美国统计年鉴2012contents
2012年统计年鉴核算主要统计指标解释
主要统计指标解释国民总收入（GNI）即国民生产总值，指一个国家(或地区)所有常住单位在一定时期内收入初次分配的最终结果。
一国常住单位从事生产活动所创造的增加值在初次分配中主要分配给该国的常住单位，但也有一部分以生产税及进口税(扣除生产和进口补贴)、劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给非常住单位；同时，国外生产所创造的增加值也有一部分以生产税及进口税(扣除生产和进口补贴)、劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给该国的常住单位，从而产生了国民总收入的概念。
它等于国内生产总值加上来自国外的净要素收入。
与国内生产总值不同，国民总收入是个收入概念，而国内生产总值是个生产概念。
国内生产总值(GDP) 指按市场价格计算的一个国家(或地区)所有常住单位在一定时期内生产活动的最终成果。
国内生产总值有三种表现形态，即价值形态、收入形态和产品形态。
从价值形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内生产的全部货物和服务价值超过同期中间投入的全部非固定资产货物和服务价值的差额，即所有常住单位的增加值之和；从收入形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内创造并分配给常住单位和非常住单位的初次收入分配之和；从产品形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内最终使用的货物和服务价值与货物和服务净出口价值之和。
在实际核算中，国内生产总值有三种计算方法，即生产法、收入法和支出法。
三种方法分别从不同的方面反映国内生产总值及其构成。
一个地区（省、市、县）在使用此指标时统一称地区或某省（市、县）生产总值。
三次产业是根据社会生产活动历史发展的顺序对产业结构的划分，产品直接取自自然界的部门称为第一产业，对初级产品进行再加工的部门称为第二产业，为生产和消费提供各种服务的部门称为第三产业。
它是世界上较为通用的产业结构分类，但各国的划分不尽一致。
我国的三次产业划分是：第一产业：农业(包括种植业、林业、牧业、渔业和农林牧渔服务业)。
第二产业：工业(包括采掘业，制造业，电力、煤气及水的生产和供应业)和建筑业。
科技
Section 16 Science and TechnologyThis section presents statistics on scientific, engineering, and technological resources, with emphasis on patterns of research and development (R&D) funding and on scientific, engineering, and techni-cal personnel; education; and employment. The National Science Foundation (NSF) gathers data chiefly through recurring surveys. Current NSF publications containing data on funds for research and development and on scientific and engi-neering personnel include detailed statisti-cal tables; info briefs; and annual, biennial, and special reports, see <http://www.nsf .gov/statistics>. Titles or the areas of coverage of these reports include the fol-lowing: Science and Engineering Indica-tors; National Patterns of R&D Resources; Women, Minorities, and Persons with Dis-abilities in Science and Engineering, Fed-eral Funds for Research and Development; Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function; Federal Support to Universities, Col-leges, and Selected Nonprofit Institutions; Research and Development in Industry;R&D expenditures and graduate enrollment and support in academic science and engineering; and characteristics of doctoral scientists and engineers and of recent graduates in the United States. Statistical surveys in these areas pose problems of concept and definition and the data should therefore be regarded as broad estimates rather than precise, quantitative state-ments. See sources for methodological and technical details.The National Science Board’s biennial Science and Engineering Indicators at</statistics/seind10/> contains data and analysis of international and domestic science and technology, including measures of inputs and outputs. Research and development outlays—NSF defines research as ‘‘systematicstudy directed toward fuller scientific knowledge of the subject studied’’ and development as ‘‘the systematic use of scientific knowledge directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes.’’National coverage of R&D expenditures is developed primarily from periodic surveys in four principal economic sectors: (1) Government, made up primarily of federal executive agencies; (2) Industry, consisting of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms and the federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) they administer; (3) Universities and colleges, composed of universities, colleges, and their affiliated institutions, agricultural experiment stations, and associated schools of agriculture and of medicine, and FFRDCs administered by educational institutions; and (4) Other nonprofit institu-tions, consisting of such organizations as private philanthropic foundations, nonprofit research institutes, voluntary health agencies, and FFRDCs administered by nonprofit organizations.The R&D funds reported consist of current operating costs, including planning and administration costs, except as otherwise noted. They exclude funds for routine testing, mapping and surveying, collection of general purpose data, disseminationof scientific information, and training of scientific personnel.Scientists, engineers, and technicians—Scientists and engi-neers are defined as persons engagedin scientific and engineering work ata level requiring a knowledge of sci-ences equivalent at least to that acquired through completion of a 4-year college course. Technicians are defined as per-sons engaged in technical work at a level requiring knowledge acquired through a technical institute, junior college, or other type of training less extensive than 4-year college training. Craftsmen and skilled workers are excluded.Science and Technology 519U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011Table 793. Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1980 to 2008[In millions of dollars (63,224 represents $63,224,000,000), except as indicated]Y earTotalSources of funds Objective (percent of total) Character of work Federalgovern-ment IndustryUniversi-ties\collegesNon-profitNon-federalgovern-ment 1Defenserelated 2Spacerelated 3OtherBasicresearchAppliedresearchDevelop-ment1980. . . . .63,22429,98630,92992087151924.3 5.370.48,74513,71440,765 1981. . . . .72,29233,73935,9481,05896758124.4 5.270.49,65816,32946,305 1982. . . . .80,74837,13340,6921,2071,09562126.1 4.969.010,65118,21851,879 1983. . . . .89,95041,45145,2641,3571,22065827.7 4.268.111,88020,29857,771 1984. . . . .102,24446,47052,1871,5141,35172128.7 3.068.313,33222,45166,461 1985. . . . .114,67152,64157,9621,7431,49183429.9 3.167.014,74825,40174,522 1986. . . . .120,24954,62260,9912,0191,64796931.4 3.065.617,15427,24075,855 1987. . . . .126,36058,60962,5762,2621,8491,06531.7 3.265.118,48127,95179,929 1988. . . . .133,88160,13167,9772,5272,0811,16530.2 3.566.319,78729,52884,567 1989. . . . .141,89160,46674,9662,8522,3331,27427.6 3.968.521,89132,27787,723 1990. . . . .151,99361,61083,2083,1872,5891,39925.1 4.370.623,02934,89794,067 1991. . . . .160,87660,78392,3003,4582,8521,48322.4 4.573.127,14038,63195,105 1992. . . . .165,35060,91596,2293,5693,1131,52521.6 4.374.127,60437,93699,811 1993. . . . .165,73060,52896,5493,7093,3881,55721.2 4.474.428,74337,28399,705 1994. . . . .169,20760,77799,2043,9383,6651,62319.7 4.575.829,65136,618102,938 1995. . . . .183,62562,969110,8714,1103,9251,75118.6 4.576.929,61040,936113,079 1996. . . . .197,34663,394123,4174,4364,2391,86117.6 4.178.332,79943,170121,377 1997. . . . .212,15264,574136,2284,8384,5901,92216.7 4.179.236,92146,554128,677 1998. . . . .226,40266,383147,8465,1635,0381,97215.8 3.880.435,34146,348144,712 1999. . . . .244,92267,055164,6605,6195,4892,09814.6 3.282.238,88752,006154,029 2000. . . . .267,29866,417186,1366,2326,2672,24713.4 2.384.342,66756,826167,805 2001. . . . .277,36672,836188,4406,8276,8672,39714.0 2.483.647,61764,583165,167 2002. . . . .276,02277,710180,7117,3447,7002,55715.6 2.482.051,17450,814174,034 2003. . . . .288,32483,618186,1747,6508,1402,74216.5 2.381.254,37561,563172,386 2004. . . . .299,20188,766191,3767,9378,2392,88317.2 2.180.755,86870,095173,238 2005. . . . .322,10493,817207,8268,5798,9602,92217.1 2.080.959,46270,215192,427 2006. . . . .347,04898,038227,2549,3079,4293,02116.8 1.881.461,03876,428209,582 2007. . . . .372,535101,772246,9279,99310,5933,24916.2 1.582.365,98883,214223,333 2008 4 ...397,629103,709267,84710,60012,0203,45315.3 1.483.369,14688,591239,8911 Nonfederal R&D expenditures to university and college performers.2 R&D spending by the Department of Defense, includ-ing space activities, and a portion of the Department of Energy funds.3 For the National Aeronautics and Space Administration only.4 Preliminary.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources, NSF 10-314, 2010. See also</statistics/nsf10314/>.Table 794. National Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures as a Percent of Gross Domestic Product by Country: 1990 to 2008Y ear UnitedStates Japan 1 Germany 2 FranceUnitedKingdom Italy CanadaSouthKoreaOECDtotal 3Russia 4China 51990. . . . 2.65 2.81 2.61 2.32 2.14 1.25 1.51(NA) 2.25 2.03(NA) 1995. . . . 2.51 2.71 2.19 2.29 1.940.97 1.70 2.27 2.060.850.57 2000. . . . 2.75 3.04 2.45 2.15 1.85 1.05 1.91 2.30 2.21 1.050.90 2001. . . . 2.76 3.12 2.46 2.20 1.82 1.09 2.09 2.47 2.25 1.180.95 2002. . . . 2.66 3.17 2.49 2.23 1.82 1.13 2.04 2.40 2.22 1.25 1.07 2003. . . . 2.66 3.20 2.52 2.17 1.78 1.11 2.03 2.49 2.22 1.28 1.13 2004. . . . 2.54 3.17 2.49 2.15 1.69 1.10 2.08 2.68 2.17 1.15 1.23 2005. . . . 2.57 3.32 2.49 2.10 1.73 1.09 2.05 2.79 2.21 1.07 1.34 2006. . . . 2.61 3.41 2.53 2.10 1.76 1.13 1.97 3.01 2.24 1.07 1.42 2007. . . . 2.66 3.44 2.53 2.04 1.82 1.18 1.90 3.21 2.28 1.12 1.44 2008. . . . 2.77(NA)(NA) 2.02 1.88 1.18 1.84(NA)(NA) 1.04(NA) NA Not available. 1 Data on Japanese research and development after 1995 may not be consistent with data in earlier years because of changes in methodology. 2 Data for 1990 are for West Germany only. 3 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 4 As of May 16, 2007 Russia is an OECD accession candidate country. 5 As of 2007 China is an OECD enhanced engagement country.Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and T echnology Indicators,2009/2nd edition (copyright). See also </>.520 Science and TechnologyU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011Science and Technology 521U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011T a b l e 795. P e r f o r m a n c e S e c t o r o f R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t (R &D ) E x p e n d i t u r e s : 2000 t o 2008[I n m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s (267,298 r e p r e s e n t s $267,298,000,000). F o r c a l e n d a r y e a r . F F R D C s a r e f e d e r a l l y f u n d e d r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t c e n t e r s ]Y e a rT o t a lF e d e r a l g o v e r n -m e n tI n d u s t r y I n d u s t r y F F R D C ’sU n i v e r s i t i e s a n d c o l l e g e s U n i v e r s i t y & c o l l e g e F F R D C s 3O t h e r n o n p r o fi t i n s t i t u t i o n s T o t a lF u n d e d b y —T o t a l F u n d e d b y —T o t a l F u n d e d b y —F e d e r a l g o v e r n -m e n t I n d u s t r y 1F e d e r a l g o v e r n -m e n t N o n -f e d e r a l g o v e r n -m e n t 2I n d u s t r y U n i v e r s i -t i e s &c o l l e g e sN o n -p r o fi t s F e d e r a l g o v e r n -m e n t I n d u s t r yN o n -p r o fi t sR E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T T O T A L 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267,29817,917199,96117,117182,8442,00130,70517,7272,2472,1746,2322,3265,7429,5064,4471,1183,9412004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299,20122,844208,30120,266188,0352,48543,12827,1732,8832,1907,9372,9467,65912,1405,6951,1515,2942005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322,10424,470226,15921,909204,2502,60145,19728,2602,9222,3238,5793,1137,81713,0325,9321,2535,8462006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347,04825,556247,66924,304223,3653,12246,98328,8153,0212,5159,3073,3257,30613,4695,9921,3746,1032007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372,53525,858269,26726,585242,6825,16549,02129,3283,2492,7489,9933,7035,56714,3415,9541,4976,8902008 4 .............397,62927,000289,10525,795263,3106,33751,16330,1773,4532,90810,6004,0244,71715,6065,9821,6297,995B A S IC R E S E A R C H 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42,6673,7657,0409256,11554722,91713,9661,5501,4994,2981,6042,8744,9082,0996212,1882004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55,8684,6977,8351,0726,76317531,99421,1541,9581,4885,3922,0023,7306,3662,7886392,9392005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59,4624,7708,6671,1087,55913634,04422,1982,0431,6256,0002,1773,8206,8442,9036963,2462006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61,0384,7168,3841,4446,94065235,70022,7362,1551,7956,6412,3733,3447,0012,8497633,3892007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65,9884,60011,2682,7808,4882,25837,32323,0702,3511,9897,2332,6801,7247,4662,8098313,8262008 4 .............69,1464,73411,9072,6979,2092,39038,82223,6082,5032,1087,6852,9181,6348,2292,8859044,439A P P L I E D R E S E A R C H 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56,8266,10539,1762,68236,4942696,6173,3155725531,5855921,3293,1131,8312839992004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70,0957,45545,4324,77540,6571,5099,3355,1407595762,0877741,9204,0812,4482921,3422005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70,2157,55745,2845,28939,9951,4929,3335,1587215732,1147681,9124,2312,4323181,4822006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76,4287,43551,1736,14045,0331,3319,5575,2907105902,1867811,8744,4872,5923481,5472007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83,2147,30357,5708,94548,6251,16810,0035,5427366232,2648391,3544,7222,5963791,7462008 4 .............88,5917,57361,4378,67952,7581,99810,5565,8247796562,3909087134,9852,5464132,026D E V E L O P M E N T 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167,8058,047153,74513,510140,2351,1851,1724471251213481301,5391,4855172147542004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173,23810,692155,03414,419140,6158011,7998781671264581702,0081,6924592201,0132005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192,42712,142172,20815,512156,6969741,8209041581264641692,0851,9575982401,1192006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209,58213,406188,11216,720171,3921,1391,7267891561304801712,0881,9815512631,1682007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223,33313,955200,42914,860185,5691,7381,6957161621374971842,4882,1545492861,3182008 4 .............239,89114,693215,76114,419201,3421,9491,7857461711445251992,3702,3925513121,5301 I n c l u d e s a l l n o n f e d e r a l s o u r c e s o f i n d u s t r y R &D e x p e n d i t u r e s .2 I n c l u d e s a l l n o n f e d e r a l s o u r c e s .3 I n c l u d e s a l l R &D e x p e n d i t u r e s o f F F R D C s a d m i n i s t e r e d b y a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f u n d e d b y t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t .4 P r e l i m i n a r y . S o u r c e : N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n , d a t a d e r i v e d f r o m : R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t i n I n d u s t r y , a n n u a l ; A c a d e m i c R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t E x p e n d i t u r e s , a n n u a l ; a n d F e d e r a l F u n d s F o r R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t , a n n u a l. S e e a l s o <h t t p ://w w w .n s f .g o v /s t a t i s t i c s /n s f 10314/>.522 Science and TechnologyU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011Table 796. Federal Obligations for Research in Current and Constant (2000) Dollars by Field of Science: 2005 to 2009[In millions of dollars (53,738 represents $53,738,000,000). For years ending September 30. Excludes R&D plant]Field of scienceCurrent dollarsConstant (2000) dollars 1200520072008,prel.2009, prel.200520072008,prel.2009, prel. Research, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53,73854,09455,09754,80147,68245,24845,21344,081Basic ............................27,14026,86627,55928,53624,08222,47222,61522,954Applied ...........................26,59827,22827,53826,26523,60122,77522,59821,127Life sciences ......................28,12829,46429,67529,29924,95824,64524,35123,567Psychology .......................1,8921,8381,8611,8531,6791,5371,5271,490Physical sciences ..................5,4945,1365,2495,5934,8754,2964,3084,499Environmental sciences ..............3,5033,1713,3153,3523,1082,6522,7202,697Mathematics and computer sciences ...2,9832,9463,2853,3332,6472,4642,6962,681Engineering .......................8,5538,9909,3538,9077,5897,5207,6767,164Social sciences ....................1,0971,1471,0711,123973960879903Other sciences, n.e.c. 2 ..............2,0891,4031,2871,3411,8541,1741,0561,0791 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.2 Not elsewhere classified.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development , NSF 09-320, 2009. See also </statistics/fedfunds/>.Table 797. Federal Budget Authority for Research and Development (R&D) in Current and Constant (2000) Dollars by Selected Budget Functions: 2005 to 2009[In millions of dollars (126,601 represents $126,601,000,000). For year ending September 30. Excludes R&D plant. Represents budget authority. Functions shown are those for which $1 billion or more was authorized since 2001]FunctionCurrent dollarsConstant (2000) dollars 12005200720082009, prel. 22005200720082009, prel. 2 Total 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126,601138,087140,113157,213112,335115,506114,979126,458National defense ...............74,04782,27284,71385,59565,70368,81869,51768,851Health .......................28,82429,46129,06339,82625,57624,64323,84932,035Space research and technology ...7,3009,0248,3238,6296,4777,5486,8306,941Energy .......................1,2961,8931,8962,9211,1501,5831,5562,350General science ................6,5707,8098,23411,6345,8306,5326,7579,358Natural resources and environment 2,1681,9362,1062,2931,9241,6191,7281,844T ransportation .................1,8471,3611,3941,5621,6391,1381,1441,256Agriculture ....................1,8201,8571,8641,9271,6151,5531,5301,5501 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.2 Includes ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) funds. 3Includes other functions, not shown separately.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function , NSF 10-317, 2010. See also </statistics/nsf10317/>.Table 798. Federal Research and Development (R&D) by Federal Agency: Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 and 2009[In millions of dollars (144,456 represents $144,456,000,000). For years ending September 30. R&D refers to actual research and development activities as well as R&D facilities. R&D facilities (also known as R&D plants) includes construction, repair, or alteration of physical plant used in the conduct of R&D. Based on Office of Management and Budget data]Federal agency20082009Federal agency 20082009 Total research and development . . .144,456145,605Defense R&D ......................85,12985,309Department of Veterans Affairs .......886943Nondefense R&D ...................59,32660,297Department of Homeland Security ....9951,096Department of T ransportation ........875925Department of Defense ..............81,16681,484Department of Interior ..............683702 Science and technology ............13,04513,967 U.S. Geological Survey ............586615 All other Department of Defense R&D. .68,12267,517Environmental Protection Agency .....548563Health and Human Services ..........29,25031,058Department of Education ............313312 National Institute of Health ..........28,53229,752Smithsonian ......................194216 All other Health and Human Services R&D ...........................7181,306International Assistance Programs ....152152Department of Housing and Urban Development ....................5058Department of Energy ...............9,76910,301 Atomic Energy Defense .............3,9633,825Department of State ...............103103 Office of Science ..................3,8074,372Nuclear Regulatory Commission ......71101 Energy R&D ......................1,9992,104Department of Justice ..............8194NASA ............................11,1838,788Social Security Administration ........2735National Science Foundation ..........4,5064,767U.S. Postal Service ................4343Department of Agriculture ............2,3322,437T ennessee Valley Authority ..........2018Department of Commerce ............1,1881,389Army Corps of Engineers ...........1111 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ...................633785T elecommunications Development Agency .........................56 National Institute of Standards and Technology ......................498553Department of Labor (4)4Source: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), AAAS Report XXXIV Research and Development FY 2010, annual (copyright). See also </spp/rd/rdreport2010/>.Table 799. Research and Development (R&D) Funds in R&D-Performing Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Companies by Industry: 2005 to 2007Industry NAICS 1codeT otal R&D funds as apercent of net salesCompany R&D funds asa percent of net sales200520062007200520062007All industries, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(X) 3 .7 3 .7 3 .8 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 All manufacturing industries, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(X) 4 .0 4 .0 4 .1 3 .6 3 .6 3 .7 Food ..............................................3110.70.7(D)0.70.70.7 Paper, printing, and support activities .....................322, 323(D)(D)(D) 1.5 1.2 1.3 Petroleum and coal products ............................324(D)0.3(D)0.40.30.3 Chemicals ..........................................325 6.97.6(D) 6.97.57.9 Plastic and rubber products .............................326 2.0 2.0(D) 1.9 1.9 1.5 Nonmetallic mineral products ...........................327 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 Primary metals ......................................3310.60.50.60.50.50.6 Fabricated metal products ..............................3320.8 1.4 1.70.8 1.4 1.6 Machinery ..........................................333 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and controlinstruments ........................................334512.813.110.27.07.5 6.1 Electrical equipment, appliances, and components ..........335 2.4 2.6 3.1 2.3 2.5 3.0 T ransportation equipment ..............................336(D)(D)(D) 3.0 2.9 3.1 Motor vehicles, trailers, and parts .......................3361–3363(D)(D)(D) 2.5 2.4 2.4 Aerospace products and parts .........................3364 6.6 6.77.0 4.8 4.9 5.1 All nonmanufacturing industries, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(X) 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 Information ..........................................51 5.4 5.3(D) 5.3 5.2 5.1 Internet service and data processing providers .............5189.19.6(D)8.79.49.6 Software publishing ...................................511221.9(D)(D)21.919.919.6 Professional, scientific, and technical services ..............5412.29.511.710.07.69.5 Architectural, engineering, and related services ............54139.414.412.0 4.910.78.1 Computer systems design and related services ............541510.0 5.37.09.6 4.9 6.6 Scientific R&D services ...............................541735.635.142.027.424.230.0D Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of information pertaining to a specific organization or individual. X Not applicable.1 North American Industry Classification System 1997 (NAICS); see text, Section 15.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry, annual. See also </statistics/>.Table 800. Funds for Performance of Industrial Research and Development (R&D) by Source of Funds and Selected Industries: 2004 to 2007[In millions of dollars (208,301 represents $208,301,000,000). For calendar years. Covers basic research, applied research, and development. Based on the Survey of Industry Research and Development.Industry NAICS 1code2004200520062007CURRENT DOLLARSTotal funds 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(X)208,301226,159247,669269,267 Company and other funds ..................................(X)188,035204,250223,365242,682 Federal funds ............................................(X)20,26621,90924,30426,585 Petroleum and coal products ..................................3241,603(D)1,432(D) Chemicals and allied products .................................325(D)42,99546,329(D) Pharmaceuticals and medicines ..............................325431,47734,83938,901(D) Machinery ................................................3336,5798,5319,8489,865 Computer and electronic products ..............................33448,296(D)56,77358,599 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ....334515,21415,20418,30020,438 Electrical equipment, appliances, and components ................3352,6642,4242,281(D) Motor vehicles, trailers, and parts ..............................3361–336315,677(D)(D)(D) Aerospace products and parts ................................336413,08615,05516,36718,436 Information ................................................5122,59323,83626,883(D) Professional, scientific, and technical services ....................5428,70932,02138,04940,533 Computer systems design and related services ..................541511,57513,59214,84114,407 Scientific R&D services .....................................541711,35512,29914,52516,849 CONST ANT (2000) DOLLARS 3Total funds 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(X)190,351200,088212,271224,732 Company and other funds ..................................(X)171,831180,704191,440202,544 Federal funds ............................................(X)18,52019,38320,83022,188 Petroleum and coal products ..................................3241,465(D)1,227(D) Chemicals ................................................325(D)38,03939,707(D) Pharmaceuticals and medicines ..............................325428,76530,82333,341(D) Machinery ................................................3336,0127,5488,4408,233 Computer and electronic products ..............................33444,134(D)48,65948,907 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ....334513,90313,45115,68417,058 Electrical equipment, appliances, and components ................3352,4342,1451,955(D) Motor vehicles, trailers, and parts ..............................3361–336314,326(D)(D)(D) Aerospace products and parts ................................336411,95813,31914,02815,387 Information ................................................5120,64621,08823,041(D) Professional, scientific, and technical services ....................5426,23528,33032,61133,829 Computer systems design and related services ..................541510,57812,02512,72012,024 Scientific R&D services .....................................541710,37610,88112,44914,062D Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of information pertaining to a specific organization or individual. X Not applicable.1 1997 North American Industry Classification System; see text, Section 15.2 Includes other industries not shown separately.3 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry, annual. See also </statistics/>.Science and Technology 523 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011Table 801. Academic and Industrial Research and Development (R&D) Performed by State: 2007[In millions of dollars (49,021 represents 49,021,000,000). For definition of Research and Development, see text, this section]State AcademicR&D(mil. dol.)AcademicR&D per$1,000 ofstate GDPIndustry-performedR&D(mil. dol.)IndustryR&D per$1,000 ofstate GDPStateAcademicR&D(mil. dol.)AcademicR&D per$1,000 ofstate GDPIndustry-performedR&D(mil. dol.)IndustryR&D per$1,000 ofstate GDPU .S .1 . . . . .49,021 3 .55269,26719 .50MO .......941 4.112,73611.95 AL ........655 3.981,7712 10.76MT .......179 5.22134 3.91 AK ........160 3.5658 1.29NE .......365 4.54489 6.09 AZ ........783 3.183,84615.64NV .......192 1.48567 4.38 AR ........240 2.52339 3.56NH .......307 5.311,8143 31.37 CA ........6,734 3.7464,18735.62NJ .......865 1.8817,89238.79 CO ........873 3.705,22322.15NM .......410 5.455687.55 CT ........691 3.269,44444.49NY .......3,964 3.5910,9169.88 DE ........126 2.051,47223.92NC .......1,885 4.836,82917.49 DC ........333 3.60379 4.10ND .......169 5.93126 4.42 FL ........1,558 2.104,569 6.16OH .......1,807 3.917,26515.71 GA ........1,389 3.552,7887.13OK .......299 2.19527 3.86 HI .........274 4.42218 3.52OR .......575 3.633,6293 22.92 ID .........114 2.1972613.93PA .......2,438 4.5710,38719.48 IL .........1,867 3.0211,36218.40RI ........230 4.934118.80 IN .........894 3.594,93919.82SC .......569 3.751,4269.40 IA .........587 4.521,2029.25SD .......82 2.33132 3.75 KS ........376 3.211,30411.15TN .......761 3.101,638 6.68 KY ........503 3.31890 5.85TX .......3,417 2.9813,88912.09 LA ........604 2.913732 1.80UT .......415 3.931,76416.71 ME ........137 2.85265 5.52VT .......115 4.6741316.77 MD ........2,5429.613,66513.86VA .......971 2.534,84012.60 MA ........2,172 6.1719,48855.34WA .......981 3.1612,68740.89 MI .........1,510 3.9715,73641.42WV .......167 2.89233 4.03 MN ........637 2.526,63626.28WI .......1,067 4.573,41114.61 MS ........411 4.69279 3.18WY .......80 2.54372 1.171 National totals for calendar year 2007. Includes $3.3 billion of industrial R&D expenditures that year that could not be allocated to specific states.2 Estimated, more than 50 percent of the industrial R&D value is imputed due to raking of state data.3 More than 50 percent of the industrial R&D value is imputed.Source: National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources, NSF-10-314, 2010. See also <http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10314/>.Table 802. Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures in Science and Engineering at Universities and Colleges in Current and Constant (2000) Dollars: 2000 to 2008[In millions of dollars (30,084 represents $30,084,000,000). T otals may not add due to rounding]CharacteristicCurrent dollars Constant (2000) dollars 1 20002005200720082000200520072008Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30,08445,79949,55451,90930,08440,63841,39542,354 Basic research 2...............22,54734,36837,84239,40822,54730,49531,61132,154 Applied R&D 2 ................7,53711,43211,71212,5017,53710,1449,78410,200 Source of funds:Federal government ...........17,54829,20930,45831,23117,54825,91725,44325,482 State and local government .....2,2002,9403,1433,4182,2002,6092,6262,789 Institutions’ own funds .........5,9258,2669,74810,4355,9257,3358,1438,514 Industry ....................2,1562,2912,6802,8702,1562,0332,2392,342 Other ......................2,2553,0933,5253,9542,2552,7442,9453,226 Fields:Physical sciences ............2,7133,7043,8593,9332,7133,2873,2243,209 Environmental sciences ........1,7662,5552,7242,8001,7662,2672,2752,285 Mathematical sciences .. (342495573621342439479507)Computer sciences ...........8771,4061,4211,4688771,2481,1871,198 Life sciences ................17,47127,60529,83831,21517,47124,49424,92525,469 Psychology .. (517826872929517733728758)Social sciences ..............1,3001,6851,7981,9401,3001,4951,5021,583 Other sciences (5437789431046543690788853)Engineering .................4,5576,7467,5257,9574,5575,9866,2866,4921 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator (updated March 2009).2 Basic research and applied R&D statistics were re-estimated for FY1998 and forward. These data are not directly comparable to those from earlier years.Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, annual. See also </statistics/srvyrdexpenditures/>.524 Science and TechnologyU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011。
美国全面经济统计数据1969-2010
Table Of ContentsSection 1 - Domestic Product and IncomeCode Title10101Table 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product10102Table 1.1.2. Contributions to Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product10103Table 1.1.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Quantity Indexes10104Table 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product10105Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic Product10106Table 1.1.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained Dollars10106C Table 1.1.6C. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained (1972) Dollars10106D Table 1.1.6D. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained (1987) Dollars10107Table 1.1.7. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Prices for Gross Domestic Product10108Table 1.1.8. Contributions to Percent Change in the Gross Domestic Product Price Index10109Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product10110Table 1.1.10. Percentage Shares of Gross Domestic Product10111Table 1.1.11. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Quarter One Year Ago10201Table 1.2.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product by Major Type 10202Table 1.2.2. Contributions to Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product by Major Type of Pro 10203Table 1.2.3. Real Gross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product, Quantity Indexes10204Table 1.2.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product10205Table 1.2.5. Gross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product10206Table 1.2.6. Real Gross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product, Chained Dollars10301Table 1.3.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Value Added by Sector10303Table 1.3.3. Real Gross Value Added by Sector, Quantity Indexes10304Table 1.3.4. Price Indexes for Gross Value Added by Sector10305Table 1.3.5. Gross Value Added by Sector10306Table 1.3.6. Real Gross Value Added by Sector, Chained Dollars10401Table 1.4.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross D 10403Table 1.4.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross Domestic Purchases, and Real Final Sales to 10404Table 1.4.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Purchases, and Final Sales 10405Table 1.4.5. Relation of Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Purchases, and Final Sales to Do 10406Table 1.4.6. Relation of Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross Domestic Purchases, and Real F 10501Table 1.5.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product, Expanded De 10502Table 1.5.2. Contributions to Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product, Expanded Detail 10503Table 1.5.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Expanded Detail, Quantity Indexes10504Table 1.5.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product, Expanded Detail10505Table 1.5.5. Gross Domestic Product, Expanded Detail10506Table 1.5.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Expanded Detail, Chained Dollars10604Table 1.6.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Purchases10607Table 1.6.7. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Prices for Gross Domestic Purchases 10608Table 1.6.8. Contributions to Percent Change in the Gross Domestic Purchases Price Index10701Table 1.7.1. Percent Change from Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross N 10703Table 1.7.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross National Product, and Real Net National Pro 10704Table 1.7.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, and Net National P 10705Table 1.7.5. Relation of Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net National Product, Na 10706Table 1.7.6. Relation of Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Gross National Product, and Real Net N 10803Table 1.8.3. Command-Basis Real Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product, Quantity In 10806Table 1.8.6. Command-Basis Real Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product, Chained D 10903Table 1.9.3. Real Net Value Added by Sector, Quantity Indexes10904Table 1.9.4. Price Indexes for Net Value Added by Sector10905Table 1.9.5. Net Value Added by Sector10906Table 1.9.6. Real Net Value Added by Sector, Chained Dollars11000Table 1.10. Gross Domestic Income by Type of Income11100Table 1.11. Percentage Shares of Gross Domestic Income11200Table 1.12. National Income by Type of Income11300Table 1.13. National Income by Sector, Legal Form of Organization, and Type of Income11400Table 1.14. Gross Value Added of Domestic Corporate Business in Current Dollars and Gross Value 11500Table 1.15. Price, Costs, and Profit Per Unit of Real Gross Value Added of Non11600Table 1.16. Sources and Uses of Private Enterprise Incomestic Productmestic Productor Gross Domestic Productmestic Product Price Indexrom Quarter One Year Agooss Domestic Product by Major Type of Product mestic Product by Major Type of Product oduct, Quantity Indexesor Type of Productoduct, Chained Dollarsoss Value Added by Sectorstic Product, Real Gross Domestic Purchases, and Real Final Sales to Domestic Purchasers ic Purchases, and Real Final Sales to Domestic Purchasers, Quantity IndexesDomestic Purchases, and Final Sales to Domestic Purchasersstic Purchases, and Final Sales to Domestic Purchasersoss Domestic Purchases, and Real Final Sales to Domestic Purchasers, Chained Dollarsoss Domestic Product, Expanded Detailmestic Product, Expanded Detailuantity Indexeshained Dollarsor Gross Domestic Purchasesmestic Purchases Price Indexoss Domestic Product, Real Gross National Product, and Real Net National Productl Product, and Real Net National Product, Quantity IndexesNational Product, and Net National Productal Product, Net National Product, National Income, and Personal Incomeoss National Product, and Real Net National Product, Chained Dollarsd Gross National Product, Quantity Indexesd Gross National Product, Chained DollarsType of Incomess in Current Dollars and Gross Value Added of Nonfinancial Domestic Corporate Business in Current and Chained Dollars of Nonfinancial Domestic Corporate BusinessChained Dollars。
(01)第1章 统计和统计数据(2011年)
统计学
第 1 章 STATISTICS (第四版)
统计 和统计 数据 (tǒngjì)
(tǒngjì)
1.1 统计及其应用领域 1.2 怎样(zěnyàng)获得统计数据?
1-9
共五十页
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统计学
STATISTICS (第四版)
学习 目标 (xuéxí)
统计学的含义 统计学的研究内容 统计的应用领域 统计数据的类型(lèixíng) 获得统计数据的途径
会，大仲马估计，李昂纳又要大放厥词，说他的坏话 了。于是他 请求参加年会，获得了批准，果然不出大 仲马所料，李昂纳又举他的情妇和私生子的例子。 李
昂纳报告完毕，请大仲马致词。一向不愿在大庭广众 之下发表演讲(yǎnjiǎng)的大仲马，这次却 破例登台说：
“所有统计数字都是撒谎的，包括有关本人的数字在 内。”听众哄堂大笑。
1.1 统计(tǒngjì)及其应用领域
1.1.1 统计学研究(yánjiū)什么？
1 - 13
共五十页
yyyy-M-
统计学
STATISTICS (第四版)
什么(shén me)是统计学?
(statistics)
收集、处理、分析(fēnxī)、解释数据并从数据中得出结论的科学
1. 收集数据：取得数据
1 - 11
共五十页
美国2012年EPA
2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health AdvisoriesEPA 822-S-12-001Office of WaterU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, DCSpring 2012Date of update: April, 2012Recycled/RecyclablePrinted on paper that containsat least 50% recycled fiber.Spring 2012 Page iii of vi The Health Advisory (HA) Program, sponsored by the EPA’s Office of Water (OW), publishes concentrations of drinking water contaminants at Drinking Water Specific Risk Level Concentration for cancer (10-4 Cancer Risk) and concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which noncancer adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations - One-day, Ten-day, and Lifetime - in the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories (DWSHA) tables. The One-day and Ten-day HAs are for a 10 kg child and the Lifetime HA is for a 70 kg adult. The daily drinking water consumption for the 10 kg child and 70 kg adult are assumed to be 1 L/day and 2 L/day, respectively. The Lifetime HA for the drinking water contaminant is calculated from its associated Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL), obtained from its RfD, and incorporates a drinking water Relative Source Contribution (RSC) factor of contaminant-specific data or a default of 20% of total exposure from all sources. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for some regulated drinking water contaminants are also published.HAs serve as the informal technical guidance for unregulated drinking water contaminants to assist Federal, State and local officials, and managers of public or community water systems in protecting public health as needed. They are not to be construed as legally enforceable Federal standards. EPA’s OW has provided MCL, MCLGs, RfDs, One-Day HAs, Ten-day HAs, DWELs, and Lifetime HAs. Drinking Water Specific Risk Level Concentration for cancer (10-4 Cancer Risk), and Cancer Descriptors in the DWSHA tables. HAs are intended to protect against noncancer effects. The 10-4 Cancer Risk level provides information concerning cancer effects. The MCL values for specific drinking water contaminants must be used for regulated contaminants in public drinking water systems.The DWSHA tables are revised periodically by the OW so that the benchmark values are consistent with the most current Agency assessments. Reference dose (RfD) values are updated to reflect the values in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) documents. The associated DWEL is recalculated accordingly.A Lifetime noncancer benchmark is made available to risk assessment managers for comparison to the cancer risk level drinking water concentration (10-4 Cancer Risk) and to determine whether the noncancer Lifetime HA or the cancer risk level drinking water concentration provides a more meaningful scenario-specific risk reduction. In this regard, the Office of Water defines the Lifetime HA as the concentration in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure, whereas the 10-4 Cancer Risk is the concentration of the chemical contaminant in drinking water that is associated with a specific probability of cancer. The Office of Water also advises consideration of the more conservative cancer risk levels (10-5, 10-6), found in the IRIS or OPP RED source documents, if it is considered more appropriate for exposure-specific risk assessment.iiiSpring 2012 Page iv of vi Many of the values on the DWSHA tables have been revised since the original HAs were published. Revised RfDs, 10-4 Cancer Risk values, and cancer designations or descriptors obtained from Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), and One-day and Ten-dayHealth Advisories are presented in BOLD type. Revised RfDs, 10-4 Cancer Risk values, and cancer designations or descriptors obtained from Office of Pesticide Program’sRegistration Eligibility Decision (OPP RED) are presented in BOLD ITALICS type.The summaries of IRIS Toxicological Reviews from which the RfDs and cancerbenchmarks, as well as the associated narratives and references can be accessed at:/IRIS. Those from OPP REDs can be accessed at:/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.In some cases, there is an HA value for a contaminant but there is no reference to an HA document. Such HA values can be found in the Drinking Water Criteria Document forthe contaminant.With a few exceptions, the RfDs, Health Advisories, and Cancer Risk values have beenrounded to one significant figure following the convention adopted by IRIS.For unregulated chemicals with current IRIS or OPP REDs RfDs, the Lifetime HealthAdvisories are calculated from the associated DWELs, using the RSC values published in the HA documents for the contaminants.The DWSHA tables may be reached from the Water Science home page at:/waterscience/. The DWSHA tables are accessed under the Drinking Water icon.Copies the Tables may be ordered free of charge fromSAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE1-800-426-4791Monday thru Friday, 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM ESTivSpring 2012 Page v of vi DEFINITIONSThe following definitions for terms used in the DWSHA tables are not all-encompassing, and should not be construed to be “official” definitions. They are intended to assist the user in understanding terms used in the DWSHA tables.Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow. For example, it is the level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment for corrosion control. Cancer Classification: A descriptive weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be expressed. Under the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Cancer Descriptors replace the earlier alpha numeric Cancer Group designations (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The Cancer Descriptors in the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment are as follows: •“carcinogenic to humans” (H)•“likely to be carcinogenic to humans” (L)•“likely to be carcinogenic above a specified dose but not likely to be carcinogenic below that dose because a key event in tumor formation does not occur below that dose” (L/N) •“suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential” (S)•“inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” (I)•“not likely to be carcinogenic to humans” (N)The letter abbreviations provided parenthetically above are now used in the DWSHA tables in place of the prior alpha numeric identifiers for chemicals that have been evaluated under the new guidelines (the 2005 guidelines or the 1996 and 1999 draft guidelines) or whose records in the DWSHA tables have been revised.Cancer Group: A qualitative weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical was placed into one of the following five categories (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The Cancer Group designations are given in the Tables for chemicals that have not yet been evaluated under the new guidelines or whose records in the DWSHA tables have been revised.Group CategoryA Human carcinogenB Probable human carcinogen:B1 indicates limited human evidencevSpring 2012 Page vi of vi B2 indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humansC Possible human carcinogenD Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicityE Evidence of noncarcinogenicity for humans10-4 Cancer Risk: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000.Drinking Water Advisory: A nonregulatory concentration of a contaminant in water that is likely to be without adverse effects on health and aesthetics for the period it is derived.DWEL: Drinking Water Equivalent Level. A DWEL is a drinking water lifetime exposure level, assuming 100% exposure from that medium, at which adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects would not be expected to occur.HA: Health Advisory. An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; an HA is not a legally enforceable Federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist Federal, State, and local officials.One-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day HA is intended o protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day.Ten-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day HA is also intended to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day.Lifetime HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected tocause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure, incorporating adrinking water RSC factor of contaminant-specific data or a default of 20% of totalexposure from all sources. The Lifetime HA is based on exposure of a 70-kg adultconsuming 2 liters of water per day. For Lifetime HAs developed for drinking watercontaminants before the Lifetime HA policy change to develop Lifetime HAs for alldrinking water contaminants regardless of carcinogenicity status in this DWSHA update, the Lifetime HA for Group C carcinogens, as indicated by the 1986 Cancer Guidelines,includes an uncertainty adjustment factor of 10 for possible carcinogenicity.MCLG: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. A non-enforceable health benchmark goal which is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons is expected to occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety.viSpring 2012 Page vii of vi MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level. The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Oral cancer slope factor: The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day.RfD: Reference Dose. An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime.Risk Specific Level Concentration: The concentration of the chemical contaminant in drinking water or air providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000, or 1 in 100,000,000.SDWR: Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. Non-enforceable Federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water.TT: Treatment Technique. A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.Unit Risk: The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per µg/L drinking water or risk per µg/m3 air breathed.viiSpring 2012 Page viii of vi ABBREVIATIONSD DraftDWEL Drinking Water Equivalent LevelDWSHA Drinking Water Standards and Health AdvisoriesF FinalHA Health AdvisoryI InterimIRIS Integrated Risk Information SystemMCL Maximum Contaminant LevelMCLG Maximum Contaminant Level GoalNA Not ApplicableNOAEL No-Observed-Adverse-Effect LevelOPP Office of Pesticide ProgramsOW Office of WaterP ProposedPv ProvisionalRED Registration Eligibility DecisionReg RegulationRfD Reference DoseTT Treatment Techniqueviii。
BP世界能源统计年鉴2012年版
戴德立 BP集团首席执行官 2012年6月
2011年的能源世 界：断裂与延续
集团首席执行官致辞
欢迎您走进《BP世界能源统计年鉴》第61周年版。作为BP的悠久传统，我们在每年的六月份都 会进行回顾，在繁忙的日常业务活动中蓦然回首，发布我们所收集的世界能源市场年度数据，评估过 去一年中所发生的重大事件，并且分析过去一年经历的这些重要事件与能源行业长期发展趋势之间 的关联。在快速变化的世界中，我认为有必要去了解当前重大事件背后的推动因素，以及塑造着我们 子孙后代所要传承的能源新格局的根本性趋势。毫无疑问，聚焦本年鉴中客观和严谨的数据能够帮 助读者去把握重点，深度洞察。
全球石油产量的年增长幅度为1.3%，即110万桶/日。石油产量的净增长几乎全部来自石油输出 国组织，其中沙特阿拉伯（增产120万桶/日）、阿联酋、科威特和伊拉克的产量大幅增加，完全弥补 了利比亚停产（减产120万桶/日）所带来的缺口。沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋和卡塔尔的石油产量均创下历 史新高。非石油输出国组织的石油产量大致保持稳定，美国、加拿大、俄罗斯和哥伦比亚的产量增 长弥补了英国和挪威等老产油区域产量的持续衰减，以及其他某些国家所出现的意外停产。美国的 石油产量的涨幅连续三年在非石油输出国组织产油国中雄踞榜首（增加了28.5万桶/日）。随着陆上 页岩油产量持续强劲增长，美国的石油产量达到了1998年以来的最高水平。
在目前阶段，全球能源体系的变化进展缓慢。对于所有各方——生产者和消费者，以及各国政 府和关心能源行业的所有人士而言，在应对当前挑战的同时，也不能忽视正缓慢发生的结构性变化， 包括我们在努力去实现的那些变化。本年鉴的一个突出贡献是帮助我们以客观数据作为坚实基础： 严谨地把握我们所面临的现状——以及所走过的旅程——这对于我们共同去打造安全和可持续的 能源未来是不可或缺的。
2012世界国别GDP和人口统计(世界银行数据)(xls格式,可方便比较和编辑)
Gross domestic product 2012 资料来源： /countryGDP Note POPULATION Ranking Economy(millions of US dollars)(million) 1United States15,684,800313.90000 2China8,227,1031351.00000 3Japan5,959,718127.60000 4Germany3,399,58981.89000 5France2,612,87865.70000 6United Kingdom2,435,17463.23000 7Brazil2,252,664198.70000 8Russian Federation2,014,775143.50000 9Italy2,013,26360.92000 10India1,841,7171237.00000 11Canada1,821,42434.88000 12Australia1,520,60822.68000 13Spain2,013,26346.22000 14Mexico1,177,271120.80000 15Korea, Rep.1,129,59850.00000 16Indonesia878,043246.90000 17Turkey789,25774.00000 18Netherlands772,22716.77000 19Switzerland632,1947.99700 20Saudi Arabia576,82428.29000 21Sweden525,7429.51700 22Iran, Islamic Rep.514,06076.42000 23Norway499,667 5.01900 24Poland489,79538.54000 25Belgium483,70911.14000 26Argentina474,86541.09000 27Austria399,6498.46200 28South Africa384,31351.19000 29Venezuela, RB382,42429.95000 30Colombia369,81347.70000 31Thailand365,56466.79000 32United Arab Emirates360,2459.20600 33Denmark314,242 5.59000 34Malaysia303,52629.24000 35Singapore274,701 5.31200 36Chile268,31417.46000 37Hong Kong SAR, China263,2597.15500 38Nigeria262,606168.80000 39Egypt, Arab Rep.257,28680.7200041Finland250,024 5.41400 42Greece249,09911.28000 43Israel242,9297.90800 44Pakistan231,182179.20000 45Portugal212,45410.53000 46Ireland210,331 4.58900 47Iraq210,28032.58000 48Algeria207,95538.48000 49Kazakhstan201,68016.80000 50Peru197,11129.99000 51Czech Republic195,65710.51000 52Kuwait176,590 3.25000 53Ukraine176,30945.59000 54Qatar172,982 2.05100 55Romania169,39621.33000 56Vietnam141,66988.78000 57New Zealand139,768 4.43300 58Hungary125,5089.94400 59Bangladesh115,610154.70000 60Angola114,19720.82000 61Puerto Rico101,496 3.36700 62Morocco96,729a32.52000 63Slovak Republic91,619 5.41000 64Ecuador84,53215.49000 65Syrian Arab Republic73,67222.40000 66Oman71,782 3.31400 67Azerbaijan67,1989.29800 68Belarus63,2679.46400 69Sri Lanka59,42120.33000 70Dominican Republic58,95110.28000 71Sudan58,769b37.20000 72Luxembourg57,1170.53140 73Croatia56,442 4.26700 74Uzbekistan51,11329.78000 75Bulgaria51,0307.30500 76Guatemala50,80615.08000 77Uruguay49,060 3.39500 78Tunisia45,66210.78000 79Slovenia45,469 2.05800 80Costa Rica45,127 4.80500 81Macao SAR, China43,5820.55680 82Ethiopia43,13391.7300084Lithuania42,246 2.98600 85Ghana40,71025.37000 86Serbia 塞尔维亚37,4897.22400 87Kenya37,22941.38000 88Panama36,253 3.80200 89Yemen, Rep.35,64623.85000 90Turkmenistan33,679 5.17300 91Jordan31,243 6.31800 92Latvia28,374 2.02500 93Tanzania28,249c47.78000 94Bolivia27,03510.50000 95Paraguay25,502 6.68700 96Cameroon24,98421.70000 97Cote d'Ivoire 科特迪瓦24,68019.84000 98Trinidad and Tobago23,986 1.33700 99El Salvador 萨尔瓦多23,787 6.29700 100Cyprus22,981d 1.12900 101Bahrain22,945 1.31800 102Estonia21,854 1.33900 103Zambia20,67814.08000 104Uganda19,88136.35000 105Nepal19,41527.47000 106Gabon 加蓬18,661 1.63300 107Afghanistan18,03429.82000 108Honduras17,9677.93600 109Congo, Dem. Rep. 刚果（金）17,87065.71000 110Equatorial Guinea 赤道几内亚17,6970.73630 111Bosnia and Herzegovina17,048 3.83400 112Brunei Darussalam 文莱达鲁萨兰国16,9540.41220 113Georgia15,829e 4.51200 114Papua New Guinea15,6547.16700 115Jamaica14,840 2.71200 116Mozambique14,58825.20000 117Botswana14,411 2.00400 118Senegal14,16013.73000 119Cambodia14,06214.86000 120Congo, Rep. 刚果（布）13,678 4.33700 121Iceland13,6570.32010 122Albania13,119 3.16200 123Namibia12,807 2.25900 124Chad11,01812.45000 125Zimbabwe10,81413.72000127Mauritius10,492 1.29100 128Burkina Faso 布基纳法索10,44116.46000 129Mali10,30814.85000 130Mongolia10,271 2.79600 131Madagascar9,97522.29000 132Armenia9,910 2.96900 133Macedonia, FYR9,663 2.10600 134South Sudan9,33710.84000 135Lao PDR9,299 6.64600 136Malta8,7220.41840 137Bahamas, The 巴哈马8,1490.37200 138Haiti7,84310.17000 139Benin 贝宁7,55710.05000 140Moldova7,254f 3.56000 141Rwanda7,10311.46000 142Tajikistan6,9878.00900 143Guinea6,76811.45000 144Niger6,56817.16000 145Kyrgyz Republic 吉尔吉斯斯坦6,473 5.58200 146Kosovo6,238 1.80600 147Monaco 摩纳哥6,0752011 data0.03758 148Bermuda 百慕大5,5570.06481 149Suriname 苏里南4,7380.53450 150Malawi4,26415.91000 151Montenegro 黑山4,2310.62110 152Mauritania4,199 3.79600 153Fiji3,8820.87470 154Togo3,814 6.64300 155Sierra Leone3,796 5.97900 156Swaziland3,747 1.23100 157Barbados3,6850.28320 158Eritrea 厄立特里亚3,092 6.13100 159Guyana 圭亚那2,8510.79540 160Aruba 阿鲁巴2,5840.10240 161Burundi 布隆迪2,4729.85000 162Lesotho 莱索托2,448 2.05200 163Maldives2,2220.33840 164Central African Republic2,139 4.52500 165Cape Verde 佛得角1,8970.49440 166Bhutan1,7800.74180 167Liberia 利比里亚1,767 4.19000 168Belize 伯利兹1,4480.32410170Djibouti 吉布提1,2390.85970 171St. Lucia1,1860.18090 172Antigua and Barbuda1,1760.08907 173Seychelles 塞舌尔1,0320.08778 174Solomon Islands1,0080.54960 175Gambia, The 冈比亚917 1.79100 176Guinea-Bissau 几内亚比绍共和国897 1.66400 177Grenada 格林纳达7900.10550 178Vanuatu 瓦努阿图7850.24730 179St. Kitts and Nevis 圣基茨和尼维斯7480.05358180St. Vincent and the Grenadines圣文森特和格林纳丁斯7130.10940181Samoa6770.18890 182Comoros 科摩罗5960.71750 183Dominica 多米尼克4800.07168 184Tonga4720.10490 185Micronesia, Fed. Sts.3270.10340 186Sao Tome and Principe 圣多美和普林西比2640.18810 187Palau 帕劳2280.02075 188Marshall Islands1870.05256 189Kiribati 基里巴斯1760.10080 190Tuvalu370.0098671,545,583American Samoa..0.05513 Andorra37122008 data0.07836 Cayman Islands10121996 data0.05757 Channel Islands..Cuba608102008 data11.27000 Curacao(库拉索)..0.15190 Faeroe Islands 法罗群岛21982009 data0.04951 French Polynesia 法属波利尼西亚34482000 data0.27380 Greenland12682009 data0.05684 Guam 关岛..0.16280 Isle of Man 马恩岛40762007 data0.08528 Korea, Dem. Rep...24.76000 Libya623602009 data 6.15500 Liechtenstein48262009 data0.03666 Myanmar..52.80000 New Caledonia 新喀里多尼亚26822000 data0.25810 Northern Mariana Islands 北马里亚纳群岛..0.05331 San Marino 圣马力诺19002008 data0.03125 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 圣马丁(荷属)..0.03909St. Martin (French part) 圣马丁(法属)..0.03096Turks and Caicos Islands 特克斯科斯群岛..0.03243Virgin Islands (U.S.)19961993 data0.10530West Bank and Gaza 约旦河西岸和加沙40162005 data 4.04700World71666350Low income500914Middle income22222325Lower middle income4810502Upper middle income17412060Low & middle income22737863East Asia & Pacific10313442Europe & Central Asia1862678Latin America & Caribbean5348266Middle East & North Africa1539946South Asia2289331Sub-Saharan Africa1287846High income48975988Euro area12200337.. Not available.Note: Rankings include only those economies with confirmed GDP estimates. Figures in italics are for 2011 or 2010.a. Includes Former Spanish Sahara.b. Excludes South Sudanc. Covers mainland Tanzania only.d. Data are for the area controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.e. Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.f. Excludes Transnistria.World Development Indicators database, World Bank, 1 July 2013人均GDP欧盟国家49967.516089.6446706.2541514.09▪ 联邦德国 ( 1950年) 39769.83▪ 法国 ( 1950年) 38512.95▪ 英国 ( 1973年) 11337.0114040.2433047.65▪ 意大利 ( 1950年) 1488.8652219.7267046.2143558.26▪ 西班牙 ( 1986年) 9745.6222591.963556.2710665.6446048.12▪ 荷兰 ( 1950年) 79053.9020389.6855242.41▪ 瑞典 ( 1995年) 6726.7799555.0912708.74▪ 波兰 ( 2004年) 43420.92▪ 比利时 ( 1950年) 11556.7047228.67▪ 奥地利 ( 1995年) 7507.5812768.757752.895473.3339131.5456215.03▪ 丹麦 ( 1973年) 10380.5151713.2915367.3536793.711555.723187.3922083.24▪ 希腊 ( 1981年) 30719.401290.0820176.07▪ 葡萄牙 ( 1986年) 45833.73▪ 爱尔兰 ( 1973年) 6454.275404.2412004.766572.5618616.27▪ 捷克 ( 2004年) 54335.383867.2784340.327941.68▪ 罗马尼亚 ( 2007年) 1595.7331528.9912621.48▪ 匈牙利 ( 2004年)747.325484.9730144.342974.4516935.12▪ 斯洛伐克 ( 2004年) 5457.203288.9321660.237227.156685.022922.825734.531579.81107484.00▪ 卢森堡 ( 1950年) 13227.56▪ 克罗地亚 ( 2013年) 1716.356985.63▪ 保加利亚 ( 2007年) 3369.1014450.664235.8122093.78▪ 斯洛文尼亚 ( 2004年) 9391.6878272.27470.221604.655189.51899.699535.241494.596510.544945.0814011.85▪ 拉脱维亚 ( 2004年) 591.232574.763813.671151.341243.9517940.163777.5120355.18▪ 塞浦路斯 ( 2004年) 17408.9516321.14▪ 爱沙尼亚 ( 2004年) 1468.61546.93706.7711427.43604.762263.99271.9524035.044446.5341130.523508.202184.185471.98578.897191.121031.32946.303153.7942664.794148.965669.32884.98788.198127.03634.33694.143673.46447.513337.824588.32861.351399.1920846.08▪ 马耳他 ( 2004年) 21905.91771.19751.942037.64619.81872.39591.09382.751159.623454.04161655.1485742.948864.36268.016812.111106.164438.09574.14634.893043.8713012.01504.323584.3625234.38250.961192.986566.19472.713836.972399.57421.724467.761441.20 6556.11 13203.10 11756.66 1834.06 512.00 539.06 7488.15 3174.28 13960.43 6517.37 3583.91 830.66 6696.43 4499.52 3162.48 1403.51 10987.95 3557.84 1746.03 3752.542010.Data are for the area . Excludes Transnistria.。
CONTENTS
Nov.2023㊀㊀Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)㊀㊀Vol.24㊀No.6CONTENTSReview of Translation Studies on Xi Jinping:The Governance of China since the18th CPCNational Congress YANG Anwen㊀ZHANG Wenli㊀TAN Yao(1) Multiple Case Study of Deepening Excellent Regional Culture Education inColleges and Universities LIU Yousheng㊀CHEN Lijing(19) The Influence of Relative Poverty on the Language Competence Development of Children and Adolescents in the Post-PovertyAlleviation Period LYU Junwei㊀YU Jian㊀ZHANG Fengjuan(33) Magician and Master:Taoist Lin Lingsu in the Biographies of Southern Song Dynasty LI Kejing(50) The Influence of Social Stratification on the Fertility Desire ofWomen of Childbearing Age from the Perspectiveof Cost-Utility SUN Shiguang㊀QIU Menghua㊀ZHAO Feng(67) Analysis of The Impact of Income Uncertainty on SubjectiveWell-being of Rural Residents in Ethnically Underdeveloped Areas:Also on The Heterogeneous Effect in DifferentAge Groups ZHAO Pengfei㊀Hou Yanmei㊀Wang Hongjian(84) The Urban Heritage Protection Strategy of SeekingSpace from Underground in Central CityTaking Xuzhou City as an Example HUANG Chao㊀QIU Jian㊀TAN Xiaohong(99) Qian-Gu Shifa :The Zong and Evolvement of Grammar Theory ofHistory and Literature in Song and Yuan Dynasties:With a Further Discussion on the Pros andCons of Ban Gu and Sima Qian XIE Wenhui(118) A Study of the Birth Year and Death Year ofLI Changhe and His Family and Life YANG Yanhui㊀LüBin(130)西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)㊀2023年11月JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Nov.2023第24卷㊀第6期(Social Sciences)Vol.24㊀No.6‘西南交通大学学报“(社会科学版)第24卷(2023)总目次第1期(总第133期)强化现代化建设人才支撑的战略性地位 笔谈何㊀宪㊀李志刚㊀吴㊀江㊀等(1)生态治理现代化的意识形态批判及中国方案史小宁㊀郝相赟(22)基于图形网格转译的城轨列车外观设计研究支锦亦㊀苏㊀星(36)论智能网联汽车发展的法律障碍与应对杨㊀珊㊀张莎莎(49)教育类国际非政府组织的组织结构与运行机制考察基于五个教育类国际非政府组织的调研闫月勤㊀郑㊀淳㊀王海超(62)青藏铁路精神融入高校思想政治教育的价值意蕴与实践理路陈㊀晨(78)基于官方新闻报道的地方政府公信力文本分析王益君㊀魏美云(90)公众参与㊁资源能力与政务微博信息发布基于新浪微博平台大数据及统计年鉴小数据的实证研究苏㊀慧㊀冯小东㊀王㊀瑶㊀等(104)五四运动中唐山‘救国“报述略田㊀丹(121)李斐英教授早年在美求学经历补遗基于美国罗切斯特大学和雪城大学等原始档案的考察郑博仁(132)第2期(总第134期)营创理论:构造创新人才生态的一个新框架赵永乐㊀吴㊀江(1)中国式现代化与马克思主义中国化时代化新境界 笔谈(16)‘摆脱贫困“蕴涵的扶贫开发重要论述及对新时期推进乡村振兴的启示马改艳(33)从巡检司到汛塘:清代道路安全管理系统中的角色嬗替贾㊀强(50)三线铁路建设中的支农工作研究以湘黔㊁枝柳铁路湖南段为中心岳小川㊀宋银桂(60)241西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷高校教师薪酬体系的历史演进和国际经验兼论绩效杠杆在 双一流 建设中的必然性局限邱延峻(75)去理想化 :对西方国家高等教育国际化实践类型的再审视郑㊀淳㊀刘长军(91)庄延龄‘离骚“英译本中的神话术语翻译策略探析俞森林㊀雷佳豪(109)以翻译为名的文化传播与文化反拨辜鸿铭‘中庸“英译文化解读熊建闽(119)动词及物性和句子及物性的区隔和关联胡月月㊀杨㊀玲(130)第3期(总第135期)中国共产党意识形态建设的历史考察㊁基本经验及实践指向王永凤㊀杨忠林(1)以共享发展促共同富裕:共产主义理想的发展逻辑林宇晖㊀傅红冬(18)谁是持摄影机的人?众包纪录片初探刘广宇㊀王成莉(32)移动数据流量运营策略对数字鸿沟的影响研究华㊀波㊀江燕伶(47)生态环境保护与旅游业发展协同推进研究王婷伟㊀张㊀慧(73)旅游凝视下三河古镇典型旅游意象元素分析基于隐喻抽取技术陈㊀前㊀韩光明(89)革命化的仪式运作:基于中央苏区时期纪念活动的考察吴承望(104)延安时期陕甘宁边区的新秧歌与乡村群众的思想改造徐桂裕(119)从部落首领到中华民族共祖:晚清民国时期黄帝形象重塑及影响赵晨韵(134)341第6期2023年总目次第4期(总第136期)人工智能与马克思主义理论学科交叉研究笔谈田永鸿㊀韩冬雪㊀吴满意㊀王伯鲁㊀闫坤如㊀谢㊀瑜㊀杨一帆(1)国内主流媒体 双碳 话语中的中国国家形象建构基于语料库的积极话语分析周晓春(12)论段玉裁认定诗韵 古合韵 的原则与方法刘忠华(26)道器之间:近代思想视野下的铁路㊁中国与世界(1875 1936)叶㊀舒㊀宋桂杰(45)路地纠葛:光绪前中期的筑路争议与洋务派的因应陈明亮(59)我国灾难心理学学科建设发展路径研究宁维卫㊀侯牧天㊀薛亦菲㊀等(73)我国农村老龄政策演进研究 基于1982 2021年农村老龄政策的文本分析陈松林㊀余㊀雨㊀刘㊀婷(92)公务员组织公民行为发展现状研究孙京昊㊀赵普光(107)新制度主义视野下的体育暴力研究陈㊀卓㊀李丽芬(122)批判法益论的另一种可能一个刑罚哲学的视角刘继烨(139)第5期(总第137期)习近平外交思想中的人民性研究王秋怡(1)共同富裕视域下人民美好生活的建构逻辑师嘉唯㊀成㊀龙(17)新疆资源型城市系统演化分析及发展路径探索于㊀洋㊀吴冰瑕㊀吴茸茸㊀等(34)基于单条线路的城乡一体化公交补贴效率研究卓高鸿㊀詹朝曦㊀高悦尔(52)日本学者村上哲见的姜夔词研究邱美琼㊀杨㊀操(65)译者前见,时间距离与翻译胡作友㊀钟莎莉(76)厨房㊁闺阁与职场:论徐小斌小说中的女性空间李燕妮(88)441西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷 游戏三昧 的禅学内涵与诗学意义王㊀悦㊀张㊀勇(100)张载 性二元论 的思想渊源及其当代启示吴喜双㊀张培高(113)从黑格尔到阿甘本:辩证法的虚无主义问题及其解决路径陈㊀琦(128)第6期(总第138期)党的十八大以来‘习近平谈治国理政“翻译研究综述杨安文㊀张文莉㊀谭㊀瑶(1)高校深化优秀地域文化育人的多案例研究刘有升㊀陈丽静(19)后脱贫时期相对贫困对儿童青少年语言能力发展的影响吕军伟㊀俞㊀健㊀张凤娟(33) 妖道 与 高道南宋传记文中的林灵素形象李珂菁(50)社会分层与育龄女性多孩生育意愿基于 成本 效用 的分析孙士光㊀邱梦华㊀赵㊀凤(67)收入不确定性对农村居民幸福感的影响分析赵朋飞㊀侯艳梅㊀王宏健(84)中心城区 向地下要空间 的城市遗产保护策略以徐州市为例黄㊀超㊀邱㊀建㊀谭晓红(99) 迁固史法 :宋元史笔文法理论之宗及其流衍兼谈班马优劣论谢文惠(118)理鬯和生卒年及家世生平考杨颜珲㊀吕㊀斌(130)西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)㊀2023年11月JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Nov.2023第24卷㊀第6期(Social Sciences)Vol.24㊀No.6Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)Vol.23㊀2022CONTENTSNo.1(Sum133)Ideological Criticism of Ecological Governance Modernization andChina s Solutions SHI Xiaoning㊀HAO Xiangyun(22) A Research on Urban Rail Train Appearance Design Based OnGraphic Grid Translation ZHI Jinyi㊀SU Xing(36)Legal Barriers and Countermeasures to the Development of IntelligentConnected Vehicles YANG Shan㊀ZHANG Shasha(49) The Research on the Organizational Structure and Operating Mechanism of EducationalInternational Non-Governmental Organizations from the Perspective of Global Governance:A Comparative Study of Five EducationalInternational NGOs YAN Yueqin㊀ZHENG Chun㊀WANG Haichao(62) The Value Implication and Practical Path of Integrating the Spirit of Qinghai-Tibet Railway into theIdeological and Political Education in Colleges and Universities CHEN Chen(78) Text Analysis of Local Government Credibility Based onOfficial News Reports WANG Yijun㊀WEI Meiyun(90) Public Participation,Resource Capacity and Government Microblog Information Publish:An Empirical Study Based on Big Data of Sina Weibo and Small Data fromStatistical Yearbook FENG Xiaodong㊀SU Hui㊀WANG Yao㊀ZHANG Yipei㊀CHEN Xi(104) A Brief Research on National Salvation Weekly fromTangshan Engineering College During the May4th Movement TIAN Dan(121) A New Supplement to Professor Fei Ing Li s Study Experience in the United States:Investigation Based on the Original Archives Mainly from theUniversity of Rochester and Syracuse University ZHENG Boren(132)No.2(Sum134)Innovation-fostering Theory:A New Framework for ConstructingInnovative Talent Ecology ZHAO Yongle㊀WU Jiang(1) The Important Discourse of Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation in641西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷 Up and Out of Poverty and Its Enlightenment forPromoting Rural Revitalization in New Era MA Gaiyan(33) From Xunjiansi to Xuntang:The Role Substitution of Road Safety ManagementSystem in Qing Dynasty JIA Qiang(50)A Study on Supporting Rural in the Tier-3Railroad Construction:Centered on the Hunan Section of Hunan-Guizhou andZhicheng-Liuzhou Railways YUE Xiaochuan㊀SONG Yingui(60)Historical Review and International Experiences of University Faculty Salary System:With Discussion on Limitation of Faculty Rewarding Policy inDouble Excellence Project QIU Yan-jun(75)De-idealization :A Re-examination of the Practice Types of Internationalizationof Higher Education Among Western Countries ZHENG Chun㊀LIU Changjun(91)On the Translation Strategies of Mythological Terms inEdward H.Parker s English Translation of Li Sao YU Senlin㊀LEI Jiahao(109) Cultural Transmission and Counteraction in the Name of Translation:Cultural Interpretation of EnglishTranslation of Zhongyong by Ku Hung-ming XIONG Jianmin(119)Distinctions and Interaction BetweenVerb Transitivity and Sentence Transitivity HU Yueyue㊀YANG Ling(130)No.3(Sum135)The Historical Investigation,Basic Experience and PracticalOrientation of the Ideological Construction of theCommunist Party of China WANG Yongfeng㊀YANG Zhonglin(1)Promoting Common Prosperity Through Shared Development:The Development Logic of Communist Ideals LIN Yuhui㊀FU Hongdong(18)Who is the Man with a Movie Camera?A Preliminary Study ofCrowdsourced Documentary LIU Guangyu㊀WANG Chengli(32)A Research on the Impact of Mobile DataTraffic Operation Strategy on the Digital Divide HUA Bo㊀JIANG Yanling(47) Research on Coordinated Promotion of Ecological Environmental Protectionand Tourism Development WANG Tingwei㊀ZHANG Hui(73)Typical Tourism Image Elements of Sanhe Ancient Town Analyzed from theTourist Gaze Perspective:Based on the ZaltmanMetaphor Elicitation Technique CHEN Qian㊀HAN Guangming(89)Revolutionary Ritual Operation:Based on the Commemoration of the Central Soviet Period WU Chengwang(104)741第6期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)㊀Vol.24(2023)The New Yangko and the Ideological Remolding of the RuralMasses in Border Areas of Shanxi Gansu-Ningxia in Yan a n Period XU Guiyu(119) From Ancient Fribal Leader to The Ancestor of The Chinese Nation:The Image Reconstruction and Influence of the YellowEmperor in the Late Qing Dynastyand the Republic of China Period ZHAO Chenyun(134)No.4(Sum136)A Corpus-based Positive Discourse Analysis of China s ImageConstructed by the Domestic Mainstream Media in theContext of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality ZHOU Xiaochun(12)On Principles and Methods of Duan Yucai s Recognition ofAncient Gathering Rhyme in The Book of Songs Rhyme LIU Zhonghua(26) Between Dao and Qi:Railways,China and the World from thePerspective of Modern Thoughts(1875 1936)YE Shu㊀SONG Guijie(45) Disputes over Railway and Land:The Controversy ofRailway Construction and the Response of WesternizationGroup in the Early and Middle Guangxu Period CHEN Mingliang(59)Research on the Development Path of Disaster Psychology Discipline Construction inChina NING Weiwei㊀HOU Mutian㊀XUE Yifei㊀SHEN Yu㊀LI Zhongyi(73)Research on the Evolution of China s Rural Aging Policy:Text Analysis Based on Rural Aging Policiesfrom1982to2021CHEN Songlin㊀YU Yu㊀LIU Ting(92)Research on the Development Status of Organizational CitizenshipBehavior of Civil Servants SUN Jinghao㊀ZHAO Puguang(107)Research on Sports Violence from thePerspective of New Institutionalism CHEN Zhuo㊀LI Lifen(122) Another Possibility of Criticizing the Theory of Rechtgut:A Perspective of Penalty Philosophy LIU Jiye(139)No.5(Sum137)The Study on the People s Character inXi Jinping s Thoughts on Diplomacy WANG Qiuyi(1)The Constructive Logic of People s Better LifeUnder the Perspective of Common Prosperity SHI Jiawei㊀CHENG Long(17)Analysis of Urban System Evolution and Exploration ofDevelopment Paths of Resource-based Cities in Xinjiang YU Yang㊀WU Bingxia㊀WU Rongrong㊀et al(34)841西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷Research on Subsidy Efficiency of Urban-rural Integrated Public Transport Based onSingle Line ZHUO Gaohong㊀ZHAN Chaoxi㊀GAO Yue e r(52)The Study of Jiang Kui Ci by Japanese ScholarTetsumi Murakami QIU Meiqiong㊀YANG Cao(65) Translator s Prejudice,Time Distance and Translation HU Zuoyou㊀ZHONG Shali(76)Kitchen,Boudoir and Workplace:On the Women s Spaces in Xu Xiao-bin s Fiction LI Yanni(88)The Zen Connotation and Poetic Significanceof Playing in the Joyous Samadhi WANG Yue㊀ZHANG Yong(100)The Origin of Zhang Zai s Idea on the Dualism of Human Natureand Its Contemporary Significance WU Xishuang㊀ZHANG Peigao(113) From Hegel to Agamben:The Problem of Nihilism in Dialectics and Its Solving Route CHEN Qi(128)No.6(Sum138)Review of Translation Studies on Xi Jinping:The Governance of China since the18th CPCNational Congress YANG Anwen㊀ZHANG Wenli㊀TAN Yao(1)Multiple Case Study of Deepening Excellent Regional Culture Education inColleges and Universities LIU Yousheng㊀CHEN Lijing(19)The Influence of Relative Poverty on the Language Competence Development of Children andAdolescents in the Post-Poverty Alleviation Period LYU Junwei㊀YU Jian㊀ZHANG Fengjuan(33) Magician and Master:Taoist Lin Lingsu in the Biographies of Southern Song Dynasty LI Kejing(50) The Influence of Social Stratification on the Fertility Desire of Women ofChildbearing Age from the Perspective of Cost-Utility SUN Shiguang㊀QIU Menghua㊀ZHAO Feng(67) Analysis of The Impact of Income Uncertainty on SubjectiveWell-being of Rural Residents in Ethnically Underdeveloped Areas:Also on The Heterogeneous Effect in Different Age Groups ZHAO Pengfei㊀Hou Yanmei㊀Wang Hongjian(84) The Urban Heritage Protection Strategy of SeekingSpace from Underground in Central CityTaking Xuzhou City as an Example HUANG Chao㊀QIU Jian㊀TAN Xiaohong(99)Qian-Gu Shifa :The Zong and Evolvement of Grammar Theory ofHistory and Literature in Song and Yuan Dynasties:With a Further Discussion on the Pros andCons of Ban Gu and Sima Qian XIE Wenhui(118)A Study of the Birth Year and Death Year of LI Changhe and His Family and Life YANG Yanhui㊀LüBin(130)。
美国农业部月度供需报告（2012年09月）
——美豆亩产继续下调，库存未做调整——美玉米产量及库存下调，但高于平均预测——美棉产量及库存下调，全球库存上调2012年9月12日美国农业部公布了最新的农产品月度供需报告。
小麦：2012/2013年度美国小麦供需平衡表较上月没有太大调整，但分品种小麦出口和库存略有调整。
预测硬红冬麦出口量下调2500万蒲式耳，硬红春麦和白小麦出口量分别上调1500万蒲式耳和1000万蒲式耳。
上述三个品种小麦的库存也相应有所调整。
预计2012/2013年度农场季节平均价格下调至7.50～8.70美元/蒲式耳，上月下调至7.60～9.00美元/蒲式耳。
由于俄罗斯减产，2012/2013年度全球小麦供应量预计下调310万吨。
除美国以外国家的期初库存部分抵消了产量的下降，全球小麦减产410万吨。
加拿大和埃及期初库存上调，阿根廷期初库存下调。
由于种植面积和单产的减少，加之干旱炎热的天气导致冬小麦和春小麦均减产，俄罗斯产量下降400万吨。
同样，7月和8月干旱炎热天气导致哈萨克斯坦中部和东部的春小麦受到严重影响，小麦减产50万吨。
欧盟27国产量下调50万吨，其中主要是英国单产下降。
乌克兰地区由于单产增加，总产量上调50万吨。
阿富汗地区由于种植面积增加，总产量上调40万吨。
2012/2013年度全球小麦消费量下调260万吨，主要下调了俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦小麦饲用量，埃及和尼日利亚下调了小麦食用量，阿富汗、伊朗和利比亚上调小麦食用量。
2012/2013年度全球小麦贸易量本月小幅下调，主要由于中国、埃及、欧盟27国、以色列和尼日利亚小麦进口量减少。
土耳其和伊朗进口量增加限制全球小麦贸易量跌幅。
由于担忧国内供应趋紧，乌美国农业部月度供需报告（2012年09月）克兰出口小麦量下降200万吨，源于近期政府间贸易协定及谷物交易商限制船期。
巴西、欧盟27国和土耳其预计出口量增加，部分抵消乌克兰出口下降。
2012/2013年度全球期末库存预计下调50万吨，主要库存下降的国家有俄罗斯、欧盟27国、中国、巴西和阿根廷；主要库存增加的国家有乌克兰、加拿大、伊朗和土耳其。
2012年美国消费物价指数概况(CPI)
Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-13-0057 8:30 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, January 16, 2013Technical information: (202) 691-7000 • Reed.Steve@ • /cpiMedia Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@C ONSUMER P RICE I NDEX –D ECEMBER 2012The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) was unchanged in December on a seasonally adjusted basis, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the last 12 months, the all items index increased 1.7 percent before seasonal adjustment.The gasoline index declined again in December, but other indexes, notably food and shelter, increased, resulting in the seasonally adjusted all items index being unchanged. Gasoline was the only major energy index to decline; the indexes for natural gas and electricity both increased. Within the food category, five of the six major grocery store food groups increased as the food at home index rose for the third consecutive month.The index for all items less food and energy increased 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as in November. Besides shelter, the indexes for airline fares, tobacco, and medical care also increased. The indexes for recreation, household furnishings and operations, and used cars and trucks all declined in December.The all items index increased 1.7 percent over the last 12 months, compared to a 1.8 percent figure in November. The index for all items less food and energy rose 1.9 percent over the last 12 months, the same figure as last month. The food index has risen 1.8 percent over the last 12 months, and the energy index has risen 0.5 percent.Year in ReviewThe CPI rose 1.7 percent in 2012 after a 3.0 percent increase in 2011. This was the third smallest December-December increase of the past ten years and compares to a 2.4 percent average annual increase over the span.The energy index increased 0.5 percent in 2012, a sharp deceleration from its 6.6 percent increase in 2011. The gasoline index rose 1.7 percent in 2012 after increasing 13.8 percent in 2010 and 9.9 percent in 2011. The household energy index declined in 2012, falling 1.1 percent after increasing 1.8 percent in 2011. The fuel oil index rose 3.6 percent in 2012, but the electricity index decreased 0.5 percent and the index for natural gas fell 2.9 percent, the fourth straight year it has declined.The index for food rose 1.8 percent in 2012, a deceleration from its 4.7 percent increase in 2011. The index for food at home rose 1.3 percent in 2012 compared to 6.0 percent in 2011. Five of the six major grocery store food group indexes rose in 2012, with increases ranging from 0.5 percent (dairy and related products) to 2.0 percent (other food at home). The nonalcoholic beverages group was the only index to decline, falling 0.2 percent. The index for food away from home rose 2.5 percent in 2012 after increasing 2.9 percent in 2011.The index for all items less food and energy decelerated slightly in 2012, rising 1.9 percent after a 2.2 percent increase in 2011. This matches the average annual increase of 1.9 percent over the past ten years. Several indexes decelerated in 2012. The apparel index, which rose 4.6 percent in 2011, increased 1.8 percent in 2012. The index for new vehicles increased 1.6 percent in 2012 after rising 3.2 percent in 2011, and the medical care index rose 3.2 percent in 2012 after a 3.5 percent increase the prior year. The index for airline fares rose 2.1 percent, the tobacco index increased 1.9 percent, and the recreation index rose 0.8 percent; all of these increases were smaller than in 2011. The index for household furnishings and operations was unchanged in 2012 after rising in 2011, and the index for used cars and trucks turned down in 2012, falling 2.0 percent after increasing 4.0 percent in 2011. In contrast, the shelter index accelerated in 2012, rising 2.2 percent after a 1.9 percent increase in 2011. The index for rent rose 2.7 percent and the index for owners’ equivalent rent increased 2.1 percent.Consumer Price Index Data for December 2012FoodThe food index rose 0.2 percent in December for the third month in a row. The index for food at home increased 0.2 percent after rising 0.3 percent in each of the two previous months. The index for meat, poultry, fish, and eggs was unchanged in December, while the remaining major grocery store food group indexes all increased. The fruits and vegetables index posted the largest increase, rising 0.6 percent; this was its seventh increase in the last nine months. The indexes for cereals and bakery products, dairy and related products, and nonalcoholic beverages, which all rose in November, each increased 0.2 percent in December. The index for other food at home increased 0.1 percent in December after rising 0.4 percent in November. The index for food away from home rose 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as in October and November.EnergyThe energy index declined 1.2 percent in December after declining 4.1 percent in November. Thegasoline index, which fell 7.4 percent in November, declined 2.3 percent. It has decreased 10.1 percentsince its recent peak in September. (Before seasonal adjustment, gasoline prices decreased 4.2 percent inDecember.) The index for fuel oil was unchanged in December, while other major energy componentsincreased. The natural gas index rose 1.3 percent in December, the same increase as in November. Theindex for electricity rose 0.2 percent, its fifth consecutive increase.All items less food and energyThe index for all items less food and energy increased 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as inNovember. The shelter index rose 0.1 percent in December after increasing 0.2 percent in November.The rent index rose 0.2 percent and the index for owners’ equiv alent rent increased 0.1 percent, while the lodging away from home index declined 0.9 percent. The index for airline fares continued to rise,increasing 1.2 percent in December. This was its fourth consecutive increase and it has risen 6.5 percentsince August. The index for medical care increased 0.1 percent as the medical care services index rosebut the index for medical care commodities declined. The tobacco index rose 0.5 percent in December,its first increase since September. In contrast to these increases, the recreation index declined inDecember, falling 0.2 percent. The index for household furnishings and operations also fell 0.2 percent,while the index for used cars and trucks declined 0.4 percent, its sixth consecutive decrease. The indexesfor apparel and personal care both declined 0.1 percent in December. The index for new vehicles, whichrose 0.2 percent in November, was unchanged in December.Not seasonally adjusted CPI measuresThe Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased 1.7 percent over the last 12months to an index level of 229.601 (1982-84=100). For the month, the index declined 0.3 percent priorto seasonal adjustment.The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) increased 1.7percent over the last 12 months to an index level of 225.889 (1982-84=100). For the month, the indexdecreased 0.3 percent prior to seasonal adjustment.The Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) increased 1.6 percent over thelast 12 months. For the month, the index decreased 0.2 percent on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Pleasenote that the indexes for the post-2010 period are subject to revision.The Consumer Price Index for January 2013 is scheduled to be released on Thursday, February21, 2013, at 8:30 a.m. (EST).Discontinuation of Department Store Inventory IndexesThe Bureau of Labor Statistics will discontinue publication of its Department Store Inventory indexes after the release of the December 2013 CPI in mid-January 2014, and these values will no longer be uploaded to the Labstat database. For further information please contact Sharon Gibson at 202-691-6968 or gibson.sharon@.Publication Changes for Average Price SeriesThe Bureau of Labor Statistics will discontinue publication of three average price series after the release of the June 2013 CPI in mid-July 2013. They are:-utility (piped) gas, 40 therms;-utility (piped) gas, 100 therms; and-electricity, 500 kilowatt hours.The Bureau will, however, continue to publish average prices for utility (piped) gas on a per therm basis, and will continue to publish electricity prices on a per kilowatt hour basis. As such, users will be able to convert these data to any consumption amount. CPI Detailed Report table P1. Average residential prices for utility (piped) gas, electricity, and fuel oil, U.S. city average and selected areas will no longer be published. Data for fuel oil #2, per gallon (3.785 liters) will continue to be available in the CPI Average Price Data public database.Facilities for Sensory ImpairedInformation from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, Federal Relay Services: 1-800-877-8339.Brief Explanation of the CPIThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices over time of goods and services purchased by households. The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes CPIs for two population groups: (1) the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W), which covers households of wage earners and clerical workers that comprise approximately 29 percent of the total population and (2) the CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Chained CPI for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U), which cover approximately 88 percent of the total population and include in addition to wage earners and clerical worker households, groups such as professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, and retirees and others not in the labor force.The CPIs are based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, and fuels, transportation fares, charges for doctors’ and dentists’ services, drugs, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. Prices are collected each month in 87 urban areas across the country from about 4,000 housing units and approximately 26,000 retail establishments-department stores, supermarkets, hospitals, filling stations, and other types of stores and service establishments. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Prices of fuels and a few other items are obtained every month in all 87 locations. Prices of most other commodities and services are collected every month in the three largest geographic areas and every other month in other areas. Prices of most goodsIn calculating the index, price changes for the various items in each location are averaged together with weights, which represent their importance in the spending of the appropriate population group. Local data are then combined to obtain a U.S. city average. For the CPI-U and CPI-W separate indexes are also published by size of city, by region of the country, for cross-classifications of regions and population-size classes, and for 27 local areas. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities; they only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. For the C-CPI-U data are issued only at the national level. It is important to note that the CPI-U and CPI-W are considered final when released, but the C-CPI-U is issued in preliminary form and subject to two annual revisions.The index measures price change from a designed reference date. For the CPI-U and the CPI-W the reference base is 1982-84 equals 100. The reference base for the C-CPI-U is December 1999 equals 100. An increase of 16.5 percent from the reference base, for example, is shown as 116.500. This change can also be expressed in dollars as follows: the price of a base period market basket of goods and services in the CPI has risen from $10 in 1982-84 to $11.65.For further details visit the CPI home page on the Internet at /cpi/ or contact our CPI Information and Analysis Section on (202) 691-7000.Note on Sampling Error in the Consumer Price IndexThe CPI is a statistical estimate that is subject to sampling error because it is based upon a sample of retail prices and not the complete universe of all prices. BLS calculates and publishes estimates of the1-month, 2-month, 6-month and 12-month percent change standard errors annually, for the CPI-U. These standard error estimates can be used to construct confidence intervals for hypothesis testing. For example, the estimated standard error of the 1 month percent change is 0.03 percent for the U.S. All Items Consumer Price Index. This means that if we repeatedly sample from the universe of all retail prices using the same methodology, and estimate a percentage change for each sample, then 95% of these estimates would be within 0.06 percent of the 1 month percentage change based on all retail prices. For example, for a 1-month change of 0.2 percent in the All Items CPI for All Urban Consumers, we are 95 percent confident that the actual percent change based on all retail prices would fall between 0.14 and 0.26 percent. For the latest data, including information on how to use the estimates of standard error, see “Variance Estimates for Price Changes in the Consumer Price Index, January-December 2011”. These data are available on the CPI home page (/cpi), or by using the following link /cpi/cpivar2011.pdfCalculating Index ChangesMovements of the indexes from one month to another are usually expressed as percent changes rather than changes in index points, because index point changes are affected by the level of the index in relation to its base period while percent changes are not. The example below illustrates the computation of index point and percent changes.Percent changes for 3-month and 6-month periods are expressed as annual rates and are computed according to the standard formula for compound growth rates. These data indicate what the percentIndex Point ChangeCPI 202.416Less previous index 201.800Equals index point change .616Percent ChangeIndex point difference .616Divided by the previous index 201.800Equals 0.003Results multiplied by one hundred 0.003x100Equals percent change 0.3A Note on Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted DataBecause price data are used for different purposes by different groups, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes seasonally adjusted as well as unadjusted changes each month.For analyzing general price trends in the economy, seasonally adjusted changes are usually preferred since they eliminate the effect of changes that normally occur at the same time and in about the same magnitude every year--such as price movements resulting from changing climatic conditions, production cycles, model changeovers, holidays, and sales.The unadjusted data are of primary interest to consumers concerned about the prices they actually pay. Unadjusted data also are used extensively for escalation purposes. Many collective bargaining contract agreements and pension plans, for example, tie compensation changes to the Consumer Price Index before adjustment for seasonal variation.Seasonal factors used in computing the seasonally adjusted indexes are derived by the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method. Seasonally adjusted indexes and seasonal factors are computed annually. Each year, the last 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are revised. Data from January 2007 through December 2011 were replaced in January 2012. Exceptions to the usual revision schedule were: the updated seasonal data at the end of 1977 replaced data from 1967 through 1977; and, in January 2002, dependently seasonally adjusted series were revised for January 1987-December 2001 as a result of a change in the aggregation weights for dependently adjusted series. For further information, please see “Aggregation of Dependently Adjusted Seasonally Adjusted Series,” in the October 2001 issue of the CPI Detailed Report.Effective with the publication of data from January 2006 through December 2010 in January 2011, the Video and audio series and the Information technology, hardware and services series were changed from independently adjusted to dependently adjusted. This resulted in an increase in the number of seasonal components used in deriving seasonal movement of the All items and 54 other lower level aggregations, from 73 for the publication of January 1998 through December 2005 data to 82 for the publication of seasonally adjusted data for January 2006 and later. Each year the seasonal status of every series isadjustment status from seasonally adjusted to not seasonally adjusted, not seasonally adjusted data will be used in the aggregation of the dependent series for the last 5 years, but the seasonally adjusted indexes before that period will not be changed. Note: 38 of the 82 components are not seasonally adjusted for 2012.Seasonally adjusted data, including the all items index levels, are subject to revision for up to five years after their original release. For this reason, BLS advises against the use of these data in escalation agreements.Effective with the calculation of the seasonal factors for 1990, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has used an enhanced seasonal adjustment procedure called Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment for some CPI series. Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment allows for better estimates of seasonally adjusted data. Extreme values and/or sharp movements which might distort the seasonal pattern are estimated and removed from the data prior to calculation of seasonal factors. Beginning with the calculation of seasonal factors for 1996, X-12-ARIMA software was used for Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment.For the seasonal factors introduced in January 2012, BLS adjusted 31 series using Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment, including selected food and beverage items, motor fuels, electricity and vehicles. For example, this procedure was used for the Motor fuel series to offset the effects of events such as damage to oil refineries from Hurricane Katrina.For a complete list of Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment series and explanations, please refer to the article “Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment”, located on our website at/cpi/cpisapage.htm.For additional information on seasonal adjustment in the CPI, please write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Washington, DC 20212 or contact Christopher Graci by electronic mail at Graci.Christopher@ or by telephone at (202) 691-5826, or Carlyle Jackson by electronic mail at Jackson.Carlyle@ or by telephone at (202) 691-6984. If you have general questions about the CPI, please call our information staff at (202) 691-7000. Recalculated Seasonally Adjusted Indexes to be Available on February 19, 2013Each year with the release of the January CPI, seasonal adjustment factors are recalculated to reflect price movements from the just-completed calendar year. This routine annual recalculation may result in revisions to seasonally adjusted indexes for the previous 5 years. BLS will make available recalculated seasonally adjusted indexes, as well as recalculated seasonal adjustment factors, for the period January 2008 through December 2012, on Tuesday, February 19, 2013. This date is two working days before the scheduled release of the January 2013 CPI on Thursday, February 21, 2013.The revised indexes and seasonal factors will be available on the internet. The address is/cpi/cpisapage.htm. Look under Seasonal Adjustment in the CPI and select Revised Seasonally Adjusted Indexes and Factors, 2008-2012.For further information please contact Christopher Graci by electronic mail atGraci.Christopher@ or by telephone at (202) 691-5826, or Carlyle Jackson by electronic mail atDecember2012[1982-84=100,unless otherwise noted]Expenditure category Relativeimpor-tanceNov.2012Unadjusted indexesUnadjusted percentchangeSeasonally adjusted percentchangeDec.2011Nov.2012Dec.2012Dec.2011-Dec.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012Sep.2012-Oct.2012Oct.2012-Nov.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012All items............................................100.000225.672230.221229.601 1.7-0.30.1-0.30.0 Food.............................................14.243231.301234.896235.390 1.80.20.20.20.2 Food at home................................8.553229.982232.295232.901 1.30.30.30.30.2 Cereals and bakery products............ 1.226265.997267.817268.0570.80.10.40.30.2 Meats,poultry,fish,and eggs........... 1.950228.853232.303232.262 1.50.00.8-0.10.0 Dairy and related products1............0.900218.458218.921219.4430.50.20.80.80.2 Fruits and vegetables.................... 1.265283.550284.367288.516 1.8 1.50.60.20.6 Nonalcoholic beverages and beveragematerials.................................0.941168.520168.222168.204-0.20.0-0.30.50.2 Other food at home....................... 2.271200.566204.531204.626 2.00.0-0.10.40.1 Food away from home1.................... 5.690234.435240.038240.359 2.50.10.10.10.1 Energy...........................................9.759232.300238.946233.4730.5-2.3-0.2-4.1-1.2 Energy commodities........................ 6.013287.363303.627291.815 1.5-3.9-0.5-6.9-2.2 Fuel oil1...................................0.233369.085382.355382.532 3.60.0 1.1-0.20.0 Motor fuel.................................. 5.682282.501299.777287.408 1.7-4.1-0.6-7.3-2.3 Gasoline(all types).................... 5.490280.713298.131285.606 1.7-4.2-0.6-7.4-2.3 Energy services2............................ 3.746189.891187.359187.880-1.10.30.30.90.4 Electricity2................................. 2.842192.777191.837191.879-0.50.00.50.70.2 Utility(piped)gas service2..............0.904178.193171.243173.098-2.9 1.1-0.2 1.3 1.3 All items less food and energy...............75.998226.740231.263231.033 1.9-0.10.20.10.1 Commodities less food and energycommodities...............................19.668145.929147.487146.3870.3-0.7-0.1-0.1-0.2 Apparel..................................... 3.665123.470129.573125.656 1.8-3.00.7-0.6-0.1 New vehicles.............................. 3.171142.953144.762145.181 1.60.3-0.10.20.0 Used cars and trucks..................... 1.847148.140145.862145.234-2.0-0.4-0.9-0.5-0.4 Medical care commodities1............. 1.718327.254334.285332.684 1.7-0.50.0-0.4-0.5 Alcoholic beverages......................0.945227.335231.178231.572 1.90.2-0.10.20.4 Tobacco and smoking products1.......0.799847.063858.504862.945 1.90.5-0.10.00.5 Services less energy services.............56.330275.643282.044282.400 2.50.10.30.20.2 Shelter......................................31.559253.716258.999259.298 2.20.10.30.20.1 Rent of primary residence2.......... 6.509257.189263.365264.098 2.70.30.40.20.2 Owners’equivalent rent ofresidences2,3......................23.942261.982267.099267.480 2.10.10.20.20.1 Medical care services.................... 5.426430.005445.278445.955 3.70.20.00.30.3 Physicians’services2................. 1.613342.966350.277349.910 2.0-0.10.00.10.0 Hospital services2,4.................. 1.547246.377257.537258.486 4.90.40.10.50.9 Transportation services.................. 5.812269.858276.008276.982 2.60.40.70.20.5 Motor vehicle maintenance andrepair1................................ 1.147255.644258.943258.845 1.30.00.20.10.0 Motor vehicle insurance............... 2.479396.193412.890414.773 4.70.50.90.10.5 Airline fare...............................0.768299.315305.354305.733 2.10.1 2.4 1.4 1.21Not seasonally adjusted.2This index series was calculated using a Laspeyres estimator.All other item stratum index series were calculated using a geometric means estimator. 3Indexes on a December1982=100base.4Indexes on a December1996=100base.NOTE:Index applies to a month as a whole,not to any specific date.category,December2012[1982-84=100,unless otherwise noted]Expenditure categoryRelativeimportanceNov.2012Unadjusted percentchangeSeasonally adjusted percent change Dec.2011-Dec.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012Sep.2012-Oct.2012Oct.2012-Nov.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012All items..................................................................100.000 1.7-0.30.1-0.30.0 Food....................................................................14.243 1.80.20.20.20.2 Food at home......................................................8.553 1.30.30.30.30.2 Cereals and bakery products.................................. 1.2260.80.10.40.30.2 Cereals and cereal products................................0.469-0.70.00.60.50.0 Flour and preparedflour mixes..........................0.051 2.3 1.60.9-0.5 1.9 Breakfast cereal1..........................................0.290-0.8-0.70.9 1.2-0.7 Rice,pasta,cornmeal1...................................0.128-1.50.8-1.5 1.30.8 Rice1,2,3..............................................0.00.1-0.6 1.70.1 Bakery products............................................0.757 1.70.20.40.00.4 Bread2...................................................0.222 1.50.80.4-0.9 1.0White bread1,3...................................... 2.3 1.2 1.8-0.7 1.2Bread other than white1,3.........................-0.20.7 1.1-1.30.7 Fresh biscuits,rolls,muffins1,2......................0.113 1.30.9-1.00.40.8 Cakes,cupcakes,and cookies........................0.186 1.3-0.8 1.3-0.4-0.6Cookies1,3........................................... 1.8-1.20.00.9-1.4Fresh cakes and cupcakes1,3.................... 1.5-0.5 2.6-0.5-0.5 Other bakery products..................................0.236 2.30.00.30.70.3Fresh sweetrolls,coffeecakes,doughnuts1,3... 5.40.8 1.20.20.8Crackers,bread,and cracker products3.......... 1.40.70.5-0.1 1.2Frozen and refrigerated bakery products,pies,tarts,turnovers3...................................0.3-2.1-1.1 2.4-2.7 Meats,poultry,fish,and eggs................................. 1.950 1.50.00.8-0.10.0 Meats,poultry,andfish...................................... 1.838 1.5-0.10.70.10.2 Meats........................................................ 1.1890.8-0.20.60.00.2 Beef and veal1..........................................0.560 4.60.30.50.10.3Uncooked ground beef1............................0.220 5.6-0.10.10.2-0.1Uncooked beef roasts1,2..........................0.082 3.2-0.2 2.40.4-0.2Uncooked beef steaks1,2..........................0.207 4.10.60.1-0.20.6Uncooked other beef and veal1,2................0.052 4.2 2.1 1.20.0 2.1 Pork.......................................................0.365-3.3-1.5 1.0-0.1-0.1Bacon,breakfast sausage,and related products2 ............................................................................0.138-2.4-0.7-0.6-0.20.1 Bacon and related products3....................-1.80.0-0.8-0.1 1.1Breakfast sausage and related products1,2,3 ............................................................................-4.1-2.0-1.0-2.1-2.0 Ham....................................................0.078-2.3-2.4-1.0-0.50.1Ham,excluding canned3.........................-2.8-2.6-1.1-0.80.3Pork chops............................................0.061-3.7-2.1 2.3 1.0-1.9Other pork including roasts and picnics2.........0.088-5.4-1.4 4.60.40.3 Other meats..............................................0.263-1.20.4-0.10.10.5Frankfurters3.........................................-1.20.9-2.00.70.7Lunchmeats1,2,3..................................-0.50.60.80.20.6Lamb and organ meats1,3........................-7.8-2.0 5.0-1.2-2.0Lamb and mutton1,2,3............................-16.5-1.8 4.3-3.3-1.8 Poultry....................................................0.346 5.70.7 1.50.20.7Chicken2..............................................0.272 6.00.6 1.70.40.8Fresh whole chicken1,3......................... 3.6-0.6 2.0 2.1-0.6Fresh and frozen chicken parts1,3............7.1 1.6 1.90.1 1.6Other poultry including turkey2.....................0.074 4.6 1.10.30.90.1 Fish and seafood1......................................0.304-0.1-0.50.00.2-0.4Freshfish and seafood1,2.........................0.155-1.5-1.0-0.3-0.5-1.0Processedfish and seafood2......................0.149 1.40.00.00.6-0.1Shelf stablefish and seafood1,3............... 6.9 1.5-0.1 1.1 1.5。
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viiU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012Page New Tables ...................................................... xi Guide to Tabular Presentation ........................................ xiii Telephone and Internet Contacts ...................................... xv Sec. 1. Population (Tables 1–77) .................................... 1Estimates and projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin ............. 8States, metropolitan areas, cities ..................................... 18Mobility status ................................................... 37Profiles of elderly, racial, and Hispanic-origin populations ................... 39Native and foreign-born populations ................................... 43Immigration ..................................................... 46Ancestry, languages ............................................... 50Marital status and households ....................................... 52Religion ........................................................ 61Sec. 2. Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Divorces (Tables 78–133) ......... 63Births .......................................................... 65Life expectancy ................................................... 77Deaths ......................................................... 81Marriages and divorces ............................................. 96Sec. 3. Health and Nutrition (Tables 134–218) ......................... 99National Health Expenditure Accounts ................................. 101Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP ....................................... 106Health insurance .................................................. 111Employment ..................................................... 114Hospitals ....................................................... 118Health measures .................................................. 123Food consumption, nutrition ......................................... 140Sec. 4. Education (Tables 219–305) .................................. 143School enrollment ................................................. 145Educational attainment ............................................. 151Technology in schools ............................................. 171Degrees conferred ................................................ 188Sec. 5. Law Enforcement, Courts, and Prisons (Tables 306–357) .......... 193Crime rates ...................................................... 196Crimes and arrests ................................................ 207Courts ......................................................... 209Juveniles, child abuse .............................................. 214Prisoners and inmates .............................................. 217Sec. 6. Geography and Environment (Tables 358–396) .................. 221Land and water ................................................... 223Air quality ....................................................... 229Municipal hazardous waste .......................................... 231Weather ........................................................ 236Sec. 7. Elections (Tables 397–427) ................................... 243Vote results ...................................................... 248Campaign finances ................................................ 263Contents[Numbers following subjects are page numbers]Page Sec. 8. State and Local Government Finances and Employment(Tables 428–468) (265)Governmental units (267)Aid to state and local governments (268)State and local governments (273)State government finances (286)Local government finances (292)Employment and payroll (300)Sec. 9. Federal Government Finances and Employment (Tables 469–502) .. 307 Budget receipts, outlays, debt (310)Income taxes (317)Federal employment and payroll (326)Sec. 10. National Security and Veterans Affairs (Tables 503–537) (329)National defense outlays, expenditures, personnel (332)Military manpower (334)Veterans (340)Homeland security (342)Sec. 11. Social Insurance and Human Services (Tables 538–585) (347)Government transfer payments (351)Social security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Public aid, federal food programs (364)Child care, child support (366)Sec. 12. Labor Force, Employment, and Earnings (Tables 586–666) (373)Labor force status (377)Occupations (393)Projections (398)Unemployment (401)Establishments (406)Productivity (416)Benefits (424)Injuries (426)Union membership (429)Sec. 13. Income, Expenditures, Poverty, and Wealth (Tables 667–723) (431)Gross domestic product (435)Personal income (443)Consumer expenditures (448)Money income (452)State income and poverty (460)Poverty status (462)Wealth (467)Sec. 14. Prices (Tables 724–743). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Consumer price index (474)Cost of living index (478)Producer price index (482)Sec. 15. Business Enterprise (Tables 744–798) (489)Sole proprietors, partnerships, corporations (491)Establishments, employees, payroll (499)Firms, births, deaths, expansions, and contractions (505)Women- and minority-owned businesses (507)Bankruptcy, patents (511)Investment, capital expenditures (514)Economic indicators (516)viiiU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012Page Sec. 15. Business Enterprise—Con.Corporate profits (518)Multinationals (519)Sec. 16. Science and Technology (Tables 799–822) (521)R&D funds, outlays (522)Science and engineering degrees (527)Science and engineering employment (530)Space program (532)Sec. 17. Agriculture (Tables 823–878) (533)Farms and farmland (536)Farm balance sheet, income (542)Agricultural exports and imports (546)Crops, livestock (549)Sec. 18. Forestry, Fishing, and Mining (Tables 879–922) (559)Timber, lumber (562)Fishery (568)Petroleum, natural gas, coal (576)Sec. 19. Energy and Utilities (Tables 923–960) (581)Energy production, consumption (584)Expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 Crude oil (591)Nuclear (593)Electric power (594)Gas utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Sec. 20. Construction and Housing (Tables 961–1006) (603)Construction spending (605)Home sales (611)Homeownership (621)Home remodeling (629)Sec. 21. Manufactures (Tables 1007–1041) (631)Manufacturing summary (636)Hours and earnings of production workers (637)Shipments, inventories, new orders, and finances (641)Industry reports by subject and subsector (645)Sec. 22. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Tables 1042–1062) (653)Wholesale trade (655)Retail trade (659)Sec. 23. Transportation (Tables 1063–1127) (667)Transportation system (674)Air transportation (677)Port traffic (683)Motor vehicle registration (688)Motor vehicle accidents (693)Transit ridership, railroads (699)Sec. 24. Information and Communications (Tables 1128–1161) (707)Information industries (709)Media usage (711)Newspapers (714)Books (715)ix U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012Page Sec. 24. Information and Communications—Con.Recording media (716)Telecommunications (719)Internet access and use (723)Sec. 25. Banking, Finance, and Insurance (Tables 1162–1227) (727)Establishments, receipts (730)Flow of funds, financial assets, and liabilities (731)Financial institutions (735)Payment instruments, credit and debit cards (739)Consumer credit, mortgage debt (741)Money stock, interest rates (744)Stocks and bonds, equity ownership, mutual funds (746)Insurance (754)Sec. 26. Arts, Recreation, and Travel (Tables 1228–1271) (757)Employees, establishments, and payroll (759)Performing arts (761)Leisure activities (763)Sports (766)Parks and wildlife activities (771)Travel (775)Sec. 27. Accommodation, Food Services, and Other Services(Tables 1272–1285) (779)Professional, scientific, and technical services (784)Administrative and support and waste management (786)Sec. 28. Foreign Commerce and Aid (Tables 1286–1312) (789)International transactions (792)Foreign investments (797)Foreign grants and credits (801)Exports and imports (804)Sec. 29. Puerto Rico and the Island Areas (Tables 1313–1328) (815)Sec. 30. International Statistics (Tables 1329–1406) (823)World maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 World population, vital statistics (835)Economic measures (846)Labor force (856)Agriculture (859)Energy (863)Finance (869)Appendix I.Guide to Sources of Statistics (877)Guide to State Statistical Abstracts (892)Guide to Foreign Statistical Abstracts (896)Appendix II.Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas:Concepts, Components, and Population (898)Appendix III.Limitations of the Data (919)Appendix IV.Weights and Measures (946)Appendix V.Tables Deleted From the 2010 Edition of the Statistical Abstract (947)Index (949)xU.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012。