.Regardless,Windows Phone7users can choose between two major color themes:light text on a dark background,or dark text on a light background.Most user input to a Windows Phone7program will come through multi-touch.The screens incorporate capacitance-touch technology,which means that they respond to a human fingertip but not to a stylus or other forms of pressure.Windows Phone7 screens are required to respond to at least four simultaneous touch-points.A hardware keyboard is optional.Keep in mind that phones can be designed in different ways,so when the keyboard is in use,the screen might be in either portrait mode or landscape mode.A Silverlight program that uses keyboard input must respond to orientation changes so that the user can both view the screen and use the keyboard without wondering what idiot designed the program sideways.An on-screen keyboard is also provided,known in Windows circles as the Soft Input Panel or SIP.XNA programs also have access to the hardware keyboard and SIP.译文有时候以前的方法显然无法达到预期效果，这时也许需要告别迷雾茫茫的过去。
毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文本
武汉工业学院毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本2011届原文出处IBM SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL 35, NOS 3&4, 1996毕业设计(论文)题目音乐图像浏览器的设计与实现院（系）计算机与信息工程专业名称计算机科学与技术学生姓名郭谦学生学号070501103指导教师丰洪才译文要求：1、译文内容须与课题（或专业）有联系；2、外文翻译不少于4000汉字。
隐藏数据技术研究数据隐藏，是一种隐秘的数据加密形式，它将数据嵌入到数字媒体之中来达到鉴定，注释和版权保护的目的。
然而，这一应用却受到了一些限制：首先是需要隐藏的数据量，其次是在“主”讯号受到失真的条件影响之下，对于这些需隐藏数据的可靠性的需要。
举例来说，就是有损压缩以及对有损压缩来说数据遇到被拦截，被修改或被第三方移除等操作的免疫程度。
我们同时用传统的和新式技术来探究解决数据隐藏问题的方法并且对这些技术在以下三个方面的应用：版权保护，防止篡改，和增强型数据嵌入做出评估。
我们能非常方便地得到数字媒体并且潜在地改善了其可移植性，信息展现的效率，和信息呈现的准确度。
便捷的数据访问所带来的负面效果包括以下两点：侵犯版权的几率增加或者是有篡改或修改其中内容的可能性增大。
这项工作的目的在于研究知识产权保护条款、内容修改的相关指示和增加注解的方法。
数据隐藏代表了一类用于插入数据的操作，例如版权信息，它利用“主”信号能够感知的最小变化量来进入到各种不同形式的媒体之内，比如图像、声音或本文。
也就是说，嵌入的数据对人类观察者来说应该是既看不见也听不见的。
值得注意的是，数据隐藏虽然与压缩很类似，但与加密解密技术却是截然不同的。
它的目标不是限制或者管理对“主”信号的存取，而是保证被嵌入的数据依然未被破坏而且是可以恢复的。
数据隐藏在数字媒体中的两个重要应用就是提供版权信息的证明，和保证内容完整性。
因此，即使主讯号遭受诸如过滤、重取样，截取或是有损压缩等破坏行为，数据也应该一直在“主”信号中保持被隐藏的特点。
毕业设计文献翻译
毕业设计文献翻译Graduation Project Literature Translation (700 words)Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job MarketWith the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a hot topic in recent years. AI has the potential to greatly affect the job market, leading to concerns about unemployment and job displacement. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the job market and provide insights into potential solutions.AI technology has advanced rapidly in recent years, making significant progress in various fields, such as voice recognition, image analysis, and data processing. As AI continues to improve, it has the potential to automate many tasks that are currently performed by humans. This automation could result in job displacement, particularly for routine and repetitive tasks.Studies have shown that AI could impact various industries, including transportation, healthcare, finance, and manufacturing. For example, AI-powered self-driving vehicles could potentially eliminate the need for human drivers, leading to job losses in the transportation industry. In the healthcare sector, AI algorithms can analyze medical images and help with diagnosis, potentially reducing the need for radiologists. Similar automation scenarios can be seen in other industries as well.While concerns about job displacement are valid, it is important to note that AI technology also has the potential to create new jobopportunities. As automation takes over routine and repetitive tasks, humans can focus on more complex and creative roles. AI can augment human intelligence, assisting professionals in decision-making processes and enhancing overall productivity.To mitigate the negative impact of AI on the job market, policymakers and businesses must take proactive measures. One approach is to invest in retraining and reskilling programs to equip workers with the necessary skills for the digital age. By providing training in AI-related fields, individuals can adapt to the changing job market and find new employment opportunities.Additionally, collaboration between AI technology developers and industries can help create AI applications that work alongside humans, rather than replacing them. Human-AI collaboration can enhance efficiency and productivity, allowing humans to leverage AI technology to perform tasks more effectively.Moreover, governments should establish policies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. By fostering a supportive environment for startups and small businesses, new job opportunities can be generated. Encouraging the development of AI-related industries can also lead to job creation.In conclusion, the impact of AI on the job market is a topic of significant concern. While automation may lead to job displacement, it can also create new job opportunities. To mitigate the negative impact, investment in retraining programs and fostering collaboration between AI technology and humans are crucial. Additionally, government policies that support innovationand entrepreneurship can help create a sustainable job market in the era of artificial intelligence.。
外文翻译(王刚)
2007届信息与计算科学毕业设计Advanced Database ApplicationsThe 1990s have seen significant changes in the computer industry. In database systems, we have seen the widespread acceptance of RDBMSs for traditional business applications, such as order processing, inventory control, banking, and airline reservations. However, existing RDBMSs have proven inadequate for applications whose needs are quite different from those of traditional business database applications. These applications include:■computer-aided design (CAD);■computer-aided manufacturing (CAM);■computer-aided software engineering (CASE);■office information systems (OIS) and multimedia systems;■digital publishing;■eographic information systems (GIS);■interactive and dynamic Web sites.Computer-aided design (CAD)A CAD database stores data relating to mechanical and electrical design covering, for example, buildings, aircraft, and integrated circuit chips. Designs of this type have some common characteristics:■Design data is characterized by a large number of types, each with a small number of instances.Conventional databases are typically the opposite. For example, the DreamHome database consists of only a dozen or so relations, although relations such as PropertyForRent, Client, and Viewing may contain thousands of tuples.■Designs may be very large, perhaps consisting of millions of parts, often with many interdependent subsystem designs.■The design is not static but evolves through time. When a design change occurs, its implications must be propagated through all design representations. The dynamic nature of design may mean that some actions cannot be foreseen at the beginning.■Updates are fat-reaching because of topological or functional relationships, tolerances, and so on. One change is likely to affect a large number of design objects.■Often, many design alternatives are being considered for each component, and the correct version for each part must be maintained. This involves some form of version control and1王刚:研究生部综合信息发布平台configuration management.■There may be hundreds of staff involved with the design, and they may work in parallel on multiple versions of a large design. Even so, the end-product must be consistent and coordinated. This is sometimes referred to as cooperative engineering.Computer-aided manufacturing （CAM）A CAM database stores similar data to a CAD system, in addition to addition to data relating to discrete production (such as cars on an assembly line) and continuous production (such as chemical synthesis). For example, in chemical manufacturing there will be applications that monitor information about the state of the system, such as reactor Bessel temperatures, flow rates, and yields. There will also be applications that control various physical processes, such as opening valves, applying more heat to reactor vessels, and increasing the flow of cooling systems. These applications are often organized in a hierarchy, with a top-level application monitoring the entire factory and lower=level applications monitoring individual manufacturing processes. These applications must respond in real time and be capable of adjusting processes to maintain optimum performance within tight tolerances. The applications use a combination of standard algorithms and custom rules to respond to different conditions. Operators may modify these rules occasionally to optimize performance based on complex historical data that the system has to maintain. In this example, the system has to maintain large volumes of data that is hierarchical in nature and maintain complex relationships between the data. It must also be able to rapidly navigate the data to review and respond to changes.Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)A CASE database stores data relating to stages of the software development lifecycle: planning, requirements collection and analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, and documentation. As with CAD, designs may be extremely large, and cooperative engineering is the norm. For example, software configuration management tools allow concurrent sharing of project design, code, and documentation. They also track the dependencies between these components and assist with change management. Project management tools facilitate the coordination of various project management activities, such as the scheduling of potentially highly complex interdependent tasks, cost estimation, and progress monitoring.Network management systemsNetwork management systems coordinate the delivery of communication services across a22007届信息与计算科学毕业设计computer network. These systems perform such tasks as network path management, problem management, and network planning. As with the chemical manufacturing example we discussed earlier, these systems also handle complex data and require real-time performance and continuous operation. For examples, a telephone call might involve a chain of network switching devices that route a message from sender to receiver, such as:Node⇔Link⇔Node⇔Link⇔Node⇔Link⇔NodeWhere each Node represents a port on a network device and each Link represents a slice of bandwidth reserved for that connection. However, a node may participate in several different connections and any database that is created has to manage a complex graph of relationships. To route connections, diagnose problems, and balance loadings, the network management systems have to be capable of moving through this complex graph in real time.Office information systems (OIS) and multimedia systemsAn OIS database stores data relating to the computer control of information in a business, including electronic mail, documents, invoices, and so on. To provide better support for this area, we need to handle a wider range of data types other than names, addresses, dates, and money. Modern systems now handle free-form text, photographs, diagrams, and audio and video sequences. For example, a multimedia document may handle text, photographs, spreadsheets, and voice commentary. The documents may have a specific structure imposed on them, perhaps described using a mark-up language such as SGML (Standardized Generalized Markup Language), HTML (HyperText Markup Language), or XML (eXtended Markup Language), as we discuss in Chapter 29.Documents may be shared among many users using systems such as electronic mail and bulletin-boards based on Internet technology. Again ,such applications need to store data that has a much richer structure than tuples consisting of numbers and text strings. There is also an increasing need to capture handwritten notes using electronic devices. Although many notes can be transcribed into AS CⅡtext using handwriting analysis techniques, most such data cannot. In addition to words, handwritten data can include sketches, diagrams and so on.In the DreamHome case study, we may find the following requirements for handling multimedia.■Image data A client may query an image data base of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual description to identify images of desirable properties. In other cases it may3王刚:研究生部综合信息发布平台be useful for the client to query using graphical images of features that may be found in desirable properties (such as bay windows, internal cornicing, or roof gardens).■Video data A client may query a video database of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual description to identify the video images of desirable properties. In other cases it may be useful for the client to query using video features of the desired properties (such as views of the sea or surrounding hills).■Audio data A client may query an audio database that describes the features of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual description to identify the desired property. In other cases it may be useful for the client to use audio features of the desired properties (such as the noise level from nearby traffic).■Handwritten data A member of staff may create notes while carrying out inspections of properties for rent. At a later data, he or she may wish to query such data to find all notes made about a flat in Novar Drive with dry rot.Digital publishingThe publishing industry is likely to undergo profound changes in business practices over the next decade. It is becoming possible to store books, journals, papers, and articles electronically and deliver them over high-speed networks to consumers. As with office information systems, digital publishing is being extended to handle multimedia documents consisting of text, audio, image, and video data and animation. In some cases, the amount of information available to be put online is enormous, in the order of petabytes (1015 bytes), which would make them the largest databases that a DBMA has ever had to manage.Geographic information systems (GIS)A GIS database stores various types of spatial and temporal information, such as that used in land management and underwater exploration. Much of the data in these systems is derived from survey and satellite photographs, and tends to be very large. Searches may involve identifying features based, for example, on shape, color, or texture, using advanced pattern-recognition techniques.For example, EOS (Earth Observing System) is a collection of satellites launched by NASA in the 1990s to gather information that will support sci8entists concerned with long-term trends regarding the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land. It is anticipated that these satellites will return over one-third of a petabyte of information per year. This data will be integrated with other data42007届信息与计算科学毕业设计sources and will be stored in EOSDIS (EOS Data and Information System). EOSDIS will supply the information needs of both scientists and non-scientists. For example, schoolchildren will be able to access EOSDIS to see a simulation of world weather patterns. The immense size of this database and the need to support thousands of users with very heavy volumes of information requests will provide many challenges for DBMSs.Interactive and dynamic Web sites■Consider a Web site that has an online catalog for selling clothes. The Web site maintains a set of preferences for previous visitors to the site and allows a visitor to:■browse through thumbnail images of the items in the catalog and select one to obtain a full-size image with supporting details;■search for items that match a user-defined set of criteria;■obtain a 3D rendering of any item of clothing based on a customized specification (for example, color, size, fabric);■modify the rendering to account for movement, illumination, backdrop, occasion, and so on;■select accessories to go with the outfit, from items presented in a sidebar;■select a voiceover commentary giving additional details of the item;■view a running total of the bill, with appropriate discounts;■conclude the purchase through a secure online transaction.The requirements for this type of application are not that different from some of the above advanced applications: there is a need to handle multimedia content (text, audio, image, video data, and animation) and to interactively modify the display based on user preferences and user selections. As well as handling complex data, the site also has the added complexity o9f providing 3D rendering. It is argued that in such a situation the database is not just presenting information to the visitor but is actively engaged in selling, dynamically providing customized information and atmosphere to the visitor (King, 1997).As we discuss in Chapters 28 and 29, the Web now provides a relatively new paradigm for data management, and languages such as XML hold significant promise, particularly for the e-Commerce market. The Forrester Research Group is predicting that business-to-business transactions will rise by 99% annually and is expected to reach US$1.3 trillion by 2003. in addition, e-Commerce is expected to account for US$3.2 trillion in worldwide corporate revenue by 2003 and potentially represent 5% of sales in the global economy. As the use of the Internet5王刚:研究生部综合信息发布平台increases and the technology becomes more sophisticated, then we will see Web sites and business-to-business transactions handle much more complex and interrelated data.Other advanced database applications include:■Scientific and medical applications, which may store complex data representing systems such as molecular models for synthetic chemical compounds and genetic material.■Expert systems, which may store knowledge and rule bases for artificial intelligence (AI) applications.■Other applications with complex and interrelated objects and procedural data.原文摘自2004年出版的Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design Implementation and Management第580页62007届信息与计算科学毕业设计高级数据库应用20世纪90年代，计算机工业发生了巨大变化。
外文翻译
批判性观点相关的一个简短的分析。
杰克逊博士已经从阿普尔教授的所阐述的论文中提出一个相当不同的批判性的概念。
第二，我将对阿普尔教授论文和其可能的课程领域的建议作一些的评论。
在过去三十年中，公众和那些专业人士的教育批判已成为一个全国性的娱乐。
大部分批判都联系到国家利益、冷战、提高科学技术智能等概念。
当然，国外的民权运动促进了国内的民权运动。
在过去十年里，教育方面的公民权利问题也在不断的批判中得以发展。
这种批判大部分显得幼稚和新奇，它是基于一种纯自由的发展心理学、社会敏感性训练、抵制不清楚的权力和一种反文化的抵制观点的奇怪的混合体，。
这似乎表现了杰克逊所描述的那种批判观点的特征。
关于课程改革 (比如,支持开放性教室) ，更多谨慎的呼吁植根于在认知发展理论和儿童发展的观点之上的。
实质上，不论从由正统派改革者提出的最好著作思想的范围还是质量上讲，这些观点都有不足之处。
然而，这些正统改革派的有些教育见识颇有价值，但最终却被他们的实证逻辑和无能所限制，或者拒绝发展连续和批判类的分析作为教育各方面和与之相联系的社会结论的补充。
那些写了许多著作的社会学家、社会批判家和修正主义史学家，破坏了公立学校系统的完美神话(比如,学校是争取自由、平等和社会流动的纪念源头)。
在他们尖锐的批判下，学校的失败被认为是社会、政策，经济，和文化不可缺少的功能。
在这之中，教育批判可被看作一种新的影响，这种影响存在现批判性社会学，新马克思主义社会分析，存在现象学分析、哲学、心理学、社会学的发张之中。
现在需要的是全面的教育批判理论的发展，一种使得教育全面发展的理论。
教育理论是标准的，实践性的，社会性的，最多是反身的。
教育理论对某些特定的活动具有指导作用如向导一样,可以影响个人和社会名流。
在它的反身角色里,教育理论和政治与社会理论的密切联系，我们可以从这样一个事实看出来：人类本性概念和人的可能性、社会地位和知识的适当使用对他们那来说是普通的。
本科毕业生外文文献翻译
本科毕业生外文文献翻译本科毕业生外文文献翻译学生姓名：***指导教师：***所在学院：信息技术学院专业：通信工程中国·大庆2011 年 5 月[原文]Industrial Ethernet and Intelligent Building 1 Industrial Ethernet the background1.1 Unified field bus standards dashed, the temptation remainsIn 1984 the United States proceed to develop international standards field bus, a few years, the major companies for commercial interests, Field bus standards can not always uniform. Through multiple voting, consultation, in January 2000 announced that the field bus international standards IEC61158 will be eight bus (Prefabs, Interfuse, P-NET, World, etc.)at the same time as international standards (currently has 10 kinds), formed The outcome of a compromise.At the same time, major foreign companies have also launched its own standards, such as LONWORKS, CAN, Japan's Mitsubishi, France Schneider, the current number of bus standards at the same time the situation still exists, they say the openness and interoperability only At the same can be achieved under a bus standard, different standards between the bus is still limited. The interconnection between different bus and can not be guaranteed, so people in their efforts to seek a unified standard field bus, some people have proposed the use of TCP / IP protocol Ethernet.1.2 The demand for system integration（1）industrial automation control integrated enterprise information is China's national policy to create automation and information technology as an example: In the need to change the business processes of the same time, management informationsystems and e-commerce, decentralized network of manufacturers to be integrated, the existing enterprise resource ERP transformed intoWEB-based applications. The current single from the automation of industrial automation, factory automation, to the development of automation systems, the underlying message should be integrated into the upper information online in order to achieve the integration of control as shown in an integrated system.Modern production system for a multi-storey industrial control systems, generally fall into three tiers:• Equipment-testing equipment and connectivity implementing agencies;• Control of the data obtained from the scene equipment, complete the various control, monitoring operating parameters, alarm and historical trend analysis;• Information layer will control the data processing system after spread to the higher level managementnetwork (TCP / IP Ethernet), in order to achieve integrated management of its network structure 。
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译本科毕业论文外文文献翻译随着全球化的不断发展，人们对外文文献的需求也越来越高。
尤其是在本科毕业论文的撰写过程中，引用和翻译外文文献是不可或缺的一部分。
本文将探讨本科毕业论文外文文献翻译的重要性以及一些技巧和注意事项。
首先，翻译外文文献对于本科毕业论文的写作至关重要。
外文文献是学术研究中的重要参考资料，可以帮助我们了解国外学者在相关领域的研究成果和观点。
通过引用外文文献，我们可以对研究问题进行深入分析和论证，提高论文的学术价值和可信度。
然而，翻译外文文献并非易事。
首先，我们需要具备良好的外语水平，特别是对于所研究领域的专业术语要有一定的了解。
其次，在翻译过程中，我们需要保持准确性和一致性。
准确性是指翻译内容要忠实于原文，不失原意。
一致性是指在整个论文中使用相同的术语和翻译方法，避免混淆读者。
在翻译外文文献时，我们还要注意一些技巧和细节。
首先，我们可以使用在线翻译工具来辅助翻译，但不能完全依赖它们。
在线翻译工具通常会存在一些语法和词汇错误，需要我们进行修正和改进。
其次，我们可以参考一些翻译指南和词典，特别是针对所研究领域的专业词汇。
这些资源可以帮助我们更准确地理解和翻译外文文献。
此外，我们还需要注意一些常见的翻译错误。
首先是直译错误，即直接将外文句子逐字逐句地翻译成中文，忽略了语言和文化的差异。
这样的翻译通常会造成中文表达不通顺和不自然的问题。
其次是漏译和误译，即在翻译过程中遗漏了一些重要信息或者错误地理解了原文的意思。
这些错误会导致我们对外文文献的理解和引用出现偏差。
在翻译外文文献的过程中，我们还应该注重文化因素的考虑。
不同的语言和文化背景下，同一概念可能有不同的表达方式。
因此，我们需要在翻译过程中充分考虑到文化差异，避免产生歧义和误解。
最后，我们还需要在引用外文文献时遵守学术道德和规范。
我们应该正确标注引用文献的来源和作者，避免抄袭和侵权行为。
同时，我们还应该遵循学术规范，不对外文文献进行删减、修改或者歪曲，保持原文的完整性和准确性。
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浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China
政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响
1摘要
中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等。
这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响。
结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译
2.1引言
在商业界，有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联
1
能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素的作用。
中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要，尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率。
一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面，中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？
这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系，并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义
这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低，资金一般由较少的人提供，因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
根据2002年6月29日的第十九届关于国际人民代表待会常务委员会，“中华人民共和国中小型企业振兴法”的精神，在2003年2月19日，已经发行“中小型企业标准的印刷和分配的暂行规定通知”对主要部门的中小型规模的企业标准做出了明确规定。
这种标准是根据企业的目标、员工数量、规
模空间、总资产、工会成员特色等来制定的。
根据该通知的规定，不同专业的中小型企业应该根据以下的标准来区别：
1、工业型中小型企业需要满足以下条件：员工及工人人数要小于2000人，或者销售额小于300万人民币，或者总资产小于400万人民币。
2、建筑业的中小型企业需要满足以下条件：员工及工人的总人数小于3000人，或者销售额小于300万人民币，或则总资产小于400万人民币。
3、零售业的中小型企业需要满足以下条件：员工或者工人总人数小于500人，销售额小于150万人民币批发型的中小企业需要满足以下条件：雇员及员工小于200人，销售额小于300万人民。
4、交通运输、邮政服务的中小型企业需要满足以下条件：雇员及工人的人数少于3000人，销售额小于300万人民币。
5、住宿及餐饮的中小型企业需要满足以下条件：雇员及工人数目小于800人，且销售额小于150万人民币。
2.3制度背景
在过去25年的时间里，中小型企业已经发展起来。
这种制度上的细节能够帮助我们理解政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
尽管1978年以后，中小型企业发展的速度上升，但是他们也遭受了政治和社会的歧视。
甚至在1990年后期，中小型企业在意识形态上仍然被认为是一种低级的所有权组成方式，尽管有正式的法律规定中小型企业的合法性，总体政治环境却对中小型企业是敌对的。
中小型企业不得不解决在公众和政府官员的敌视及社会的偏见。
在中国的中小型企业不仅经历政治和社会歧视，也要处理不利的经济环境。
3
政府仍然控制大部分的资源，同时国有企业仍然在取得银行贷款和其他方面享受优先待遇。
中小型企业常遭受政府官员的任意支配，并且商业和财产法也并不能执行。
甚至在今天，除了有2004年的关于保护中小型企业财产的宪法，政党仍然尝试创造公平的市场条件，从而使得中小型企业可以与其他所有权形式的企业相竞争。
有理由相信在中小型企业相与其他形式企业一样获得平等的地位需要很长的时间。
和党派及政府的联系提供了“下海”企业家相比其他没有这些联系的中小企业有更有利的优势。
这种优势包括能够更好地获得党派和政府控制的关键资源，比如商业经营许可证，银行贷款，土地以及受政府控制的政策，比如税收福利，各种费用等。
成为一名党员以及了解更多的其他党派成员和政府官员，也能够创造更高的政治地位，比如成为一名人民代表大会代表，通过党派和政府的联系可以不断进一步加强。
有党派成员的中小型企业更可能成为人大代表。
2.4文献回顾
尽管关于在企业的政治联系的确立已经研究了很多年，但是，只有最近的研究能够吸引注意力。
并且这些研究政治关联对企业价值重要性的文献意义却相对较小。
Fisman 和Parsle证明了这种政治关联对企业价值的影响在法律系统薄弱的国家。
Fisman 观察了在印尼与苏哈托家族关联的企业并且表明这些企业随着苏哈托领导人的身体健康恶化的通知而失去价值。
Faccio研究国家间的政治关联以及表明那些高贪污和法律薄弱的国家中企业的政治关联最多。
她进一步研究表明这些企业当他们的主管参与政治时价值提高。
最后，她表明一种关于政治关
联创造价值的直接方式是证明政治关联的企业更有可能被政府部门保护。
政治关联也影响具有较好发展的金融环境及法律系统较强的国家的企业价值。
Jayachandran考虑了参议员Jim Jeffords 从共和党到民主党的离开。
她知道这种事件导致了企业对共和党捐赠的减少。
罗伯茨提供了确凿的微观证据指出政府关联的价值。
在参议院哈利杰克逊去世后，他调查了与此相关的企业的股票价格，并且发现有明显的下降。
同时，与参议员继承者相关的企业股价上升。
这种表面政治关联事实上有可能在发展良好的金融市场中影响企业的价值。
但是，这要这些政治联系的边际收益超过边际成本，这种企业价值就能被强化。
Knight只在一家工厂里调查了捐赠情况，表明向社会捐赠更多的制造企业能够有更积极的股价回报。
刘提供的证据表明在八十年代的中国，政治关联在金钱和非金钱上都存在实质性的影响。
而且Morduch和Sicular 发现90年代在中国，政党成员或者是地方政府都会考虑政府租金。
李发现在中国的私人企业从事政治能够解决某些制度上的困难。
2.5研究假设
H1: 政治关联对中国的中小型企业价值具有正面的影响。
H2: 政治关联的强度影响中国中小企业的价值。
2.6数据和样本
在2005年，中国遭受了股份不可贸易的改革。
从2002年开始，中国证券管理委员会要求列举的企业提供董事的背景信息。
所以我们所采用的样本是从2006年到2008年深圳证券交易所的数据。
我们去除了如下一些条件的企业。
B
5
股和H股的企业。
这些面临双倍管理环境的企业，以及这些缺少年终股票数据的不同企业。
还有价值过高的样本。
最终，我们搜集到了2006年的50个样本，2007年的50个样本，以及2008年的50个阳样本。
这些列举的私有企业的总监和董事会成员的背景信息，股票市场及财政数据又商业数据库提供。
这些中小型企业的政治关联是在研究数据上手工搜集而成。
2.7结论
我们检查政治关联与中小型企业价值之间的联系，并且发现中小型企业趋向于建立政治关联。
政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值具有负面的影响。
在中国，政治关联的强度影响中小型企业的价值。
越强的联系并没有带来更好的企业价值。