翻译理解之语法意义的理解

翻译理解之语法意义的理解1.语法的定义Grammar:a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language. It usually takes into account the meanings and functions these sentences have in the overall system of the language. -- Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (LDAL)语法它介于语音学(phonology)和语义学(semantics)之间，包括形态学(即词形研究)和句法学(即对词组成较大结构的连结方式的研究）。

-- 语言与语言学词典2.Morphology2.1 定义: the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. For example, the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix -ly and the negative prefix un-. --LDAL英语的构词方法主要有：inflecting（变形），deriving（派生），conversing （转类），compounding（合成），abbreviating（缩略）[含acronym（字母缩略, eg. NATO），clipping（截短缩略, eg. exam, flu, fridge, maths），blending（紧缩, eg. smog, brunch），等等]。

2.2 例句1）What I’ve tried to do in my experiences is expose them to everything that I’m doing, because if that’s something they’d l ike to do one day,that’s great.2）They can be anything they want to be.3）But I have always believed I couldn’t be outworked.4）So I started washing cars there anyway.5）I wanted to work at a Rolls-Royce dealership, but the owner said there were no openings.6）The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service.7）―You don’t have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper anymore,‖ Sam Meddis, on-line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users.3. Syntax:the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.我们可以将句法分为简单句句法和复合句句法。

3.1 简单句的语法意义简单句的第一大特点是，词要区分词性，名、动、形、副、代、数、介、连词等，不同的词性有不同的语法特点，扮演不同的语法角色或成分。

例如：名词有数、特指和泛指等标记，在句中主要担当主语、宾语、有时可作定语；动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词之分，前者在句子中担当谓语，要有时、体、态、语气等标记；非谓语动词不能做谓语，但可以有体、态、语气的标记，常有三种形式：动名词短语（相当于名词的语法功能）、分词短语（分-ing和-ed两种形式，主要作定语或状语）、动词不定式短语（既可做主语、宾语，也可做定语，还可做[目的/结果]状语等）简单句的第二大特点是句子必由两部分构成：主语+谓语，主语由名词词组或相当于名词的结构担当；谓语由动词词组担当。

名词词组可进一步分出核心名词、修饰语（定语）、同位语、主语补语/表语等；动词词组又根据动词的不同特性（连系动词、及物/不及物动词等）派生出不同的句型结构（五大或七大句型），根据谓语动词的具体要求，谓语里可能进一步包含宾语（间接宾语和直接宾语）、宾语补语、状语等，状语还可以进一步区分不同的状语（时间、地点、方式、对比等）。

英语简单句七大句型：S + VS + V + CS + V + AS + V + OS + V + O + CS + V + O + AS + V + O1 +O23.2 复合句的语法意义复合句主要分为两类：并列复合句和主从复合句。

当然，情况还可以进一步复杂化，即并列复合句的各分句可能又包含并列句或主从句；主从得合句的各分句也可能又包含并列句和主从句。

所以，从理论上讲，一个英语的复合句可以无限的延长，只是在实际使用中不可能发生这样的句子。

不管一个英语复合句如何长，但每一个分句都有自己的定位，因此，分析复合句的语法意义就是要确定每一个分句在整个复合句中所处的地位。

只有把它们的语法意义或关系弄清楚了，我们才有可能去进一步弄清整个句子的理性意义或所指意义。

3.3 例句1)I’m blessed to have four children, my two oldest of which are girls—Amanda, who just turned 13, and Daniella, who turns 11 this month.2) They can go as far as their talent and their work will take them.3) I worked until five or six o’clock on school days and put in 12-hour days during the summer as a prepper.4)I acquired a very strong work ethic from my parents, both of whom lived through the Great Depression.5) They couldn’t understand people who didn’t work regularly.6) He forecast increased political participation on-line in this year and in 2000 with politicians able to answer directly to the public –an opportunity to increase voter turnout and for politicians to raise funds from the public.7) ―But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future,‖Steven Case, chairman of America On-line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by The Freedom Forum, though other speakers say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources.8)Because she had, at thirty-four, considerable strength of character -- except that, these days, she was always eating -- and because, also, she was a woman of strong religious faith, a woman who, in her years of churchy work and teaching at the high school, had made scores of close, for the most part equally religious, friends, with whom she regularly corresponded, her letters, then theirs, half filling the mailbox at the foot of the hill and cluttering every table, desk, and niche in the large old house -- friends who now frequently visited or phoned -- she was able to move step by step past disaster and in the end keep her family from wreck.。