新GRE作文 Argument 自创模版
新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文
新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文新GRE教辅系列 Serial Textbooks on the GRE Revised General Test Argument 官方范文 Sample Responses of Argument 适用于2022年8月后实行的机考Compatible with the Computer-based Test applied after Aug. 2022In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year's budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validityof that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident's lack of river use and the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to thegeography of the area. This is not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river's quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on three questionable assumptions, namely:?that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning?that the river?s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreationaluse?that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successful By showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports.Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the river for recreation. Complaints about water qualityand odor may be coming from only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up. Details such as these provide compelling support.In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4).Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., “rife with…assumptions〞 and “may have swayed residents〞). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. For example, note the sustained parallelism in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph.Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveysmeaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6.。
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
新GRE写作Argument 模板 By Jason Lee
新GRE写作Argument 模板——By Jason Lee﹡审题+提纲：2min﹡开头+结尾模板：5min﹡中间三段：7min*3=21min﹡补完结尾（检查润色）：2min一、开头-In this argument, the author concludes that...-To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that…-Close scrutiny of these supporting evidences, however, reveals that none of them lend any credibility to the author’s conclusion.二、主体段落展开段落一：-Firstly, the author has tried to reach the conclusion that…by pointing out that…but this argument has failed to see some significant factors.-For instance,-Or, another scenario can be that …展开段落二：-Secondly, by analyzing the conclusion of this argument, we can find the unstated assumption that…-However, the validity of this assumption is challenged by some other possibilities.-It is likely that…-It is of equal probability that..展开段落三：-Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions were all confirmed valid, there remain doubts that render the author’s whole reasoning logically flawed.-To be more specific,-Absent evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…1. Assumptions◆First of all, the author unfairly assumes that…◆After all, the author provides no evidence that…2. Specific Evidences◆The author fails to offer any evidence to warrant this crucial assumption.◆Only if the author could provide the evidence that…can this argument be confirmed valid.◆The assumption cannot be substantiated until the author could provide that…◆As long as the evidence(that/of…) could be offered, the author’s view might be reasonably justified.3. Questions◆The first question of vital prominence could be whether…◆Only if the answer were positive, can the argument be substantiated. In contrast, if the answer were negative, the argument would be considered logically flawed.4. Alternative Explanations◆The explanation offered by the author does not suffice to be evaluated as justifiable based on the given evidence. Alternative explanation could involve that …or that…◆The author’s conclusion unfairly ignores… so a better explanation might be…◆Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons, the author cannot successfully convince me that…*5. 补充一些攻击Flaw的句型(1)样本不足或不具代表性/调查不可靠◆The author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable.◆Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of…◆The survey methodology might be problematic in several respects:◆As a result, the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion in light of the survey until adequate evidence is given to lend credibility to it.(2)错误类比（忽略个体差异）◆The author is drawing a false analogy between A and B. It is entirely possible that A and B own divergent situations. Perhaps…Without taking such differences into consideration, it is unconscionable to claim that…(3)方案并非最佳◆The argument fails to consider other possible options for…Perhaps by…or by…◆In short, without weighing the given suggestion against alternatives, it is unconscionable to claim that…(4)非充分/非必要条件、◆The validity of the view that…is never equivalent to the justifiability of the deduction that…(5)时间顺序混淆为因果关系/普通关联混淆为因果关系◆However, the conclusion that A is exclusively responsible for B based on the fact that B occurred after/ at the same time of A is unjustifiable.◆Yet the correlation alone amounts to scarce evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.(6)错误推论Absent evidence to warrant this deduction, it is entirely possible thatAny of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that…The fact (that…) accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the recommendation.*6. 段内/段间承接Absent the evidence,If this is the case,Perhaps,Even assuming/Even if……does not necessarily indicate that…三、结尾-In sum, the argument not only is logically unsound but also relies on several doubtful assumptions.-To reinforce the argument, the author must qualify the recommendation by accounting for possible alternatives and providing comprehensive evidence.-To better assess the argument, we would expect the author to provide adequate information with respect to…。
GRE的argument写作万能模板
GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。
了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。
GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。
它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。
我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。
我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。
现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。
二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。
三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。
GRE Argue 模板
Argument 1_ 杀虫公司In this memo the vice president of the food distribution company recommends selecting Buzzoff Company the best mean to save money. To support this recommendation, the vice president cites the fact that the worthy of the food destroyed in the warehouse which Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of is higher last month. His account of this fact, however, reveals several absent of critical evidence needed to evaluate the judgment. Together, these problems serve to undermine the speaker’s argument.First, the vice president assumes that the result of this certain survey deserves enough credit and is representative of the future 水平of Fly-Away Pest Control Company. However, the president fails to provide any evidence to justify the 权威性of the method they adopted in the survey. Thus it is equally possible that the so-called “damaged” they defined as “caused by pest damage”is the ramification of other kind of causes, such as improper storage conditions. Besides, the data acquired merely in a month is not an adequate indicator of the ability of the Fly-Away Pest Control Company either. Maybe there has been a major 虫灾in the city last month. Since the memo fails to account for this alternative explanation, the president cannot convince me that the result of the food damage survey is capable of reflecting the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s inferiority. Moreover, without ruling out the possibility that Fly-Away Pest Control Company is working on a more effective way to control pest and the company will be more 有效in the future, the validity of the president’s claim will be deminished.Secondly, even if the survey’s result is reliable, it is not fair to compare the two companies which protected food in two different cities. In order for the justifiability of this comparison, one must assume that all the other relevant circumstances involving the food protection are exactly the same. Unfortunately, this assumption is unwarranted. Perhaps, the Palm city where the Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of has a more suitable environment for the pest’s prosperity. Or, perhaps the warehouse in Palm City is significantly larger than the one in the Wintervale and stores much larger amount of the food. Thus the 20,000 dollars loss does not necessarily demonstrate the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s disability, if the warehouse in the Palm City is to be protected by Buzzoff Company, the loss might be even bigger.Thirdly, even though the Buzzoff Company is in fact more efficient to control the pest, without providing any information about the prices the two companies charge, the president cannot safely conclude that choosing Buzzoff Company can save more money. If the price they charge is so high that it exceeds the amount saved from food damage by abandoning Fly-Away Pest Control Company, this choice will be inadvisable and inexpedient.In sum, the fact that the recommendation lacks certain essential evidences renders it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation the vice president must provide clear evidence that the result of the survey is correct and representative and that the relevant conditions in two cities is almost identical so that the superiority of the Buzzoff is explicit. To better assess the recommendation, I would also need to know the exact prices both companies charges as well as the estimated loss after the adopting of one of the companies.。
gre范文
gre范文GRE Argument Essay Sample:The argument claims that the electronic games available today are lacking in educational value and are more of a distraction for children. The author suggests that children should instead engagein other activities such as reading or playing sports. This argument is flawed and fails to acknowledge the benefits of electronic games in children's development.Firstly, electronic games can be educational if chosen carefully. There are numerous educational video games available that teach children various subjects such as math, science, and language skills. These games incorporate interactive features and engaging storylines, making learning more enjoyable for children. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the University of Edinburgh found that children who played educational video games in their free time showed improvement in problem-solving skills and cognitive abilities.Secondly, electronic games can also enhance social skills and foster teamwork. Many electronic games today are multiplayer, allowing children to collaborate with others and work towards a common goal. By playing together, children learn to communicate effectively, negotiate, and compromise. This develops their social skills and teaches them valuable teamwork skills which can be useful in various aspects of their lives. In contrast, traditional activities such as reading or playing solo sports do not offer the same level of interaction and collaboration.Furthermore, electronic games can also stimulate creativity andimagination in children. Many games provide a platform for children to create and customize their characters, settings, and storylines. This encourages children to think creatively and use their imagination to build unique game elements. In addition, some games allow children to design and construct their virtual worlds, fostering their creativity and problem-solving skills. These creative abilities are valuable and can be transferred to other areas of life, such as art or problem-solving in real-world situations.In conclusion, the argument that electronic games lack educational value and are merely a distraction for children is not well-founded. Electronic games can offer educational benefits, enhance social skills, and stimulate creativity and imagination in children. However, it is important for parents and educators to carefully select and monitor the games children play to ensure they are appropriate and beneficial. With the right selection, electronic games can be a valuable tool in children's development.。
英语写作资料：给GRE班学生的Argument模版
给GRE班学生的Argument模版第一部分：Diction Variety，写Argument的时候遣词的多样性。
Author：author, writer, arguer, speaker, …Concludes that：[reaches/arrives at/comes to] the conclusion that, advocates that, claims that, …Recommends：suggests that, recommends that, …Expects：predict, anticipate, expect, …Support：support, strengthen, bolster, enhance, uphold, fortify, corroborate, …Show Assumption：argues that, claims that, assumes that, reasons that, …Show Evidence：provide, cite, point out, present, produce, …Statistical Evidence：survey, poll, statistics, study, research, …Flawed：groundless, unwarranted, unreliable, untenable, questionable, problematic, unfounded, open todoubt, indefensible, ambiguous, flawed, fraught, …第二部分：Sentence Variety，造句的多样性（6-9因为句式单一，反面教材）。
1. In this argument, the arguer recommends that…To justify the claim, the arguer provides the evidence that…In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that…2. In this argument, the arguer advocates that…This recommendation is based on the observation that…Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that…3. The conclusion in this argument is that…In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that…Moreover, the arguer assumes that…4. In an attempt to…, the article claims that…. The evidence cited is that…Additionally, the author points out that ...5. In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that.... The basis for this recommendation is that.... An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...The author also cites...as an example in support of this recommendation.6. The conclusion of this argument is that .The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that…In the second, the author points out that…7. The speaker proposes that…, and N reasons are offered in support of this argument. First, ... Second, …8. In this argument, the author concludes that…The author's line of reasoning is that…9. In this argument, the author concludes that…The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about XXXXX: ……第三部分：你的结论（7-10因为承认了原文的部分正确性，反面教材）1. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.2. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.3. This argument is problematic (questionable) for a couple of reasons.4. The argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.5. The argument is unfounded because the speaker oversimplifies the problem and its solutions.6. This argument is unconvincing because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the author’s conclusion.7. At first glance, the argument appears to be somehow plausible, but further reflection reveals that it suffers from at least XX logic flaws.8. At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.9. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.10. While the author's argument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.附：Structure Variety（可以在结构上做出变化）1. [Citing facts from… / Based on the fact that…], the arguer concludes that…2. The author’s conclusion that…is flawed because it relies on the dubious assumption that…Further, the author assumes that…And we also do not know whether…3. The idea that…is based on N questionable assumptions: In the first place, it can be shown that…; In the second place, it can be shown that…It is, therefore, most likely that…下面是四个开头的例子，仅供参考：•Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, theauthor argues that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costsand thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion theauthor cites the general principle that "as organizations learn how to dothings better, they become more efficient." This principle, coupled with thefact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in thefood-processing industry, leads to the author's rosy prediction. Thisargument is unconvincing because it suffers from two critical flaws.•In this argument the author concludes that the city should allocate some of its arts funding to public television. The conclusion is based on two facts:(1) attendance at the city's art museum has increased proportionally withincreases in visual-arts program viewing on public television, and (2) publictelevision is being threatened by severe cuts in corporate funding. While thisargument is somewhat convincing, a few concerns need to be addressed.• A newspaper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury, be reduced below the price of a competing newspaper The Bugle.This recommendation is in response to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the 5 -year period following the introduction of The Bugle.The publisher's line of reasoning is that lowering the price of The Mercurywill increase its readership, thereby increasing profits because a widerreadership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is problematic in two critical respects.The editorial recommends that the school board of Nova High spend agreater portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum. Tworeasons are offered in support of this recommendation. First, theintroduction of interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects was immediately followed by a decline in the school dropout rate. Second,impressive achievements in college were experienced by last year's graduates.This argument is unconvincing for two reasons.第四部分：结尾的模版1. In conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the conclusion that A. To solidify the argument, the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to [demonstrate/prove] that B. In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the abovementioned possibilities that would undermine the arguer’s claim.2. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. [To make the argument more convincing/solidify the argument], the arguer would have to provide [more/specific] [information/evidence] concerning A.3. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer should demonstrate that A. Additionally, the arguer should provide more evidence to [validate/substantiate] the conclusion.4. To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the claim, the arguer should present more substantial facts to prove that A. Besides, to better access the argument, we still need more information concerning B.5. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more [convincing/persuasive], the arguer would have to prove that A. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that B.6. In sum, the author fails to validate the conclusion that D. To make it logically acceptable, the author should demonstrate that A and that B. In addition, the arguer would have to provide more concrete evidence, especially the information concerning C, to rule out the abovementioned possibility that would undermine the author's claim.附：结尾的例子（观点总结）1. In conclusion, each of the studies cited by the author bases its findings on evidence that does not represent dieters in general; for this reason, neither premise of this argument is a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that dieters are better off consuming sugar instead of aspartame.下面是六个Possible Improvement：1. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee should close field offices and centralize, this author must provide a thorough cost-¬benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization that might be affecting current profits negatively.2. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the manager of the purchasing department be replaced, the author would have to demonstrate that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals is a prerequisite for planning in purchasing metals.3. In conclusion, this argument is unacceptable. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide evidence that the population of younger consumers will remain relatively constant over the next decade.4. In conclusion, the recommendation that Nova High spend a greater portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum is ill-founded. To strengthen this recommendation the author would have to demonstrate that the decline in the dropout rate and the impressive performance of recent graduates came about as a result of the use of computer-interactive instruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation between these events.第五部分：逻辑错误攻击模版1、可疑数据之Respondent•The statistical evidence cited in the argument is problematic because the repondents’views are not necessarily representative of the views of A ingeneral. For example, because the survey has to do with B , it makes sense that only those who BB would respond to it, thereby distorting the overall pictureof B among A Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it isimpossible to assess whether or not this is the case.2、可疑数据之模糊信息•[The information provided in this program / The poll cited by the author] is [too vague to be informative / described in the vaguest possible terms]. Theclaim does not indicate who conducted this survey, who responded, or when,where and how the survey was conducted. {Lacking information about thenumber of people surveyed and the number of the respondent, it is impossible to [assess / evaluate] the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons are surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that …would be highlysuspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kindof [interpretation / explanation],} [until / Until] these questions are answered,the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.3、Hasty Generalization•The author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization in assuming that A will automatically [result in / lead to] B. The author does not provide sufficientevidence to support the claim. The example cited, while suggestive in trends, is insufficient to warrant its truth because there is no reason to believe that Bwill occur automatically. For instance, …Thus, there is no guarantee of …4、Post hoc, ergo propter hoc（时间先后和因果混淆）•The author commits a fallacy of “Post hoc, ergo propter hoc”in assuming that A is the cause of B. The only evidence offered to support the claim is thatA occurred before B. However, the evidence is insufficient to establish theclaim in question because a mere chronological relationship is only one ofthe indicators of a causal relationship and, therefore, does not necessarilyprove a causal relationship. To establish a general causal relationshipbetween A and B, other factors that could result in B should be consideredand eliminated. For example, …The author’s failure to investigate or even consider other possible explanations for B renders the conclusion based uponit highly suspect.5、 Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc（同时发生和因果关系混淆）•The author commits the fallacy of “Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc”in assuming that A is the sole reason behind B. However, the evidence offered isinsufficient to support the claim: A mere positive correlation between A andB does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. To establish a generalcausal relationship between A and B, other factors that could result in Bshould be considered and eliminated. For example, …The author’sfailure to investigate or even consider the possible explanations for B rendersthe conclusion based upon it highly suspect.6、False Analogy•The author commits a fallacy of false analogy in assuming that A will achieve the same result as B does (if …). The reasoning is questionablebecause similarities between two events, and the environments in whichthey are hold, may not be sufficient enough to warrant this claim. [Forexample, …/ While A …, B …] Apparently, differences between A andB clearly outweigh the surface similarities, thus making the analogyuntenable. The author’s failure to prove or even consider the comparabilitybetween A and B renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect.7、False Dilemma•The author commits a fallacy of false dilemma in assuming that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground.However, the author does not provide any evidence to support this claim. [For example, …/ Common sense informs us that …/ It accords with common sense that…](, and we can easily provide better results by adjusting both A and B). Without evidences that can rule out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that …。
新GRE作文argument万能模板
Argument1.1) In this argument the speaker concludes that2) To justify this contusion the speaker cites a recent survey of3) The speaker also points out that4) This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons.2.1) First, the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any contusions based upon it.2) Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall3) Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the current dietary habits of3.1) Second, the argument relies on the dubious assumption that following the government's nutrition recommendations2) It is entirely possible that3) Thus without evidence to substantiate this assumption the speaker cannot reasonably conclude that4) Third, the speaker assumes too hastily that…Without ruling out this possibility the speaker cannot reasonably conclude with any confidence that5) Lacking firm evidence that …, the speaker cannot justify any conclusions about the4.1) Finally, even if the …, the speaker overlooks the possibility that2) Unless all other habits affecting health have remained unchanged, the speaker cannot justifiably conclude that the overall5.1) In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the speaker must show that the survey accurately reflects2) The speaker must also show that3) Finally, to better assess the argument I would need more information about the manner and extent to which。
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GRE Argument 模版GRE argument 作文大概可分为三个部分：开头、正文、结尾。
对于不同的写作要求，只需要在开头和结尾适当呼应即可。
Argument中常用词可用同义词代替，避免重复。
下面是高频词的叙词表：Claim/ view/ assumption/ assertion/ conclusion/ argument/ result/ conjecture/ prediction/ verdict/ recommendationData/ demonstration/ testimony/ evidence/ proof/ information/ confirmation/corroboration Applicant/ speaker/ XXX/ arguer/ authorPossibility/ explanation/ scenario/ reason开头A, E, Q对应三种写作要求——Assumption\Evidence\question，可参见张雷东讲义或者《GRE写作思路剖析》说明：黄色高亮是根据材料补充的内容,绿色高亮表示上一句可以用下一句同等替换。
A带concession结构By citing that [evidence], this argument concludes that [conclusion]. Though [concession] OR Though this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it relies on a series of assumptions/conjectures that [evidence]. Since these assumptions are not well supported, the conclusion reached is unpersuasive as it stands.EIn the argument, XXX asserts that [conclusion]. To support his /her argument, the speaker/applicant points out that [evidence]. However, close scrutiny of the evidences reveals that it accomplishes little toward supporting the XXX’s view. Beyond this data/demonstration/testimony, more specific evidence would, however, be still in great need in solidifying the projected result.QThis argument is intended to point out that [conclusion]. This prediction/assertion seems strengthened by [evidence]. He or She also sites evidence /demonstration/ testimony that [evidence]. These supporting evidences, however, lends little credible support to the arguer’s claim, for answers to several questions should be further clarified.正文推理错误Flaws in the reasoning line通用格式列举他因、错误类比、草率推广Even if [concession], the argument rests on further assumption that [fallacy]. Yet this need not be the case for a variety of possible reasons. OR However this will not necessarily be the case. Perhaps [example]. Or perhaps [example]. Unless the author can rule out such possibilities/explanations/scenarios/reasons, OR In short, without ruling out other alternative reasons, the author cannot justifiably conclude that/rely on [conclusion].Finally, even if /granted that the author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, it is too hasty to conclude that [fallacy]. In relying on the lack of solid/robust evidence, the speaker overlooks the possibility that [example]. It is entirely/equally possible that [example]. If so, the author must solidify the prediction accordingly.充分性、因果关系、列举他因The author’s position taken from the assumed prediction that [fallacy] preclude the possibility that [example]. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other means to achieve the predicted/desired result. Nor does the author provide clear evidence that [example]. OR Useful would be any information about the likelihood that [example]. Lacking such evidence the author cannot reasonable conclude [conclusion].错误类比、列举他因Yet another problem with the argument involves XXX’s implicit claim that [conclusion]. OR The implication the author hints here is that [conclusion]. This claim relies on the unlikely assumption that [fallacy]. OR In order to reasonably conclude that [conclusion], XXX must assume that [fallacy]. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case. ([Evidence] are not the only factor affecting [conclusion].列举他因时使用) Other (such) factors might include [example]. Furthermore, the author does not provide any information about [example]. Thus regardless of such evidence OR With no consideration about such evidence, the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that [conclusion].此段是conclusion + fallacy双结构这种结构不仅提供了concession，还可用于“为了得出某某结论(conclusion)，作者必须假设XX (fallacy)”的逻辑论述逻辑顺序是：结论+ fallacy + 原因+ 例子时效性、参数恒定The final questions with the argument involve the experimental process. The experiment’s results are reliable only if all other factor that might affect [conclusion] remained constant during [time], and if the results of experimental subjects is statistically significant. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other factors that would influence the conclusion. Without evidence of the experiment’s methodological and statistical reliability, the speaker’s conclusion is unjustifiable.For additional support the author points out that [fallacy]. However, historical changes should not be abbreviated in this judgment. [example]. Only if all other factors affecting the assertion were essentially the same for [time] could the article rely on this assumption to support its claim.样本问题Flaws in sample样本数量、样本质量Additionally, the Reliability of the author’s study rests on its statistical integrity. The argument fails to indicate that [example] (what portion the [example] is), the smaller this portion, the less reliable the results).Moreover, it is equally likely that [example]. Since (the amount of样本数量时加上) applicants has not adequately responded to this concern, the claim that [conclusion] is untenable.样本质量To begin with, the author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. Unless the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall XXX, the author cannot rely on it to predict [conclusion]. For all we know a significant percentage of the respondents was [example]. For this matter, the assumption that respondents are typical of XXX is unjustified.Conclusion + fallacy双结构特殊格式三段带example的conclusion短文,，适用于短小论证片段In short, with no data [example], the speaker cannot confidently identify what caused the subjects to [conclusion].It is impossible to conclude with any confidence that [conclusion] withoutcomparing/considering [example].With no consideration about [example], the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that [conclusion].定义攻击A threshold problem involves the definition of a critical term: [wrong definition]. If by XXX, the author simply means: [correct definition], then the claim would have merit, otherwise, it would not. Absent either a clear definition of the term or clear evidence that [assumption], it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.结尾In summary, the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation, XXX must provide clear evidence that [Suggestion]. The speaker must rule out the possibility that [Suggestion]. If the arguer could substantiate the critical assumption/question that [Suggestion], the conclusion would be better supported.。