Water – The Universal Solvent - ednetnsca：水–万能溶剂ednetnsca
超纯水学习教材PPT课件
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1.
Why do we need High Purity Water for cleaning and rinsing?
பைடு நூலகம்
为什么要用超纯水作清洗和冲洗？
• In its pure state, water is one of the most aggressive solvents ( aqueous solution ) known .
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Content 目錄
6. More about RO.
更多了解RO。 7. More about CDI/EDI. 更多了解CDI/EDI。 8. More about UV Lamp. 更多了解紫外光灯。 9. Piping for DI water. DI 水管道系统。 10.DI / RO System for A6 為A6設計的DI/RO純水系统
• 水被称为 “万能溶剂”, 事实上任何物质放入水中,都 可以溶解到某一特定的程度。
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2. What is DI water? 什么是DI水？
DI water is short form of “Deionized water”
DI 水是“去除离子的水”的简称
Deionization is an ion exchange processes. It uses certain types of synthetic resins in the proper state and arrangements to remove most or all of the total dissolved solids (TDS), in the form of ions, from water. Water with ions taken out by ion exchange is deionized water, or ion free water.
Urban water cycle processes and interactions
INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME_____________________________________________________________ Urban water cycle processes and interactionsByJ. Marsalek, B.E. Jiménez-Cisneros, P.-A. Malmquist,M. Karamouz, J. Goldenfum and B. ChocatIHP-VI~Technical Documents in Hydrology ~ No. 78UNESCO, Paris, 2006Published in 2006 by the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FranceIHP-VI Technical Document in Hydrology N°78UNESCO Working Series SC-2006/WS/7UNESCO/IHP 2006The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for education or nonprofit use, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. As a courtesy the authors should be informed of any use made of their work. No use of this publication may be made for commercial purposes.Publications in the series of IHP Technical Documents in Hydrology are available from:IHP Secretariat | UNESCO | Division of Water Sciences1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FranceTel: +33 (0)1 45 68 40 01 | Fax: +33 (0)1 45 68 58 11E-mail: ihp@/water/ihpTable of Contents Foreword (vii)Acknowledgements (viii)CHAPTER 1 Urban Water Cycle1.1 Introduction (1)1.2 Urban Water Cycle Concept (2)1.3 Total Management of the Urban Water Cycle (5)CHAPTER 2 Urban Water Cycle Hydrologic Components2.1 Water Sources (8)2.1.1 Municipal water supply (8)2.1.2 Precipitation (8)2.1.2.1 Climatic aspects (8)2.1.2.2 Urban precipitation (9)2.2 Hydrologic Abstractions (10)2.2.1 Interception (10)2.2.2 Depression storage (10)2.2.3 Evaporation and evapotranspiration (11)2.2.4 Infiltration (11)2.2.5 Lumped hydrologic abstractions (12)2.3 Water Storage (12)2.3.1 Soil moisture (12)2.3.2 Urban groundwater (12)2.4 Stormwater Runoff (12)2.5 Interflow and Groundwater Flow (14)2.6 Natural Drainage: Urban Streams, Rivers and Lakes (14)2.7 Needs for Urban Water Infrastructure (14)CHAPTER 3 Urban Water Infrastructure3.1 Demands on Water Services in Urban Areas (17)3.2 Water Supply (19)3.2.1 Historical development (20)3.2.2 Water demand (20)3.2.2.1 Water supply standards: quantity (22)3.2.2.2 Water supply standards: quality (23)3.2.3 Water supply sources (23)3.2.3.1 Conjunctive use of sources and artificial recharge (24)3.2.3.2. Supplementary sources of water (25)3.2.3.3 Water shortage (26)3.2.4 Drinking water treatment (27)3.2.4.1 Emerging technologies (27)3.2.4.2 Desalination (28)3.2.4.3 Disinfection (29)3.2.5 Water distribution systems (29)3.2.6 Drinking water supply in developing countries (30)3.3 Urban Drainage (30)3.3.1 Flooding in urban areas (31)3.3.2 Stormwater (32)3.3.2.1 Stormwater characterisation (34)3.3.2.2 Stormwater management (35)3.3.2.3 Special considerations for drainage in cold climate (35)3.3.3 Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) (36)3.3.3.1 CSO characterisation (36)3.3.3.2 CSO control and treatment (36)3.4 Wastewater and Sanitation (37)3.4.1 Problem definition (38)3.4.2 Technological development (38)3.4.3 Ecological sanitation (39)3.4.4 Basic demands on wastewater management systems (40)3.4.5. Wastewater characterisation (41)3.4.6 Wastewater systems without separation of wastewaters at the source (41)3.4.6.1 Centralised systems (41)3.4.6.2 Distributed (local) systems (42)3.4.7 Systems with separation of wastewaters at the source (43)3.4.8 Water and wastewater reuse (44)3.4.8.1 NEWater in Singapore (45)3.4 8.2 Shinjuku water recycling centre, Tokyo, Japan (45)3.4.8.3 Wetlands with fish production in Calcutta, India (45)3.4.8.4 Reuse of (untreated) sewage for agricultural irrigation in the Mezquital Valley (Mexico City sewage disposal) (45)3.4.8.5 Reuse of stormwater and greywater in Sydney, Australia (46)CHAPTER 4 Impacts of Urbanisation on the Environment4.1 Overview (47)4.2 General Characterisation of Urbanisation Effects (48)4.2.1 Increased ground imperviousness (48)4.2.2 Changes in runoff conveyance networks (49)4.2.2.1 Construction of runoff conveyance networks (49)4.2.2.2 Canalisation of urban streams and rivers (49)4.2.2.3 Interfering transport infrastructures (50)4.2.3 Increased water consumption (50)4.2.4 Time scales of urbanisation effects (51)4.2.5 Spatial scales and types of receiving waters (51)4.3 Urbanisation Effects on the Atmosphere (52)4.3.1 Thermal effects (urban heat island phenomenon) (53)4.3.2 Urban air pollution (53)4.3.3 Combined impacts (54)4.4 Urbanisation Effects on Surface Waters (54)4.4.1 Physical effects (54)4.4.1.1 Urbanisation effects on flows (54)4.4.1.2 Urbanisation effects on sediment regime: erosion and siltation (55)4.4.1.3 Modification of the thermal regime of receiving waters (55)4.4.1.4 Density stratification of receiving water bodies (56)4.4.1.5 Combined physical effects (56)4.4.2 Chemical effects (57)4.4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen (DO) reduction (57)4.4.2.2 Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication (57)4.4.2.3 Toxicity (58)4.4.3 Microbiological effects (59)4.4.3.1 Waterborne pathogens (59)4.4.3.2 Indicators of microbiological pollution (62)4.4.4 Combined effects on surface waters (62)4.4.5 Examples of urbanisation effects on specific types of receiving waters (63)4.4.5.1 Rivers (63)4.4.5.2 Lakes and reservoirs (65)4.5 Urbanisation Effects on Wetlands (67)4.6 Urbanisation Effects on Soils (69)4.6.1 Erosion (69)4.6.2 Transport of pollutants in soils (70)4.6.3 Changes in water quality during percolation through soils (71)4.6.4 Effects of sludge disposal on soils (71)4.6.4.1 Sludge production (72)4.6.4.2 Sludge quality (72)4.6.4.3 Biosolids (sludge) application on land (72)4.6.4.4 Sludge disposal (73)4.6.4.5 New chemicals of concern in sludge (73)4.7 Urban Impacts on Groundwater (73)4.7.1 Unintentional discharges into groundwater aquifers (74)4.7.2 Intentional discharges into groundwater aquifers (75)4.7.3 Impacts on aquifers (76)4.8 Urban Impacts on Biota – Loss of Biodiversity (76)4.8.1 General structure of water bodies and their biota (76)4.8.2 Properties of the water bodies affecting flora and fauna (77)4.8.3 Effects of alterations of urban water bodies on biota (77)4.8.3.1 Rivers (77)4.8.3.2 Lakes and reservoirs (78)References (81)FOREWORDContinuing urbanisation leads to ever increasing concentrations of population in urban areas. General statistics indicate that of the current (2005) world population of about 6.5 billion people, more than 54% live in urban areas, and in some countries this proportion reaches 90% or more. The process of urbanisation is particularly fast in developing countries, which account for a disproportionately high number of megacities with many millions of inhabitants. Consequently, the issue of urban environmental sustainability is becoming critical, because urbanisation and its associated environmental impacts are occurring at an unprecedented rate and scope.These concerns have long been recognised by UNESCO in their International Hydrological Program (IHP), which has addressed the role of water in urban areas, effects of urbanisation on the hydrological cycle and water quality, and many aspects of integrated water management in urban areas. The current phase of IHP (IHP 6) is seeking solutions to water resource problems in urban areas by examining the means of implementation of integrated water management in urban areas. Towards this end, UNESCO held in 2001 a Symposium on Frontiers in Urban Water Management and the resulting publication (Maksimovic and Tejada-Guibert, 2001) proposed the way forward in this challenging field. At a subsequent meeting at UNESCO Headquarters, a program comprising eight mutually related studies on urban water management was initiated by UNESCO.This report presents results of one of those studies; its main focus is on the assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the urban hydrological cycle and the urban environment, including processes and interactions in the urban water cycle. The need for this study follows from the fact that effective management of urban waters should be based on a scientific understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the urban hydrological cycle and the environment. Such impacts vary broadly in time and space, and need to be quantified with respect to the local climate, urban development, cultural, environmental and religious practices, and other socio-economic factors. The final product of this activity should be a guidance manual on anthropogenic alterations of the urban water cycle and the environment, with reference to various climatic zones and potential climate changes.To address the broad range of conditions in urban water management, UNESCO established a working group for this study with representatives of various professional backgrounds and experience from various climatic regions. The Working Group for the study of the urban water cycle processes and interactions comprised the following members:Mr. Gamal Abdo, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, SudanMr. Bernard Chocat, INSA Lyon, Lyon, FranceMr. Joel Goldenfum, IPH/UFRGS, Porto Allegre, BrazilMr. K.V. ayakumar, Water and Environment Division, Regional Engineering College, Warangal, IndiaMs. Blanca J iménez-Cisneros, Environmental Engineering Department, Institute of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, MexicoMr. Mohammad Karamouz, School of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, IranMr. Per-Arne Malmquist, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, SwedenMr. Jiri Marsalek, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMany colleagues have contributed to the preparation of this report and their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. In particular, the work of the following is acknowledged:UNESCO Secretariat: Mr. J.A. Tejada-Guibert, officer in charge of Urban Water activities of the International Hydrological Programme VI (IHP-VI) and Deputy Secretary of IHP, Mr. C. Maksimovic, adviser for the IHP Urban Water component, Ms. B. Radojevic, consultant, and Mr. W. H. Gilbrich, consultant. Mr. W.E. Watt, Emeritus Professor, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, who served as an external editor of the final report.Mr. Q. Rochfort, Ms. J. Dziuba and Mr. P. McColl, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, for producing the print-ready version of the report.All the members of the Working Group for this project, and in particular, those who provided written materials:Prof. B. Chocat – contributed to Chapter 4Prof. J. Goldenfum – contributed to Chapters 2 and 3Prof. B.E. Jiménez-Cisneros – contributed to Chapters 3 and 4Prof. M. Karamouz– contributed to Chapters 2 and 3Dr. P.-A. Malmquist – contributed to Chapter 3Dr. J. Marsalek – contributed to Chapters 1-4 and provided report integration and editing.Chapter 1Urban Water Cycle1.1 INTRODUCTIONAn urban population demands high quantities of energy and raw materials, and removalof waste, some of which turns into environmental pollution. Indeed, all key activities of modern cities: transportation, electricity supply, water supply, waste disposal, heating, supply of services, manufacturing, etc., are characterised by the aforementioned problems. Thus, concentration of people in urban areas dramatically alters material and energy fluxes in the affected areas, with concomitant changes in landscape; altered fluxes of water, sediment, chemicals, and microorganisms; and, increased release of waste heat. These changes then impact on urban ecosystems, including urban watersand their aquatic ecosystems, and result in their degradation. Such circumstances make provision of water services to urban populations highly challenging, particularly in megacities, which are defined as the cities with 10 million or more inhabitants. Yet, the number of these megacities keeps growing, particularly in the developing countries, andthis further exacerbates both human health and environmental problems. The growth ofthe number of megacities is illustrated in Table 1.1, listing megacities in 1975 and 2003,and predictions for 2015.Table 1.1 Megacities with more than 10 million people (after Marshall, 2005)Megacities with more than 10 million people1975 2003 2015Tokyo, Japan (26.6) Tokyo, Japan (35.0) Tokyo, Japan (36.2)New York, USA (15.9) Mexico City, Mexico (18.7) Mumbai, India (22.6)Shanghai, China (11.4) New York, USA (18.3) Delhi, India (20.9)Mexico City, Mexico (10.7) Sao Paulo, Brazil (17.9) Mexico City, Mexico (20.6)Mumbai, India (17.4) Sao Paulo, Brazil (20.0)Delhi, India (14.1) New York, USA (19.7)Calcutta, India (13.8) Dhaka, Bangladesh (17.9)Buenos Aires, Argentina (13.0) Jakarta, Indonesia (17.5)Shanghai, China (12.8) Lagos, Nigeria (17.0)Jakarta, Indonesia (12.3) Calcutta, India (16.8)Los Angeles, USA (12.0) Karachi, Pakistan (16.2)Dhaka, Bangladesh (11.6) Buenos Aires, Argentina (14.6)Osaka-Kobe, Japan (11.2) Cairo, Egypt (13.1)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (11.2) Los Angeles, USA (12.9)Karachi, Pakistan (11.1) Shanghai, China (12.7)Beijing, China (10.8) Metro Manila, Philippines (12.6)Cairo, Egypt (10.8) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (12.4)Moscow, Russian Federation (10.5) Osaka-Kobe, Japan (11.4)Metro Manila, Philippines (10.5) Istanbul, Turkey (11.3)Lagos, Nigeria (10.1) Beijing, China (11.1)Russian Federation (10.9)Moscow,Paris, France (10.0)Conflicting demands on resources necessitate integrated management of the urbanisation process, which is a most challenging task. Within this complex setting, this report focuses on the management urban waters, recognising that effective management of urban waters should be based on a scientific understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the urban hydrological cycle and the environment, and the means of mitigation of such impacts, and full recognition of the socio-economic system. Urbanisation impacts vary broadly in time and space, and need to be quantified with respect to the local climate, urban development, engineering and environmental practices, cultural religious practices, and other socio-economic factors.Analysis of urban water management should be based on the urban water cycle, which provides a unifying concept for addressing climatic, hydrologic, land use, engineering, and ecological issues in urban areas. Furthermore, it was felt that the analysis of the urban water cycle would be conducive to a later examination of modern approaches to water management in urban areas, including total urban water cycle management. In this approach based on water conservation, integrated management measures are implemented, including integrated management and reuse of stormwater, groundwater, and wastewater.The report that follows represents the first step of a comprehensive project and aims to develop a schematic representation of the urban water cycle (UWC), including the environmental components, and identify the major fluxes of water, sediment, chemicals, microorganisms, and heat, with reference to urban waters. Such a scheme may be presented in many variations reflecting various climatic conditions, both the current and the future ones (i.e., considering climate change). In the subsequent study phases, it is expected that these fluxes will be quantified and described by water balance/quality models approximating such processes. Connection between urban development and these fluxes will be established, and principles for low impact developments and restoration of the existing areas will be established. Some of the intermediate steps/results in the overall study include: (a) identification of the components of the urban water cycle and the effects of urbanisation on water resources, (b) quantification of the imprint of human activities on the urban hydrological cycle and its interaction with the environment under the present and future development scenarios, (c) understanding of the processes at the urban water and soil interface, including the water and soil interaction, with particular reference to soil erosion, soil pollution and land subsidence, (d) hydrological, ecological, biological and chemical processes in the urban water environment of sustainable cities of the future, (e) assessment of the impact of urban development, land use and socio-economic changes on the availability of water supplies, aquatic chemistry, (anthropogenic) pollution, soil erosion and sedimentation and natural habitat integrity and diversity, and, (f) assessment of the preventive and mitigation measures available for dealing with urban water problems.The final product of this activity should be a guidance manual on anthropogenic alterations of the UWC and the environment, with reference to various climatic zones and potential climate changes. This manual should advance (a) the understanding of processes that take place in the urban environment, and of the interactions of natural suburban, rural and urban environments for the successful analysis, planning, development and management of urban water systems, (b) development of innovative analytical tools for addressing the problems of spatial and temporal variability, and (c) assessment of the potential effects of climate variations and changes on urban water systems.1.2 URBAN WATER CYCLE CONCEPTOne of the most fundamental concepts in hydrology and indeed in the water resource management is the hydrologic cycle (also referred to as the water cycle), which has been speculated on since ancient times (Maidment, 1993). There is some diversity of definitions of the hydrological cycle, but generally it is defined as a conceptual model describing the storage and circulation of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. Water can be stored in the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, soils, glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater aquifers. Circulation ofwater among these storage compartments is caused by such processes as evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, percolation, snowmelt and runoff, which are also referred to as the water cycle components.Combined effects of urbanisation, industrialisation, and population growth affect natural landscapes and hydrological response of watersheds. Although many elements of the natural environment are affected by anthropogenic factors with respect to pathways and hydrologic abstractions (or sources of water), the principal structure of the hydrological cycle remains intact in urban areas. However, the hydrologic cycle is greatly modified by urbanisation impacts on the environment and the need to provide water services to the urban population, including water supply, drainage, wastewater collection and management, and beneficial uses of receiving waters. Thus, it was noted that the hydrological cycle becomes more complex in urban areas, because of many anthropogenic influences and interventions (McPherson, 1973; McPherson and Schneider, 1974); the resulting “urban” hydrological cycle is then called urban water cycle (UWC). The urban water cycle is shown pictorially in some detail in Fig. 1.1 and schematically in Fig. 1.2, which displays just the major components and pathways.The urban water cycle provides a good conceptual and unifying basis for studying the water balance (also called the water budget) and conducting water inventories of urban areas. In such studies, the above listed major components of the hydrological cycle are assessed for certain time periods, with durations exceeding the time constants of the system to filter out short-term variability. Water balances are generally conducted on seasonal, annual, or multi-year bases (van de Ven, 1988), and in planning studies, such balances are projected to future planning horizons. This approach is particularly important for urban planning (i.e., providing water services to growing populations) and for coping with extreme weather and climatic variations and potential climate change. In fact, an understanding of water balances is essential for integrated management of urban water, which strives to remediate anthropogenic pressures and impacts by intervention (management) measures, which are applied in the so-called total management of the urban water cycle (Lawrence et al., 1999).Fig. 1.1 Urban water cycleFig. 1.2 Urban water cycle – main components and pathwaysThus, water, sediment and chemical balance studies help establish and quantify the urban water cycle, by addressing such issues as verification of pathways in the cycle; quantifying flows and fluxes of sediment and chemicals along the pathways; assessing component variations; and, assessing impacts of climatic, population and physiographic changes on the urban water cycle (UWC). Examples of urban water balances were offered by Hogland and Niemczynowicz (1980) and van de Ven (1988). A brief description of principal components of the urban water cycle follows.Two main sources of water are recognised in the UWC, municipal water supply and precipitation. Municipal water is often imported from outside the urban area or even from another catchment in widely varying quantities reflecting local water demands and their management. Municipal water may bypass some pathways in the UWC; it is brought into the urban area, distributed within the area, some fraction is lost to urban groundwater, and the rest is used by the population, converted into municipal wastewater, and eventually returned to surface waters. The second source, precipitation, generally follows a longer route through the water cycle. It falls in various forms over urban areas, is subject to hydrologic abstractions (including interception, depression storage, and evapotranspiration), partly infiltrates into the ground (contributing to soil moisture and recharge of groundwater) and is partly converted into surface runoff, which may be conveyed to receiving waters by natural or constructed conveyance systems. With various success and accuracy, flow components were quantified for urban areas in studies of urban water balances (Hogland and Niemczynowicz, 1980). Besides these clearly established (intentional) linkages among the various water conveyance and storage elements, others (unintentional) may also develop (e.g., water main leaks, sewer exfiltration) and have to be addressed in water management.In addition to flow components of the urban water cycle, attention needs to be paid to the fluxes of materials and energy conveyed by air, water or anthropogenic activities. In general, these processes are less well known and quantified than those dealing with water only, and their description in urban areas is complicated by numerous remote and local sources and high variability in time and space. With respect to atmospheric pollutants conveyed in wet form with precipitation and dry form as gases and particulates, Novotny and Olem (1994) identified the major pollutants as acidity (originating from nitrogen and sulfur oxides emitted from fossil-fuel combustion), trace metals, mercury and agricultural chemicals (particularly pesticides and herbicides). These chemicals may fall directly into receiving waters, or be deposited on catchment surfaces and subject to scouring and transport into receiving waters during wet weather. Other pollution sources include land use activities and poor housekeeping, including transportation, construction activities, use of building materials, road maintenance, attrition or elution or corrosion of hard surfaces, soil erosion, urban wildlife(particularly birds) and pets, deficient solid waste collection, and others. Besides direct deposition into urban waters (generally of secondary importance because of small water surface areas), these materials may be washed off and transported by urban runoff as dissolved or suspended pollutant loads, or as a bedload. During the transport, depending on hydraulic conditions, settling and re-suspension takes place on the catchment surface and in pipes, as well as biological and chemical reactions. These processes are often considered to be more intense in the initial phase of the storm (first flush effect); however, due to temporal and spatial variability of rainfall and runoff flow, first flush effects are more pronounced in conveyance systems with pipes rather than on overland flow surfaces.While past studies of urbanisation and water management, particularly in developed countries, focused on science and engineering, there is growing recognition of the importance of the social conditions and links between the socio-economic system and the water and the environment (Lundqvist et al., 2001). Furthermore it is recognised that sustainable solutions to water related problems must reflect the cultural (emotional, intellectual, and moral) dimensions of people’s interactions with water. Culture is a powerful aspect of water resources management. Water is known as a valuable blessing in most of the arid or semiarid countries and most religions. There are two cultural aspects that cause direct impacts on water resources management in urban areas: urban architecture and people’s life style.Traditional architecture in urban areas often reflects the climate characteristics of the area. However, the traditional architecture in many large cities is being replaced by modern “western” architecture because of population increase and globalisation, with concomitant changes in urban hydrology. The density of the population and buildings, rainwater collection systems, material used in construction, and wastewater collection systems are major factors among others that cause changes in the urban hydrologic cycle.Life style in urban areas affects the hydrologic cycle through the changes in domestic water demands. Domestic water use per capita and water use in public areas such as parks and green areas are the main characteristics that define the lifestyle in large cities. Even though the economic factors are important for determining these characteristics, the pattern of water use, tradition and culture have more significant effects on the life style in urban areas.1.3 TOTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE URBAN WATER CYCLEThe concept of the urban water cycle demonstrates the connectivity and inter-dependence of urban water resources and human activities, and the need for integrated management. Towards this end, the concept of total urban water cycle management was introduced in Australia and further elaborated on by Lawrence et al. (1999). The basic water management categories encompassed in this approach include: x reuse of treated wastewater, as a basis for disposing potential pollutants, or a substitute for other sources of water supply for sub-potable uses;x integrated stormwater, groundwater, water supply and wastewater based management, as the basis for: economic and reliable water supply; environmental flow management (deferment of infrastructure expansion, return of water to streams); urban water-scape/landscape provision; substitute sub-potable sources of water (wastewater and stormwater reuse); and, protection of downstream waters from pollution; and,x water conservation (demand management) based approaches, including: more efficient use of water (water saving devices, irrigation practices); substitute landscape forms (reduced water demand); and, substitute industrial processes (reduced demand, water recycling).While many of these measures have been practiced in the past, what has been missing was the understanding of the linkages among the various components, and the implication of the practices for long-term quality of groundwater, soils, and environmental flows.。
第2章 水0202
食盐水溶液
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由于离子带有完整的电荷， 由于离子带有完整的电荷，与水分子之间的 极性作用比水分子之间的氢键作用强， 极性作用比水分子之间的氢键作用强，导致原先水 分子之间缔合关系的破坏， 分子之间缔合关系的破坏，使一部分水固定在了离 子的表面. 子的表面
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与具有H BOND能力极性基团的相互作用 2）与具有H-BOND能力极性基团的相互作用 Interaction of water with neutral groups possessing hydrogen-bonding capabilities
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2.3 食品中水的存在状态 2.3.1 水与溶质的相互作用 Water –solute interactions
1.水与溶质的相互作用 1.水与溶质的相互作用
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2.3 食品中水的存在状态
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1）与离子或离子基团的相互作用
Interaction of water with Ionic groups
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球状蛋白质的疏水相互作用 疏水相互作用是蛋白 疏水相互作用是蛋白 质折叠的主要驱动力 的主要驱动力。 质折叠的主要驱动力。 同时也是维持蛋白质三 同时也是维持蛋白质三 级结构的重要因素 的重要因素。 级结构的重要因素。
○是疏水基团， 是疏水基团， 圆球周围的“ － 圆球周围的“L－形”物质是疏水 表面定向的水分子， 表面定向的水分子， ●代表与极性基团缔合的水分子 37
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3）与非极性物质的相互作用 水对非极性物质结构影响结果: 水对非极性物质结构影响结果:
能和水形成笼形水合物 蛋白质分子产生的疏水相互作用
笼形水合物(Clathrate hydrates)： 笼形水合物(Clathrate hydrates)：是象冰一样
YSI ISC40G (S) 引导导致电导性传感器和配件说明书
Model ISC40G (S)Inductive Conductivity sensor and fittingsThe model ISC40 sensors are designed for use with our 2-wireanalyzers and 4-wire analyzers. This combination exceeds allexpectations for conductivity measurement in terms of: reliability,accuracy, rangeability and price performance.The accuracy is 0.5% of reading plus 0.5 uS/cm for anyconductivity value: whether measured in rinse water or inconcentrated acids. The materials of construction guarantee along life under harsh industrial conditions:- T he erosion/abrasion resistant PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone),which also features excellent chemical resistance in all solutionsexcept fluoric acid or oxidizing concentrated acids.- T he ultimate material in terms of chemical resistance: PFA forapplications in hydrofluoric acid and oxidizing concentratedacids (nitric, sulfuric, oleum).The sensor is provided with a rugged Stainless Steel mountingthread, nut and gasket combination for ultimate flexibility ininstallation using bulk head installation technique. There is also awide range of holders and options available for reliable in-line oroff-line installation with double O-ring seals for long service life ofthe sensor. Additional models are available for use in Ball-ValveInsertion applications and in Sanitary Flange installations.The ISC40G and ISC40S are available in PEEK (sensor type GG)for general use. In applications where sample is aggressive toPeek we offer the sensor in PFA (sensor type TG).Both sensors have a large bore for optimal resistance to foulingprocesses and when properly installed, the flow will keep thesensor clean preventing measuring errors.GeneralSpecificationsFeatures and Applications• I nductive Conductivity technique for elimination of fouling andpolarization errors.• Wide bore sensors for long term stability.• I nstallation flexibility by wide range of holders and by the use ofuniversal bulkhead construction.• W ide rangeability in terms of conductivity (1 µS/cm to 2 S/cm)and temperature (-20 to 130ºC).• A ll ranges except the (ultra) pure water applications.• A ll slurry applications where conventional systems suffer fromplugging or erosion.• Standard quality inspection certificate with delivery of sensor.21th Edition2GENERAL SPECIFICATIONSThe ISC40 inductive conductivity sensor is suitable for use with the Yokogawa inductive conductivity analyzers.Measuring elements: T oroïds with high permeabilitymagnetic materialPt1000 or 30k temperature element MaterialsWetted parts sensorBody ISC40*-G* : 30% glass filled PEEK, FDA approved Body ISC40*-T* : P FA, FDA apprNon-wetted parts sensorSealing gasket : VitonThread part : AISI 316 SSOptions for sensorAll options except /TFD :A ISI 316 SS and O-ring material aswetted part/TFD : A ISI 316 SS as non-wetted partTFM and Kalrez as wetted partFunctional specifications (at 25°C)Temperature element : P t1000 to IEC 75130k NTCInstallation factor : 1.88 cm-1 nominal for PEEK sensor3.00 cm-1 nominal for PFA sensorActual installation can change thisfactor.If there is less than 25mm spacingbetween sensor and holder, in-situcalibration is necessary to meet thespecified accuracies (see fig. 1)Fig 1: A ctual installation factor as function of spacingaround the sensorNote: T he ISC40 temperature sensor is designed for cell compensation and for indication.It is NOT designed for process temperature control.Dynamic specificationsResponse time : t90 < 5 min. for PEEK sensorconductivity t90 < 10 min. for PFA sensor Operating rangeConductivity : 0 – 2000 mS/cm at actual processtemperature.Note: T he sensor has an error (0.5 µS/cm for PEEK model, 1.0 µS/cm for PFA model) that must be considered whenapplication is chosen.Temperature : -20°C to 130°C (-4°F to 266°F) forPEEK sensor-20°C to 130°C (-4°F to 266°F) forPFA sensorPressure : 0 to 20 bar (0 to 290 PSIG) for PEEKsensor0 to 15 bar (0 to 217 PSIG) for PFAsensor.Note: A t maximum process temperature the maximum pressure for the PFA sensor is 5 bar (72 PSIG).Cable length : m ax 50 meter, in combination withWF10 extension cable and BA10junction boxRegulatory standardsCE : Decision 768/2008/EC- ATEX : D irective 94/9/EC, as amended byRegulation (EC) no. 1882/2003 Certificate no.II 1 G Ex ia IIC T4…T6 Ga Electrical dataconnected cable) connected to acertified intrinsically safe circuit withthe following maximum values: Ui =19.1 V; Ii = 170 mA; Pi = 0.8 W; Ci = 0nF; Li = 0 mHorc ertified intrinsically safe YokogawaInductive Conductivity transmittermodel FLXA21 series, model ISC202Sseries or model IC200S seriesNote:T he effective internal capacitance Ci and the effective internal inductance Li of the sensor are depending only upon theproperties and the length of the connected cable.Special conditions (X) : T6 for Tamb. -30°C to 40°CT5 for Tamb. -30°C to 95°CT4 for Tamb. -30°C to 130°C,depending on sensor body material: T he sensor must be installed andused so, that dangers of ignition dueto hazardous electrostatic chargescannot occur, especially in the casethat the process medium is non-conductive.- Pressure : D irective 97/23/EC, as amended byRegulation (EC) no. 1882/2003 Applying article : 3.3 (Sound Engineering Practice)IECExApplying standards : I EC 60079-0 : 2007IEC 60079-11 : 2006IEC 60079-26: 2006Certificate no. : I ECEx DEK 11.0028XEx ia IIC T4…T6 GaGS 12D08J02-E-E3GS 12D08J02-E-ECSACertificate no.: 2447837 IS, Class I Div. 1, GP A, B, C, D T4…T6Master Contract no 182892Electrical data : S ensor output circuits (permanentlyconnected cable) connected to a certified intrinsically safe circuit with the following maximum values: Uo = 19.1 V; Io = 170 mA;Po = 0.8 W; Co≥ Ci + Ccable; Lo≥ Li + Lcable orcertified intrinsically safe Yokogawa Inductive Conductivity transmitter model FLXA21 series, model ISC202S series or model IC200S seriesAmbient : T6 for Tamb. -30°C to 40°C temperature range T 5 for Tamb. -30°C to 95°CT4 for Tamb. -30°C to 130°C, depending on sensor body materialNote: I ntrinsically safe when connected as per Control DrawingFF1-K1244QY (see fig. 2)FMCertificate no.: 3046320 IS, Class I, Div. 1, Groups A, B, C, D T4…T6Electrical data : S ensor output circuits (permanentlyconnected cable) connected to a FM approved intrinsically safe apparatus meeting the entity parameters of the ISC40S:Uo≤ 19.1 V; Io≤ 170 mA; Po≤ 0.8 W;Co≥ Ci + Ccable; Lo≥ Li + Lcable orcertified intrinsically safe Yokogawa Inductive Conductivity transmitter model FLXA21 series, model ISC202S series or model IC200S seriesAmbient : T6 for Tamb. -30°C to 40°C temperature range T 5 for Tamb. -30°C to 85°CT4 for Tamb. -30°C to 85°C,depending on sensor body materialNote: I ntrinsically safe when connected as per Control DrawingFF1-K1244QX (see fig. 3)ISC40- - - Cable length in meters any number between 1 and 50 meters Temperature Element T1 PT1000 T3 30k thermistor Plastic and adaption code GG Glass filled PEEK, general model GR Glass filled PEEK, retractable model GS Glass filled PEEK, shaft model TG PFA, general modelISC40- - -Cable length in meters any number between 1 and 50 meters Temperature Element T1 PT1000 T3 30k thermistor Plastic and adaption code GG Glass filled PEEK, general model GR Glass filled PEEK, retractable model GS Glass filled PEEK, shaft model TG PFA, general model4GS 12D08J02-E-EControl Drawing CSAThe ISC40S sensor shall be installed with one of the Yokogawa transmitters model:• ISC202S • IC200S • FLXA21with following parameters: ISC202S IC200SFLXA21Uo 14.4 V 19.1 V 11.76 V Io 88 mA 162 mA 60.6 mA Po 317 mW 178 mW Lo 4.5 mH 800µH 8 mH Co 600 nF 254nF100 nForTo a CSA approved intrinsically safe apparatus meeting the entity parameters of the ISC40S: U o ≤ 19.1VIo ≤ 170mA Po ≤ 0.8WCo ≥ Ci + C(cable) Lo ≥ Li + L(cable)The effective inductive capacitance Ci and the effective induced inductance Li of the sensor depends only upon the properties and the length of the connected cable (max 50m).When installing this equipment, follow the manufacturer’s control drawing. Installing should be in accordance with Canadian Electrical Code Part 1 or CEC Part1.Warning: To prevent ignition of flammable or combustible atmospheres, disconnect power before servicing or read,understand and adhere to the manufacturer’s live maintenance procedures.Control Drawing FMThe ISC40S sensor shall be installed with one of the Yokogawa transmitters model: • ISC202S • IC200S • FLXA21with following parameters: ISC202S IC200S FLXA21Uo 14.4 V 19.1 V 11.76 V Io 88 mA 162 mA 60.6 mA Po 317 mW 178 mW Lo 4.5 mH 800µH 8 mH Co 600 nF 254nF 100 nForTo a FM approved intrinsically safe apparatus meeting the entity parameters of the ISC40S: U o ≤ 19.1VIo ≤ 170mA Po ≤ 0.8WCo ≥ Ci + C(cable) Lo ≥ Li + L(cable)The effective inductive capacitance Ci and the effective induced inductance Li of the sensor depends only upon the properties and the length of the connected cable (max 50m).When installing this equipment, follow the manufacturer’s control drawing. Installing should be in accordance with ANSI/ISA RP 12.06.01 “Installation of Intrisically Safe Systems for Hazardous (Classified) Locations” and the National Electrical Code (ANSI/NFPA 70).Warning: To prevent ignition of flammable or combustible atmo- spheres, disconnect power before servicing or read, understand and adhere to the manufacturer’s live maintenance procedures.Shipping details Package size (LxWxH) I SC40*-**-*-03 (05): 350 x 270 x 50 mm (13.8 x10.6 x 2.0 inch)ISC40*-**-*-10 (15, 20) : 320 x 240 x110 mm(12.6 x 9.5 x 4.3 inch)Package weight (app.) ISC40*-**-*-03 : 1.0 kg (2.2 lbs) ISC40*-**-*-05 : 1.3 kg (2.9 lbs) ISC40*-**-*-10 : 1.6 kg (3.5 lbs) ISC40*-**-*-15 : 2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) ISC40*-**-*-20 : 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs)Environmental conditionsStorage temperature : -30°C to 50°C (-22°F to 122°F) Water proof : I P67 (conform IEC 60529), alsoin combination with the preferred Yokogawa process connections Process connections P rocess connections are made in combination with a varietyof adapters and fittings, which are available in AISI 316 SS, PVC or PVDF (see relevant sections in this manual).5GS 12D08J02-E-EDIMENSIONS mm (inches)d D1 D2 Material /SFA Ø 19 (0.75) 121 (4.75) 152 (6.0) SS /SFD Ø 18 (0.71) 125 (5.00) 165 (6.5) SSISC40G(S)-GG ModelModelSuffixOption DescriptionISC40GG eneral purpose inductive conductivity sensorSensor -GG G lass filled PEEK, general model type -GR G lass filled PEEK, retractable model -GS Glass filled PEEK, shaft model -TG PFA, general model Temperature -T1 Pt1000sensor -T3 30k thermistor, for IC200 select only T3Cable length -03 03 meter -05 05 meter -10 10 meter -15 15 meter -20 20 meter Options for Sensor Material Proc.Connection Flange adapters -GG, -TG /SFA AISI 316 SS 2” ANSI 150 lbs /SFD AISI 316 SS DN50-PN16 /TFD TFM, AISI 316 SS DN65-PN10 /TFN TFM For DN65-PN10Flange adapters for -GS /SFT AISI 316 SS Sanitary Tuchenhagen /STC1 AISI 316 SS Sanitary 2” tri clamp /STC2 AISI 316 SS Tri-clamp complete Protection Hose for -TF /PH 03m /05m /10m /15m /20m Same length as the cable Certificates /M Material certificate Not for -GR6Fittings for ISC40G(S)-GGInductive Conductivity SensorsFor liquid analysis, the sensors are frequently mounted in either a flow or an immersion fitting. Yokogawa suppllies for the model ISC40 inductive conductivity sensors a full range of fittings with particular emphasis on designs that reduce installation and maintenance time and consequently save operation costs.A wide choice of construction materials gives the user theoptimal solution for any process considering chemical resistance, pressure and temperature specifications.The flow fittings are used for installation of the sensors in sample by-pass lines. This makes maintenance easy without having to interrupt the main process stream. The subassemblies simplifies mounting of the sensors direct into process lines or vessels.This is particularly important where sample lines give problems, for instance with settling slurries.Features• W ide choice of construction materials.• B uilt in drain on stainless steel flow fitting.• Q uick disconnect direct insertion sub assemblies.• H igh temperature PVC immersion fitting with optional flangedprocess connection for adjustable insertion depth.• H igh pressure and temperature specifications.• E lectrolytically polished stainless steel fittings for optimal corrosion resistance.Model ISC40FF Flow fittingA. Process temperature- Model ISC40FF-S : Maximum 150ºC (300°F) - Model ISC40FF-P : Maximum 100ºC (210°F) - Model ISC40FF-F : Maximum 130ºC (270°F)B. Process pressure- Model ISC40FF-S : Max. 1.0 MPa (150 psi) at 150ºC (300 °F)- Model ISC40FF-P : M ax. 0.6 MPa (90 psi) at 20°C (70°F)Max. 0.1 MPa (15 psi) at 100°C (210°F)- Model ISC40 FF-F : M ax. 1.0 MPa (150 psi) at 20°C (70°F)Max. 0.1 MPa (15 psi) at 120°C (250°F)C. Wetted materials- Model ISC40FF-S : AISI 316 Stainless Steel - Model ISC40FF-P : Polypropylene - Model ISC40FF-F : PVDF (KYNAR ®) Non-wetted materials - Nut : AISI 304 stainless steel. - Mounting set : AISI 304 Stainless Steel (optional) - Flange adapters : AISI 304 Stainless Steel (optional)Dimensions in mm (inches)Adapter dimensionsL1 L2FP1 - FF1 161 216FP2 - FF2 151 206FP3 - FF3 163 218FP4 - FF4 149 204FS1 278 112FS2 298 122FS3 274 110FS4298 122Flange dimensionsD k dg DN25 ø115 ø85 ø13.51 Inch ø108 ø79.2 ø15.71/2Inch ø88.7 ø66.6 ø15.7DN15 ø95 ø65 ø13.5Panel dimensions100x100, holes 70x70 ø10mm7GS 12D08J02-E-EModel and Suffix CodesModel and Suffix CodesModel ISC40FS Direct insertion subassembliesA. Process temperature- Model ISC40FS/SCS : Maximum 150ºC (300 ºF) - Model ISC40FS-PCS : Maximum 100ºC (210 ºF) - Model ISC40FS-FCS : Maximum 130ºC (270 ºF)B. Process pressure Model ISC40FS/SCS : M ax. 1.0 MPa (150 psi) at 150ºC (300ºF) Model ISC40FS-PCS : M ax. 0.6 MPa (90 psi) at 20ºC (70ºF)Max. 0.1 MPa (15 psi) at 100ºC (210ºF)Model ISC40FS-FCS : M ax. 1.0 MPa (150 psi) at 20ºC (70ºF)Max. 0.1 MPa (15 psi) at 120ºC (250ºF)C. Wetted materials- Model ISC40FS/SCS : AISI 316 Stainless steel - Model ISC40FS-PCS : Polypropylene - Model ISC40FS-FCS : PVDF (KYNAR ®) Non wetted materials - Nut : AISI 304 Stainless steel D. Process connection - Model ISC40FS-SCS/PCS/FCS : 2” screw-in coupling E. Shipping details - Dimensions : Refer to section Dimensions - Package : Normally packed with sensor - Weight: 500 g. (1 lbs)Model Suffix Option Description ISC40FS Flow fitting subassembly Material -F PVDF -P Polypropylene -S Stainless Steel Process -CS Dairy Coupling screw-in*connection -CW Dairy Coupling welded*Thread type -A NPT NPT or R -N No thread (for weld-in couplings)Options /M M aterial certificate 3.1. EN 10024(for wetted metal parts only)* Note: according to Din 11851Model Suffix Option Description ISC40FF flow fitting Material -S AISI 316 stainless steel -P Polypropylene (PP) -F PVDF (KYNAR ®)Process -A NPT connection 1/2”NPT Flange /FF1 PVDF, DN15 PN10 adapters /FF2 PVDF, DN25 PN10/FF3 PVDF, ANSI 1/2”-150lbs /FF4 PVDF, ANSI 1”-150lbs /FP1 PP, DN15 PN10 /FP2 PP, DN25 PN10/FP3 PP, ANSI 1/2”-150lbs /FP4 PP, ANSI 1”-150lbs/FS1 AISI 316 SS, DN15 PN10 /FS2 AISI 316 SS, DN25 PN10/FS3 AISI 316 SS, ANSI 1/2”- 150lbs /FS4 AISI 316 SS, ANSI 1”- 150lbsMounting set /MS Wall/pipe for SS flow fitting/MP Wall/pipe for PP or PVDF flow fittingMaterial certificate /M 3.1. according EN 10024for wetted metal parts onlyNote: O nly applicable for PEEK-sensors not suitablefor PFA-sensors8Model ISC40FD Immersion fittingA. Process temperature : Max. 80ºC (180 ºF) PVC : M ax. 150ºC (300 ºF)AISI 316 Stainless steelB. Process pressure - PVC : M ax. 0.2 MPa (30 PSI) at20ºC (70ºF)Max. 0.1 MPa (15 PSI) at 80ºC (180ºF)- AISI316 Stainless steel : 10 bar C. Wetted materials - Probe tube : C-PVC - Process sealing O-ring : Viton - Flange : PVC (Optional) Non wetted materials - Cable insulation : Thermoplastic rubber D. Process connection : - Adjustable flange : H ole pattern according to DINDN50-PN10 and ANSI 2” 150 lbs.O nly for the PVC (Optional). - Mounting set : G alvanized steel (Optional).Note: Adjustable flange (/FA) is only for the PVC fittingModel and Suffix Codes2" HandrailImmersion fittingModel Suffix Option Descriptioncode code code ISC40FD Immersion fitting Material -S AISI 316 Stainless steel -V PVC-C Pipe - B etween 05 to 20 meter length Example: 05 = 0.5 m Flange -NFL No flange -SFA AISI316 SS 2”-SFD AISI316 SS DN50Options/MS1 P ipe mounting set (Carbon steel)/FA A djustable flange with DINDN50-PN10 and ANSI 2” 150 lbs hole pattern (only for PVC)/PH5 P rotection hose for 5 m cable /PH10 Protection hose for 10 m cable Material certificate /M 3.1. according EN 10204(for wetted metal parts only)9GS 12D08J02-E-EPartno. Flanges Description K1500HGDN80 PN10 T-Piece, DN80 Flange K1500HF DN100 PN10 T-Piece, DN100 Flange K1541GXDN65 D N65, DN10 Flange forISC40(G/S)-TGT -Piece ISC40-TG10ISC40G(S)-GS Model ISC40G(S)-GR Model Model and Suffix CodesModelSuffix Option DescriptionISC40G-GR G eneral purpose, glass filledPEEK, retractable modelISC40S-GR I ntrinsically safe, glass filledPEEK, retractable modelTemp. sensor -T1 Pt1000 -T3 30kNTC Cable length -03 03 mtr-05 05 mtr -10 10 mtr -15 15 mtr -20 20 mtrCertificates /M M aterial certificate (only appliesto SS316 wetted part)Model and Suffix Codes11GS 12D08J02-E-ESPAREPARTS ISC40 SENSORParts ISC40 sensorPart no. Description MaterialQuantity K1500AM Gasket Viton 5K1500AL Mounting nutAISI 316 SS3Options ISC40 sensor, Flange adaptersPart no. Description Process connection Material O-ring(s) K1541ZR /SFA 2” ANSI 150 lbs AISI 316 SS Viton K1541ZQ /SFD DN50-PN16 AISI 316 SS Viton K1541KB /STW 3” tri-clamp AISI 316 SS EPDM K1541KC /S2W 2” tri-clamp AISI 316 SSEPDM K1541XF /TFD DN65 PN10 AISI 316 SS,TFM Kalrez K1541XG /TFN used with DN65 PN10 TFMKalrez K1541ZP /SFT Sanitary Tuchenhagen AISI 316 SS EPDM K1541ZG /STC1 Sanitary 2” tri-clamp AISI 316 SS EPDM K1541ZF /STC2 Tri-clamp complete AISI 316 SSEPDMNote: Other O-ring materials are available as sparepart O-rings ISC40 sensor, Flange adaptersPart no. Description DimensionsMaterial Quantity O-rings /SFA, /SFDK1500CA O-ring set 40.64 x 5.33; 26.57 x 3.53 EPDM 5 sets K1500CB O-ring set 40.64 x 5.33; 26.57 x 3.53 Viton 5 sets K1500CC O-ring set 40.64 x 5.33; 26.57 x 3.53 Silicon 5 sets K1500CD O-ring 40.64 x 5.33 Kalrez 1K1500CH O-ring 26.57 x 3.53Kalrez 1O-rings /STWK1541ZK O-ring set 40.87 x 3.53; 26.65 x 2.62; 3” seal-clampEPDM 2 sets O-rings /S2WK1541ZH O-ring set 40.87 x 3.53; 26.65 x 2.62; 2” seal-clamp EPDM 2 sets K1500DJ O-ring set 40.87 x 3.53; 26.65 x 2.62; 2” seal-clamp Viton 2 sets K1500DK O-ring set 40.87 x 3.53; 26.65 x 2.62; 2” seal-clampSilicon 2 sets O-rings /TFD, /TFNK1500AH O-ring 29.74 x 3.53Kalrez 1O-rings /SFTK1500CM O-ring set 18.72 x 2.62; 60 x 3EPDM 5 sets O-rings /STC1K1500CQ O-ring 18.72 x 2.62 EPDM 5K1500CP O-ring 18.72 x 2.62 Viton 5K1500CR O-ring 18.72 x 2.62Silicon 5O-rings /STC2K1500CT O-ring set 18.72 x 2.72; 2” seal-clamp EPDM 5 sets K1500CS O-ring set 18.72 x 2.72; 2” seal-clamp Viton 5 sets K1500CUO-ring set18.72 x 2.72; 2” seal-clampSilicon5 setsMaterialPVDF S.S. 316 VITON PEEKPPPVCPFA(Kynar)Sulfiric acid 10 OOO XXX OOO OOO OOOXOOO 50 OOO XXX OOO OOX OO OO OOO 95 OX - XXX OOO - - - X - XX OOO fuming - - - - - - OOO - - - - - - - OOO Hydrochloric acid 10 OOO - - - OOO OOX OO OX OOO sat. OOO - - - OOX OO OO OOO Nitric acid 25 OOX XXX OOX OOO OO OX OOO 50 OOX XXX - - - XXX X - OX OOO 95 OX - OOO - - - - - - - - - - OOO fuming - - - OOO - - - - - - - - - - OOO Phosphoric acid 25OOO - - - OOO OOOOOOXOOO 50 OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO 95 OOO OOO XX - OOO OO OO OOO Hydrofluoric acid 40 OOO - - - OOO - - - OO OX OOO 75 OOO - - - OOO - - - OO XX OOO Acetic acid 10 OOO OOX - - - OOO OO OX OOO glacial OX - OOX - - - OOX OX XX OOO Formic acid 80 OOO XXX - - - XXX OO O- OOX Citric acid 50 OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Calcium hydroxide sat. OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Potassium hydroxide 50 OOX OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium hydroxide 40 OOX OOO XXX OOO OO OX OOO Ammonia in water 30 OOO OOO XXX OOO OO OX OOO Ammonium chloride sat. OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Zinc chloride 50 OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Iron (III) chloride 50 OOO - - - OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium sulfite sat. OOO OOO - - - OOO OO OO OOO Sodium carbonate sat. OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Potassium chloride sat. OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium sulfate sat. OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Calcium chloride sat. OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium chloride sat. OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium nitrate 50 OOO XXX OOO OOO OO OO OOO Aluminium chloride sat. OOO - - - OOO OOO OO OO OOO Hydrogen peroxide 30 OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Sodium hypochloride 50 OOO XXX OOX OOO XX XX OOO Potassium dichromate sat. OOO OOO OOO OOO OO OO OOO Chlorinated lime OX - XXX XXX - - OO OOO Ethanol 80 OOX OOO X - - OOO OO OX OOO Cyclohexane OOX OOO OOO OOO - - OO OOO Toluene OOO OOO - - - OOO X - - - OOO Trichloroethane XXX OOX XXX OOO - -- -OOO Water OOO OOOOOO OOO OO OOOOO206010020601002060100206010020602060I n o r g a n i c a c i dO r g a n i c a c i dA l k a l iA c i d s a l tN e u t r a l s a l t O x i d i z i n g a g e n t O r g a n i c s o l v e n tTemp. ºC %Conc.B a s i c s a l t O = can be used, X = shortens useful life, - = cannot be used Note: I nformation in this list is based on our general experience and literature data and given in good faith.However Yokogawa is unable to accept responsobility for claims related to this information.2060100Chemical Compatibility ChartSubject to change without notice Copyright©Printed in The Netherlands, 21-1802 (A) I。
污水处理厂污水和污泥中微塑料的研究展望
污水处理厂污水和污泥中微塑料的研究展望李小伟;纪艳艳;梅庆庆;陈璐蓓;张晓磊;董滨;戴晓虎【摘要】微塑料被发现广泛存在于各类生态系统,研究表明,其可能对人类健康及其他生物产生潜在危害.污水中含有大量微塑料,尽管经污水处理厂处理后,含量显著减少,但仍被认为是自然水体中微塑料的主要来源之一.与此同时,污水中绝大部分微塑料会截留或转移到污泥中,在污泥土地利用过程中进入土壤生态系统,从而对后者产生潜在影响.此外,污水污泥处理过程中,微塑料的表面理化特性也会发生显著变化,从而影响其与重金属、有机污染物、致病菌的相互作用,进而增强污泥微塑料的生态风险.文中主要从以下几方面对污水处理厂污水和污泥微塑料相关研究进展进行综述:首先,从微塑料的组成、含量、来源、潜在危害,及其与人类活动的关系等方面进行概述;然后,分别综述污水处理厂污水和污泥中微塑料含量及去向研究进展;最后,提出需加强我国污水处理厂微塑料的研究、建立污水和污泥微塑料标准化分析方法、强化微塑料与污染物作用机制等的研究展望.【期刊名称】《净水技术》【年(卷),期】2019(038)007【总页数】11页(P13-22,84)【关键词】微塑料;污水处理厂;污水;污泥;潜在风险【作者】李小伟;纪艳艳;梅庆庆;陈璐蓓;张晓磊;董滨;戴晓虎【作者单位】上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;同济大学环境科学与工程学院,城市污染控制国家重点实验室,上海200092;同济大学环境科学与工程学院,城市污染控制国家重点实验室,上海200092【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TU992.3微塑料是指通过各种途径进入生态环境中直径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒。
它或悬浮于水体中，或沉积到水底，研究表明其广泛存在于海洋生态系统[1-2]，和河流[3-4]、湖泊[5-6]等淡水生态系统[7-8]，以及土壤[9-11]和沉积物[12-13]中，甚至在饮用水[14]、人类粪便、极地环境[15]中均发现了微塑料的存在。
A solvent extraction process for the preparation of ultrahigh purity scandium oxide
1. Introduction It is well known that scandium is a rare and very expensive metal. A number of new applications for scandium have been developed in recent years, including laser crystals
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P. Zhang et al. / Hydrometallurgy 47 (1997147-56
and coatings, cathode materials for color cathode-ray tubes, advanced ceramics, nuclear materials and catalysts for automobiles [ll. In addition, attention has been paid to the application of scandium in the optical industry [2]. The application of scandium in high temperature superconducting materials is also under investations have heightened the demand for scandium in both quantity and quality, it is difficult to recover scandium because it is associated in trace amounts (from 1O-3 to 10p4%) with natural minerals such as wolframite, titaniferous magnetites, tinstone @no,>, bauxite and uranium ore. Scandium is generally obtained as a by-product in the form of oxide from the processing of these ores [ll. A literature survey revealed that little data is available with respect to the purification of scandium oxide. Herchenroeder et al. [3,4] investigated the process for preparing kilogram quantities of scandium oxide of ultrahigh purity by ion exchange chromatography at 93°C. Guo et al. [5] developed a technique for producing 99.99% pure scandium oxide from starting materials containing about 70% scandium oxide by extraction chromatography with more than 90% recovery. Although the process [5] has a number of advantages, its usefulness as a large-scale production method might be restricted owing to the low scandium concentration in the stock solution used and the long operating period. In previous work [6], the authors have also described an extraction chromatography process using columns containing tributyl phosphate (TBP) supported on polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer from hydrochloric acid system by which scandium oxide could be purified from approximately 99% to 99.99% purity with an over 92% recovery. So far, however, no information regarding preparation of ultrahigh purity scandium oxide by solvent extraction has been found. For this reason, the authors investigated in the current work a process for the purification of scandium oxide by means of two-step solvent extraction. Using this process, scandium oxide of ultrahigh purity can be prepared with a recovery greater than 93% from the starting materials containing about 99% scandium oxide.
小学上册第十一次英语自测题(有答案)
小学上册英语自测题(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My friend is a _____ (摄影师) who captures special moments.2.What is a common pet that purrs?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish答案: B3.Which sport is played with a bat and a ball?A. SoccerB. BasketballC. BaseballD. Tennis答案: C. Baseball4.She is a _____ (设计师) who works for a company.5.y describes how well a substance can _______ in a solvent. (溶解) Some ___6.My friend is my best _______ who listens to my thoughts and feelings.7.My sister is a great _____ (歌手) and performs at school.8.He is a _____ (技术人员) who repairs electronics.9. A chemical change can produce gas, light, or ______.10.My favorite animal is a _____ (lion/turtle).11.What do we use to tell time?A. RulerB. ClockC. BookD. Computer答案: B12.The chemical structure of DNA contains ______ bases.13. A __________ is a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances.14.What is the main purpose of a compass?A. Measure temperatureB. Tell timeC. Show directionD. Calculate distance答案:C15.The ________ was a significant era in American history for social change.16.What is the capital of Kiribati?A. TarawaB. KiritimatiC. AbemamaD. Butaritari答案:a17.The goldfish has _______ (眼睛) that help it see.18.The capital of Malaysia is ________ (吉隆坡).19.I like to ride my ______ to school.20.I can ________ a message.21.The dog is _____ by the tree. (sitting)22. A frog has webbed ______ (脚) for swimming.23.The __________ (历史的探索挑战) invite curiosity.24.I see a _____ (骑士) in the parade.25.The kitten plays with its _________ (尾巴).26.The eagle flies high in the ______ (天空).27.I can _____ my shoes by myself. (put on)28.The main use of chlorine in water treatment is to kill ______.29. A __________ is a location of natural beauty.30. A parrot can mimic _______ and sounds.31.The ________ was a significant moment in the history of labor rights.32.The ______ (植物的生态作用) is vital for life.33.The chemical symbol for iron is ______.34.The process of using heat to cook food is called ______.35.The ________ grows in my garden.36.古代的________ (rulers) 常常通过战争来扩展领土。
小学上册第13次英语下册试卷(含答案)
小学上册英语下册试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The symbol for molybdenum is _____.2.The cat loves to explore _____ new places.3.The chemical formula for silver bromide is _______.4.I like to ride my ________ (摩托车) on weekends.5.In a chemical reaction, the rearrangement of atoms leads to the formation of new_____.6.The moon is ___. (full)7.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi8.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan答案:A9.The ancient Romans used _____ to entertain their citizens.10.The _____ (火烈鸟) is a beautiful bird.11.The __________ is a large lake located in Canada. (安大略湖)12.The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of __________. (知识)13.I enjoy playing __________ with my family. (游戏)14.The ____ lives in the wild and is very fast.15.What is the name of the famous American singer known for "Ain't No Mountain High Enough"?A. Diana RossB. Aretha FranklinC. Tina TurnerD. Whitney Houston答案:A16. c Ocean is found near the ________ (北冰洋位于________附近). The Arct17. A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the solvent is called a______ solution.18.The __________ (历史的记录者) document our journeys.19.I can ______ (solve) math problems quickly.20. e of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the United States. The Ston21.I enjoy _____ (购物).22.My cousin is a ______. She loves to help others succeed.23.What do you call a person who plays music?A. MusicianB. SingerC. PerformerD. All of the above答案:D24.What do we call a young guinea pig?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Baby答案:D Baby25. A _____ (植物历史) can provide context for their importance.26.What do we call the main character in a play or story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator27.Egypt is famous for its ancient ________ (埃及以其古老的________) and pyramids.28.Let’s go ________ to eat ice cream.29.I see a _______ (fox) in the distance.30.The process of ______ can change the landscape over time.31.The Earth's surface is constantly changing due to a variety of ______.32.The ________ is important for navigation on the seas.33.My aunt is a ______. She loves to teach children.34.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fantastic way to learn.35.The ________ was a major event that led to the founding of the United Nations.36.My ______ loves to explore new technologies.37.My mom always gives me __________ (鼓励) when I'm down.38.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. RectangleD. Circle答案:B39.The measure of how much space an object occupies is called ______.40.The __________ is part of the brain that controls movement.41. A __________ (化学职业) offers diverse opportunities in various fields.42.The __________ (非洲) has many diverse cultures and languages.43.I think technology is amazing, especially __________ because __________.44.What is the boiling point of water?A. 50°CB. 100°CC. 150°CD. 200°C答案:B45.What kind of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Fish答案:C46.What do we use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. GlueD. Tape47.There are many __________ in the garden.48. A _______ (小狼) learns to hunt from its parents.49.The ________ is a small, quiet creature.50.I like to watch the ______ at night.51.What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. ParkC. MallD. Playground52.My pet parrot can _________ (说话).53.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. IstanbulD. Cairo54.What is the primary color of a lime?A. YellowB. GreenC. RedD. Orange55.What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Foal56.My cat loves to chase after ______ (光点).57.My best friend is _______ (funny/sad).58.The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.59.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:B60.We hear ___ (birds/planes) flying.61.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. SeaC. OceanD. River62.The backbone protects the ______ in animals.63.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FantasyD. Poem答案:B64.What shape is a basketball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Oval答案:C65.We have a ______ (有趣的) discussion in class.66.I love to watch _____ (小动物) explore their surroundings.67.The chemical symbol for yttrium is ______.68.What do we call the warm-blooded animals that lay eggs?A. MammalsB. ReptilesC. BirdsD. Fish答案:C Birds69.The owl's exceptional hearing allows it to hunt effectively in ________________ (黑暗).70.We celebrate ________ (New Year) with fireworks.71. A lever can help lift a ______.72.What do we call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist73.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. Polar BearD. Kangaroo答案:B74. A turtle can live for many ______ (年).75.The chemical symbol for bromine is ______.76.Which beverage is made from leaves?A. CoffeeB. TeaC. JuiceD. Soda77. A _____ (植物监测) program helps track plant health.78.What type of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. Bird79.The ancient Greeks held ________ in honor of their gods.80.What do we use to brush our teeth?A. ShampooB. ToothbrushC. SoapD. Comb答案:B81.I have a toy _______ that can change shapes and forms for fun.82.The __________ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.83.The ________ has a sharp smell.84.Bubbles forming in a solution may indicate a ________ reaction.85.The _______ of sound can be amplified with a speaker.86.I enjoy cooking ______ (传统) dishes from my culture.87.The ______ is a key part of the food chain.88.What is the name of the popular board game where you try to take over the world?A. RiskB. MonopolyC. Settlers of CatanD. Clue答案:A89.My toy ____ can play music and dance! (玩具名称)90.Astrobiology studies the possibility of ______ life in the universe.91.The children are _____ at the playground. (playing)92.I enjoy painting with ______ (水彩) because it creates beautiful ____________ (色彩).93.I enjoy _______ (参加) science clubs.94.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C95.canopy) of a forest is formed by the tops of trees. The ____96.What color is the sky?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. Yellow97.What is the color of snow?A. BlueB. YellowC. WhiteD. Green答案:C98.The chemical symbol for cobalt is __________.99.What is the name of the popular animated film about a girl who becomes a princess?A. MoanaB. CinderellaC. FrozenD. Snow White答案:C100.What do you call a young goat?A. KidB. CalfC. LambD. Puppy答案:A。
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Water is often called the universal solvent because …?
Why do so many substances readily dissolve in water?
Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid. This is determined by the molecular arrangement of the liquid and the substance.
Sources:
Chlorine, sulfates from volcanic activity
Na, Mg, K, Ca ions come from the weathering of feldspar-rich rocks (granites and other igneous rocks).
Determines the water’s vertical position in the ocean
Factors affecting seawater density:
Temperature - the greatest influence
Salinity
Variations in ocean water density with depth
Processes that decrease salinity (add water)
Precipitation Runoff from land Icebergs melting Sea ice melting
Processes that increase salinity (remove water)
Called the thermocline
High-latitudes
Cooler surface temperatures
No rapid change in temperature with depth
Variations in ocean water temperature with depth
water molecule.
Hydrogen bonding of these electrically polarized molecules gives water the properties of cohesion, adhesion and dissolving power.
Composition of Seawater
Ocean Layering
Three-layered structure Shallow zone(300 – 450 m) Surface mixed zone Sun-warmed zone Zone of mixing ~2% of ocean water
Transition zone Between surface layer
Sulfur – hydrothermal vents
Salinity
Sources of sea salts
Chemical weathering of rocks
Outgassing – gases from volcanic eruptions
Surface salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33‰ to 38‰
Evaporation Formation of sea ice
Ocean temperature variation with depth来自Low-latitudes
High temperature at the surface
Rapid decrease in temperature with depth
Seawater consists of about 3.5% (by weight) of dissolved minerals; typically expressed in parts-per-thousand (‰)
Salinity (NaCl) Average salinity is 35‰
Constant highdensity water
~80% of ocean water
Layering in the ocean
Thermohaline Oceanic Circulation
Solvent = does the dissolving
Solute = is the substance dissolved
Water is polar. Substances with (+) and (-) surface charges are attracted to the (+) and (-) ends of the
and deep zone Thermocline and
pycnocline ~18% of ocean water
Deep zone
Sunlight never reaches this zone
Temperatures are just a few degrees above freezing
Relative proportions of water and dissolved components in seawater
Ions in Seawater
HMS Challenger: 1884 Dittmar found that the relative concentration of ions is the same all over the world (took over 77 samples from various depths and locations).
Variations in the ocean’s surface temperature and salinity with latitude
Ocean Density
Density is mass per unit volume – how heavy something is for its size (g/cm3)