美国文学流派

美国文学现实主义

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美国文学史总结

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第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost

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一家》。 雷马克反战小说《西线无战事》；茨威格《一个陌生女人的来信》 美国文学 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》；塞林格《麦田里的守望者》；菲次吉拉德《了不起的盖茨比》。 什么叫“迷惘的一代”？ 20世纪20年代产生于美国的文学流派，海明威在《太阳照样升起》的题词中引用斯泰因的一句话：你们都是迷惘的一代，该流派因此而得名。特点是痛恨帝国主义战争，关心战后青年一代的命运，反映当时美国青年普遍的迷惘情绪，以此为出发点，表现帝国主义精神危机。代表作家海明威和菲次吉拉德。 什么叫“冰山原则”？ 1932年海明威在《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山原则”，即用简洁的文字塑造鲜明的形象，并且把自己的感受和思想最大限度地藏在形象中，使之情感丰富却含而不露，思想深沉且隐而不晦，让读者通过鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想构成冰山原则的四要素，也是海明威的基本创作风格。 海明威相关知识： 《太阳照样升起》开创“迷惘的一代”的宣言书。 1940年《丧钟为谁而鸣》标志着海明威战争观的转变，支持正义战争，摆脱迷惘。 长篇小说《永别了，武器》：把“迷惘的一代”文学推向了高峰。主人公：亨利·腓特力、英国护士凯瑟琳。 《乞力马扎罗的雪》：最成功的一个短篇。 代表作《老人与海》，思想意义？点警句“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把它消灭掉，可就是打不败它。”如何理解这句话？ 海明威的作品《老人与海》是一部寓意很深的作品。故事表现了“英雄与环境这个传统的主题。 象征意义：“老人与海”具有很强的象征性与寓意性。小说中的名言：“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。是我们理解其思想意义的钥匙。老渔夫桑提亚哥实际上是抽象化的人类，作为人的对立面的大海、鲨鱼象征神秘的命运和不可知的自然力。老人在斗争中虽然失败了，但他坚忍不拔、不断抗争、奋力

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美国文学史期末总结

美国文学史美国文学

全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .

常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】

第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.

外国文学-二十世纪现实主义文学

第九章二十世纪现实主义文学 第一节概述 （一）、欧美现实主义文学 一、历史文化背景 ★1914――1918年的第一次世界大战； ★1917年俄国十月革命的成功和苏联的出现； ★20、30年代西方世界普遍的经济危机； ★1939－－1945年的第二次世界大战。 ★自然科学突飞猛进的发展也促成了20世纪文化观念的急速变化。 ★哲学流派非常活跃，其中影响较大的有弗洛伊德的精神分析学、萨特的存在主义。另外，文艺批评新流派如符号学、结构主义、后结构主义、女权主义、后现代主义、新历史主义和后殖民主义等等所尊奉的思想观念也造成了广泛影响。 二、基本特征 人道主义和民主主义仍然是作家们的重要思想武器。 作家们始终坚持真实性这一现实主义文学创作的基本原则。 频频出现“长河小说”，这种多卷本小说能够较好地反映每个历史时期的变迁。 描写重点的内向性和主观化，艺术形式上的不拘一格和兼容并蓄。 人物塑造上强调性格的多重性，淡化典型性格描写。 三、发展概况 1、英国：加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。 诺贝尔文学奖获得者： 高尔斯华绥：（1867—1933）代表作长河小说《福尔赛世家》（1932） 萧伯纳：（1856—1950）英国最有代表性的现实主义戏剧家，代表作《巴巴拉少校》（1925） 戈尔丁：（1911—1993）“寓言编撰家”，代表作《蝇王》（1983） 20世纪上半叶最有创作个性也最有争议的作家：劳伦斯（1885—1930） 跨越两个世纪：康德拉（1857—1924）:“航海小说” 毛姆（1878—1965）：《人生的枷锁》“英国的漠泊桑” 福斯特（1879—1970）：《小说面面观》 讽刺小说：乔治·奥维尔《一九八四》 赫胥黎《奇妙的新世界》 20世纪下半叶新一代作家：格林、艾米斯、戈尔丁 2、法国： 诺贝尔文学奖获得者： 罗曼·罗兰：《约翰·克里斯多夫》1915 法郎士：《诸神渴了》1921 马丁·杜伽尔：长河小说《蒂博一家》1937 安德烈·纪德：《伪币制造者》1947 弗朗索瓦·莫里亚克：心理现实主义大师《蝮蛇结》1952 20世纪下半叶：玛格丽特·杜拉斯：《琴声如诉》、《情人》

美国文学简史名词解释定义

American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil