draft 翻译
改革开放30年经典热词最新英语翻译
今天，八卦还有另外一个含义，就是指在娱乐圈中，非正式的小道消息或者是某个明星的隐私等新闻。如某某明星又走光穿帮啦，某导和某演员又有一腿啦。而刊登这样的消息的报刊杂志就叫做“八卦报纸”或者“八卦杂志”。
其实，无论是保安、现代镖局和保镖，都是政府减负的产物、产业化改革的产物。在计划经济的极左年代，政府大包大揽，无论是医疗、教育、治安都由政府全包揽下来了。这既养成了一些人的寄生虫思想，又不能够优化配置社会资源，还极大地占用了政府的有限资金，不能够落实到高薪养廉上来。于是就把一些小治安问题进行了产业化改革，让社会力量来投资治安，谁投资，谁受益，谁安全。
选秀 talent show /talent-search show
(NBA的选秀叫做draft，但和这种真人秀reality TV show 显然不是一回事)
选秀之举早已有之，比如各种文娱大赛、NBA选秀等等，但现在这个词多指超级女声、快乐男声、我型我秀、加油好男儿、红楼梦、春姑娘等各种电视真人秀比赛。选秀不在结果，而在运作过程中的商业价值。
高考 college (or university) entrance examination
高考改变了很多人、尤其是很多年轻人的命运，1978年恢复高考后，高等教育的发展进入轨道。当高考竞争愈来愈激烈时，就出现了高考移民(当然这也和户籍制度有关系)。
高考移民 NCEE migrant
红包 convert payment; (neutral)red paper containing money as a gift, (derogative) bribe, kickback
红包，大概是来源于广东。广东人在喜庆的日子里都喜欢送红包，以示吉祥。例如某人喜结良缘，那么贺客就会给主人送上一个红包。送得最多的是过年，大人要给小孩子送红包，这里的大人是指已经结婚的人，小孩子就是未结婚的人。这个红包大概跟北方的“压岁钱”差不多。不过压岁钱是家长放在孩子的枕头底的，而广东人的红包是用一张红纸包起来，现在进步了，有了现成的红包了。
从功能对等理论角度看商务合同的英译技巧
从功能对等理论角度看商务合同的英译技巧在全球化的商业环境中，商务合同的英译起着至关重要的作用。
商务合同是具有法律效力的文件，其翻译的准确性和专业性直接关系到商务活动的顺利进行和各方的合法权益。
功能对等理论为商务合同的英译提供了重要的理论指导和实践启示。
功能对等理论由美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达提出，该理论强调翻译时不应拘泥于形式的对等，而应追求功能上的对等，即让译文读者能够获得与原文读者大致相同的反应。
在商务合同的英译中，这一理论具有重要的应用价值。
一、词汇层面的英译技巧1、专业术语的准确翻译商务合同中包含大量的专业术语，如“不可抗力”（force majeure）、“违约金”（liquidated damages）、“定金”（earnest money）等。
这些术语在特定的商务领域具有明确且固定的含义，翻译时必须准确无误，以确保合同的法律效力和商务交流的顺畅。
这就要求译者具备丰富的商务知识和术语积累，能够在英语中找到精确对应的专业词汇。
2、普通词汇的特定化许多普通词汇在商务合同中可能具有特定的含义。
例如，“performance”在日常英语中常表示“表演”“表现”，但在商务合同中常指“履行（义务）”；“consideration”通常意为“考虑”，在合同语境中则是“对价”“约因”。
译者需要根据商务合同的语境，准确把握这些普通词汇的特定含义，并选择恰当的英语词汇进行翻译。
3、多义词的词义选择英语中存在大量的多义词，在翻译商务合同中的词汇时，译者需要根据上下文仔细选择合适的词义。
例如，“draft”可以表示“草稿”“汇票”“起草”等意思，在“a draft contract”中应译为“合同草案”，在“a banker's draft”中则是“银行汇票”。
二、句子层面的英译技巧1、长句的处理商务合同中常常出现结构复杂、冗长的句子，以准确、严密地表达合同条款。
在翻译长句时，译者首先要理清句子的结构和逻辑关系。
1、《阿甘正传》全部台词中英文对照
Forrest Gump 阿甘正传中英双语剧本你好。
我叫福雷斯，福雷斯甘Hello. My name's Forrest - Forrest Gump.要吃巧克力吗? Do you want a chocolate?我能吃掉上百万块巧克力I could eat about a million and a half of these.我妈妈常说My mama always said人生就像一盒各式各样的巧克力Life was like a box of chocolates.你永远不知道下一块将会是哪种You never know what you're going to get.那双鞋子一定很舒适Those must be comfortable shoes.穿这样的鞋子你可以走上一整天I bet you could walk all day in shoes like that脚都不会痛and not feel a thing.我希望能有一双这样的鞋子I wish I had shoes like that.其实我的脚很痛My feet hurt .妈妈常说要想知道一个人的很多事情Mama always said there's an awful lot只要看看他穿的鞋就能知道you can tell about a person by their shoes.他会往哪里走Where they're going,他住在哪里where they've been.我穿过很多双鞋子I've worn lots of shoes.如果我仔细想的话I bet if I think about it real hard我能记得我第一双鞋子的模样I could remember my first pair of shoes.妈妈说它会带我到任何地方Mama said they'd take me anywhere .她说它是双魔鞋She said they was my magic shoes.好的，福雷斯，张开双眼All right, Forrest, Open your eyes now .你走几步看看Let's take a little walk around.感觉如何？How do those feel?他的双腿很强壮，甘太太His legs are strong, Mrs. Gump,是我见过最强壮的as strong as I've ever seen.但是他的背象政客一样弯But his back's as crooked as a politician.crooked英[ˈkrʊkɪd] 美[ˈkrʊkɪd] adj. 弯曲的;不正当的;歪扭的;用不正当手段得来的v. 弯成钩形(crook的过去式和过去分词)politician英[ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn] 美[ˌpɑ:ləˈtɪʃn] n. 政治家;政客，玩弄权术者;<蔑>政客，<美>政治贩复数：politicians记忆技巧：polit 政治+ ician 表人→搞政治之人→政客但我们会让他再直起来，对吧？But we're going to straighten him right up, aren't we, Forrest?straighten 英[ˈstreɪtn] 美[ˈstretn] vt.& vi. 变直，把…弄直;整理，整顿;使…改正;使…好转vi. 变好起来第三人称单数：straightens 现在分词：straightening 过去式：straightened过去分词：straightened福雷斯！Forrest!我刚出世时Now, when I was a baby,妈用了一位内战英雄的名字为我取名Mama named me after the great Civil War hero内森贝弗福雷斯将军General Nathan Bedford Forrest.她说我们有点亲戚关系She said we was related to him in some way.他做过的事情是：What he did was,建立了一个俱乐部叫三Ｋ党he tarted up this club called the Ku Klux Klan.tart英[tɑ:t] 美[tɑ:rt] adj. 尖刻的;酸的，辛辣的;严厉的n. 果馅饼;轻佻的女人;妓女;小妞vt. 将某人打扮得妖艳，将某物装饰得俗气第三人称单数：tarts 复数：tarts 现在分词：tarting过去式：tarted 过去分词：tarted 比较级：tarter 最高级：tartest 派生词：tartly adv. tartness n.他们全披着长袍和床单They'd all dress up in their robes and their bed sheetsrobe英[rəʊb] 美[roʊb] n. 长袍;睡袍;礼服;法衣vt.& vi. （使）穿上长袍（或浴衣等）;覆盖、穿上看来像一群鬼and act like a bunch of ghosts or spooks or somethingghost英[gəʊst] 美[goʊst] n. 鬼，幽灵;（尤指可怕事物的）记忆;隐约的一点点;（电视屏幕上的）重影vt. 悄悄地行进vi. 替人代笔第三人称单数：ghosts 复数：ghosts 现在分词：ghosting 过去式：ghosted spook英[spu:k] 美[spuk] n. 鬼;幽灵;间谍;<俚>出没无常行踪古怪的人vt. 鬼怪般地出没;吓唬，恐吓;（因受惊吓而）逃窜第三人称单数：spooks 复数：spooks 现在分词：spooking 过去式：spooked 过去分词：spooked他们还在马上也披了床单四处跑They'd even put bed sheets on their horses and ride around.不管怎样，这就是我名字的由来：福雷斯甘And, anyway, that'show I got my name-- Forrest Gump.妈妈说这名字是提醒我Mama said the Forrest part was to remind me我们会经常做一些that sometimes we all do things that, well,并没有意义的事情that just don't make no sense.sense 英[sens] 美[sɛns] n. 感觉，官能;意识，观念;理性;识别力vt. 感到;理解，领会;检测出第三人称单数：senses 现在分词：sensing 过去式：sensed 过去分词：sensed向这边！This way. Hold on. Ugh!好了All right.你们在看什么？What are y'all staring at?从来没有见过Haven't you ever seen小孩子戴脚撑的吗？a little boy with braces on his legs before ?brace 英[breɪs] 美[bres] vt. 支撑;系紧;准备，预备;振作起来vi. 准备好;支持;打起精神n. 支持物;铁钳，夹子;[语]大括号;绷紧（身体部位的）肌肉第三人称单数：braces 复数：braces 现在分词：bracing 过去式：braced 过去分词：braced不要管其它人Don't ever let anybody说他们比你强，福雷斯tell you they're better than you, Forrest.如果上帝要让人人都一样的话If God intended everybody to be the same,他会给每人一双脚撑he'd have given us all braces on our legs.妈妈总有办法让我明白她的意思Mama always had a way of explaining things so I could understand them. 我们住在17号公路附近We lived about a quarter mile off Route 17,距离亚拉巴马州绿茵镇约半哩about a half mile from the town of Greenbow, Alabama.这个地方属于绿茵县That's in the county of Greenbow.我们的房子来自妈妈的家族Our house had been in Mama's family从她爷爷的爷爷的爷爷传下来的since her grandpa's grandpa's grandpa他大概在一千年前飘洋过海来这里had come across the ocean about a thousand years ago.房子只有我和妈妈住Since it was just me and Mama我们有好多空房间and we had all these empty rooms,妈妈将这些空房出租Mama decided to let those rooms out,给路过的人住mostly to people passing through,比如从莫比镇、或蒙哥马利镇来的人Like from, oh, Mobile, Montgomery, places like that.我和妈妈靠这个挣到钱That's how me and Mama got money.妈妈是个很聪明的女士Mama was a real smart lady.smart英[smɑ:t] 美[smɑ:rt] adj. 聪明的;敏捷的;漂亮的;整齐的vi. 疼痛;感到刺痛;难过n. 创伤;刺痛;疼痛;痛苦vt. 引起…的疼痛（或痛苦、苦恼等）adv. 聪明伶俐地，轻快地，漂亮地第三人称单数：smarts 复数：smarts 现在分词：smarting 过去式：smarted 过去分词：smarted 比较级：smarter 最高级：smartest 派生词：smartly adv. smartness n.记住我说的话,福雷斯Remember what I told you, Forrest.你和其它任何人是一样的You're no different than anybody else is.听清楚了没有，福雷斯？Did you hear what I said, Forrest?你和其它人是一样的You're the same as everybody else.你并没有什么不一样You are no different.你的孩子有点不一样，甘太太Your boy's...different, Mrs. Gump.他的智商只有75 His I.Q is 75.我们都是不一样的Well, we're all different,汉考克先生Mr. Hancock.她希望我得到最好的教育She wanted me to have the finest education所以她带我去绿茵县中心学校so she took me to the Greenbow County Central School.我见到了校长什么的I met the principal and all.principal 英[ˈprɪnsəpl] 美[ˈprɪnsəpəl] adj. 主要的;本金的;最重要的;资本的n. 本金;首长，负责人;主要演员，主角;[法]委托人，当事人复数：principals记忆技巧：prin 第一+ cip 抓+ al 表人→作为第一〔要务〕来抓→最重要的请你看看这个，甘太太I want to show you something, Mrs. Gump.这是正常水平Now, this is normal.福雷斯则是在这儿Forrest is right here .州政府要求智商起码要80 The state require s a minimum I.Q of 80minimum 英[ˈmɪnɪməm] 美[ˈmɪnəməm] n. 最低限度;最小量;最低消费;[数]极小值adj. 最小的;最低的;最少的复数：minima 派生词：minimum adv.才能上公立学校to attend public school.甘太太Mrs. Gump,他应该上特殊学校he's going to have to go to a special school.在那里他会很好的Now, he'll be just fine.正常水平是什么意思? What does normal mean anyway ?他可能…He might be...反应不太灵敏 a bit on the slow side,但我儿子福雷斯but my boy Forrest应该和其它人一样得到机会is going to get the same opportunities as everyone else.他不该去特殊学校He's not going to some special school学怎么翻修轮胎to learn how to retread tires.retread英[ˈri:tred] 美[riˈtrɛd] vt. 翻新n. 翻新的轮胎第三人称单数：retreads 复数：retreads现在分词：retreading 过去式：retreaded 过去分词：retreadedtires英['taɪəz] 美['taɪəz] v. （使）疲劳( tire的第三人称单数);对（做）某事感到厌倦这不过是区区5分的问题We're talking about five little points here .一定会有办法解决的There must be something can be done.我们的学校是要排名次的We're a progressive school system.progressive英[prəˈgresɪv] 美[prəˈɡrɛsɪv] adj. 进步的;不断前进的;进行的n. 改革论者;进步分子复数：progressives 派生词：progressivism n.我们不想有人拉后腿We don't want to see anybody left behind.甘先生在哪儿，甘太太？Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump?他去度假了He's on vacation.你妈妈真是很关心你的教育，孩子Well, your mama sure does care about your schooling, son.你不太会说话，是吗？You don't say much, do you?“最后，他必须去试一试"Finally, he had to try.“看起来容易，但是…"It looked easy, but...“发生了怪事，首先他们…oh, what happened. First they--"妈妈，度假是什么意思？Mama, what's vacation mean?度假？Vacation?爸爸去哪儿了？Where Daddy went?度假就是你去一个地方…Vacation's when you go somewhere...然后就不再回来and you don't ever come back.总之，我想你可以说Anyway, I guess you could say我和妈妈无依无靠me and Mama was on our own.但我们不介意But we didn't mind.我们的房子总住满了人Our house was never empty.经常是人来人往的There was always folks coming and going.folk 英[fəʊk] 美[foʊk] n. 民族;人们;〈口〉家属，亲戚;民间音乐adj. 民间的;普通平民的;流传民间的;普通百姓的复数：folks开饭！Supper!大家来吃晚饭啦！It's supper, everyone!这看起来很特别That sure looks special.有时有这么多人和我们一起住Sometimes, we had so many people staying with us每个房间都住满了旅客that every room was filled, with travelers, you know,这些人带着行李箱子folks living out of their suitcasessuitcase英[ˈsu:tkeɪs] 美[ˈsutˌkes] n. 手提箱;衣箱复数：suitcases还有帽子箱子，还有样品箱子and hat cases and sample cases.福雷斯甘，吃晚饭了！福雷斯？Forrest Gump, it's suppertime! Forrest?有一次，又有位年青人和我们住一起One time, a young man was staying with us,他带着一个吉它箱子and he had him a guitar case.“你从来逮不到兔子”# Well, you ain't never caught a rabbit #“你也不是…”# And you ain't no #“我的朋友”# Friend of mine #福雷斯Forrest,叫你不要打扰这位叔叔I told you not to bother this nice young man.bother英[ˈbɒðə(r)] 美[ˈbɑ:ðə(r)] vt. 烦恼;烦扰，打扰;使…不安，使…恼怒;使迷惑vi. 麻烦;烦恼;操心n. 麻烦，操心;累赘;烦扰，吵闹;讨厌的人第三人称单数：bothers 复数：bothers 现在分词：bothering 过去式：bothered 过去分词：bothered 不，没关系，太太No, that's all right, ma'am.我在弹吉它给他听I was showing him a thing or two on the guitar.好吧，你可以来吃晚饭了All right. Supper's ready if y'all want to eat.行，好极了。
{教育管理}建筑物理常用建筑词汇翻译
{教育管理}建筑物理常用建筑词汇翻译方案scheme,draft草图sketch会谈纪要summaryofdiscussion谈判negotiation可行性研究feasibilitystudy初步设计preliminarydesign基础设计basicdesign详细设计detaildesign询价图enquirydrawing施工图workingdrawing,constructiondrawing 竣工图asbuiltdrawingc.CLIMATECONDITION气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰windrose主导风向prevailingwinddirection最大(平均)风速maximum(mean)windvelocity 风荷载windload最大(平均)降雨量maximum(mean)rainfall雷击及闪电thunderandlightning飓风hurricane台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfallintensity年降雨量annualrainfall湿球温度wetbulbtemperature干球温度drybulbtemperature冰冻期frostperiod冰冻线frostline冰冻区frostzone室外计算温度calculatingoutdoortemperature 采暖地区regionwithheatingprovision不采暖地区regionwithoutheatingprovision 绝对大气压absoluteatmosphericpressure相对湿度relativehumidityd.GENERALROOMNAME常用房间名称办公室office服务用房serviceroom换班室shiftroom休息室restroom(breakroom)起居室livingroom浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室lockerroom厕所lavatory门厅lobby诊室clinic工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor档案室archive电梯机房liftmotorroom车库garage清洁间cleaningroom会议室(正式)conferenceroom 会议室meetingroom衣柜间wardrobe暖风间H.V.A.Croom饭店restaurant餐厅canteen,diningroom厨房kitchen入口entrance接待处receptionarea会计室accountantroom秘书室secretaryroom电气室electricalroom控制室controlroom工长室foremanoffice开关柜室switchgear前室antecabinet(Ante.)生产区productionarea马达控制中心Mcc多功能用房utilityroom化验室laboratoryroom经理室managerroom披屋(阁楼)penthouse警卫室guardhousee.ROOFINGANDCEILING屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet雨蓬canopy屋脊roofridge坡度slope坡跨比pitch分水线water-shed二毡三油2layersoffelt&3coatsofbitumastic 附加油毡一层extraplyoffelt檐口eave挑檐overhangingeave檐沟eavegutter平屋面flatroof坡屋面pitchedroof雨水管downspout,rainwaterpipe)(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchmentarea泛水flashing内排水interiordrainage外排水exteriordrainage滴水drip屋面排水roofdrainage找平层levelingcourse卷材屋面built-uproofing天棚ceiling檩条purlin屋面板roofingboard天花板ceilingboard防水层water-proofcourse检查孔inspectionhole人孔manhole吊顶suspendedceiling,falseceiling檐板(窗帘盒)cornicef.WALL(CLADDING)墙体(外墙板)砖墙brickwall砌块墙blockwall清水砖墙brickwallwithoutplastering 抹灰墙renderedwall石膏板墙gypsumboard,plasterboard 空心砖墙hollowbrickwall承重墙bearingwall非承重墙non-bearingwall纵墙longitudinalwall横墙transversewall外墙external(exterior)wall内墙internal(interior)wall填充墙fillerwall防火墙firewall窗间墙wallbetweenwindow空心墙cavitywall压顶coping圈梁gird,girt,girth玻璃隔断glazedwall防潮层damp-proofcourse(D.P.C)遮阳板sunshade阳台balcony伸缩缝expansionjoint沉降缝settlementjoint抗震缝seismicjoint复合夹心板sandwichboard压型单板corrugatedsinglesteelplate外墙板claddingpanel复合板positepanel轻质隔断light-weightpartition牛腿bracket砖烟囱brickchimney勒脚(基座)plinthg.FLOORANDTRENCH地面及地沟地坪grade地面和楼面groundandfloor素土夯实rammedearth炉渣夯实tampedcinder填土filledearth回填土夯实tampedbackfill垫层beddingcourse,blinding面层covering,finish结合层bonding(binding)course找平层levelingcourse素水泥浆结合层neatcementbindingcourse混凝土地面concretefloor水泥地面cementfloor机器磨平混凝土地面machinetrowelledconcretefloor 水磨石地面terrazzoflooring马赛克地面mosaicflooring瓷砖地面ceramictileflooring油地毡地面linoleumflooring预制水磨石地面precastterrazzoflooring硬木花地面hard-woodparquetflooring搁栅joist硬木毛地面hard-woodroughflooring企口板地面tonguedandgroovedflooring防酸地面acid-resistantfloor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforcedconcreteslab(R.CSlab)乙烯基地面vinylflooring水磨石嵌条dividerstripforterrazzo地面做2％坡floorwith2%slope集水沟gully集水口gulley排水沟drainagetrench沟盖板trenchcover活动盖板removablecoverplate集水坑sumppit孔翻边holeupstand电缆沟cabletrenchh.DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS&IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden(steel)door镶板门panelleddoor夹板门plywooddoor铝合金门aluminumalloydoor卷帘门rollershutterdoor弹簧门swingdoor推拉门slidingdoor平开门side-hungdoor折叠门foldingdoor旋转门revolvingdoor玻璃门glazeddoor密闭门air-Tightdoor保温门thermalinsulatingdoor镀锌铁丝网门galvanizedsteelwiremeshdoor防火门firedoor(大门上的)小门wicket门框doorframe门扇doorleaf门洞dooropening结构开洞structuralopening单扇门singledoor双扇门doubledoor疏散门emergencydoor纱门screendoor门槛doorsill门过梁doorlintel上冒头toprail下冒头bottomrail门边木stile门樘侧料sidejumb槽口notch木窗woodenwindow钢窗steelwindow铝合金窗aluminumalloywindow百叶窗(通风为主)sun-bind,louver(louver,shutter,blind) 塑钢窗plasticsteelwindow空腹钢窗hollowsteelwindow固定窗fixedwindow平开窗side-hungwindow推拉窗slidingwindow气窗transom上悬窗top-hungwindow中悬窗center-pivotedwindow下悬窗hopperwindow活动百叶窗adjustablelouver天窗skylight老虎窗dormerwindow密封双层玻璃sealeddoubleglazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforcedconcretelintel 钢筋砖过梁reinforcedbricklintel窗扇casementsash窗台windowsill窗台板windowboard窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条covermould窗帘盒curtainbox合页(铰链)hinge(butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliamenthinge闭门器doorcloser地弹簧floorcloser插销bolt门锁doorlock拉手pull链条chain门钩doorhanger碰球balllatch窗钩windowcatch暗插销insertbolt电动开关器electricopener平板玻璃plateglass夹丝玻璃wireglass透明玻璃clearglass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃)groundglass(frostedglass) 防弹玻璃bullet-proofglass石英玻璃quartzglass吸热玻璃heatabsorbingglass磨光玻璃polishedglass着色玻璃pigmentedglass玻璃瓦glasstile玻璃砖glassblock有机玻璃organicglassI.STAIRCASE,LANDING&LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergencystair旋转梯spiralstair(circularstair)吊车梯craneladder直爬梯verticalladder踏步step扇形踏步winder(wheelstep)踏步板tread档步板riser踏步宽度treadwidth防滑条non-slipinsert(strips)栏杆railing(balustrade)平台栏杆platformrailing吊装孔栏杆railingaroundmountinghole扶手handrail梯段高度heightofflight防护梯笼protectingcage(safetycage)平台landing(platform)操作平台operatingplatform装卸平台platformforloading&unloading楼梯平台stairlanding客梯passengerlift货梯goodslift客/货两用梯goods/passengerlift液压电梯hydrauliclift自动扶梯escalator观光电梯observationelevator电梯机房liftmortarroom电梯坑liftpit电梯井道liftshaftj.BUILDINGMATERIALWORDSANDPHRASES建筑材料词汇及短语BricksandTiles砖和瓦红砖redbrick粘土砖claybrick瓷砖glazedbrick(ceramictile)防火砖firebrick空心砖hollowbrick面砖facingbrick地板砖flooringtile缸砖clinkerybrick马赛克mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsiteconcrete琉璃瓦glazedtile脊瓦ridgetile石棉瓦asbestostile(shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugatedasbestoscementsheet Lime,SandandStone灰、砂和石石膏gypsum大理石marble汉白玉whitemarble花岗岩granite碎石crushedstone毛石rubble蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩pearlite水磨石terrazzo卵石cobble砾石gravel粗砂coursesand中砂mediumsand细砂finesandCement,MortarandConcrete水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥)Portlandcement硅酸盐水泥silicatecement火山灰水泥pozzolanacement白水泥whitecement水泥砂浆cementmortar石灰砂浆limemortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆)cement-limemortar 保温砂浆thermalmortar防水砂浆water-proofmortar耐酸砂浆acid-resistantmortar耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistantmortar沥青砂浆bituminousmortar纸筋灰paperstripmixedlimemortar麻刀灰hempcutlimemortar灰缝mortarjoint素混凝土plainconcrete钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete轻质混凝土lightweightconcrete细石混凝土fineaggregateconcrete沥青混凝土asphaltconcrete泡沫混凝土foamedconcrete炉渣混凝土cinderconcrete FacingAndPlasteringMaterials饰面及粉刷材料水刷石graniticplaster斩假石artificialstone刷浆limewash可赛银casein大白浆whitewash麻刀灰打底hempcutsandlimeasbase喷大白浆两道sprayedtwicewithwhitewash分格抹水泥砂浆cementmortarplastersectioned 板条抹灰lathandplasterAsphalt(Bitumen)andAsbestos沥青和石棉沥青卷材asphaltfelt沥青填料asphaltfiller沥青胶泥asphaltgrout冷底子油adhesivebitumenprimer沥青玛啼脂asphalticmastic沥青麻丝bitumasticoakum石棉板asbestossheet石棉纤维asbestosfiberTimber木材裂缝crack透裂split环裂shake干缩shrinkage翘曲warping原木log圆木roundtimber方木squaretimber板材plank木条batten板条lath木板board红松redpine白松whitepine落叶松deciduouspine 云杉spruce柏木cypress白杨whitepoplar桦木birch冷杉fir栎木oak榴木willow榆木elm杉木cedar柚木teak樟木camphorwood防腐处理的木材preservative-treatedlumber胶合板plywood三(五)合板3(5)-plywood企口板tonguedandgroovedboard层夹板laminatedplank胶合层夹木材glue-laminatedlumber纤维板fiber-board竹子bambooMetallicMaterials金属材料黑色金属ferrousmetal圆钢steelbBar方钢squaresteel扁钢steelstrap,flatsteel型钢steelsection(shape)槽钢channel角钢anglesteel等边角钢equal-legangle不等边角钢unequal-legangle工字钢I-beam宽翼缘工字钢wideflangeI-beam丁(之)字钢T-bar(Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢lightgaugecold-formedsteelshape热轧hot-rolled冷轧cold-rolled冷拉cold-drawn冷压cold-pressed合金钢alloysteel钛合金titaniumalloy不锈钢stainlesssteel竹节钢筋corrugatedsteelbar 变形钢筋deformedbar光圆钢筋plainroundbar钢板steelplate薄钢板thinsteelplate低碳钢lowcarbonsteel冷弯coldbending钢管steelpipe(tube)无缝钢管seamlesssteelpipe 焊接钢管weldedsteelpipe黑铁管ironpipe镀锌钢管galvanizedsteelpipe 铸铁castiron生铁pigiron熟铁wroughtiron镀锌铁皮galvanizedsteelsheet镀锌铁丝galvanizedsteelwire钢丝网steelwiremesh多孔金属网expandedmetal锰钢managanesesteel高强度合金钢highstrengthalloysteel Non-FerrousMetal有色金属金gold白金platinum铜copper黄铜brass青铜bronze银silver铝aluminum铅leadAnti-CorrosionMaterials防腐蚀材料聚乙烯polythene,polyethylene尼龙nylon聚氯乙烯PVC(polyvinylchloride)聚碳酸酯polycarbonate聚苯乙烯polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylicresin乙烯基酯vinylester橡胶内衬rubberlining氯丁橡胶neoprene沥青漆bitumenpaint环氧树脂漆epoxyresinpaint氧化锌底漆zincoxideprimer防锈漆anti-rustpaint耐酸漆acid-resistantpaint耐碱漆alkali-resistantpaint水玻璃sodiumsilicate树脂砂浆resin-bondedmortar环氧树脂epoxyresin BuildingHardware建筑五金钉子nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threadedroofingnail环纹石膏板钉annular-ringgypsumboardnail 螺丝screws平头螺丝flat-headscrew螺栓bolt普通螺栓mercialbolt高强螺栓highstrengthbolt预埋螺栓insertbolt胀锚螺栓cinchbolt垫片washerPaint油漆底漆primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitiveprimer防腐漆anti-corrosionpaint调和漆mixedpaint无光漆flatpaint透明漆varnish银粉漆aluminumpaint磁漆enamelpaint干性油dryingoil稀释剂thinner焦油tar沥青漆asphaltpaint桐油tungoil,Chinesewoodoil红丹redlead铅油leadoil腻子puttyk.OTHERARCHITECTURALTERMS其它建筑术语Discipline专业建筑architecture土木civil给排水watersupplyanddrainage总图plotplan采暖通风H.V.A.C(heating、ventilationandairconditioning) 电力供应electricpowersupply电气照明electriclighting电讯telemunication仪表instrument热力供应heatpowersupply动力mechanicalpower工艺processtechnology管道pipingConventionalTerms一般通用名词建筑原理architectonics建筑形式architecturalstyle民用建筑civilarchitecture城市建筑urbanarchitecture农村建筑ruralarchitecture农业建筑farmbuilding工业建筑industrialbuilding重工业的heavyindustrial轻工业的lightindustrial古代建筑ancientarchitecture现代建筑modernarchitecture标准化建筑standardizedbuildings 附属建筑auxiliarybuildings城市规划cityplanning厂区内withinsite厂区外offsite封闭式closedtype开敞式opentype半开敞式semi-opentype模数制modularsystem单位造价unitcost概算preliminaryestimate承包商constructor,contractor现场site扩建extension改建reconstruction防火fire-prevention防震aseismatic,quake-proof防腐anti-corrosion防潮dump-proof防水water-proof防尘dust-proof防锈rust-proof车流量trafficvolume货流量freighttrafficvolume 人流量pedestrianvolume透视图perspectivedrawing 建筑模型buildingmodel ArchitecturalPhysics建筑物理照明illumination照度degreeofillumination 亮度brightness日照sunshine天然采光naturallighting光强lightintensity侧光sidelight顶光toplight眩光glaze方位角azimuth辐射radiation对流convection传导conduction遮阳sun-shade保温thermalinsulation恒温constanttemperature恒湿constanthumidity噪音noise隔音sound-proof吸音soundabsorption露点dewpoint隔汽vapor-proof NameOfProfessionalrole职务名称项目经理projectmanager(PM)设计经理designmanager首席建筑师principalarchitect总工程师chiefengineer土木工程师civilengineer工艺工程师processengineer电气工程师electricalengineer机械工程师mechanicalengineer 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draft一词在国际贸易中被用作贸易术语的缘由探析
draft一词在国际贸易中被用作贸易术语的缘由探析李文蓓【摘要】以draft一词为例,探讨其在国际贸易中被用作贸易术语的过程及缘由,首先,分析draft在国际贸易术语中的角色,然后,分析draft的本意与词源演变,最后得出:第一,词义的发展变化并非只随着其本意发展或延伸;第二,英语贸易术语的词语选择具有浓厚的历史和文化选择性.【期刊名称】《开封教育学院学报》【年(卷),期】2016(036)004【总页数】2页(P76,110)【关键词】draft;英语国际贸易术语;英语词源学【作者】李文蓓【作者单位】中山大学新华学院外国语言文学系,广东广州 510520【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H313.9在国际贸易实务及其他相关贸易领域知识中，贸易术语和行话是重要的组成部分。
贸易术语和行话具有极强的商业性﹑灵活性和创新性，即在国际贸易环境不断改变的情况下，国际贸易的术语与行话会随着行业的创新而变更。
而在众多国际贸易术语及行话中，draft一词稳站贸易术语行列，但draft的英语本意却恰恰与严肃﹑精准相悖。
为何draft一词会被用于贸易术语是本文研究的重点。
在国际贸易术语中，draft一词的中文解释为汇票，是国际贸易中一种重要的支付工具，其英语的另一贸易术语为Bill of Exchange。
draft带出的重要国际贸易支付工具有Commercial draft（商业汇票）和Bank draft（银行汇票）。
“汇票”一词的中文贸易定义是指由一个人向另一人签发的无条件的书面命令，要求接受命令的人在见票时或在指定的或可以确定的将来某一日期，支付一定的金额给特定的人或其指定的人或持票人［1］（P25-30）。
从中文理解可以看出，汇票是一种企业或银行的重要支付工具。
draft在英语国际贸易术语中的定义是：An unconditional order in writing，addressed by one person to another，signed by the person giving it， requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand， or at a fixed or determinable future time，a sum certain in money， to or to the order of a specified person，or to bearer［1］（P25）.参考经济贸易专业的英语词典，draft的解释则为：A negotiable financial vehicle issued by an importer’s bank for payment to an exporter upon the proper documentary collection［2］.因此，从专业层面来看，draft是一种unconditional order in writing和negotiable financial vehicle（可论性金融载体）。
信用证常用语中英文翻译
信用证常用语中英文翻译【世贸人才网：国际贸易人才门户更新时间：2009-03-10 】【来源:外贸论坛】信用证类别Kinds of L/C1.revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C 可撤销信用证/不可撤销信用证2.confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证/不保兑信用证3.sight L/C/usance L/C 即期信用证/远期信用证4.transferable/untransferable L/C 可转让信用证/不可转让信用证5.divisible L/C/undivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证6.revolving L/C 循环信用证7.L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证8.without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证9.documentary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证10.deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C 延付信用证/预支信用证11.back to back L/Creciprocal L/C 对背信用证/对开信用证12.standby L/C 备用信用证有关当事人Names of Parties Concerned1.opener 开证人(1)applicant 开证人(申请开证人)(2)principal 开证人(委托开证人)(3)accountee 开证人(4)accreditor 开证人(委托开证人)(5)opener 开证人(6)for account of ... 付(某人)帐(7)at the request of ... 应(某人)请求(8)on behalf of ... 代表某人(9)by order of ... 奉(某人)之命(10)by order of and for account of ... 奉(某人)之命并付其帐户(11)at the request of and for account of ... 应(某人)得要求并付其帐户(12)in accordance with instruction received from accreditors 根据已收到的委托开证人得指示2.beneficiary 受益人(1)beneficiary 受益人(2)in favour of……以(某人)为受益人(3)in one’s favour 以……为受益人(4)favouring yourselves 以你本人为受益人3.drawee 付款人(或称受票人，指汇票)(1)to drawn on (or :upon) 以(某人)为付款人(2)to value on 以(某人)为付款人(3)to issued on 以(某人)为付款人4.drawer 出票人5.advising bank 通知行(1)advising bank 通知行(2)the notifying bank 通知行(3)advised through…bank 通过……银行通知6.opening bank 开证行(1)opening bank 开证行(2)issuing bank 开证行(3)establishing bank 开证行7.negotiating bank 议付行8.paying bank 付款行9.reimbursing bank 偿付行10.confirming bank 保兑行信用证金额Amount of the L/C1.amount RMB￥… 金额：人民币2.up to an aggregate amount of Hongkong Dollars… 累计金额最高为港币……3.for a sum (or :sums) not exceeding a total of GBP… 总金额不得超过英镑……4.to the extent of HKD… 总金额为港币……5.for the amount of USD… 金额为美元……6.for an amount not exceeding total of JPY… 金额的总数不得超过……日元的限度跟单文句The Stipulations for the shipping Documentsavailable against surrender of the following documents bearing our credit number 凭提交下列注明本证号码的单据付款1. drafts to be accompanied by the documents marked(×)below 汇票须随附下列注有(×)的单据2. accompanied against to documents hereinafter 随附下列单据[NextPage]汇票Draft(Bill of Exchange)1.the kinds of drafts 汇票种类(1)available by drafts at sight 凭即期汇票付款(2)draft(s) to be drawn at 30 days sight 开立30天的期票(3)sight drafs 即期汇票(4)tenor drafts 远期汇票2.drawn clauses 出票条款(注：即出具汇票的法律依据)(1)all darfts drawn under this credit must contain the clause “Drafts drawn Under Bank of…credit No.…dated…” 本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭……银行……年……月……日第…号信用证下开具”的条款(2)drafts are to be drawn in duplicate to our order bearing the clause “Drawn under United Malayan Banking Corp.Bhd.Irrevocable Letter of Credit No.…dated July 12, 1978” 汇票一式两份，以我行为抬头，并注明“根据马来西亚联合银行1978年7月12日第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(3)draft(s) drawn under this credit to be marked：“Drawn under…Bank L/C No.……Dated (issuing date of credit)” 根据本证开出得汇票须注明“凭……银行……年……月……日(按开证日期)第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(4)drafts in duplicate at sight bearing the clauses“Drawn under…L/C No.…dated…” 即期汇票一式两份，注明“根据……银行信用证……号，日期……开具”(5)draft(s) so drawn must be in scribed with the number and date of this L/C 开具的汇票须注上本证的号码和日期(6)draft(s) bearing the clause：“Drawn under documentary credit No.…(shown above) of…Bank” 汇票注明“根据……银行跟单信用证……号(如上所示)项下开立”发票Invoice1.signed commercial invoice 已签署的商业发票in duplicate 一式两份in triplicate 一式三份in quadruplicate 一式四份in quintuplicate 一式五份in ***tuplicate 一式六份in septuplicate 一式七份in octuplicate 一式八份in nonuplicate 一式九份in decuplicate 一式十份2.beneficiary’s original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating (showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of) the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information. 以买方的名义开具、注明商品名称、原产国及其他有关资料，并经签署的受益人的商业发票正本至少一式八份3.Signed attested invoice combined with certificate of origin and value in 6 copies as reuired for imports into Nigeria. 以签署的，连同产地证明和货物价值的，输入尼日利亚的联合发票一式六份4.beneficiary must certify on the invoice…have be en sent to the accountee 受益人须在发票上证明，已将……寄交开证人5.4% discount should be deducted from total amount of the commercial invoice 商业发票的总金额须扣除4%折扣6.invoice must be showed: under A/P No.… date of expiry 19th Jan. 1981 发票须表明：根据第……号购买证，到期日为1981年1月19日7.documents in combined form are not acceptable 不接受联合单据bined invoice is not acceptable 不接受联合发票提单Bill of Loading1.full set shipping (company’s) clean on board bill(s) of lading marked “Freight Prepaid“ to order of shipper endorsed to … Bank, notifying buyers 全套装船(公司的)洁净已装船提单应注明“运费付讫”，作为以装船人指示为抬头、背书给……银行，通知买方2.bills of lading made out in negotiable form 作成可议付形式的提单3.clean shipped on board ocean bills of lading to order and endorsed in blank marked “Freight Prepaid“ notify: importer(openers,accountee) 洁净已装船的提单空白抬头并空白背书，注明“运费付讫”，通知进口人(开证人)4.full set of clean “on board“ bills of lading/cargo receipt made out to our order/to order and endorsed in blank notify buyers M/S … Co. calling for shipment from China to Hamburg marked “Freight prepaid“ / “Frei ght Payable at Destination“ 全套洁净“已装船”提单/货运收据作成以我(行)为抬头/空白抬头，空白背书，通知买方……公司，要求货物字中国运往汉堡，注明“运费付讫”/“运费在目的港付”5.bills of lading issued in the name of… 提单以……为抬头6.bills of lading must be dated not before the date of this credit and not later than Aug. 15, 1977 提单日期不得早于本证的日期，也不得迟于1977年8月15日7.bill of lading marked notify: buyer,“Freight Prepaid”“Liner terms”“received for shipment” B/L not acceptable 提单注明通知买方，“运费预付”按“班轮条件”，“备运提单”不接受8.non-negotiable copy of bills of lading 不可议付的提单副本(作者：Dearjacky)[NextPage]保险(二)the stipulations for insurance 保险条款(1)marine insurance policy 海运保险单(2)specific policy 单独保险单(3)voyage policy 航程保险单(4)time policy 期限保险单(5)floating policy (or open policy) 流动保险单(6)ocean marine cargo clauses 海洋运输货物保险条款(7)ocean marine insurance clauses (frozen products) 海洋运输冷藏货物保险条款(8)ocean marine cargo war clauses 海洋运输货物战争险条款(9)ocean marine insurance clauses (woodoil in bulk) 海洋运输散装桐油保险条款(10)overland transportation insurance clauses (train, trucks) 陆上运输货物保险条款(火车、汽车)(11)overland transportation insurance clauses (frozen products) 陆上运输冷藏货物保险条款(12)air transportation cargo insurance clauses 航空运输货物保险条款(13)air transportation cargo war risk clauses 航空运输货物战争险条款(14)parcel post insurance clauses 邮包保险条款(15)parcel post war risk insurance clauses 邮包战争保险条款(16)livestock & poultry insurance clauses (by sea, land or air) 活牲畜、家禽的海上、陆上、航空保险条款(17)…risks clauses of the P.I.C.C. subject to C.I.C. 根据中国人民保险公司的保险条款投保……险(18)marine insurance policies or certificates in negotiable form, for 110% full CIF invoice covering the risks of War & W.A. as per the People’s Insurance Co. of China dated 1/1/1976. with extended cover up to Kuala Lumpur with claims payable in (at) Kuala Lumpur in the currency of draft (irrespective of percentage) 作为可议付格式的海运保险单或凭证按照到岸价的发票金额110%投保中国人民保险公司1976年1月1日的战争险和基本险，负责到吉隆坡为止。
高考英语3500单词第十七讲(单词速记和拓展)
高考英语3500词第十七讲1.draft n. 草稿, 草案, 草图【画了一个关于太空船(craft)的草图(draft)】2.drag v. 拖; 拽【谐音：拽】3.draw (drew, drawn) v. 绘画; 绘制; 拉, 拖; 提取4.drawback n. 缺点, 障碍【词根词缀：draw拉 + back回→扯后腿,造成缺陷】5.drawer n. 抽屉【词根词缀：draw拉,勾画 + -er名词词尾,人或物】6.dream (dreamt, dreamt 或-ed, -ed) n.& v. 梦, 梦想【字母ea组合经常读/i:/,符合这项读音的拼读模式有--eam等如：--eam/iːm/cream n. 奶油；乳脂dream v.&n. 做梦stream n. 小河；溪流team n. 队；组】7.dress n. 女服, 连衣裙; 服装; 童装v. (给...)穿衣【address n.地址】8.drill n. 钻头; 训练v. 钻; 训练【谐音“锥哦、钻哦”。
】9.drink n. 饮料; 喝酒【元音字母i在重读闭音节中读短音/ɪ/，符合这项读音规则的拼读模式有--ink如：--ink/ɪŋk/ink n. 墨水；油墨think v. 想；认为pink adj.&n. 粉色(的)drink v. 喝sink v. 下沉】10.drink(drank, drunk) v. 喝, 饮11.drive(drove, driven) v. 驾驶, 开（车）; 驱赶【元音字母i在重读开音节中读/aɪ/，符合这项读音规则的拼读读模式有--ive等如：--ive/aɪv/five num.五drive v.驾驶】12.driver n. 驾驶员【drive + r】driver licence ['laɪsəns] 驾驶执照river n. 江；河【司机(driver)开车(drive)过小河(river)】13.drop n. 滴v. 掉下, 落下【元音字母o在重读闭音节中读/ɒ/，符合这项读音规则的拼读读模式有--op等如：--op/ɒp/shop n. 商店pop adj. 流行的n.汽水crop n.庄稼drop v. 落下top n.顶部stop v. 停止】14.drug n. 药; 毒品【词源同dry,干。
函电词汇翻译
Chapter 2业务类型（business types）：代理商(agent)、采购办事处(buying office)、分销商/批发商(distributor /wholesaler)、生产商(manufacturer) 贸易公司(trading company) registered capital 注册资金EV A （Ethylene/vinyl acetate ）乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturer）原始设备制造商，即贴牌加工ODM（Original Design Manufacturer）即原始设计制造商OBM（Original Brand Manufacturer），即原始品牌制造商1.engage in 经营2.mould manufacturer 模具生产商3. import and export 进出口4.OEM order 贴牌加工订单5. establish business relations 建立业务关系6. sell well 畅销7.满足某人的需求meet one’s demand8.盼望look forward to9.公司宗旨company’s principle10. 注册资金registered capital the fast sale items 畅销品business lines 业务种类electronic catalogue 电子目录for your examination 供你方检查combine Western fashion elements with our design concepts结合西方时尚元素与我们的设计概念e nhance wearer’s charm提高穿戴者的魅力1.be in the market for 寻购2. private company 私人公司3. under separate cover 另函4.ODM order 设计代工订单5. fast sale items . 畅销产品6. latest catalogue 最新目录7. 满足某人的需meet one’s demand8. 多种多样 a wide range of9. 商会chamber of commerce10. 供你们参考for your reference/examination/information1.distributor 分销商2.exhibitor 参展商3.APEC 亚太经济合作组织4.broker 中间商5.wholesaler 批发商6.booth No 摊位号7.商品交易会commodities fair8.单证员documentation officer9.销售代表sales representative10. 货代员forwarding agentChapter31.Bank银行2.The Economic and CommercialCounsellor’s office of our Embassy inForeign Countries我驻外商务处3.Chambers of Commerce商会4.Enquiry agencies咨询机构5.Another company that has businesswith the new company与这个新公司有业务联系的另外一家公司1.special discount 特殊折扣2. objective information 客观资料3.logo 商标4. MOQ 最小订单量5. open an account 开启交易6. on the basis of 在...基础上7.数量折扣quantity discount8.订购place an order9.查阅refer to10.首次订单initial order1.spec为specification 的缩写，SizeSpec/Spec sheet尺寸表2.order inquiry 客户询盘3.FOB 装运港船上交货价4.payment terms 付款条件5.ASAP 尽快6.Model Number 型号7.ETD 预计交货日期8.装运代理人shipping agent9.以美元报价quote price in USD10.尺寸范围size range11.交货期time of delivery1. status inquiry 资信调查2. general inquiry 般询盘3.reference 资信证明人4. financial standing 财务情况5. make quotations 报价6. CIF 成本+保险费+运费7. 预先in advance8. 规格specification9. 合资企业joint venture10. 机密in confidenceChapter4payment termsRemittance (汇付)：Telegraphic Transfer (T/T)*Mail Transfer (M/T) 信汇,邮汇Demand Draft (D/D) 即期汇票Cash in AdvanceOpen Account 赊账Collection (托收):Bill of Exchange / Bill/ Draft: 汇票Clean draft (光票托收)Documentary draft （跟单托收）Ｄ/Ｐ:付款交单(=document againstpayment)D/A:承兑交单(=document againstacceptance)Letter of Credit : L/CSWIFT: Society Worldwide InterbankFinancial Telecommunication环球同业银行金融电讯协会L/C 种类一、可撤销与不可撤销信用证revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C二、保兑与不保兑信用证confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C三、即期付款信用证sight L/C四、远期信用证usance L/C1. sample n. 样品通常需要技术部确认的样品有:初样(头样) initial sample，protosample尺寸样measurement sample/sizesample确认样confirmation sample产前样pre-production sample大货船样production sample试穿样testing sample, fit trial sample回样counter samplefreight prepaid 运费预付(寄件人缴付所需邮寄费用)on collect basis 运费到付(收件人交付所需邮寄费用)1.Express account 快邮账户2. heavy burden 沉重的负担3. sales by sample 凭样品买卖4. company policy 公司规定5. force majeure 不可抗力6. on the basis of 在……基础上7. 数量折扣quantity discount8. 快件单号courier number9. 抽样sampling10. 联合包裹服务公司UPS1.color sample 色样2. sample for reference 参考样3. prototypes 原型4. arrange production 安排生产5. in duplicate 一式两份6. confirmation sample 确认样7. 最初样品initial sample8. 一式两份in duplicate9. 产前样pre-production sample10. 供我方同意for our approval考试形式（写信）以买方的名义给卖方写一封信，确认收到卖方所寄来的复制样品。
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"draft" 作为名词时可以有多种中文翻译，包括：
草稿，指未完成或尚未定稿的文件或计划，例如一份草稿计划或草稿稿件。
征兵制度，指政府通过各种方式强制征集公民充当军队的制度，例如国家实行征兵制度。
酿造，指制作啤酒或其他酒类时的初步酿造阶段，例如啤酒的初次发酵阶段。
作为动词时，"draft" 的中文翻译可以是起草、草拟、草案等。
例如：
She is drafting a proposal for the new project.（她正在起草新项目的建议书。
）
The lawyer drafted a legal agreement for his client.（律师为客户起草了一份法律协议。
）The committee is drafting a new policy for environmental protection.（委员会正在草拟一项新的环保政策。
）。