GRE写作Argument具体性指令有哪些
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
GRE写作 - ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT写作ARGUMENT作文写作关键问题：识别题目中的推理/论证缺陷和谬误从2～3个方面证明题目在那些逻辑链条上出了问题，梳理推理/论证过程中各个逻辑链条的可靠性与合理性，从题目中论者运用的推理/论证方法的切入，以求发现论证过程各个环节的缺陷和谬误ARGUMENT的分析和写作步骤：1、识别ARGUMENT题目中论者采用的论证方法（十大论证技巧中的某种）2、从每个ARGUMENT论证发的逻辑起点入手，发现每个推理/论证过程在各个逻辑链条上出现的推理/论证缺陷和谬误3、对每个推理/论证缺陷和谬误只展开具体的分析和论证，说明为什么可以认定它们是推理/论证的缺陷和谬误，及其是如何影响题目中论点和结论的有效性十大论证技巧及反驳切入点：1、演绎推理论证将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则而得出结论反驳切入点：其一，该演绎推理的总原则（大前提）是否成立。
其二，该演绎推理的论据（小前提）是否成立。
二者只要一个不成立，则无效2、定义法界定一个概念的关键内涵，或认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论反驳切入点：该定义反应了问题本质吗？没有例外情况吗？3、因果关系论证法将一个判断放入一个因果关系中，指出它是原因还是结果反驳切入点：是否有其他原因导致了这一结果？是否有其他更重要的原因与所讨论的原因共同导致该结果?4、归纳推理论证法从若干个体事例中推出具有共性的一般结论反驳切入点：归纳所依据的数量足够多吗？具有代表性吗？有没有特殊情况？5、列举特征式论证法指出某事物发生或存在的征候或迹象反驳切入点：有没有其他原因导致同样的征候或迹象？6、类比论证法用已知、熟悉的食物同未知、不熟悉的食物进行比较，并用前者的情况解释后者的情况。
A、纵向类比（过去的事物同现在的同一类食物的类比）反驳切入点：历史会重演吗？B、横向类比（同一时期、同一类事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：比较的对象之间有足够的可比性吗？C、比喻式类比（不同类别事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：一事物和其被比喻成的事物之间有足够的相似性吗？7、引用权威论证法引用工人的权威，或论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证反驳切入点：所引用的权威可信吗？8、诉诸常识法利用人们的常识（普遍性的价值观念、人们的普遍动机、生活常识）进行论证A、诉诸普遍性的价值观念反驳切入点：论者强调的价值果真那么重要吗？有没有其他更重要的价值？论者强调的价值的含义明确吗？B、诉诸普遍动机反驳切入点：论者强调的动机果真是大家最需要的吗？这些动机果真能像论者所说的那样得到实现D、诉诸生活常识反驳切入点：论者依据的生活常识成立吗？有无例外？9、反证法假设一个观点是正确的，然而推出荒谬的结论反驳切入点：推导出的这个结果果真荒谬么？10、统计数据论证法提供数据，以资论证反驳切入点：这些数据由谁调查的？这些调查的方案设计（如调查样本的选择、调查问卷的设计、调查数据的处理、调查结果的合适和验证等）和实施过程是严格按照科学程序进行的吗？其结论是客观、中立、可信的吗？调查的实施者没有受其行业及其他利益相关方面的影响吗？独立第三方的相关数据是否支持相同/相似的结论？AGUMENT题目经常在两个地方引用数据论证，须注意：其一，调查统计对于一般的调查统计，如果是随机抽样调查，注意挑选的样本是否足够多、样本空间是否有很大的误差、样本是否具备代表性。
GRE作文 必备 Argument 20条
1、Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.1）需要证据证明只有通过船才能运篮子到河对岸去，由于这无法证明，所以篮子不一定非要通过船才可以运过去。
而且人们有可能游过去2）目前没有证据表明Palea人拥有船只，不代表实际上没有，可能还没发现。
GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导
GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导原则：先提正，再求反，因人因题合、反、散。
ISSUE的五种题目分析类型一、因果类(1)这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立？(2)假设这个原因成立，从他能否推出结果？Whether mutually shared ideas can make people learn more from each other is quite a personal matter.It's true that disagreement can cause stress and sometimes inhibit our learning, and as a result we might learn more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Anyhow, people are at least easier to understand each other when they find them sharing the same ground in most cases.However, disagreement can also benefit us greatly. On the one hand, distinct perspectives on an issue may turn out to sharpen our mind, broaden our ken and shed some new light on the issue in question, and therefore enhance our learning. On the other hand, throughout the human intellectual history, it is always the different schools of thought rather than those who share, on any issue, identical ideas with each other that combine to boost scientific and technological progress.All in all, which one, disagreement or agreement, will promote our learning from others is quite a personal matter which depends on so many factors such as one’s age, motivations, psychological maturity, personal understanding with each other and so on.二、建议类（1）题目中的建议可行性如何？（2）如果实施题目中的建议，能否导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？（3）有无替代或折中方案？Connecting the courses on collegiate campus with the actual professional know-how is not always the necessary condition for improving the teaching quality in those courses.Workshop experience can really enrich subjects in classroom. This is especially true for such subjects as engineering, machinery manufacturing, economics, and so forth.But such cases by no means indicate that bridging workshops and classrooms can always work magic. In fact, for some subjects theoretical physics and some mathematical researchers in these areas to directly apply their knowledge to practical work. These sciences seem only to perform well within the brain cells.As for methods contributing to the teaching quality, they include many apart from sharing workshop experience, such as the long-term academic atmosphere, the good timing birth of geniuses etc.三、是非类（1）这种价值判断的标准是什么？（2）这种价值判断的标准是否值得修订？The statement that ”the human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds” sounds precarious for failing to clearly define the meaning of “superior”.When we say one thing is superior to another because the latter is a tool of the former, we are judging their relative status in a social or ethical sense. As a matter of fact, we human beings sometimes feel quite self-conceited before the nature is right forour assurance that we can, with the aid of science and technology, turn, sooner or later, all the things around us into a tool.But obviously, the ter m “superior” allows a definition from many perspectives. It can refer to the memory power, speed, creativity, extensibility, flexibility, and so forth. In these senses, can we still say that the human mind always performs better than machines?The above analysis might remind us human beings of a bare fact: yes, we are sitting on top of thepyramid of creatures on earth; but we are not perfect. Sometimes, it is man who brings himself to the dead mire, just because he is overly confident.四、定义类（1）题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质？（2）能否给出我自己的、更为恰当的定义（恰当的定义就是能很好解释自己的论点、论据以及所列举的现象的定义）？关键：若想使你的ISSUE作文有深度、有你自己独到见解，记住“下定义”这个十分重要的技巧。
GRE写作(argument )根据老师讲课内容个人整理,供参考
argument论证分析：前提、假设、结论1.质疑前提和假设的合理性提出一些有价值的问题，对这些问题的回答会营销对于结论的可靠性的评价，不一定要完全驳斥，也可看如何更合理地支持2.论证分析的第一步找出前提和结论（一般不质疑价值假设，即人类默认的）第二步：找出假设（没说出来的前提，它成立结论就成立）3.通过反问问题来分析论证攻击点（1）统计数据可靠吗？样本是否具有普遍的代表性代表性样本的量是否足够大数量采用手段是否合理，能真实反应情况手段，是否实话数据收集是否合理如果明显缺陷是统计，会有明显的“标记”，如果一语带过不纠缠（2）类比是否合理？同一时空两个事物同一类（个）事物在两个不同的时空（3）联系必然是因果联系吗？统计只能推出联系但不能推出结果（4）想死的概念是否相等？偷换概念根据OG给出的八类体型合并为五类一类：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.去评价前提和假设能否支持结论，什么样的证据影响它的结论二类：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.前提和假设与结论的“差距”找出原文中用到的假设质疑假设的合理性三类：Write a response in which you discuss what question would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation (advice, prediction, and conclusion) and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation (advice, prediction, and conclusion)(合并来自3.4.6.8)寻找使得原文中的结论成立的前提假设，询问这样的前提和假设是否能够成立（有没有证明其合理呢？存在吗？）四类：Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.考察原文中的行为建议的结果，思考如果能够出现这样的结果，需要什么样的假设支撑，询问这样的假设是否能够成立五类：Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.提出合理的可能原因，解释文中提到的每一个现象写法：通用的准备工作一类1 前提和结论2 理清句子的支持关系，画出逻辑路线图3 考察每一个前提和每一个前提对应的假设思考是否有证据证明这样的前提和假设是否成立4 保留对全文结论成立有重大影响的要点约3到4个，上不封顶【因果关系、类比关系、数据、偷换概念】5 为每个要点构思支持的细节指出需要什么样的证据证明前提和假设是否能够成立，并且讨论这种可能性对于全文结论的影响6 草稿上写要点7 检查错误和漏点段落、句子间添加、修改必要的过度链接二类3 考察每一个前提对应的假设：只有对于全文的结论是否成立有影响的“假设”才能称之为假设5 思考在什么合理的情况下，这些假设是不成立的，把这些细节、例子写下，作为支持的细节三类3 同二类4 保留对全文结论的成立有重大影响的假设约3到4个，上不封顶要点要以问题的形式呈现即：这样的前提或假设成立吗？有充分的证据证明前提和假设成立吗？5 用细节和例子讨论这些问题的答案把这些细节作为支撑的小要点四类3考察每一个前提对应的假设：只有对文中的“措施”或“推荐”是否会有预想的效果有重大影响的假设才是攻击起来比较有力度的假设4 保留3到4个“有力”假设，要点要以问问题的形式出现：这样的前提或假设对于行动的结果有影响吗？这样的前提或假设成立吗？五类3 考察每一个事实分别思考什么样的其他原因能够导致或解释这样的事实（寻找他因）提出的解释必须与原解释不相同；必须能够解释原解释和事实的“巧合”4 每一个事实至少保留一个他因，最多不超过三个选择那些最巧妙、最简洁、最符合常识（少于4句话）、最易于理解他因5 用比较具体的语言（读者能够充分理解，但不能啰嗦）把他因展开对于argument来讲是客观的，开头结尾是装饰的。
GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育
GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育智课网G R E 备考资料GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育本文与考生分享了GREArgument作文写作要求介绍，希望能够对考生的GRE成绩有所帮助，参加GRE考试的考生可以参照以下的解析进行GRE备考，祝大家取得满意的GRE成绩。
下面为大家详细地介绍了GREArgument作文写作的相关要求，包括了GREArgument作文的意义及ETS对GRE Argument作文的要求，同学们可适当进行应用，以便获得GRE写作高分。
What is an Argument?A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point of view. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which is capable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported by evidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions based on facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you should look for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting the proposition.Attack the ArgumentEach argument''s stimulus has been intentionally “loaded" with flaws (fallacies) that you should acknowledge and discuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, you will not get a high score.The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoning in the argument (the stimulus will tell you to make this evaluation). Your personal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in the argument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject, in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument. Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.纵观整个GRE作文考试，似乎应该概括为“Issue让我们变得广博，Argument让我们成为辩手”，Argument也是最喜欢的一个教学环节，因为我喜欢辩论，过去参加辩论赛是和人在进行辩论，现在讲GRE，是在和一篇又一篇的文章进行文字辩论，他们之间存在极大的共性，那么如何去“辩”，如何让我们能如同当年在辩论赛上征服对方辩手一样地去征服GRE的Argument写作呢？ETS对GRE Argument作文写作的要求体现在：第一，要求考试敏锐的洞察出一篇文章的主要的几点逻辑错误(没有必要把所有的逻辑错误全部找出)；第二，既然是攻击对方文章的逻辑错误，那么考生本生所写的文章要有逻辑性，或者说逻辑合理性；第三，一篇Argument的用词用句有他特定的风格(和Issue有所区别)，因此考生要选择准确恰当的词句表达。
英语考试作文-【新手写作攻略】写好GRE作文Argument请遵循7个要求步骤
英语考试作文【新手写作攻略】写好GRE作文Argument请遵循7个要求步骤可能有很多新接触AW，还有一个月或者两个月就要考了却还不是很清楚应该怎么写文章的GRE考生，这篇文章主要是献给你们的。
希望能起到一点抛砖引玉的作用，让大家能形成自己的思考，不要只是搬范文或者套模板。
因为即使是Argument，它也有自己独特的感觉。
我猜一道题在形成的时候，它其实是很渴望大家能认真对待它，好好欣赏它的。
结果越来越多的人把它当成了模糊风景中一个无所谓的点，写到了的时候也只是生硬地套上去一个框。
试问你都不认真对待它，ETS凭什么认真对待你的分数？好了，不说废话了，先来说说写作的具体思路。
一、怎么分析Argument？1.首先从头至尾读一遍题，然后搞清楚题目在讲什么，避免发生理解错误。
2.找出题目的大结论，即在经过一大堆分析和延伸之后，作者得出了什么样的结论。
3.找出题目的关键点，即作者为了得出这样的结论给出了几个事实例证。
4.分析作者用了什么样的逻辑推理连接了事实和结论。
二、分析攻击点1.大家看到结论的荒谬了吧？还有分析的不可靠，数据没有得到论证，调查时间太短，可攻击点太多了！但是，请大家看清楚以下这句话：以上这些全都不是攻击点！2.真正的攻击点是第4点，即“分析作者用了什么样的逻辑推理连接了事实和结论”。
当作者说“所以”“因此”这样的词的时候，我们一定要提高警惕。
看看上下文，作者是怎么说出“所以”的，那里一定会有问题！3.一般来说这样找出的攻击点大概会有2-4个，这样足够了，如果太多了反而不便于展开。
将各个事实与小结论一一对应起来，然后化整为零，各个突破。
如果两个觉得少的话，可以稍微展开一下，这个后面再说！三、攻击顺序1.大家在整理完攻击点以后一定会有的困惑就是这个应该先说哪个呢？按顺序来说当然可以，只是这样组织出来的文章显得相当生硬。
如果有更好的办法，我们为何要用这样如同肢解一般的写法呢。
2.在确定顺序之前，大家还记不记得前面提到的，大结论？这个时候大家可以想一想，大结论的主要关注点是什么呢？从这个方向来拎，主线一下子就很清楚了。
新GRE作文argument万能模板
Argument1.1) In this argument the speaker concludes that2) To justify this contusion the speaker cites a recent survey of3) The speaker also points out that4) This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons.2.1) First, the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any contusions based upon it.2) Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall3) Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the current dietary habits of3.1) Second, the argument relies on the dubious assumption that following the government's nutrition recommendations2) It is entirely possible that3) Thus without evidence to substantiate this assumption the speaker cannot reasonably conclude that4) Third, the speaker assumes too hastily that…Without ruling out this possibility the speaker cannot reasonably conclude with any confidence that5) Lacking firm evidence that …, the speaker cannot justify any conclusions about the4.1) Finally, even if the …, the speaker overlooks the possibility that2) Unless all other habits affecting health have remained unchanged, the speaker cannot justifiably conclude that the overall5.1) In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the speaker must show that the survey accurately reflects2) The speaker must also show that3) Finally, to better assess the argument I would need more information about the manner and extent to which。
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GRE写作Argument具体性指令有哪些?
Q：Argument的具体性指令有哪些?
A：Argument的具体性指令主要有8种，分别是：
1. Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument. 这个具体指令中不需要写出前提，重点是分析有哪些具体的例证可以削弱和加强该结论。
2. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. 该具体指令要求重点分析前提条件，然后分析怎么削弱或加强这个前提条件。
并且需要分析没有假设前提会导致什么结果。
该指令出现以下若干变形：
3. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions
would help to evaluate the recommendation. 该指令还是要求进行前提条件分析。
但这里需要的是问问题，把前提条件变成问句即可。
比如前提是“20年间该地区人口没有发生变化”，如果我们要来评价这个推理是否合适，可以提出这样一个问题：”20年间该地区人口是否一直没有发生变化呢?“
4. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the advice and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the advice. 该指令与3类似，只不过是recommendation 换成了advice。
5. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation. 该指令与3类似，这里探讨的是建议是否能够达到预期的效果。
6. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction. 该指令与3类似，区别在于分析预测
及其论证是否合理。
7. Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation (s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument. 这个具体指令重点在于分析其他可能性，也就是有什么其他的可能导致该结果。
如果在论证时可以找到其他原因，就可以削弱原来的推理过程。
8. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion. 该指令还是问问题，不过关注的重点在结论，即要论证结论及其推理是否合理。
【GRE写作Argument具体性指令有哪些?】。