八种翻译法在of studies 英汉翻译中的运用
Of studies原文译文及赏析教学提纲
O f s t u d i e s原文译文及赏析培根Of Studies原文及三个版本的汉译【原文】Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are symini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind ma y have a special receipt.Abeunt studia in mores: Studies pass into the characterSymini sectores: dividers of cumin seeds, or hair-splitters【译文】一、王佐良译：谈读书读书足以怡情, 足以傅彩, 足以长才。
Of Studies译文对比赏析5页word
Of Studies译文对比赏析一、原作写作风格Of Studies的语言风格和现代英语颇为不同。
与时文相比，它显得有点像古文。
全文以读书（study）为中心展开讨论，环环相扣，意思逐层递进。
文字精炼，语言简约、潇洒、比喻恰当，富于想象力，处处透露出美感与智慧，说服力十足，论断分明，尤以富含哲理的名言警句见长，字里行间饱含自信。
不时结合使用拉丁文，使文章带有古香古色的韵味，书卷气十足。
二、对比分析严复提出翻译要做到信、达、雅，对于散文，我认为译者在做到信、达的同时，更要注重雅。
在通篇的行文上，要追求风格的一致性。
如前文所言，该散文语言精炼，文章短小精悍，所以翻译的难处在于再现语言简约优美风格的同时又不失其说服力，实现刚和柔的完美结合。
在此，我将挑选王佐良和廖运范的译文（以下简称为王译和廖译）来作比较分析。
1．对比一下两篇译文的风格王译采用半文半白的语言形式，四字词的使用频率高，语言简洁，与原文的风格十分接近，而廖译则用现代汉语的形式，使文章显得十分通俗易懂。
如果按照奈达所提倡的意义的对应必须优先于文体上的对应这一言论来分析这两篇译文，那么这两篇译文都忠实于原文，在读者中产生的效应是相当的。
但是，若按照科勒提出的对等观点来研究翻译对等和等效的问题，那么王译就脱颖而出了。
科勒所提出的除了外延对等（denotativeequivalence），主要研究词汇方面；还包括内涵对等（connotative equivalence），即文体对等，关注文体效果，古体的或是平实的；语篇规约对等（text－normative equivalence），关注不同交际场景的用法；语用对等（pragmatic equivalence），指为特定的读者群进行翻译和形式对等（formal equivalence），针对的是韵律、隐喻和其他修辞手法的对等。
王译在做到词汇、文章意义对等的同时，采用半古文的形式，凸显了文体风格的对等，译文中再现原文的排比句和其他的修辞手法，实现了翻译的形式对等。
增译法在Of Studies英汉翻译中的应用
增译法在Of Studies英汉翻译中的应用【摘要】《论读书》属于文化领域的翻译，由于英汉两种语言的差异，为了使译文简明、紧凑，符合汉语的表达习惯，译者在文中多次使用了增译法。
关键词：增译法、论读书、语言差异、英汉翻译Application in the English- Chinese Translation of …of studies‟Abstract：The translation of ‘of studies’belongs to the translation of civilization. Owing to the differences between Chinese and English and in order to let the translation simple and concise, the translator used application to translate the essay.Key Words: application；of studies；Language differences; English- Chinese translation引言《论读书》”Of Studies”是培根散文集58篇散文集中最著名的一篇。
文章分析了学习的主要的目的，不同人采取不用学习方法及学习是如何对人的性情品格产生潜移默化的影响。
”Of studies”的语言有气度并颇有说服力，结构简练而紧凑，向读者揭示了培根对学习的自然客观态度。
”：《论读书》该文章的翻译帮助人们更好地理解欣赏这篇文章，对该文章的学习起到了很大的帮助作用。
尤其是王佐良的翻译，颇为传神。
无论是在结构上还是表达上都恰到好处，是我们学习研究的基准。
一．增译法的定义、理据、功能与类型增译法对应的英语解释是application，由于中西方文化的差异，不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译过程中很难做到自此对应，因此，为了准确的表达原文的意思，需要在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
Of Studies(王佐良译)
培根论读书STUDIESserve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief usefor delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
serve for:被用于serve the devil助纣为虐serve two masters一仆二主/墙头草serve as a foil to sb.某人的陪衬、配角ornament：装饰chief：主要的discourse：对话，篇章disposition：处理For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
Of-Studies翻译与鉴赏演示教学
1摭(zhí)：拾取/摘取(pick up; gather)
2傅：涂抹（如“傅粉”）
2
For expert men1 can execute 2, and perhaps judge of particulars3, one by one; but the general counsels4, and the plots, and marshalling of affairs5, come best from those that are learned.
4 counsel: something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action忠告/劝告/建议
general counsel总的计划/大计
5plots: a secret scheme to do something (especially something underhand or illegal(秘密)计划/密谋/谋划/出谋划策
Of-Studies翻译与鉴赏
1
Studies serve for1 delight, for ornament2, and for ability.
Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring3;
for ornament, is in discourse4; and for ability, is in the
1专家/能手/内行/阅历丰富的人 2 carry out/perform an action; to put into effect执行
OfStudies翻译与鉴赏解读
3
To spend too much time in studies, is sloth1; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation2; to make judgement wholly by their rules3, is the humour4 of a scholar. 1懒散/懒惰 2装模作样/故弄玄虚//矫揉造作矫情 3完全按规则/规章/规定/条例；完全按书本的条 条框框 4a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling心境/情绪/性情/脾气（古义）， 此处指怪癖
Of Studies
翻译与鉴赏
Lectured by Zhu Jianping
作者简介、主要内容和文体风格
1.作者简介 Francis Bacon (1561-1626)：文艺复兴时期英国著名哲学家和 散文家；英国唯物主义哲学奠基人，近代实验科学的先驱； 崇尚科学，提倡从研究事实中归纳出结论，反对从概念到概 念的演绎。 2. 主要内容 1）读书的作用； 2）读书的方法。 3. 文体风格 1）多排句、类比、短句、省略句； 2）文字紧凑简洁，文句机智精辟，分析周密深刻，“颇似 我国唐宋某些古文大师的风格” 3）格言警句俯拾即是 4）文词古雅
9bound(vt.)：限制/制约
They1 perfect2 nature3, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities4 are like natural plants, that need proyning5 by study; and studies themselves do give forth 6 directions too much at large7, except they be bounded in8 by experience. 译文1：学问能美化 人性，经验又能充实学问。天生 的植物需要人工修剪，人类的本性也需要学问诱导， 而学问本身又必须以经验来规范，否则便太迂阔了。 译文2：须知读书固可补 天然 之不足，而经验又补读 书之不足。因为天生才干犹如天然花木，需靠读书修 枝剪叶。而书本知识如不以经验相制约，其教导也难 免过于笼统。 译文3：读书 补 天然 之不足，经验又补读书之不足， 盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接； 而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
Of studies译文赏析
Of studies译文赏析❖Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business.❖翻译1：读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
❖翻译2：读书可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。
孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。
高谈阔论时，知识可供装饰。
处世行事时，知识意味着才干。
❖For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one byone; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned.❖翻译1：练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。
❖翻译2：懂得事务因果的人是幸运的。
有实际经验的人虽能够处理个别性的事务，但若要综观整体，运筹全局，却唯有学识方能办到。
❖To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.❖翻译1：读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
八种主要的英汉翻译方法探究
八种主要的英汉翻译方法探究作者：赵园来源：《中国新技术新产品》2009年第15期摘要:本文讲述了英汉翻译的八种主要方法:即:增补译法、减省译法、拆分译法、合并译法、转换译法、换序译法、重复译法、正反译法。
关键词:增补;减省;拆分;合并;转换;换序;重复;正反;译法;1 增补译法所谓增补就是翻译时在译文中增加一些词语以符合译文语言的表达习惯。
增补的前提是不损害原文的意思,其效果是译文更加准确、通顺。
英汉两种语言在词汇组合及句法结构方面存在着极大的差别,翻译时,只有增补一些词语才能使译文符合译语的语法规范和习惯用法。
增补可根据不同情况大致可分为四类:①结构性增补;②语义性增补;③修辞性增补;④外化性增补。
例句分析:1.1 结构性增补。
增补谓语动词。
例:He has been broadcasting for 4 hours without any mistakes.他连续播音四个小时,没有出现任何差错。
这句话翻译成汉语,加上了一个谓语动词“出现”,这样使得翻译成汉语的语句更加规范与完整,表达意思更加清楚。
这种增补是由于语法结构的需要,是结构性增补。
1.2 语义性增补例:We don't retreat ,we never have and neve will.我们不后退,我们不曾后退,我们也永远不会后退。
原来的英文句子的意思是完整的与清楚的,但是翻译成汉语,句子的意思就不够完整;这时,我们从语义上加一些适当的词语,做必要的补充或说明。
这就是语义性增补。
1.3 修辞性增补例:At thirty-five ,she had first learned what it is to be a mother.她到35岁的时候,才生平第一次尝到了做母亲的滋味。
这句话中,如果按照原文平直翻译,总觉着不够生动鲜明,甚至不够准确。
这里加上了“才生平”三个字,深刻而准确地表达了原文的意思。
把原文的修辞语气表达出来。
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翻译常用的八种翻译法在Of Studies英汉翻译中的应用姓名班级学号摘要：Of Studies的翻译属于散文体翻译。
培根的散文《论读书》是一篇具有典范性的正式散文，其主体严肃，形式凝重，句法严谨，词藻绚烂，语言准确。
为了使译文的笔调符合原文的庄重风格，王佐良先生在译文中运用了八种常用翻译法，即重译法、增译法、减译法、词序调整法、正说反译，反说正译法、分译法、语态变换法。
关键词：八种翻译法、《论读书》、散文体、英汉翻译Application of eight kinds of Translation Methods in the English -ChineseTranslation of Baconn’s of studiesAbstract：The translation of Baconn’s of studies belongs to the translation of prose. Baconn’s of studies is an exemplary and formal prose.The main body of prose is solemn;Its form is imposing; Its syntax is strict;Its rhetoric is gorgeous;And its language is accurate.In order to make the translation in line with the solemn style of the original prose,professor wang used eight kinds of translation methods to translate the prose, namely repetition, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, division, negation, the change of the voices.Key Words:eight kinds of translation methods; of studies; prosaism; English -Chinese translation;引言英国散文作为正式的文学体裁，起始于16世纪末，17世纪初。
第一位英国散文家是弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）。
英语散文一词“essay”是从法国散文家蒙田（Montaigne）为自己的散文集所取的题名“Essai”移植而来。
培根也将essays作为自己散文集的名字。
（[1]：323）Of Studies，是培根400年前撰写的一篇探讨读书问题的散文杂记，亦是英国文学中众人皆知的劝学名篇。
文章分析了学习的主要的目的，不同人采取不用学习方法及学习是如何对人的性情品格产生潜移默化的影响。
培根采用客观的态度讨论问题，说理透彻，逻辑性强，结构严谨，用词讲究，风格凝重，反应出作者无穷的智慧和冷静的观察。
（[3]：172）经过精雕细琢的一字一句几乎都可以成为一条格言，洗练含蓄，意味无穷。
《论读书》的翻译，让人们再次领略其风采。
而在这些译作中，王佐良先生的古典式翻译，无疑是影响最大的、传播最广的，且最为译界和读者称道和推崇的成功之作。
王佐良先生的这篇译文从精神到形式都精确而优美地传达了原文的思想和风格，做到了既形似又神似。
在这篇译文中，先生运用了八种常用翻译方法。
一、八种翻译法的各自定义（一）重译法Repetion定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。
[2]:48（二）增译法Amplification定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。
[2]:52（三）减译法Omission定义：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。
[2]:55（四）词类转移法Conversion定义：在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫做词类转移法。
[2]:58（五）词序调整法Inversion定义：在翻译的过程中，原文中某些词的词性在译文中要根据上下文作相应的变化，以便使译文读起来更加顺畅，更加符合译语的表达习惯。
[2]:62（六）正说反译，反说正译法Division定义：在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
[2]:66（七）分译法Negation定义：分译法主要用于长句的翻译。
为了使译文忠实、易懂，有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。
[2]:70（八）语态变换法The Change of The Voices定义：语态是指主动语态和被动语态。
这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的：英语大量使用被动语态，而汉语则很少使用，即便使用，也不想英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式。
譬如说，汉语的被动不是只用一个“被”字表示。
因此在英汉互译中，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。
[2]:80二、八种翻译法在of studie英汉翻译中的各自应用（一）重译法Repetion英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
例如：1）Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.[5]:18-1读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。
[4]:7-12）Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. [5]:19-3有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。
[4]:7-8（二）增译法Amplification原文句子结构紧凑，用词简练，但译文为了突出平行结构，适当增加两字，使译文意义明确，结构谨严，并给人以平衡美。
例如：1）Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; naturalphilosophy [5]:19-14deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；[4]:9-32）Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.[5]:19-11读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
[4]:9-13) Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast，gentlewalking for the stomach ，riding for the head; [5]:19-18滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑。
[4]:9-7（三）减译法Omission冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现。
例如：1）If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen;for they are cymini sectores. [5]:19-20如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人。
[4]:9-9 2）If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. [5]:19-21如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。
[4]:9-10（四）词类转移法Conversion原文字字精致，为了译出原文的文风，适当的转换词类性质，可使译文更符合原文之风。
例如：1)They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are likenatural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; [5]:19-1读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接。
（名词→动词）[4]:7-62）to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. [5]:18-3全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
（冠词＋名词→形容词）[4]:7-53）Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.. [5]:19-11读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
(名词词组→形容词) [4]:9-1（五）词序调整法Inversion英文译成汉语后，有时其语言结构形式并非完全相同。
为了使译文通顺，词序调整是必要的步骤。
例如：1)and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they bebounded in by experience. [5]:19-2而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
[4]:7-72)For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; [5]:18-3练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节。