概率论与数理统计第二章
第二章概率论与数理统计
例5.设电话总机在某段时间内接收到的呼唤次数服从 5.设电话总机在某段时间内接收到的呼唤次数服从 参数为3的泊松分布。 参数为3的泊松分布。求： 恰好接收到5次呼唤的概率； （1）恰好接收到5次呼唤的概率； 接收到不超过5次呼唤的概率。 （2）接收到不超过5次呼唤的概率。
表示电话总机接收到的呼唤次数， 解:设X表示电话总机接收到的呼唤次数，则 设 表示电话总机接收到的呼唤次数
P{ X
P{ X = 0} = P ( A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 ) = (1-p)5 = 5 p (1 − p ) 4 = 1} = P{ A1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 ∪ A1 A2 A 3 A 4 A 5 ∪ ...
2 P{ X = 2} = P{ A1 A2 A 3 A 4 A 5 ∪ A1 A 2 A3 A 4 A 5 ∪ ... = C5 P 2 (1 − P ) 3
泊松定理设随机变量 泊松定理设随机变量 n~B(n, p), (n＝0, 1, 2,…), 定理设随机变量X ＝ 很大， 很小 很小， 且n很大，p很小，记λ=np，则 很大 ，
P{ X = k } ≈
λk
k!
e
−λ
,
k = 0,1,2,...
上题用泊松定理 取λ =np＝(400)(0.02)＝8, 故 近似地有 P{X≥2}＝1－ P{X＝0}－P {X＝1} ＝1－(1＋8)e－8＝0.996981. （3） 泊松(Poisson)分布 λ) ） 泊松 分布P(λ 分布
X
1
0
pk
p
1− p
（2）设将试验独立重复进行n次，且在每次试验 中，事件A发生的概率均为p。若用X表示n重贝努 里试验中事件A发生的次数，则称X服从参数为 n,p的二项分布。记作X~B（n,p),其概率分布律 为：
《概率论与数理统计》课件-第2章随机变量及其分布 (1)
HAINAN UNIVERSITY
概率论与数理统计
第二五章 基随本机极变限量定及理其分布
泊松分布的应用
“稠密性”问题(一段时间内,电话交换中心接到的呼叫次 数,公共汽车车站候车的乘客数,售票窗口买票的人数， 原子放射的粒子数，保险公司在一定时期内被索赔的次 数等)都服从泊松分布.
随机变量的分布函数
1.定义: 设X为一随机变量, x为任意实数, 称函数 F(x)=P{X≤x}为X的分布函数.
注: ① F(x)是一普通函数, 其定义域为 ,; ② F x的值为事件X x的概率; ③ F x可以完全地描述随机变量取值的规律性.
例如: Pa X b PX b PX a
连续型随机变量及概率密度函数
1.定义: 设X ~ F(x), 若存在一个非负可积的函数 f (x),
使 x R, 有
F ( x)
PX
x
x
f
(t)dt
,
则称X为连续型随机变量, f (x) 称为X的概率密度函数或
分布密度函数.
2.几何意义:
HAINAN UNIVERSITY
概率论与数理统计
第二五章 基随本机极变限量定及理其分布
二、随机变量的概念
定义： 设试验E的样本空间为 , 若对于每个样本
点 , 均有一个实数 X ()与之对应, 这样就得
到一个定义在 上的单值函数 X X () , 称X为随
机变量.
X
样本空间
实数
注: ① 随机变量是一个定义在样本空间上的实函数, 它取值的随机性是由样本点的随机性引起的;
x 1
x0
0 x x
不是 (不满足规范性)
概率论与数理统计第二章 随机变量及其分布
15
例4: 甲、乙两名棋手约定进行10盘比赛，以赢的盘数 较多者为胜. 假设每盘棋甲赢的概率都为0.6，乙赢的概 率为0.4，且各盘比赛相互独立，问甲、乙获胜的概率 各为多少？ 解 每一盘棋可看作0-1试验. 设X为10盘棋赛中甲赢的 盘数，则 X ～ b(10, 0.6) . 按约定，甲只要赢6盘或6盘 以上即可获胜. 所以
定义：若随机变量X所有可能的取值为x1，x2，…，xi，…，且 X 取这些值的概率为 P(X=xi)= pi , i=1, 2, ... (*)
则称(*)式为离散型随机变量X 的分布律。 分布律的基本性质： (1) 表格形式表示: pi 0, i=1，2，... (2)
i
pi 1
X pk
x1 p1
这里n=500值较大，直接计算比较麻烦. 利用泊松定理作近似计算: n =500, np = 500/365=1.3699>0 ，用 =1.3699 的泊松分布作近似 计算：
(1.3669) 5 1.3669 P{ X 5} e 0.01 5!
23
例2: 某人进行射击，其命中率为0.02，独立射击400次，试求击 中的次数大于等于2的概率。 解 将每次射击看成是一次贝努里试验，X表示在400次射击中 击的次数，则X~B(400, 0.02)其分布律为
k 0,1
14
(2) 二项分布 设在一次伯努利试验中有两个可能的结果，且有 P(A)=p 。则在 n 重伯努利试验中事件 A发生的次数 X是一个 离散型随机变量，其分布为
P ( X k ) C nk p k q n k
k =0, 1, 2 ,, n
称X 服从参数为n，p的二项分布，记为 X~b(n, p) 对于n次重复一个0-1试验. 随机变量X表示: n次试验中, A发生的次数. 如： 掷一枚硬币100次, 正面出现的次数X服从二项分布. b(100, 1/2) 事件 X～
概率论与数理统计课件第2章
2
2.2.1 随机变量 • 注意： 注意：
（1）随机变量定义于抽象的样本空间上，不是普 ）随机变量定义于抽象的样本空间上， 通的实函数。 通的实函数。 （2）随机事件可以通过随机变量的各种取值状态 ）随机事件可以通过随机变量的各种取值状态 取值范围来表示 来表示。 和取值范围来表示。
3
2.1.2 随机变量的分布函数 • 既然随机事件可以通过随机变量的各种取值状态和取值 范围来表示， 范围来表示，研究随机现象的统计规律性就转化为研究 随机变量取值的规律性，即取值的概率。 随机变量取值的规律性，即取值的概率。但概率是集合 函数，随机变量定义于抽象空间上，都不便于处理。 函数，随机变量定义于抽象空间上，都不便于处理。 • 能不能找到一种方法，使得我们研究随机变量取值的规 能不能找到一种方法， 律性可以转化为研究普通的实函数？ 律性可以转化为研究普通的实函数？
2.1 随机变量及其分布函数 在前面的讨论中，只是孤立地考虑一些事件的概率， 在前面的讨论中，只是孤立地考虑一些事件的概率， 这种研究方法缺乏一般性， 这种研究方法缺乏一般性，而且不便于分析数学工具的引 为了这一目的，随机变量的引入具有非常重要的意义。 入，为了这一目的，随机变量的引入具有非常重要的意义。 随机变量的引入是概率论发展史上的重大事件。 随机变量的引入是概率论发展史上的重大事件。它使得研 究概率论的数学工具更丰富有力，从此， 究概率论的数学工具更丰富有力，从此，概率论的研究进 入一个崭新的天地。 . 入一个崭新的天地。
P{ X ≥ 1} = 5 / 9 ，求p =
x≤0 ， 0 < x ≤1 x >1
，概率 P{0 ≤ X ≤ 0.25} =
，
；
X |< 0.5} ；2)分布函数 分布函数F(x) 分布函数
《概率论与数理统计》袁荫棠_中国人民大学出版社_第二章课后答案
x<a
, 它的图形为
x≥a
F(x) 1
0
a
x
4. 一批产品分一,二,三级, 其中一级品是二级品的两倍, 三级品是二级品的一半, 从这批产
品中随机地抽取一个检验质量, 用随机变量描述检验的可能结果, 写出它的概率函数.
解 设ξ取值 1,2,3 代表取到的产品为一,二,三级, 则根据题意有
P(ξ=1)=2P(ξ=2)
即
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 =1 2c 4c 8c 16c
得
c = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 8 + 12 +10 + 7 = 37 = 2.3125
2 4 8 16
16
16
设事件 A 为ξ<1, B 为ξ≠0, (注: 如果熟练也可以不这样设)则
P{ξ < 1 | ξ ≠ 0} = P( AB) = P{ξ < 1∩ ξ ≠ 0}
−∞
−∞
0
当 x≥1 时, F(x)=1 综上所述, 最后得:
⎧0 F (x) = ⎪⎨x2
⎪⎩1
x<0 0≤ x <1 x ≥1
13.
某型号电子管,
其寿命(以小时计)为一随机变量,
概率密度
ϕ
(x)
=
⎪⎧100 ⎨ x2
x ≥ 100
,
某
⎪⎩0 其它
一个电子设备内配有 3 个这样的电子管, 求电子管使用 150 小时都不需要更换的概率. 解: 先求一个电子管使用 150 小时以上的概率 P(ξ≥150)为:
当 x<0 时, 有
∫ ∫ F(x) =
ξ
概率论与数理统计--第二章PPT课件
F(x) pk xk x
分布函数F(x)在x xk , 其跳跃值为pk P{X
对k 所1,有2,满足处x有k 跳 x跃的，k求和。
xk }
第26页/共57页
第四节 连续型随机变量及其概率密度
定义 对于随机变量X的分布函数F(x),如果存在非 负函数f (x)，使对于任意实数有
售量服从参数为 10的泊松分布．为了以95%以上的
概率保证该商品不脱销，问商店在月底至少应进该商 品多少件？ 解 设商店每月销售该种商品X件，月底的进货量为n件，
按题意要求为 PX n 0.95
由X服附从录的泊1松0的分泊布松表分知布k，140 1则k0！k有e1k0n01k00！k.9e1160 6
可以用泊松分布作近似，即
n
k
pk
1
p
nk
np k
k!
enp , k
0,1, 2,
.
例 4 为保证设备正常工作，需要配备一些维修工.如果各台设备
发生故障是相互独立的，且每台设备发生故障的概率都是 0.01.
试求在以下情况下，求设备发生故障而不能及时修理的概率.
(1) 一名维修工负责 20 台设备.
于是PX I P(B) Pw X (w) I.
随机变量的取值随试验的结果而定，而试验的各个 结果出现有一定的概率，因而随机变量的取值有一 定的概率.
按照随机变量可能取值的情况，可以把它们分为两 类：离散型随机变量和非离散型随机变量，而非离 散型随机变量中最重要的是连续型随机变量.因此， 本章主要研究离散型及连续型随机变量.
x
x
4. F(x 0) F(x) 即F(x)是右连续的
第23页/共57页
概率论与数理统计统计课后习题答案(有过程)
概率论与数理统计统计课后习题答案(有过程)第一章习题解答1．解：（1）Ω=｛0，1，…，10｝；（2）Ω=｛，1，…，100n｝，其中n为小班人数；n（3）Ω=｛√,×√, ××√, ×××√,…｝,其中√表示击中，×表示未击中；（4）Ω=｛（x,y）｝。
2．解：（1）事件AB表示该生是三年级男生，但不是运动员；（2）当全学院运动员都是三年级学生时，关系式是正确的；（3）全学院运动员都是三年级的男生，ABC=C成立；（4）当全学院女生都在三年级并且三年级学生都是女生时，=B成立。
3．解：（1）ABC；（2）AB；（3）；（4）；（5）；（6）4．解：因，则P（ABC）≤P（AB）可知P（ABC）=0 所以A、B、C至少有一个发生的概率为P（A∪B∪C）=P（A）+P（B）+P（C）-P（AB）-P（AC）-P（BC）+P（ABC）=3×1/4-1/8+0 =5/85．解：（1）P（A∪B）= P（A）+P（B）-P（AB）=0.3+0.8-0.2=0.9 P(A)=P（A）-P（AB）=0.3-0.2=0.1（2）因为P（A∪B）= P（A）+P（B）-P（AB）≤P（A）+P（B）=α+β, 所以最大值maxP （A∪B）=min(α+β,1)；又P（A）≤P（A∪B），P（B）≤P（A∪B）,故最小值min P（A∪B）=max(α,β)6．解：设A表示事件“最小号码为5”，B表示事件“最大号码为5”。
223由题设可知样本点总数，。
2C52C411所以；7．解：设A表示事件“甲、乙两人相邻”，若n个人随机排成一列，则样本点总数为n!，， 1若n个人随机排成一圈.可将甲任意固定在某个位置，再考虑乙的位置。
表示按逆时针方向乙在甲的第i个位置，。
则样本空间，事件所以8．解：设A表示事件“偶遇一辆小汽车，其牌照号码中有数8”，则其对立事件A表示“偶遇一辆小汽车，其牌照号码中没有数8”，即号码中每一位都可从除8以外的其他9个数中取，因此A包含的基本事件数为，样本点总数为104。
概率论与数理统计(茆诗松)第二版课后第二章习题参考答案批注版
（3） AB ； （4） A U B ． 解： （1） A B = {0.25 ≤ X ≤ 0.5} U {1 < X < 1.5} ； （2） A U B = {0 ≤ X ≤ 2} = Ω ； （3） AB = {0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5} U {1 < X ≤ 2} = A ； （4） A U B = {0 ≤ X < 0.25} U {1.5 ≤ X ≤ 2} = B ． 6． 检查三件产品，只区分每件产品是合格品（记为 0）与不合格品（记为 1） ，设 X 为三件产品中的不合 格品数，指出下列事件所含的样本点： A =“X = 1” ，B =“X > 2” ，C =“X = 0” ，D =“X = 4” ． 解：A = {(1, 0, 0)，(0, 1, 0)，(0, 0, 1)}，B = {(1, 1, 1)}，C = {(0, 0, 0)}，D = ∅． 7． 试问下列命题是否成立？ （1）A − (B − C ) = (A − B )∪C； （2）若 AB = ∅且 C ⊂ A，则 BC = ∅； （3）(A∪B ) − B = A； （4）(A − B )∪B = A． 解： （1）不成立， A − ( B − C ) = A − BC = A BC = A( B U C ) = AB U AC = ( A − B ) U AC ≠ ( A − B ) U C ； B A C A − (B − C ) （2）成立，因 C ⊂ A，有 BC ⊂ AB = ∅，故 BC = ∅； （3）不成立，因 ( A U B ) − B = ( A U B ) B = AB U BB = AB = A − B ≠ A ； （4）不成立，因 ( A − B ) U B = AB U B = ( A U B )( B U B ) = A U B ≠ A ． 8． 若事件 ABC = ∅，是否一定有 AB = ∅？ 解：不能得出此结论，如当 C = ∅时，无论 AB 为任何事件，都有 ABC = ∅． 9． 请叙述下列事件的对立事件： （1）A =“掷两枚硬币，皆为正面” ； （2）B =“射击三次，皆命中目标” ； （3）C =“加工四个零件，至少有一个合格品” ． 解： （1） A = “掷两枚硬币，至少有一个反面” ； （2） B = “射击三次，至少有一次没有命中目标” ； （3） C = “加工四个零件，皆为不合格品” ． 10．证明下列事件的运算公式： （1） A = AB U AB ； （2） A U B = A U A B ．
概率论与数理统计第二章
4. 条件概率的计算
1) 用定义计算:
P( A | B) P( AB) , P(B)
P(B)>0
2)从加入条件后改变了的情况去算
例：A={掷出2点}，B={掷出偶数点}
掷骰子
P(A|B）= 1 3
B发生后的 缩减样本空间 所含样本点总数
在缩减样本空间 中A所含样本点
个数
27
例8 掷两颗均匀骰子,已知第一颗掷出6点,问 “掷出点数之和不小于10”的概率是多少?
实际上,这个假定并不完 全成立，有关问题的实际概 率比表中给出的还要大 .
当人数超过23时，打赌 说至少有两人同生日是有利 的.
18
例3 某城市的电话号码由5个数字组成，每个 数字可能是从0-9这十个数字中的任一个，求 电话号码由五个不同数字组成的概率.
解：
a
A150 105
=0.3024
问：
b
P( A) =1-0.524=0.476
即22个球迷中至少有两人同生日的概率为0.476.
这个概率随着球迷人数的增加而迅速增加.
17
人数 至少有两人同
生日的概率
20
0.411
21
0.444
22
0.476
23
0.507
24
0.538
30
0.706
40
0.891
50
0.970
60
0.994
所有这些概率都是在假 定一个人的生日在 365天的 任何一天是等可能的前提下 计算出来的.
25
3. 条件概率的性质 设B是一事件，且P(B)>0,则 1. 对任一事件A，0≤P(A|B)≤1;
概率论与数理统计（经管类）第二章课后习题答案
习题2.11.设随机变量X 的分布律为P{X=k}=,k=1, 2,N,求常数a.aN 解:由分布律的性质=1得∑∞k =1p kP(X=1) + P(X=2) +…..+ P(X=N) =1N*=1,即a=1aN 2.设随机变量X 只能取-1,0,1,2这4个值,且取这4个值相应的概率依次为,,求常数c.12c 34c ,58c ,716c 解:12c +34c +58c +716c =1C=37163.将一枚骰子连掷两次,以X 表示两次所得的点数之和,以Y 表示两次出现的最小点数,分别求X,Y 的分布律.注: 可知X 为从2到12的所有整数值．可以知道每次投完都会出现一种组合情况，其概率皆为(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36，故P(X=2)=(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36(第一次和第二次都是1)P(X=3)=2*(1/36）＝1/18(两种组合(1,2)(2,1))P(X=4)=3*(1/36）＝1/12(三种组合(1,3)(3,1)(2,2))P(X=5)=4*(1/36）＝1/9(四种组合(1,4)(4,1)(2,3)(3,2))P(X=6)=5*(1/36＝5/36(五种组合(1,5)(5,1)(2,4)(4,2)(3,3))P(X=7)=6*(1/36)＝1/6(这里就不写了,应该明白吧)P(X=8)=5*(1/36)＝5/36P(X=9)=4*(1/36)＝1/9P(X=10)=3*(1/36)＝1/12P(X=11)=2*(1/36)＝1/18P(X=12)=1*(1/36)＝1/36以上是X 的分布律投两次最小的点数可以是1到6里任意一个整数,即Y 的取值了.P(Y=1)=(1/6)*1=1/6 一个要是1,另一个可以是任何值P(Y=2)=(1/6)*(5/6)=5/36 一个是2,另一个是大于等于2的5个值P(Y=3)=(1/6)*(4/6)=1/9 一个是3,另一个是大于等于3的4个值P(Y=4)=(1/6)*(3/6)=1/12一个是4,另一个是大于等于4的3个值P(Y=5)=(1/6)*(2/6)=1/18一个是5,另一个是大于等于5的2个值P(Y=6)=(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36一个是6,另一个只能是6以上是Y 的分布律了.4.设在15个同类型的零件中有2个是次品,从中任取3次,每次取一个,取后不放回.以X 表示取出的次品的个数,求X 的分布律.解:X=0,1,2X=0时,P=C 313C 315=2235X=1时,P=C 213∗C 12C 315=1235X=2时,P=C 013∗C 22C 315=1355.抛掷一枚质地不均匀的硬币,每次出现正面的概率为,连续抛掷8次,以X 表示出现正面的次数,求23X 的分布律.解:P{X=k}=, k=1, 2, 3, 8C k 8(23)k (13)8‒k 6.设离散型随机变量X 的分布律为X -123P141214解:求P {X ≤12}, P {23<X ≤52}, P {2≤X ≤3}, P {2≤X <3}P {X ≤12}=14P {23<X ≤52}=12P {2≤X ≤3}=12+14=34P {2≤X <3}=127.设事件A 在每一次试验中发生的概率分别为0.3.当A 发生不少于3次时,指示灯发出信号,求:(1)进行5次独立试验,求指示灯发出信号的概率;(2)进行7次独立试验,求指示灯发出信号的概率.解:设X 为事件A 发生的次数,(1)P {X ≥3}=P {X =3}+P {X =4}+P {X =5}=C 35(0.3)3(0.7)2+C 45(0.3)4(0.7)1+C 55(0.3)5(0.7)0=0.1323+0.02835+0.00243=0.163(2) P{X≥3}=1‒P{X=0}‒P{X=1}‒P{X=2}=1‒C07(0.3)0(0.7)7‒C17(0.3)1(0.7)6‒C27(0.3)2(0.7)5=1‒0.0824‒0.2471‒0.3177=0.3538.甲乙两人投篮,投中的概率分别为0.6,0.7.现各投3次,求两人投中次数相等的概率.解:设X表示各自投中的次数P{X=0}=C03(0.6)0(0.4)3∗C03(0.7)0(0.3)3=0.064∗0.027=0.002P{X=1}=C13(0.6)1(0.4)2∗C13(0.7)1(0.3)2=0.288∗0.189=0.054P{X=2}=C23(0.6)2(0.4)1∗C23(0.7)2(0.3)1=0.432∗0.441=0.191P{X=3}=C33(0.6)3(0.4)0∗C33(0.7)3(0.3)0=0.216∗0.343=0.074投中次数相等的概率= P{X=0}+P{X=1}+P{X=2}+P{X=3}=0.3219.有一繁忙的汽车站,每天有大量的汽车经过,设每辆汽车在一天的某段时间内出事故的概率为0.0001.在某天的该段时间内有1000辆汽车经过,问出事故的次数不小于2的概率是多少?(利用泊松分布定理计算)解:设X表示该段时间出事故的次数,则X~B(1000,0.0001),用泊松定理近似计算=1000*0.0001=0.1λP{X≥2}=1‒P{X=0}‒P{X=1}=1‒C01000(0.0001)0(0.9999)1000‒C11000(0.0001)1(0.9999)999=1‒e‒0.1‒0.1e‒0.1=1‒0.9048‒0.0905=0.004710.一电话交换台每分钟收到的呼唤次数服从参数为4的泊松分别,求:(1)每分钟恰有8次呼唤的概率;(2)每分钟的呼唤次数大于10的概率.解: (1) P{X=8}=P{X≥8}‒P{X≥9}=0.051134‒0.021363=0.029771(2) P{X>10}=P{X≥11}=0.002840习题2.21.求0-1分布的分布函数.解:F(x)={0, x<0q, 0≤x<11,x≥12.设离散型随机变量X的分布律为:3 OF 18X -123P0.250.50.25求X 的分布函数,以及概率,.P {1.5<X ≤2.5} P {X ≥0.5}解:當x <‒1時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=0;當‒1≤x <2時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}=0.25;當2≤x <3時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}+P {X =2}=0.25+0.5=0.75;當x ≥3時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}+P {X =2}+P {X =3}=0.25+0.5+0.25=1;则X 的分布函数F(x)为:F (x )={0, x <‒10.25, ‒1≤x <20.75, 2≤x <31, x ≥3P {1.5<X ≤2.5}=F (2.5)‒F (1.5)=0.75‒0.25=0.5 P {X ≥0.5}=1‒F (0.5)=1‒0.25=0.753.设F 1(x),F 2(x)分别为随机变量X 1和X 2的分布函数,且F(x)=a F 1(x)-bF 2(x)也是某一随机变量的分布函数,证明a-b=1.证: F (+∞)=aF (+∞)‒bF (+∞)=1,即a ‒b =14.如下4个函数,哪个是随机变量的分布函数:(1)F 1(x )={0, x <‒212, ‒2≤x <02, x ≥0(2)F 2(x )={0, x <0sinx, 0≤x <π1, x ≥π(3)F 3(x )={0, x <0sinx, 0≤x <π21, x ≥π2(4)F 4(x )={0, x <0x +13, 0<x <121, x ≥125.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F(x) =a+b arctanx ,‒∞<x <+∞,求(1)常数a,b;(2) P {‒1<X ≤1}解: (1)由分布函数的基本性质 得:F (‒∞)=0,F (+∞)=1{a +b ∗(‒π2)=0a +b ∗(π2)=1of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy5 OF 18解之a=, b=121π(2)P {‒1<X ≤1}=F (1)‒F (‒1)=a +b ∗π4‒(a +b ∗‒π4)=b ∗π2=12(将x=1带入F(x) =a+b arctanx )注: arctan 为反正切函数,值域(), arctan1=‒π2,π2 π46.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={0, x <1lnx, 1≤x <e1, x ≥e求P {X ≤2},P {0<X ≤3},P {2<X ≤2.5}解: 注: P {X ≤2}=F(2)=ln2 F(x)=P {X ≤x }P {0<X ≤3}=F (3)‒F (0)=1‒0=1;P {2<X ≤2.5}=F (2.5)‒F (2)=ln2.5‒ln2=ln2.52=ln1.25习题2.31.设随机变量X 的概率密度为:f (x )={acosx, |x |≤π20, 其他.求: (1)常数a; (2);(3)X 的分布函数F(x).P {0<X <π4}解:(1)由概率密度的性质∫+∞‒∞f (x )dx =1,∫π2‒π2acosxdx =a sinx |π2‒π2=asin π2‒asin (‒π2)=asin π2+asin π2=a +a =1A =12(2)P {0<X <π4}=(12)sin(π4)‒(12)sin (0)=12∗22+12∗0=24一些常用特殊角的三角函数值正弦余弦正切余切0010不存在π/61/2√3/2√3/3√3π/4√2/2√2/211of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy(3)X 的概率分布为:F (x )={0, x <‒π212(1+sinx ), ‒π2≤x <π21, x ≥π2 2.设随机变量X 的概率密度为f (x )=ae ‒|x |, ‒∞<x <+∞,求: (1)常数a; (2); (3)X 的分布函数. P {0≤X ≤1}解:(1),即a=∫+∞‒∞f(x)dx =∫0‒∞ae x dx +∫+∞ae ‒x dx =a +a =112(2)P {0≤X ≤1}=F (1)‒F (0)=12(1‒e ‒1)(3)X 的分布函数F (x )={12e x, x ≤01‒12e ‒x, x >03.求下列分布函数所对应的概率密度:(1)F 1(x )=12+1πarctanx , ‒∞<x <+∞;解:(柯西分布)f 1(x )=1π(1+x 2)(2)F 2(x )={1‒e ‒x 22, x >00, x ≤0π/3√3/21/2√3√3/3π/210不存在0π-1不存在7 OF 18解:(指数分布) f 2(x )={x e ‒x 22, x >00, x ≤0(3)F 3(x )={0, x <0sinx , 0≤ x ≤π21, x >π2解: (均匀分布)f 3(x )={cosx , 0≤ x ≤π20, 其他4.设随机变量X 的概率密度为f (x )={x, 0≤x <12‒x, 1≤ x <20, 其他.求: (1); (2)P {X ≥12} P {12<X <32}.解:(1)P {X ≥12}=1‒F (12)=1‒1222=1‒18=78(2)(2)P {12<X <32}=F(32)‒F(12)=(2∗32‒1‒3222)‒(3222)=345.设K 在(0,5)上服从均匀分布,求方程(利用二次式的判别式)4x 2+4Kx +K +2=0有实根的概率.解: K~U(0,5)f (K )={15 , 0≤x ≤50, 其他方程式有实数根,则Δ≥0,即(4K)2‒4∗4∗(K +2)=16K 2‒16(K +2)≥02≤K ≤‒1故方程有实根的概率为:P {K ≤‒1}+P {K ≥2}=∫5215dx =0.66.设X ~ U(2,5),现在对X 进行3次独立观测,求至少有两次观测值大于3的概率.解:P {K >3}=1‒F (3)=1‒3‒25‒2=23至少有两次观测值大于3的概率为:C 23(23)2(13)1+C 33(23)3(13)0=20277.设修理某机器所用的时间X 服从参数为λ=0.5(小时)指数分布,求在机器出现故障时,在一小时内可以修好的概率.解: P {X ≤1}=F (1)=1‒e‒0.58.设顾客在某银行的窗口等待服务的时间X(以分计)服从参数为λ=的指数分布,某顾客在窗口等待159 OF 18服务,若超过10分钟,他就离开.他一个月要到银行5次,以Y 表示他未等到服务而离开窗口的次数.写出Y 的分布律,并求P {Y ≥1}.解:“未等到服务而离开的概率”为P {X ≥10}=1‒F (10)=1‒(1‒e‒15∗10)=e ‒2P {Y =k }=C k 5(e ‒2)k(1‒e ‒2)5‒k , (k =0,1,2,3,4,5)Y 的分布律:Y 012345P0.4840.3780.1180.0180.0010.00004P {Y ≥1}=1‒P {Y =0}=1‒0.484=0.5169.设X ~ N(3,),求:22(1);P {2<X ≤5}, P {‒4<X ≤10}, P {|X |>2}, P {X >3}(2).常数c,使P {X >c }=P {X ≤c }解: (1)P {2<X ≤5}=Φ(5‒32)‒Φ(2‒32)=Φ(1)‒[1‒Φ(12)]=0.8413‒(1‒0.6915)=0.5328P {‒4<X ≤10}=Φ(10‒32)‒Φ(‒4‒32)=Φ(3.5)‒[1‒Φ(3.5)]=0.9998‒0.0002=0.9996 P {|X |>2}= 1‒P {‒2≤X ≤2}=1‒[Φ(2‒32)‒Φ(‒2‒32)]=1‒(0.3085‒0.0062)=0.6977P {X >3}= P {X ≥3}=1‒Φ(3‒32)=1‒Φ(0)=1‒0.5=0.5(2)P {X >c }=P {X ≤c }P {X >c }=1‒P {X ≥c }P {X >c }+P {X ≥c }=1Φ(c ‒32)+Φ(c ‒32)=1Φ(c ‒32)=0.5经查表,即C=3c ‒32=010.设X ~ N(0,1),设x 满足P {|X |>x }<0.1.求x 的取值范围.解:P {|X |>x }<0.12[1‒Φ(x )]<0.1‒Φ(x )<‒1920Φ(x )≥1920Φ(x )≥0.95经查表当 1.65时x ≥Φ(x )≥0.95即 1.65时x ≥P {|X |>x }<0.111.X ~ N(10,),求:22(1)P {7<X ≤15};(2)常数d,使P {|X ‒10|<d }<0.9.解: (1)P {7<X ≤15}=Φ(15‒102)‒Φ(7‒102)=Φ(2.5)‒[1‒Φ(1.5)]=0.9938‒0.0668=0.927(2)P {|X ‒10|<d }=P {10‒d <X <10+d }<0.9=Φ(10+d ‒102)‒Φ(10‒d ‒102)<0.9=Φ(d2)<0.95经查表,即d=3.3d2=1.6512.某机器生产的螺栓长度X(单位:cm)服从正态分布N(10.05,),规定长度在范围10.050.12内 0.062±为合格,求一螺栓不合格的概率.解:螺栓合格的概率为:P {10.05‒0.12<X <10.05+0.12}=P {9.93<X <10.17}=Φ(10.17‒10.050.06)‒Φ(9.93‒10.050.06)=Φ(2)‒[1‒Φ(2)]=0.9772∗2‒1=0.9544螺栓不合格的概率为1-0.9544=0.045613.测量距离时产生的随机误差X(单位:m)服从正态分布N(20,).进行3次独立测量.求:402(1)至少有一次误差绝对值不超过30m 的概率;(2)只有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率.解:(1)绝对值不超过30m的概率为:P{‒30<X<30}=Φ(30‒2040)‒Φ(‒30‒2040)=Φ(0.25)‒[1‒Φ(1.25)]=0.4931至少有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率为:1−C 03(0.4931)0(1‒0.4931)3=1‒0.1302=0.8698(2)只有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率为:C13(0.4931)1(1‒0.4931)2=0.3801习题2.41.设X的分布律为X-2023P0.20.20.30.3求(1)的分布律.Y1=‒2X+1的分布律; (2)Y2=|X|解: (1)的可能取值为5,1,-3,-5.Y1由于P{Y1=5}=P{‒2X+1=5}=P{X=‒2}=0.2P{Y1=1}=P{‒2X+1=1}=P{X=‒2}=0.2P{Y1=‒3}=P{‒2X+1=‒3}=P{X=2}=0.3P{Y1=‒5}=P{‒2X+1=‒5}=P{X=3}=0.3从而的分布律为:Y1X-5-315Y10.30.30.20.2(2)的可能取值为0,2,3.Y2由于P{Y2=0}=P{|X|=0}=P{X=0}=0.2P{Y2=2}=P{|X|=0}=P{X=‒2}+P{X=2}=0.2+0.3=0.5P{Y2=3}=P{|X|=3}=P{X=3}=0.3从而的分布律为:Y2X023Y20.20.50.32.设X的分布律为X-1012P0.20.30.10.411 OF 18求Y=(X‒1)2的分布律.解:Y的可能取值为0,1,4.由于P{Y=0}=P{(X‒1)2=0}=P{X=1}=0.1P{Y=1}=P{(X‒1)2=1}=P{X=0}+P{X=2}=0.7P{Y=4}=P{(X‒1)2=4}=P{X=‒1}=0.2从而的分布律为:YX014Y0.10.70.23.X~U(0,1),求以下Y的概率密度:(1)Y=‒2lnX; (2)Y=3X+1; (3)Y=e x.解: (1) Y=g(x)=‒2lnX, 值域為(0,+∞),X=ℎ(y)=e‒Y2, ℎ'(y)=12e‒Y2 f Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗12e‒Y2=12e‒Y2.即f Y(y)={12e‒Y2, y>0,0, y≤0(2) Y=g(x)=3X+1,值域為(‒∞,+∞), X=ℎ(y)=Y‒13, ℎ'(y)=13f Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗13=13即f Y(y)={13, 1< y<4,0, 其他注: 由X~U(0,1),,当X=0时,Y=3*0+1=1; ,当X=1时,Y=3*1+1=4 Y=3X+1(3) Y=g(x)=e x, X=ℎ(y)=lny, ℎ'(y)=1yf Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗1y=1y即f Y(y)={1y, 0< y<e,0, 其他注: ,当X=0时,; ,当X=1时,Y=e0=0 Y=e1=e4.设随机变量X的概率密度为f X(x)={32x2, ‒1<x<00, 其他.of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy13 OF 18求以下Y 的概率密度:(1)Y=3X; (2) Y=3-X; (3)Y =X 2.解: (1) Y=g(x)=3X,X =ℎ(y )=Y 3, ℎ'(y)=13f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=Y 26∗13=Y218即f Y (y )={Y 218, ‒3< y <0,0, 其他(2)Y=g(x) =3-X, X=h(y) =3-Y,-1ℎ'(y)=f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=32∗(3‒Y)2+1=3(3‒Y)22即f Y (y )={3(3‒Y)22, 3< y <4,0, 其他(3), X=h(y)=,Y =g(x)=X 2Y ℎ'(y)=12Y,即f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=3Y 22∗1 2Y=3Y4f Y (y )={3Y4, 0< y <1,0, 其他5.设X 服从参数为λ=1的指数分布,求以下Y 的概率密度:(1)Y=2X+1; (2)(3) Y =e x; Y =X 2.解: (1) Y=g(x)=2X+1,X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12, ℎ'(y )=12X 的概率密度为:f X (x )={λe ‒λx, x >0,0, x ≤0f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=λe ‒λ∗Y ‒12∗12=12e ‒Y ‒12即f Y (y )={12e ‒Y ‒12, y >00, 其他(2)Y =g (x )=e x , X =ℎ(y )=lnY,ℎ'(y )= 1Y注意是绝对值 ℎ'(y)of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyf Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=e‒lnY∗1Y =1e lnY ∗1Y =1Y ∗1Y =1Y 2即f Y (y )={1Y2, y >10, 其他(3)Y =g (x )=X 2,X =ℎ(y )=Y , ℎ'(y )=12Y,,f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=e ‒Y∗12Y=12Ye ‒Y即f Y (y )={12Ye ‒Y, y >00, 其他6.X~N(0,1),求以下Y 的概率密度:(1) Y =|X |; (2)Y =2X 2+1解: (1) Y =g (x )=|X |, X =ℎ(y )=±Y, ℎ'(y )=1f X (x )=12πσe‒(x ‒μ)22σ2‒∞<x <+∞当X=+Y 时:f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒y 22当X=-Y 时: f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe ‒y 22故f Y (y )=12πe ‒y 22+12πe‒y 22=22πe ‒y 22=42πe‒y 22=2πe ‒y 22f Y (y )={2πe ‒y 22, y >00, y ≤0(2)Y =g (x )=2X 2+1, X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12,ℎ'(y )=12Y ‒12永远大于0.e x 当x>0是,>1e xof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy15 OF 18f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒(Y ‒12)22∗12Y ‒12=12π(y ‒1)e‒y ‒14即f Y (y )={12π(y ‒1)e ‒y ‒14, y >10, y ≤1自测题一,选择题1,设一批产品共有1000件,其中有50件次品,从中随机地,有放回地抽取500件产品,X 表示抽到次品的件数,则P{X=3}= C .A. B.C. D.C 350C 497950C 5001000A 350A 497950A 5001000C 3500(0.05)3(0.95)497 35002.设随机变量X~B(4,0.2),则P{X>3}= A .A. 0.0016B. 0.0272C. 0.4096D. 0.8192解:P{X>3}= P{X=4}= (二项分布)C 44(0.2)4(1‒0.2)03.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F(x),下列结论中不一定成立的是D .A. B. C. D. F(x) 为连续函数F (+∞)=1 F (‒∞)=00≤F (x )≤14.下列各函数中是随机变量分布函数的为 B .A. B.F 1(x )=11+x 2, ‒∞<x <+∞F 2(x )={0, x ≤0x 1+x , x >0C.D.F 3(x )=e ‒x, ‒∞<x <+∞F 4(x )=34+12πarctanx, ‒∞<x <+∞5.设随机变量X 的概率密度为 则常数a= A .f (x )={a x 2, x >100, x ≤10A. -10B.C.D. 10解: F(x) =‒15001500∫+∞‒∞a x2dx =‒ax =16.如果函数是某连续型随机变量X 的概率密度,则区间[a,b]可以是 C f (x )={x, a<x <b0, 其他A. [0, 1]B. [0, 2]C. D. [1, 2][0,2]不晓得为何课后答案为Dof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy7.设随机变量X 的取值范围是[-1,1],以下函数可以作为X 的概率密度的是 A A. B. {12, ‒1< x <10, 其他{2, ‒1< x <10, 其他C.D. {x, ‒1< x <10, 其他{x 2, ‒1< x <10, 其他8.设连续型随机变量X 的概率密度为 则= B .f (x )={x2, 0< x <20, 其他P{‒1≤ X ≤1}A. 0 B. 0.25 C. 0.5 D. 1解:P {‒1≤ X ≤1}=∫1‒1x2dx =x 24|1‒1=149.设随机变量X~U(2,4),则= A . (需在区间2,4内)P{3< x <4}A. B. P{2.25< x <3.25}P{1.5< x <2.5}C. D. P{3.5< x <4.5}P{4.5< x <5.5}10. 设随机变量X 的概率密度为 则X~ A .f (x )=122πe ‒(x ‒1)28A. N (-1, 2)B. N (-1, 4)C. N (-1, 8)D. N (-1, 16)11.已知随机变量X 的概率密度为fx(x),令Y=-2X,则Y 的概率密度fy(y)为 D .A.B.C.D. 2f X (‒2y)f X (‒y2)12f X(‒y2)12f X (y 2)二,填空题1.已知随机变量X 的分布律为X 12345P2a0.10.3a0.3则常数a= 0.1 .解:2a+0.1+0.3+a+0.3=12.设随机变量X 的分布律为X 123P162636记X 的分布函数为F(x)则F(2)=.解: 1216+263.抛硬币5次,记其中正面向上的次数为X,则=.P{ X ≤4}3132解:P { X ≤4}=1‒P { X =5}=1‒C 55(12)5(12)自己算的结果是12f X(‒y2)17 OF 184.设X 服从参数为λ(λ>0)的泊松分布,且,则λ= 2 .P { X =0}=12P { X =2}解:分别将.P { X =0},P { X =2}帶入P k =P { X =k }=λk k!e ‒λ5.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={0, x <a0.4, a ≤x <b1, x ≥b其中0<a<b,则= 0.4.P {a2<X <a +b 2}解:P { a 2<X <a +b 2}=F (a +b 2)‒F (a 2)=0.4‒0=0.46.设X 为连续型随机变量,c 是一个常数,则= 0.P { X =c }7. 设连续型随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={13e x, x <013(x +1), 0≤x <21, x ≥2则X 的概率密度为f(x),则当x<0是f(x)=.13e x 8. 设连续型随机变量X 的分布函数为其中概率密度为f(x),F (x )={1‒e ‒2x , x >00, x ≤0则f(1)= .2e ‒29. 设连续型随机变量X 的概率密度为其中a>0.要使,则常数a=f (x )={12a, ‒a < x <a 0, 其他P { X >1}=13 3 .解:P { X >1}=1‒P { X ≤1}=13,P { X ≤1}=23=12a10.设随机变量X~N(0,1),为其分布函数,则= 1 .Φ(x)Φ(x )+Φ(‒x)11.设X~N ,其分布函数为为标准正态分布函数,则F(x)与之间的关系是(μ,σ2)F (x ),Φ(x)Φ(x)=.F (x )Φ(x ‒μσ)12.设X~N(2,4),则= 0.5 .P { X ≤2}13.设X~N(5,9),已知标准正态分布函数值,为使,则Φ(0.5)=0.6915P { X <a }<0.6915常数a< 6.5. 解:, F (a )=Φ(a ‒μσ)=a ‒53a ‒53<0.514. 设X~N(0,1),则Y=2X+1的概率密度= .f Y (y )122πe‒(Y ‒1)28解:Y =g (x )=2X +1, X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12,ℎ'(y )=12f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒(Y ‒12)22∗12=122πe‒(Y ‒1)28三.袋中有2个白球3个红球,现从袋中随机地抽取2个球,以X 表示取到红球的数,求X 的分布律.解: X=0,1,2当X=0时,P { X =0}=C 03∗C 22C 25=110当X=1时,P { X =1}=C 13∗C 12C 25=610当X=2时,P { X =2}=C 23∗C 02C 25=310X 的分布律为:X 012P110610310四.设X 的概率密度为求: (1)X 的分布函数F(x);(2).f (x )={|x|, ‒1≤ x ≤10, 其他 P { X <0.5},P { X >‒0.5}解: (1)当x <-1时. F(x)=0;;当‒1≤x <0时,F(x)=∫x‒1‒x dx =‒x 22|x ‒1=12‒x 22当0≤x <1时,F (x )=1‒ 1∫xx dx =1‒x 22|1x =12+x 22当x ≥1时. F(x)=1F (X )={0, X <‒112‒x22, ‒1≤X <012+x22, 0≤X <11, X ≥1(2)P { X <0.5}=F (0.5)=12+0.522=58;P { X >‒0.5}=1‒F (‒0.5)=1‒(12‒0.522)=58五.已知某种类型电子组件的寿命X(单位:小时)服从指数分布,它的概率密度为f (x )={12000e ‒x 2000, x >00, x ≤0We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance". To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero." To strengthening Humanities care,continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in theof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy19 OF 18一台仪器装有4个此种类型的电子组件,其中任意一个损坏时仪器便不能正常工作,假设4个电子组件损坏与否相互独立.试求: (1)一个此种类型电子组件能工作2000小时以上的概率;(2)一台仪器能正p 1常工作2000小时以上的概率.p 2解: (1)P 1=P {X ≥2000}=∫+∞200012000e‒x 2000dx=12000∗‒2000∗e‒x2000|+∞2000=‒e‒x 2000|+∞2000=0‒(‒e ‒1)=e ‒1(2)因4个电子组件损坏与否相互独立,故:P 2=P 14=(e ‒1)4=e ‒4当+∞带入‒x2000时变成负无穷大,e ‒∞=0。