Methane Emission from Mires and Its Influencing Factors
山西省三晋名校2024-2025学年高三上学期10月考试英语试卷
山西省三晋名校2024-2025学年高三上学期10月考试英语试卷一、听力选择题1．What did the man do last night?A．He slept all the night.B．He worked all the night.C．He played all the night. 2．What does the man probably think of the tie?A．It’s cheap.B．It’s affordable.C．It’s expensive.3．What does the woman mean?A．Mary is fit to be a teacher.B．Mary is fit to be a headmaster.C．Mary is fit to be a manager.4．When did Pete get injured?A．When he was riding his bike.B．When he was going downstairs.C．When he was playing football.5．What is the woman going to do?A．Visit her dad.B．See a film.C．Write an email.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6．What will the boy do to help the woman?A．Make the bed.B．Clean the house.C．Prepare some food. 7．What will the boy probably do next?A．Pick up his grandparents.B．Clean the room.C．Buy a pen.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8．Why does the boy love Sundays?A．He can watch sports games on TV.B．He has no classes at school.C．He can play basketball.9．What will the boy watch after cleaning?A．A 13 minutes’ basketball game.B．A 30 minutes’ basketball game.C．A 30 minutes’ football game.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
2014职称英语理工B( 除完形填空和阅读理解)
A sunshade for the planet1、according to the first two paragraphs, the author thinks that( despite the difficulty, scientists have some options to prevent global warming )2、scientists resist talking about their options because they don’t want people to( think the problem has been solved )3、what does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone ?( Methadone is an effective way to treat a hard heroin addict)4、what is Stephen Schneider’s idea of preventing global warming?( To apply sunscreen to the Earth )5、what is NOT true of the effectiveness of “sunscreen”, according to the last paragraph? ( It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere )Thirst for Oil1、“… we will need to cure our addiction to oil.”why does the author say so?( Oil supply is decreasing)2、which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second ? ( Coal is the most environmentally unfriendly fuel next to oil)3、which country is the biggest consumer of petroleum?( the united states)4、what do experts say about the earth’s fuel reserves?( there will soon be an energy crisis)5、what is NOT the result of consuming fossil fuels according to the last paragraph?( the sea level will go up)Musical robot companion enhances listener experience1、which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?( shimi is the creator of the musical companion )2、what does shimi do if the user taps a beat?( It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.)3、which of the following about shimi is true?( shimi can be creative and interactive)4、what does the author want to tell us?( the research center is developing a stronger and more versatile shimi)5、which of the following is weinberg’s assertion?( human lives will be filled with more fun if shimi is going to arrive in homes )Explorer of the extreme deep1、what is Alvin? ( A submersible )2、which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin?( It can carry explorers as deep as 6500 meters)3、”… a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to ( the ocean )4、In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar? ( Shape)5、In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different? ( Both A and B)Plant gas1、what was scientists’ understanding of methane?( It was produced in oxygen-free environments )2、To text whether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created( an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has )3、which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment ?( the higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane emissions )4、which of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the passage ?( Microbes in plants produce methane )5、what is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced methane ?( Less methane reaches the atmosphere)Snowflakes1、what does Professor Libbrecht believe to be true?( No two snowflakes are exactly the same in shape)2、what do the simplest snow crystals look like? ( they are six-sided)3、what are the factors that affect the shape and growth rate of a snow crystal ?( Humidity and temperature)4、It can be felt from the description in the 2nd paragraph that the author( admires the beauty of the snowflakes)5、Libbrecht is not able to ( create snowflakes that are exactly alike)Powering a City ? It’s a Breeze1、what are the symbols of the Netherlands according to the first paragraph?( wooden shoes and wooden windmills)2、which statement best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph？（It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people）3、The smallest models of an urban turbine( can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane)4、Netherlands leads in the urban tuibine technology because( the Netherlands is a small country with a large population)5、According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology?( Both A and C)Underground coal fires--- a looming catastrophe1、according to the first paragraph, one of the warnings given by the scientists is that( poisonous elements released by the underground fires can pollute water sources )2、according to the third paragraph, what will happen when the underground heat does not disappear?( coal heats up on its own and catches fire and burns)3、what did stracher analyze in his article published in the international journal of coolecology?( coal fires can have an impact on the environment)4、which of the following statements about paul van dijk is NOT true?( He has detected and monitored underground fires in the Netherlands )5、according to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to control underground fires? ( Cutting off the oxygen supply )Eat to live1、according to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?( we? have to being dieting since childhood )2、why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2( To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice )3、what can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage ?( they are more likely to suffer from inflammation )4、according to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers ?( the mice that started dieting in old age )5、according to the last two paragraphs, spindler believes that( dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life )Male and female pilots cause accidents differently1、what is the research at Johns Hopkins University about ?( Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes )2、which of the statements is NOT true according to the second pargraph? ( only mature pilots are atudied to determine the gender differences in the reasons for aircraft crash)3、how did the researchers carry out their study ?( they studied the finding of several previous research projects.)4、what is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots ?( loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling )5、In the comparison of female and male pilots ,( male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making )Driven to distraction1、which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs?( coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman)2、what do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs ?( all of the above )3、what are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph ? ( in challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else)4、The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers( want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system )5、what kind of directions do men and women prefer ?( men prefer more general directions and women prefer route directions )Sleep lets brain file memories1、which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “to sleep, perchance to file?” ( Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep ? )2、what is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University ? ( Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation )3、what is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentionedin paragraph 4 ? ( The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance )4、in what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage ?( the more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory )5、according to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?( To control glucose levels )I’ll Be Bach1、the music composed by David cope is about ( classical music )2、by developing a computer software, David cope aimed ( to write an opera )3、what did cope realize about a great composer’s brain ( it create an accurate database)4、who is Emmy? ( a computer software )5、we can infer from the passage that ( Emmy did much more work than a composer )Digital Realm1、the techniques of voice recognition ( are in its initial stage of development )2、according to the second paragraph, when we reach the stage of artificial intelligence,( machines can be our agents as they understand our thoughts)3、what’s the best description of Gordon Moore’s law as mentioned in the third paragraph?(It motivates the development of the digital world )4、what can people do in a future scene as described in the fourth paragraph? ( All of the above )5、which of the following statements is true of a personalized market？( In a personalized market, products are tailored to each consumer )Hurricane Katrina1、what is the eye of a hurricane ?( A calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter)2、which of the following is NOT the “requirements ”mentioned in the second paragraph? ( The tropical waters are warm and calm )3、which of the following is the best explanation of the word “ drive”in the third paragraph? ( To supply the motive force or power and cause to function )4、what does the warm air mentioned in the fourth paragraph produce when it is rising from the sea surface? ( Low pressure )5、what is NOT true of Hurricane Katrina according to the last paragraph?( The humanitarian crisis is as serious as that of the great depression )Mind-reading Machine1、what is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? ( Neurons in the brain)2、which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? ( fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently )3、”Highlighting the areas of the brain at work ” means(” marking the parts of the brain that are processing information”)4、what did the researchers experiment on ( Two volunteers )5、which of the following can be the replacement of the title ? ( Your Thoughts can be scanned) Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste1、which of the following words can best substitute the word “withdrawal ”in the first paragraph? ( Canceling)2、according to Rodney Ewing and Frand von Hipper ,where to locate nuclear facilities( should be approved by local people and states )3、what is NOT true about the 1987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposal ? ( The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities )4、what does the author of the essay in the fourth paragraph want to say ?( Effort should be made to develop muclear disposal sites to suit the circumstances of the region ) 5、what is meant by “ regional approach” as mentioned in the last paragraph ?( waste disposal sites are located close to reachors and in places suitable for the regional circumstances)。
大英v翻译
Unit1What is an educated person? Someone who watches public television voluntarily and cites The Atlantic magazine and Harper's instead of People and Us? Is it someone who breaks into Tennyson at odd moments or programs a computer in machine language?谁是有教养的人呢？是那些热衷于收看公共电视节目，且乐于谈论《大西洋》或《哈珀》等高尚杂志，而不是《人物》或《我们》这些通俗刊物的人呢?还是那些偶尔读一读丁尼生的作品或是那些懂得如何用计算机语言编程的人呢？Confucius believed that the educated person knows "the ordinances of Heaven," "the rules of propriety" and the "force of words." But some people envision a walking course catalogue. Dr. H. Keith H. Brodie, president of Duke University, suggested that the all-knowing should know "something of history and literature; of the rules and laws of the universe; of human laws, government and behavior, and something of art-how to understand and respect the play of imagination, and how to be enriched and kept whole by it."孔子认为学者应“知天命”、“懂礼仪”、“晓文理”。
(含答案)中学英语阅读短文之《火星探测》
（含答案）中学英语阅读短文之《火星探测》阅读短文并回答问题NASA’s Curiosity vehicle recently recorded the largest level of methane （甲烷）ever measured during its seven-year Mars mission.The discovery is exciting because the existence of methane gas could support the case for life on Mars.Methane has no color or smell.A special instrument on Curiosity’s Mars Science Laboratory recorded the increased gas level.The device,called a laser spectrometer,measures levels of chemical elements and gases in the Martian atmosphere.In addition to methane,the instrument can record levels of water and CO2.Nearly all the methane gas found in Earth’s atmosphere is produced by biological activity.It usually comes from animal and plant life.But it can also be formed by geological（地质的）processes,such as interactions between rocks and water.NASA said the increased methane was measured to be about21parts per billion by volume(ppbv).One ppbv means that if you take a volume of air on Mars, one billionth of the volume of air is methane.It was not the first time Curiosity has found methane gas in the Martian atmosphere.About a year ago,NASA announced that Curiosity had discovered sharp seasonal increases in the gas.This time,NASA said the measured methane gas level was clearly larger than any others observedin the past.NASA officials even temporarily stopped Curiosity’s other activities to investigate further.“It’s exciting because microbial（微生物的）life is an important source of methane on Earth,”NASA said in a statement announcing the discovery. However,Curiosity’s team carried out a follow-up methane experiment that showed a sharp drop in levels of the gas.The second examination found the level was less than one part per billion by volume.That number was close to the background levels Curiosity sees all the time. The rise and fall of the methane gas levels left NASA scientists with more questions than answers.The scientists are continuing to study possible causes for the sudden increase.The methane mystery continues.Curiosity does not have instruments that can exactly identify whether the source of the methane is biological or geological.One leading theory is that methane is being released from underground areas created by possible life forms that disappeared long ago.Even though Mars has no active volcanoes,scientists believe it is also possible that methane is being produced by reactions involving carbon materials and water.A clearer understanding of methane levels over time could help scientists determine where they’re located on Mars.Scientists hope this understanding will come as Curiosity continues to collect methane data in its search for possible life.1.Curiosity discovered.A.the largest methane gas level ever on MarsB.the existence of life on MarsC.the reason for the increased methaneD.interactions between rocks and water2.Why did NASA officials once stop Curiosity’s other activities?A.To seek possible life existing on Mars.B.To check the quality of Curiosity’s mission.C.To find seasonal increases in the methane gas.D.To further examine the methane gas level on Mars.3.What can we learn from the last three paragraphs?A.Causes for the change of methane have been proved by Curiosity.B.Curiosity has proved the location of methane by instruments.C.Scientists think underground materials’reactions may produce methane.D.Identifying the source of methane helps scientists search for possible life on Mars.4.The passage is probably taken from.A.a geography textbookB.a science newspaperC.a health magazineD.a travel brochure参考答案1–4ADCB生词及长难句1.NASA美国国家航空航天局2.Mars n.火星3.Curiosity’s Mars Science Laboratory“好奇号”火星科学实验室4.The device,called a laser spectrometer,measures levels of chemical elements and gases in the Martian atmosphere.句子主干：The device measures levels.参考译文：该装置叫做激光光谱仪，可以测量火星大气中化学元素和气体的含量。
小学上册第十四次英语第六单元测验卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第六单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I want to grow a ________ that brings happiness.2. A ______ (草本植物) is often used for culinary purposes.3.The __________ (历史遗产) can be tangible or intangible.4.What is the name of the technology that allows us to communicate over distances?A. TelevisionB. RadioC. TelephoneD. Computer答案: C5.The ______ (植物的适应能力) is key to survival.6.My dad is a __________ (投资顾问).7.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Fish答案:B.Dog8.I enjoy ________ (跳舞) at parties.9. A ______ (果园) is where fruit trees are grown.10.__________ energy is required to break chemical bonds.11.The ______ loves to play music.12.The __________ is known for its ancient monuments.13.The __________ is a famous desert in the United States.14.What is a common pet that purrs?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish答案: B15.The __________ is a major city known for its art and culture. (巴黎)16.My ________ (老师) encourages us to do our best in school.17.y of __________ (凡尔赛) ended World War I in 1919. The Troj18.The baby is _____ (crying/laughing) loudly.19.The __________ is a region known for its heat and dryness.20.I find ________ (古典文学) very inspiring.21.The boy likes to play ________.22.The chemical formula for cobalt chloride is _____.23.The __________ is famous for its unique rock formations.24.The ________ (squirrel) is looking for nuts.25.My toy ____ can turn into a car. (玩具名称)26.I enjoy painting my ________ (玩具类型).27.Every Saturday, I go to the _______ (地方) with my family. We enjoy _______ (活动) together.28.I enjoy _______ (drawing) in my sketchbook.29.What do we call the leader of a country?A. PresidentB. MayorC. GovernorD. Senator答案: A30. A ____ is a playful animal that loves to chase after balls.31.My grandma enjoys visiting ____ (libraries).32.Chemistry is the study of ______ and their interactions.33. A __________ is a smaller body of water connected to a larger body.34.Which planet is known as the Blue Planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter答案: B35.What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow答案: C36.My ________ (玩具名称) can turn into different characters.37.The butterfly has colorful ______ (翅膀). It flutters from flower to ______ (花).38.I can ________ (calculate) numbers easily.39.The _____ (pollen) helps plants reproduce.40.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)41.I like to _______ (study) science.42.We are making ________ (果汁) for breakfast.43.What do we call the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly?A. TransformationB. EvolutionC. GrowthD. Metamorphosis答案: D44.We need to _______ (遵守) the law.45.I enjoy riding my ______ (滑板) at the skate park. It is a lot of ______ (乐趣).46.The element with the atomic number is ______.47.The capital of Portugal is ________ (里斯本).48.The classroom is ________ (安静的).49.What do you call the process of a solid becoming a liquid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing答案: B50.The first successful airplane flight took place in ________.51.My friend is very __________ (灵活).52.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk答案:A53.The chemical formula for potassium carbonate is ______.54. A horse gallops quickly across the _______.55.The ____ enjoys basking in the sun on warm days.56.The chemical symbol for uranium is _____.57.The _______ point is the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.58.My grandma enjoys making __________ (传统食品).59.The country known for its wildlife is ________ (以野生动物闻名的国家是________).60.My cat loves to chase ______ (蝴蝶) in the garden.61.The __________ (克里米亚战争) involved many European powers.62.The _____ (秋天) leaves are falling.63.The ______ is a measure of how much matter is in an object.64.I love to collect ______ (邮票) from different countries. They are very ______ (特别).65.The chemical formula for sodium thiosulfate is ______.66.The _______ (小蜻蜓) flits around over the water.67.What do you call the main character in a story?A. VillainB. ProtagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting character答案:B68. A ______ (猴子) swings from branch to branch in trees.69.He is reading a ________ (书) in the library.70.The main gas emitted from car exhaust is _______.71.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is __________.72.The first man to walk on the moon was ______ (尼尔·阿姆斯特朗).73.I think it's essential to be respectful to __________.74.We enjoy ______ (fishing) at the lake.75.What is the name of the fairy in Peter Pan?A. Tinker BellB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Ariel答案: A76.I have a toy _______ that can build things.77.I can ______ (write) my name in cursive.78.We are _____ (waiting) for the bus.79.The ______ is known for her artistic skills.80.I enjoy drawing ______ animals.81.The movie starts at _______ (七点).82.An atom is the smallest unit of a ______.83.The ________ is a beautiful creature that glows.84.The plant needs more ___ (water).85.The ancient Greeks celebrated ________ as a tribute to their deities.86.The _______ can thrive in various climates.87.My ________ (玩具) is perfect for outdoor play.88.The Earth revolves around the ______.89. A __________ is an area where two tectonic plates meet.90.What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. RiceB. FlourC. CornD. Oats答案: B91.ground Railroad helped slaves escape to ________ (自由). The Unit92.The crust is made up of both continental and ______ landforms.93.The _____ (自然景观) features a variety of plant habitats.94.The antelope's agility keeps it safe from predators, ensuring its ____.95.The butterfly has colorful ______.96.My sister calls me her _______ because we are close.97. A _______ can be used to measure the flow rate of a liquid through a pipe.98.The __________ in the summer can be really hot. (天气)99.I like to ___ (play/read) stories.100.I need to _____ (finish/start) my homework.。
灵感源于自然英文作文
灵感源于自然英文作文英文：Inspiration from Nature。
Nature is a wonderful source of inspiration for me. From the breathtaking scenery to the intricate details of a flower, there is always something that catches my eye and sparks my creativity.One of my favorite things to do is take a hike in the mountains. The fresh air, the sound of birds chirping, and the feeling of being surrounded by nature is truly invigorating. I often take my camera with me and capture the beauty of the landscape. I find that the colors and textures of the mountains and trees inspire me to createart that reflects the natural world.Another way that nature inspires me is through its patterns and shapes. For example, the spiral pattern of aseashell or the hexagonal shape of a honeycomb can be found in many of my designs. These patterns are not only aesthetically pleasing, but they also have a deeper meaning. The spiral represents growth and transformation, while the hexagon symbolizes balance and harmony.In addition to the visual inspiration, nature also provides me with a sense of calm and peace. When I amfeeling stressed or overwhelmed, I like to take a walk in the park or sit by a lake and just breathe in the fresh air. The sound of the water and the rustling of leaves help meto relax and clear my mind, allowing me to approach my work with a fresh perspective.Overall, nature is a constant source of inspiration for me, and I feel grateful to be able to draw from its beauty and wonder.中文：灵感源于自然。
2009职称英语阅读理解重点(理工类)
重点文章划分一类重点文章(一) 最重点文章（2009年新增文章）第三篇Light Night, Dark Stars(理工C)第六篇Hair Detectives(理工C)第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine(理工B)第三十五篇 Putting Plants to work(理工B)第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong(理工A)第四十九篇 U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars(理工A)(二)重点文章第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles(理工C)第二篇Electric Backpack(理工C)第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones(理工C)第十一篇The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself(理工C)第十三篇 Invisibility Ring(理工C)第十四篇Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers(理工C)第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly(理工C)第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet(理工C)第十八篇Thirst for Oil(理工C)第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep(理工C)第二十一篇 Plant Gas(理工C)第二十二篇 Snowflakes(理工C)第二十三篇 Powering a City? It's a Breeze. (理工C)第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires -- a Looming Catastrophe(理工C)第三十篇Digital Realm(理工C)第三十三篇 Smart Window(理工B)第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning(理工B)第三十九篇 Clone Farm(理工B)第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming(理工A)第四十八篇 "Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common(理工A)第五十篇 Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-Destruct(理工A)(三) 次重要文章第十二篇Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass(理工C)第十六篇Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth(理工C)第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently(理工C)第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction(理工C)第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories(理工C)第二十九篇 Food Fright(理工C)第四十篇Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific(理工B) 第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods(理工A)第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed(理工A)第四十六篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack? (理工A)二类文章第五篇Late-Night Drinking(理工C)第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful(理工C)第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers(理工C)第二十五篇 Eat to Live(理工C)第三十七篇 "Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning(理工B)第三十八篇 Sauna(理工B)第四十五篇 Thirsty in Karachi(理工A)三类文章(考过文章)第四篇Motoring Technology(理工C)第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine(理工C)第十九篇Prolonging Human Life(理工C)第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina(理工B)第三十四篇 Don't Count on Dung(理工B)第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources(理工A)注意：凡是目录中没有标注的为C级文章，凡是目录中标注*的为B级文章，凡是目录中标注+ 的为A级文章，2009年职称英语（理工类）阅读理解背诵模板第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇Electric Backpack第三篇（新增文章）Light Night, Dark Stars第四篇Motoring Technology第五篇Late-Night Drinking第六篇（新增文章）Hair Detectives第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第十一篇 The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself第十二篇 Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass第十三篇Invisibility Ring第十四篇 Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly第十六篇Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet第十八篇Thirst for Oil第十九篇（新增文章）Prolonging Human Life第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep第二十一篇Plant Gas第二十二篇Snowflakes第二十三篇Powering a City? It's a Breeze.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires -- a Looming Catastrophe第二十五篇Eat to Live第二十六篇Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently第二十七篇Driven to Distraction第二十八篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories第二十九篇Food Fright*第三十篇Digital Realm第三十一篇Hurricane Katrina第三十二篇（新增文章）Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇Smart Window**第三十四篇 Don't Count on Dung*第三十五篇Putting Plants to work*第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning*第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning*第三十八篇Sauna*第三十九篇Clone Farm*第四十篇 Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific+第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+第四十三篇Forecasting Methods+第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+第四十五篇Thirsty in Karachi+第四十六篇Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?+第四十七篇（新增文章）Listening to Birdsong+第四十八篇"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common+第四十九篇（新增文章）U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+第五十篇Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-Destruct2009年职称英语阅读理解新增文章可能换的题目第十三篇Light Night, Dark Stars 明亮夜空，昏暗星辰1．大学大气研究社团，天文学家丹尼斯．博尔德指出，当天空被其城市的灯光包围，人们只能有幸看到多少个恒星？大学大气研究社团，天文学家丹尼斯．博尔德指出，当天空被其城市的灯光包围，人们只能有幸看到150个恒星。
自然界的奥秘作文
自然界的奥秘作文英文回答：The natural world is a realm of endless mystery and wonder, filled with phenomena that have captivated human imagination for centuries. From the smallest microorganisms to the vastness of space, nature's secrets beckon us to explore and unravel their complexities.One of nature's most enduring mysteries is the origin of life itself. How did the first living organisms arise from non-living matter? What were the conditions necessary for life to thrive and evolve into the myriad forms we see today? Scientists have proposed numerous theories, but the definitive answer remains elusive, inviting further research and exploration.Another profound enigma is the nature of consciousness. How does the brain generate subjective experience? What is the relationship between neural activity and our thoughts,feelings, and emotions? The study of consciousness is a frontier of neuroscience, and its unraveling promises to deepen our understanding of human nature and our place inthe universe.The depths of the ocean also hold untold secrets. The vast majority of the ocean remains unexplored, and the creatures that inhabit its depths are largely unknown. From giant squid to bioluminescent fish, the ocean's mysteries are a testament to the incredible diversity of life on Earth.Beyond our planet, the cosmos teems with unanswered questions. What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which make up the majority of the universe? How did the first stars and galaxies form? And is there life beyond Earth? The pursuit of knowledge about the cosmos drives astronomers to push the boundaries of our understanding and search for answers to the most fundamental questions about our place in the universe.Nature's secrets are not confined to the physical realm.The human mind is also a source of wonder and enigma. Psychologists and philosophers have long pondered the nature of intelligence, creativity, and free will. How do we learn and remember? What makes us unique as a species? The exploration of the human mind offers insights into our nature and potential.中文回答：自然界是一个充满着无限奥秘和奇妙的领域，这里的现象几个世纪以来一直吸引着人类的想象力。
英文版 职称英语填空式背诵模版
第二篇 Silence Please
P25
Christmas is over because they don't have to ②It has been proved that listening to simple, happy has a good effect on ③Which of the following statements is true, according to the research findings reported-in paragraph 6? ④In hostage situations the US police forces repeatedly play pop songs at high volume in order to ⑤According to the article, which of the following most appropriately indicates the nature of the effect repeated hearing of the same tune produces on the hearer?
第四十四篇 Who (Doesn't) Let the Dogs Bark? 谁让（不让）狗嗥叫（综 A）
P32
annoyed by the barking of her neighbor's dog? ②In the city of Clifton, A legislative bill that addresses whining and barking was introduced by ③Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? ④Which of the following statements about the proposed ordinance is true? ⑤Which of the following statements is Mr. Zwerling's own appreciation of the barking problem?
小学下册第13次英语第3单元测验卷(有答案)
小学下册英语第3单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape?A. SolidB. LiquidC. GasD. Plasma答案: B2.The leaves change _______ in the fall, creating a beautiful landscape.3.The chemical symbol for iron is ____.4.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Foal答案: B5.We have a ______ (学校) trip next week.6.The chemical formula for arsenic trioxide is ______.7.environmental psychology) studies human interactions with nature. The ____8.We have a ______ (丰富的) library at school.9.ts can grow in ______ (极端条件). Some pla10.Christopher Columbus discovered America in ______ (1492年).11.The _______ of a light switch controls the flow of electricity.12.My ________ (弟弟) loves to draw pictures of animals.13.Which animal is known for its stripes?A. LeopardB. TigerC. ZebraD. Cheetah答案:C14.I have a ________ (魔法玩具) that can change colors.15.What is the opposite of "sweet"?A. SourB. HotC. ColdD. Bitter答案:A Sour16.Metalloids have properties of both ________ and nonmetals.17.I have a _______ (goal) to achieve this year.18.We need to ______ (clean) our room.19.What is the term for the study of living organisms?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Geology答案: A20.My favorite game involves ________.21.The frog croaks by the ______ (池塘). It is looking for a ______ (伙伴).22.She has a beautiful ________.23.What is the term for an animal that only eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. OmnivoreC. HerbivoreD. Insectivore答案: C24.What is the opposite of "sweet"?A. SourB. HotC. ColdD. Bitter答案:A Sour25.Read and choose the number.(读单词，选出与之意思相符的图片序号)26.The _____ (lavender) smells wonderful.27.Which color is a banana?A. RedB. BlueC. YellowD. Green答案:C28. A ________ (植物数据分析) informs research.29.The chemical symbol for radium is _______.30. A ____(valley) is formed by erosion over time.31. A buffer solution helps maintain a stable ______.32.I like to participate in school ______ (俱乐部) to meet new friends and learn new skills.33.My uncle is a __________. (护士)34.The bear's ability to adapt to different environments highlights its strength and ____.35.I have a special ________ that keeps secrets.36.My dad watches __________ on TV. (新闻)37.The ________ (乡村风光) is picturesque.38.Plants can help us learn about ______ (科学).39.The ancient Greeks developed the idea of ________ (哲学).40.My sister loves to __________ (画画) in her free time.41.I have a pet _____ that loves to play fetch.42.My pet rabbit has big _______ (耳朵).43.The __________ (社区服务) improves quality of life.44.My sister, ______ (我妹妹), loves to play with dolls.45.Which animal is known as the "King of the Jungle"?A. LionB. TigerC. BearD. Elephant答案: A46.I like to eat ________ (水果) every day.47.What do you call the place where you can borrow books?A. SchoolB. LibraryC. MuseumD. Park答案:B.Library48.My favorite pet is a _______ (金鱼) that swims in a bowl.49.Listen and draw.(听录音，对的画笑脸，错的画哭脸。
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收稿日期:2001-06-11;修订日期:2001-10-30基金项目:中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX2-302)和国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(G1999011805)资助。
作者简介:丁维新(1963-),男,江苏张家港市人,在职博士生,副研究员,从事温室气体研究。
E 2mail :wxding @文章编号:1000-0690(2002)05-0619-07沼泽甲烷排放及其主要影响因素丁维新,蔡祖聪(中国科学院南京土壤研究所,江苏南京210008)摘要:综合评述了不同类型沼泽产生、氧化和排放甲烷能力的差异及其主要影响因素。
沼泽水位的变化引起沼生植物种群更替,从而形成不同类型的沼泽及其土壤剖面形态特征,进而导致沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力的不同。
腐泥沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力最强,泥炭沼泽次之,森林沼泽再次之,苔藓泥炭沼泽最弱。
甲烷排放以夏季最多,春秋季次之,冬季最低。
在影响沼泽排放甲烷能力中,水位的变化最为强烈,底物、植物种类及数量和温度次之,p H 、外源氮和土壤性质也有一定的作用。
关 键 词:沼泽;沼泽类型;甲烷排放;影响因素中图分类号:P941.78,X511 文献标识码:A 自然湿地每年排放的甲烷占进入大气甲烷总量的20%,即大约110Tg [1],其中沼泽起着至关重要的作用。
沼生植物因沼泽水位、水分营养状况和距离沼泽边缘的远近而发生有规律的演替,从而形成由不同种类沼生植物组成的、性质不同的沼泽类型。
甲烷的形成是厌氧环境尤其是湿地碳循环的重要组成部分,沼泽中所形成的甲烷既可以存在于沼泽水中,也可以在沼泽中被甲烷氧化菌氧化或者通过气泡、扩散和植物通气组织排放进入大气,因此沼泽排放甲烷量是甲烷产生和氧化的综合结果。
沼泽水位的变化不仅影响沼泽植物种类而且也影响甲烷排放数量,因为甲烷产生和氧化所要求的土壤条件分别是厌氧和好氧环境,因此沼泽水位可能是衡量甲烷排放强度的最好指标[2,3]。
沼泽排放甲烷呈现出明显的空间和时间变化,处于不同气候带的沼泽具有不同的产生和排放甲烷的能力,而且即便具有相似生物、气候和地形特征的沼泽也可以显示出不同的产生和排放甲烷的能力,引起这种差异的原因与沼泽水位、温度、底物和沼生植物等有关。
鉴于沼泽类型的多样性及由此引起的甲烷产生和排放能力的差异,使得全面评估沼泽对大气甲烷的贡献变得更加复杂,因此了解不同类型沼泽产生、氧化和排放甲烷对评估沼泽甲烷排放和合理管理沼泽显得十分重要。
1 沼泽土壤的剖面特征由于迄今国际上尚无普遍接受的沼泽分类法,因此对沼泽甲烷排放研究带来极大困难。
目前一般把沼泽粗略地归为4类:苔藓泥炭沼泽(Bog )、泥炭沼泽(Fen )、森林沼泽(Swamp )和腐泥沼泽(Marsh )。
1.1 苔藓泥炭沼泽苔藓泥炭沼泽属于高位沼泽或贫营养沼泽,水位一般在地表以下,水分和养分输入完全依靠降水和大气沉降,故又称为雨养沼泽或喜雨沼泽,呈强酸性。
由于缺乏养分,植被为无通气组织的泥炭藓,生长较差[4～9]。
在湿润气候条件下有机质长期积累,形成泥炭富积。
典型剖面分层为[10,11]:(1)泥炭藓层;(2)泥炭藓草本泥炭层;(3)木本草本混合泥炭层;(4)泥炭夹泥层;(5)潜育层。
1.2 泥炭沼泽泥炭沼泽一般处于淹水状态,养分主要由流水输入,呈弱酸性至碱性,植被以草或莎草为主。
由于营养条件较好,植物生长茂盛,但因主要分布于中高纬度和中高海拔地区,气温较低,故植物残体在土壤中分解缓慢,导致泥炭大量累积[5]。
剖面分层为:(1)活根层;(2)泥炭层;(3)腐泥层。
第22卷第5期2002年10月 地 理 科 学SCIEN TIA GEO GRAPHICA SIN ICA Vol.22 No.5Oct.,20021.3 森林沼泽森林沼泽植被以树木为主,很少或无泥炭累积,处于长期或季节性淹水状态。
因养分可以通过水流输入,故营养状况良好,植被茂盛,有较多的分泌物进入土壤[12]。
其剖面特征为:(1)凋落物层;(2)温带的泥炭层或热带的有机质层;(3)潜育层。
1.4 腐泥沼泽腐泥沼泽属于低位和富营养沼泽,植被以草、莎草或芦苇等草本植物为主,易受水位波动而发生更替,可能是永久性也可能是季节性淹水。
呈中性反应,一般无泥炭积累[12]。
养分既来自降水又来自径流,因此营养条件较好,植物生长旺盛。
剖面分层为[10]:(1)草根层;(2)净水层或缺失;(3)腐泥层;(4)潜育层。
2 沼泽排放甲烷的潜能和特点沼泽甲烷的排放是甲烷产生和氧化之间平衡的综合结果。
不同类型沼泽土壤剖面形态不同,引起植被生长状况不同,使得甲烷产生和氧化能力迥异,导致甲烷排放量异同。
沼泽既可以是大气甲烷源,也可以是大气甲烷汇。
Houweling等[6]模拟试验表明,工业革命前湿地排放甲烷量163TgΠa,由于沼泽被利用而使其面积减少,导致现有沼泽甲烷排放量约下降10%,沼泽氧化大气甲烷量为12 TgΠa,如果包括内源甲烷氧化量则为252TgΠa。
2.1 沼泽排放甲烷的特点Frenzel和Rudolph[13]发现羊胡子草(E V agi2 nat um)生长的沼泽甲烷排放量为23.38mgΠ(m2.d),泥炭藓(S phagnum)仅0.82mgΠ(m2.d),然而后者组织中甲烷浓度达4mlΠL,根茎中高达6.5 mlΠL却无法释放,说明后者缺少通气组织。
对芬兰沼泽研究获得类似结果,苔草甲烷排放量最高,为262.80mgΠ(m2.d),羊胡子草次之,为217.20 mgΠ(m2.d),一种植被生长较差的湿地沼泽(Flark)再次之,为148.56mgΠ(m2.d),苔藓泥炭沼泽圆丘则最低,仅79.92mgΠ(m2.d)[8]。
我国三江平原沼泽甲烷排放量为:沼泽中央的甜茅苔草>毛果苔草>沼泽边缘的塔头苔草[14]。
Sundh等[15]对瑞典不同类型沼泽研究发现,淤泥低地沼泽甲烷排放量达到97～266mgΠ(m2.d),普通沼泽51～122mgΠ(m2.d),苔藓泥炭沼泽洼地42～104mgΠ(m2.d),矿物营养沼泽29～108mgΠ(m2.d),苔藓泥炭沼泽圆丘-1.9～7.3mgΠ(m2.d)并具有一定的吸收大气甲烷的能力。
Sundh等[15]依据甲烷产生和排放量把沼泽归为3类:(1)甲烷高产生和低氧化构成的高排放;(2)甲烷中到高产生和高氧化构成的低排放;(3)甲烷低产生引起低氧化导致低排放。
沼泽排放甲烷一般夏季多于冬季,并且以水位以下5～15cm产甲烷最多,春秋季甲烷排放相对较少,此时不同类型沼泽之间也无明显差异,夏天排放量随温度升高而增加,不同类型沼泽间差异明显[16]。
芬兰沼泽8月份释放甲烷最多,而冰雪覆盖的冬季较低,大约仅占全年排放量的15%～23%[5]。
我国热带红树林沼泽和青藏高原泥炭沼泽春季排放较多[17,18],而三江平原沼泽则夏季排放最多[14]。
三江平原沼泽甲烷排放呈现出明显的昼夜变化规律,在凌晨3点出现一个、而且是全天唯一的排放高峰[14]。
在沼生植物固定的大气碳中,有4%～10%以甲烷的形态返回大气[19]。
2.2 不同类型沼泽排放甲烷的特点2.2.1 苔藓泥炭沼泽典型植被是苔藓,因此植物提供根系分泌物和甲烷排放通道的能力很弱,但是植物光合作用固定的大气CO2可以以植物残体的方式进入土壤从而成为大气CO2的汇,然而由于水位以上泥炭长期处于好气状态,有机物遭到微生物强烈分解,分解速率为厌气的2.5倍[11,20],使得有机物大量分解、残留少,并且残留物为木质素等难分解物质,提高了泥炭的抗分解力[4]。
因此尽管土壤水中的可溶性有机物含量有时较高,但由于主要是木质素等难分解物[7,8],使得产甲烷菌处于底物供给不足状态,产甲烷能力较弱。
Chasar和Chanton[8]用Δ14C 研究发现,全部水溶性有机质中只有8%～21%来自当季植物光合作用,而70%左右的甲烷碳来自沼泽原有有机碳分解形成的CO2还原。
此外,无论是圆丘或者垄埂还是分布其间的洼地,都可分为上下两部分,即上部泥炭(Acrotelm)和下部泥炭(Catotelm),尤以圆丘分层更为明显。
处于淹水状态的下部泥炭是沼泽产甲烷场所,然后由于干燥的上部泥炭具有隔热作用,使得下部泥炭温度明显降低,而产甲烷菌对温度十分敏感,Q10为2.5～16[11,16,21～23],对温度具有较强的依赖性。
Morrissey和Livingston[7]发现,温度提高6℃,甲烷排放可增加9倍。
温度下降将降低沼泽的产甲烷能力。
氧化菌对温度的敏感性远低于产甲烷菌,上部泥炭的存在为内源甲烷氧化创造了极佳条件,026 地 理 科 学 22卷上部泥炭和下部泥炭的过渡区域对甲烷具有强烈的氧化作用。
Frenzel和Karofeld[11]的结果表明,此层可氧化99%的内源甲烷,有时甚至可氧化大气甲烷。
苔藓泥炭沼泽中的洼地由于上部泥炭层较薄,故对内源甲烷氧化较少。
因此对苔藓泥炭而言,正是由于过渡泥炭层对内源甲烷氧化所起的生物过滤器作用,有效地减少了甲烷向大气排放,导致苔藓泥炭沼泽排放甲烷很低。
Sebacher等[24]测定值仅4.0mgΠ(m2.d),Sundh等[15]的测定值为-1.9～7.3mgΠ(m2.d),有时净吸收大气甲烷。
2.2.2 泥炭沼泽由于沼泽长期处于淹水状态,为产甲烷创造了极佳条件,其上生长的沼生植物不仅提供底物而且提供甲烷排放通道,因此甲烷排放量明显高于苔藓泥炭沼泽。
泥炭沼泽整个剖面都能产生甲烷[8,9]。
用Δ14C研究发现,溶解于水中的可溶性光合产物较土壤原有碳更为重要,36%～86%的甲烷来自当季植物的光合作用,其中上层土壤以乙酸发酵产甲烷,下层土壤由于光合产物很难输入,一般以土壤有机碳分解产生的CO2还原来产甲烷[8]。
由于泥炭沼泽主要分布于中高纬度和中高海拔地区,因此甲烷的产生明显受控于温度,使得甲烷的产生潜能较弱,我国处于高海拔的青藏高原花石峡地区的沼泽甲烷排放量为31.55mgΠ(m2.d)[18],低于瑞典[16]、阿拉斯加[7]等地的同类沼泽。
除受温度影响外,土壤中铁、铝、钙等元素含量的不同,使得植物残体中有机物与金属元素的结合程度不同,这种差异可以引起有机物可分解度的强烈变化,对甲烷的产生造成重要影响。
泥炭沼泽内源甲烷的氧化率变化在17%～74%之间[8],低于苔藓泥炭沼泽。
因沼生植物种类不同而有明显的差异[25],如芝菜属植物的输氧能力高于羊胡子草属植物[11],前者可以氧化更多的内源甲烷。
但是这种作用还受其它因素影响,生长克拉莎属植物或文珠兰属植物的泥炭土的内源甲烷氧化率很高,而泥灰岩土则未测出[26]。
2.2.3 森林沼泽目前尚无法确定树木是否能够提供甲烷排放的直接通道,但树木由于能够提供比较充足的底物,以及森林所处的热带和温带环境使得产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌都处于相当活跃的状态,甲烷排放量明显受水位变化而发生剧烈波动。