GRE的Argument写作方法:让步式攻击法

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GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得分享

GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得分享
The following is a letter to the editor of the Roseville Gazette.
Despite opposition from some residents of West Roseville, the arguments in favor of merging the townships of Roseville and West Roseville are overwhelming. First, residents in both townships are confused about which authority to contact when they need a service; for example, the police department in Roseville receives many calls from residents of West Roseville. This sort of confusion would be eliminated with the merger. Second, the savings in administrative costs would be enormous, since services would no longer be duplicated: we would have only one fire chief, one tax department, one mayor, and so on. And no jobs in city government would be lost-employees could simply be reassigned. Most importantly, the merger will undoubtedly attract business investments as it did when the townships of Hamden and North Hamden merged ten years ago.

新GRE 北美范文精析 Issue 63 范文精析

新GRE 北美范文精析 Issue 63 范文精析

63 There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts —especially at a great cost in money and jobs —to save endangered animal or plant species.What are the limits of our duty to save endangered species from extinction? The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans neednot make "extraordinary" efforts--at the expense of money and jobs--to ensure the preservation of any endangered species. As I see it, there are three fundamental arguments for imposing on ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered species. The first has to do culpability. According as dear-cutting of forests or polluting of lakes and streams, we humans have a duty to take affirmative measures to protect the species whose survival we've placed in jeopardy.The second argument has to do with capability. This argument disregards the extent to which we humans might have contributed to the endangerment of a species. Instead, the argument goes, if we are aware of the danger, know what steps are needed to prevent extinction, and can take those steps, then we are morally obligated to help prevent extinction. This argument would place a very high affirmative duty on humans to protect endangered species.The third argument is an appeal to self-preservation. The animal kingdom is an intricatematrix of interdependent relationships, in which each species depends on many others for its survival. Severing certain relationships, such as that between a predator and its natural prey, can set into motion a series of extinctions that ultimately might endanger our own survival asa species. While this claim might sound far-fetched to some, environmental experts assure us that in the long run it is very real possibility. On the other hand are two compelling arguments against placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species. The first is essentially the Darwinian argument that extinctionresults from the inexorable process of so-called “natural selection” in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not. Moreover, we humans are not exempt from the process. Accordingly, if we see fit to eradicate other species in order to facilitate our survival, then so be it. We are only behaving as animal must, Darwin would no doubt assert.The second argument, and the one that I find most compelling, is an appeal to logic over emotion. It is a scientific fact that thousands of animal species become extinct every year. Many such extinctions are due to natural forces, while others are due to anthropogenic factors.In any event, it is far beyond our ability to save them all. By what standard, then, should we decide which species are worth saving and which ones are not? In my observation, we tend to favor animals with human-like physical characteristics and behaviors. This preference is understandable; after all, dolphins are far more endearing than bugs. But there is no logical justification for such a standard. Accordingly, what makes more sense is to decide based on our own economic self-interest. In other words, the more money and jobs it would cost to save a certain species, the lower priority we should place on doing do.In sum, the issue of endangered-species protection is a complex one, requiring subjective judgments about moral duty and the comparative value of various life forms. Thus, there are no easy or certain answers. Yet it is for this very reason I agree that economic self-作者明确表明论述 的重点是“过多的”这是一个让步段落,来承认确实应该保护濒危物种让步段说的有道理,但是内容太多了,所以大家在考试中不需要写这么多,一段让步内容就够了这个用的很好这段话没有展开具体论述这个用词很到位这段话内容很多,这样说太泛泛on the other hand, 这个词组误用率太高了它是表转折的这段是攻击题目的可行性这句话不够严谨,因为题目里并没有说我们应该牺牲一部分动物来保护其他的物种interest should take precedence over vague notions about moral duty when it comes tosaving endangered species. In the final analysis, at a point when it becomes critical for ourown survival as a species to save certain others, then we humans will do so if we are fit – inaccordance with Darwin’s observed process of natural selection.这篇文章整体观点比较清晰但是一下问题需要注意:1. 让步段篇幅过大2. economic - interests 等这样的抽象名词并没有展开深刻的论述,因此整篇的论点不够insightful3. 没有具体事例的体现 -- 对大部分同学的压力比较大,不要全篇理论论述。

GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结

GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结

一.经不起推敲的类推(false analogy)This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.(开头)In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate, the arguer must assume that all relevant circumstances involved are essentially the same.(环境、背景不同)However, this assumption is unwarranted.(过渡)For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that…..Perhaps …..(列举各种可能性)The arguer simply assumes that ….. but he does not provide any evidence that……are indeed comparable.As we know, the …and …differ conspicuously.It is true that both…... but even here exist fundamental differences:…. (两种东西本身不同)Therefore, even though the….proved effective in….., there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…..(结尾)二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来(confuse causal relationship with correlation )The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B.Yet the correlation alone is only a scant evidence of the claimed “cause-and –effect” relationship.Perhaps…..Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that….The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever.三.认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四.认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种(推荐的)行为去做2.按照这种(推荐的)行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)The recommendation d epends on the assumption that no alternative means of …are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admitittedly,…..However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve the desired result. (指出替代选项的存在)Perhaps the desired improvement could be achieved if…..(列举替代选项)Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…..must do…in order to achieve the goal.(收尾)b)The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that…..would by itself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that…..Thus, without better evidence that……, the argument remains unconvincing.(列举可能性一)Even assuming that…., the arguer provides no clear evidence that….. The mere fact that ….hardly suffices to prove……., at least not without more information about….(让步,列举可能性二)Even if …..,perhaps additional measures—such as…..—would also be required in order to achieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五.基于可能不具代表性的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the sited statistics about….It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about….based on statistics about….(指出数据不可依赖)The arguer fails to make clear the exact number of….If only small portions of the whole population are…..then the case might be that …(数据太小)Even if the sample size chosen from….is large enough, the statistics might also be incredible.Depending on the total number of….., it is entirely possible that…..are not representative of….For example, perhaps…..are particularly….Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…(数据没有代表性)六.基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。

雅思写作的让步技巧

雅思写作的让步技巧

雅思写作的让步技巧雅思写作中,让步句型和让步段落可以帮助提高考生的得分。

以下是一些常用的让步技巧:1. 提出对立观点:引入对立观点可以显示你对话题的全面理解,也可以增加你的论证力度。

例如:Some people argue that..., however, I believe that...2. 承认优点或合理性:在讨论某个观点时,承认其优点或合理性可以增加你的说服力。

例如:It is true that..., however, it is also important to consider...3. 对可能的反驳提出让步:提出可能的反驳观点并对其进行让步,可以显示你的论证更加客观和全面。

例如:Although itcan be argued that..., I still believe that...4. 引用权威观点:引用权威观点可以增加你的论证力度,并为你的立场增加信服力。

例如:According to a study conducted by..., it can be argued that...5. 使用转折连接词:合理使用转折连接词可以帮助你引入对立观点或进行让步。

例如:although, while, despite, regardless...6. 添加强调修饰词:在让步句中加入一些强调修饰词可以增加你的说服力。

例如:although it is true that..., it is essential to...总之,让步技巧可以帮助你在写作中展示全面的观点和深入的思考,同时也可以增加你的论证力度。

记住,让步并不是为了全盘否定对方观点,而是在均衡的基础上更好地支持自己的立场。

英语考试作文-【名师指点】GRE写作Argument驳论文高分写法顺序4步骤拆分讲解

英语考试作文-【名师指点】GRE写作Argument驳论文高分写法顺序4步骤拆分讲解

英语考试作文【名师指点】GRE写作Argument驳论文高分写法顺序4步骤拆分讲解在GRE写作中,想要写出高分作文,就需要遵循一定的写作步骤,如此才能有条理的写出优秀的文章。

下面就为大家详细分析GRE考试写作步骤。

步骤1:读题审题写开头段首先,要浏览题目、审题(分析题目的结论、论据和假设)并写出开头段。

审题和开头段同时进行,一边看题一边写,这不是回避逻辑错误,而是将审题、找错和写作有机地结合。

第一段的任务无非就是指出论题的结论、假设、论据,并指出题目有错误。

在写作第一段的时候,逻辑错误会不断的涌现出来,而当考生把有问题的假设以及原论证的逻辑结构清理以后,该论证所存在的所有问题也就都暴露出来了。

步骤2:列逻辑问题写提纲在写完开头段并审好题后,要趁着头脑清醒,把主要的逻辑问题都打出来。

原文可能出现六七个逻辑错误,而考生只需要从中挑出3-4个最主要的进行有利的攻击就可以了。

因为这篇文章能不能拿高分,直接取决于与你能否抓住主要逻辑错误。

也就是说,如果忽视了非常致命的逻辑错误,那么即使把其它的错误批驳得再好,所用的语言再美,字数再多,最后照样不及格。

有人担心是不是要把所有的错误都清理出来,实际上只要把主要的错误都清理出来,进行有利的攻击,同样可以拿到六分,正如ETS的六分例文一样。

这样做的另一个好处是可以节约时间,因为考生在正文写作时往往会把顺手的段落大写特写,力争在某点上把敌人驳的体无完肤,但是等到意识到有其它的重要逻辑错误未被谈及的时候,时间却已经到了。

而首先列出提纲则可以提醒考生点到为止,切实做到合理分配时间。

与其把一个问题分析的特别透彻,不如把所有的主要问题都涉及到,即使不很透彻,也比前者要好。

简而言之,Argument这部分展开批驳的时候,与其“断其一指”,不如“伤其四指”。

步骤3:展开正文在完成了提纲之后,就要逐一展开正文段落了。

正文段落的展开有两种的顺序,第一种就是先攻击主要的问题,在第一个段落批驳最重要的逻辑错误,也花最多的笔墨,以后字数和重要性逐级递减。

英语考试作文-【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE官方5大评分标准3个要点

英语考试作文-【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE官方5大评分标准3个要点

英语考试作文【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE 官方5大评分标准3个要点GRE作文是GRE考试中对考生英语水平要求比较高的一个部分,考生需要在两个30分钟的时间段内分别完成一篇ISSUE作文和一篇ARGUMENT作文,这对于英文基础,特别是遣词造句能力一般的中国考生可以说是不小的挑战。

如何在短暂的时间内完成作文部分的考试,取得满意的成绩,考生首先要对作文的评分标准有所了解,下面为大家收集了来自GRE官方的ISSUE作文满分评分标准,并稍做解读,一起来看吧。

GRE ARGUMENT作文满分评分标准In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:1.clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully.2.develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions.3.provides compelling and thorough support for its main points.4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety.5.demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors.评分标准解读要点1:clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully 关键词:identifies important features, insightfully1.identifies important features即鉴别一篇Argument的逻辑漏洞和错误。

GRE考试写作

GRE考试写作

GRE考试写作GRE考试写作模板大全导语:下面小编为您收集整理了GRE考试写作模板,希望对您有帮助!一. 开头In the argument, the …(主题对象) recommends that …(对结论做论述,基本上可以抄原文,用另外一种方式表达即可). To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(说明文章用了什么论据去证明观点了,同上抄袭即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (说明这篇文章逻辑上是有缺陷的).二. 攻击论据1. 调查结果没有证据申明To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (阐述说出了一个没有根据的申明,并说出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely possible that… (说明这种猜测可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述这个申明)…(说出反方向的结论).2. 提到了样本,但是数据不具有代表性(数据不够)Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliabl e. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(说明对象的数量和质量不够) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在这里列出原因和结果,做比较) However, the other reasons of the survey which (叙述其他原因下的情况). As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion by relying on this survey.3. 猜测,但是没有证据Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (阐述文中的猜测) However, the letter provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. In fact, the letter suggests that this might be the case. By admitting that …, the letter implies that …说明影响他们happy的因素还有其他的方面,不光是研究中所列举三. 攻击论证过程1. 时间上的错误类比To begin with,…(陈述某个数据) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和现在相比较是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例), For that matter, perhaps …(说出反例的情况下会导致何种结果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假设说出针对反例应该怎么做)the memo’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(说出应该有的结论)2.错误的因果关系3. 两个事实错误的类比Even if…(让步,即使某个条件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(说明错误的`类比的情况). It is entirely possible that the …(比较对象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具体说出反例) Without accounting for such differences between the two places is unreliable.4. 错误的推论Even if …(让步,即使某个条件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(说出要让步的是事实). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (说出文中的根据). Perhaps …(说出有可能出现的其他情况导致这个事实)if so, (说出不一样的结果,与上面事实相矛盾). Or…(其他的情况) In short, without more infor mation about…(对上面的可能情况总结) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的结论). 四. 结论的攻击说明结论不完美,可以有其他的方法Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的办法实现目标). Perhaps by…(办法一), or by (办法二), (对目标进行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (说明提供的方案不好).赢利Finally, even if the families support to build the new seafood restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. Thus, it is quite possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtaining high-quality and healthy seafood or of new promoting restaurant might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature at best.同时叙述两个错误的论据The memo also makes two hasty assumptions about …(说明两个猜想相关的内容). One such assumption is that …(第一个猜想的情况说明). It is entirely possible that …(反例). Another assumption is that(另外一个错误的猜想) Common sense informs me that (反例) Furthermore, the d ifference in the two firms’ overall placement time last year does not necessarily indicate that Delany would be the better choice to serve XYZ’s laid-off employees. These employees might have particular skills or needs that are not representative of the tw o firm’s clients in general. Besides, one year’s placement statistics hardly sufficient to draw any firm conclusions.五. 结尾段In sum, the argument seems logical, but is based on nothing more than pure speculation and perhaps wishful thinking, yet lack of some warranted investigation. To strength it, the authorneeds to evaluate all possible alternatives and provide detail and comprehensive evidence before jumping to the conclusion that...。

GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育

GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育

GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育智课网G R E 备考资料GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育本文与考生分享了GREArgument作文写作要求介绍,希望能够对考生的GRE成绩有所帮助,参加GRE考试的考生可以参照以下的解析进行GRE备考,祝大家取得满意的GRE成绩。

下面为大家详细地介绍了GREArgument作文写作的相关要求,包括了GREArgument作文的意义及ETS对GRE Argument作文的要求,同学们可适当进行应用,以便获得GRE写作高分。

What is an Argument?A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point of view. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which is capable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported by evidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions based on facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you should look for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting the proposition.Attack the ArgumentEach argument''s stimulus has been intentionally “loaded" with flaws (fallacies) that you should acknowledge and discuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, you will not get a high score.The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoning in the argument (the stimulus will tell you to make this evaluation). Your personal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in the argument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject, in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument. Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.纵观整个GRE作文考试,似乎应该概括为“Issue让我们变得广博,Argument让我们成为辩手”,Argument也是最喜欢的一个教学环节,因为我喜欢辩论,过去参加辩论赛是和人在进行辩论,现在讲GRE,是在和一篇又一篇的文章进行文字辩论,他们之间存在极大的共性,那么如何去“辩”,如何让我们能如同当年在辩论赛上征服对方辩手一样地去征服GRE的Argument写作呢?ETS对GRE Argument作文写作的要求体现在:第一,要求考试敏锐的洞察出一篇文章的主要的几点逻辑错误(没有必要把所有的逻辑错误全部找出);第二,既然是攻击对方文章的逻辑错误,那么考生本生所写的文章要有逻辑性,或者说逻辑合理性;第三,一篇Argument的用词用句有他特定的风格(和Issue有所区别),因此考生要选择准确恰当的词句表达。

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GRE的Argument写作方法:让步式攻击法
本文是为广大考生整理的GRE Argument写作技巧:让步式攻击,希望协助大家解决GRE考试难题,取得好的成绩。

让步式攻击:
首先,攻击原文第一个错误,例如是调查类错误,攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。

然后,在攻击第二个错误时,假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下实行的,也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断,言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。

最后,在攻击第三个错误时,假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误),也无法导出第三个论断。

这样一种让步式的体系,到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系,让原文的逻辑无法成立,题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。

下面我们拿例题来做一个讲解
Argument
The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
“An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of
Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as
a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.”
分析:
A.调查类错误+因果类错误:
论断引用一份在东部地区的研究,说当地人吃鱼多,一年只去
医院看一两次感冒。

首先,东部地区的调查样本选择是否随机,是
否具有代表性,样本数量是否充足大。

其次,感冒的人不一定都会
去医院,一年去医院接受一两次感冒治疗并不意味着一年只得一两次
感冒,有很多感冒的人自己在家里休息或吃药。

第三,即便东部的
人确实一年只感冒一两次,但未必是因为吃鱼而防止了感冒,可能
是其他原因,例如东部地区的水土、环境、卫生措施。

没有这些资料,就不能从这份研究中确信东部人是因为吃鱼使患感冒的频率少了。

B.错误类比类(地区间的错误类比):
即便东部地区的人吃鱼防止了感冒,但是西部地区未必能引用这
个个做法来预防感冒,因为东西部地区环境不同,引起的感冒原因
可能不同,吃鱼预防感冒未必能解决西部地区的感冒问题。

C.错误类比类(物质间的错误类比):
即便西部地区的人也能通过吃鱼预防感冒,但是正如论者所说,
从鱼油里面提炼出的Ichthaid物质未必能够起到和鱼同样的作用。


断的前提是Ichthaid能起到和鱼一样的效果,但论者没有提供任何
资料证明这个点。

虽然说吃鱼能够防止感冒,但这不意味着鱼油也能
防止感冒,更不能保证鱼油中的某种成份如Ichthaid能有这样的效果。

因为从鱼到鱼油再到Ichthaid有一个提炼过程,论者没有提供
证据证明防止感冒的成分都留在了Ichthaid里。

D.急于概括类错误:
论者认为感冒是旷工旷课最常用的理由,所以减少感冒也就是减
少旷工旷课的好办法。

但是论者没有提供资料有多少旷工旷课的人是
因为感冒,还是以感冒为借口。

我们都知道身体不舒服是最容易请到
假的,另外Ichthaid有没有副作用,论者也没有提供资料。

如果说
感冒减少后,人们改用其他的借口,或是患肠胃病的人又多了,这
就显然不是一个好办法。

以上就是GRE Argument写作让步式攻击体系,其实,gre写作还
有更多的方法能够拓展思路,这就需要大家日常多做积累,多看范文,锻炼自己的思维灵活水准。

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