英语语言学试题.doc9

英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. D ecide which one of the four choices best completes the statement a nd put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" i n the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read a s __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the m axim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speak ers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words an d grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common ______ ____a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed bel ow is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.A. language and s peechB. v isual and spatial s k illsC. readi ng and writingD. anal y tic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the sec ond half of the c hild's second y ear.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blan k in each of the follo w ing statements with one w ord, the first letter of w hich is alread y given as a clue. Note that y ou are to fill in ONE w ord only, and you are not allo w ed to ch ange the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, lingui sts have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anyth ing else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a pa rticular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking wo rd, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sente nces is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Gr ice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of culturalt across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect thes attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "ov ert thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultane ously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge w hether each of the following statements is true or f alse. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket s in f ront of each statement. If y ou think a statement is false , y ou must explain w h y you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to i mitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains wha t it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase s tructure r ules can gener ate an infinite number of s entenc es and sentences with infinite length, due to their recurs ive pr operites.25. ( ) The c onc eptualist v iew of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a s ymbol and refer enc e, i.e. between language and tho ught.26. ( ) Of the v iews concerni ng the study of s emantics, the c ontex tual v iew, whic h plac es the study of meaning in the context in which l ang uage is used, is often considered as the i nitial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sens e.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models ex actl y after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The s entenc es "He craz y" and "He be sic k all the ti me" are both acceptable in Bl ac k English v er nacul ar bec ause c opula deleti on and habitual be are two famous featur es of Blac k English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are c apable of disti nguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objec tive world accor ding to t heir respec tive different linguistic codi ng sy stem.30. ( ) Instruc tion and correction are key fac tors in c hild language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the follo w ing terms, u sing one or t w o examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the follo wing questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typic al example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affecta learner's acquisition of a second language.。

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英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

大学英语语言学练习试题

Chapter One重点1．language2．creativity3．arbitrariness4．duality5．features of human language6．linguistics7．sociolinguistics8．psycholinguistics9．applied linguistics10．features of modern linguistics难点1．meta-function2．ideational function3．interpersonal function4．textual function练习I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.1. The Swiss scholar, Ferdinand de Saussure, is the founder of Modern Linguistics.2. The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they present in the languages of the world is not arbitrary.3. English is a tone language.4. General linguistics is based on the view that language is a system which iscomposed of three aspects: sound, structure, and meaning.5. Cultural transmission is one of the features of human language.6. The focus of traditional linguistics is on synchronic study of language rather than on diachronic study of language.7. the most frequent word orders found in languages of the world are SVO, SOV, and VSO.8. A number of divisions of linguistics can be put into two categories: intra-disciplinary division and inter-disciplinary division.9. Linguists attempt to discover the universals of human language.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.II choose the best answer among a, b, c, d and put the letter you choose in the brackets.1.Morphologically, Chinese is a ___ language.a. analyticb. syntheticc.agglutinatingd. infecting2.___ hold that language is a product of evolutionary development of the humanspecies.a. the Yo-he-ho theoryb. the Pooh-pooh theoryc .the evolution theory d. the Bow-wow theory3.Syntactically, English is an example of __ languagea.SVOb. SOVc. VSOd. VOS4.It is the ___ function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.a. ideationalb. interpersonalc. logicald. textual5.The study of language in general is often termed___.a. modern linguisticsb. general linguisticsc. functional linguisticsd. pragmatics.6. The question of “How do people learn a foreign language?” is explored in ___.a. applied linguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. psycholinguisticsd. general linguistics7. In modern linguistics___ language is regarded as premier.a. writtenb. spokenc. standardd. formal8. English belongs to ___ branch.a. Latinb. Celticc. Slavicd. Germanic9. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called___a. Lingua francab. Esperantoc. official languaged. foreign language10. When linguists write grammars or lexicographers compile dictionaries they must use___.a. natural languageb. artificial languagec. meta-languaged. mother languageIII Explain the following termsnguage2.linguistics3.arbitrariness4.meta-functionIV Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can not be found in animalcommunication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language in modern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?练习答案I．1-5 TFFTT 6-10 FTTTFII．1-5 ACAAB 6-10 CBDACIII．1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists.(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication(3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language(4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1) Priority is given to spoken language(2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language(3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature(4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguistics strives to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.。

(完整版)英语语言学习题与答案

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn't be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.anyof details the means which language, acquire to ability the with born all were We 15.language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)）1999（青岛海洋大学，How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? 37.Key:[In the reference keys, I won't give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, ina way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –checkagainst the observable facts –come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merelya different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.15.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give37.an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCOoverwhelmedd. inflectional morpheme (4)(5) prefix e. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combiningthe meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.D. subordinatorC. preposition B. particle A. coordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an__________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in oneway or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and amongnatural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded28. Adjacency27. open29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It's suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure.E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, oppositeto the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples ofthis type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w's exercises. –icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features。

英语语言学测试题及答案

英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。

英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编9_真题-无答案

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编9(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)A. synonymyB. antonymyC. entailment2. Conceptual meaning is not______A. affectiveB. cognitiveC. logicD. denotative3. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word______A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word "in the minds of speakers".D. is the image it is represented in the mind.4. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or______which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy5. The speech act theory was developed by______.(对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech6. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of illo-cutionary act)(南京大学2007研)A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge7. ______is using a sentence to perform a function.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. A perlocutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A locutionary actD. Speech act8. By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts; locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______.(西安交大2008研)A. at the same timeB. one after anotherC. two first and then the otherD. one first and then the other two9. The Illocutionary Act was developed by______.(西安交大2008研)A. John AustinB. LevinsonC. John LyonsD. John Searle10. According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. quantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. manner11. Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?(对外经贸2006研)A. the maxim of quantityB. the maxim of qualityC. the maxim of mannerD. the maxim of strength12. ______variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal13. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending14. ______are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties15. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is______.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English16. ______refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language17. ______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition18. ______is the study of psychological aspect of language.A. language acquisitionB. applied linguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. pragmatics19. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: ______, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering20. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?A. The sax has the flu today.B. Watergate changed American politics.C. Wall Street is in a panic.D. She is the apple in her parents" eyes.21. Which is not a type of iconicity?A. Iconicity of distanceB. Iconicity of complexityC. Iconicity of intimacyD. Iconicity of order22. In Krashen" s monitor theory, "i" in "i +1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______.(对外经贸2006研)A. interactionB. interferenceC. inputD. intake23. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation24. ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrastive analysisD. discourse analysis2. 名词解释1. arbitrariness（四川大学2006研)。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in differentregional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existedin Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialectsof English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted inits Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。

英语语言学题库

How many syllables are there in the word “rhythmical”?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.02．第2题Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A.relationshipB.bedroomkmanD.childlike答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.04．第4题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?rgerB.dataC.traineeD.Kat e’s答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.06．第6题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.07．第108题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.08．第109题The relation between ‘furniture’ and ‘wardrobe’ is ___.A.homophonyB.homographyC.hyponymyD.polysemy答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following is a representative?A.You’d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.010．第111题Which of the following is a directive?A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.011．第119题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.012．第120题The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/fiveB.five/fourC.four/threeD.four/four答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0The words “subway” and “underground” are ______ synonyms.A.nearB.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.014．第122题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.015．第123题‘It is 8 o’clock’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.016．第124题‘She sings very well’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.517．第125题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.018．第126题‘Handsome’ and ‘pretty’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.019．第127题Which of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear (to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.020．第128题Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.521．第129题“Up you go, chaps!” belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.022．第130题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.023．第131题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]D.[t,d,m]答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.024．第132题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：此题得分：0.025．第7题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.026．第8题[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.027．第9题[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.028．第10题Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.029．第11题Tsled’ is a possibl e word in English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.030．第12题English is a tone language.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.031．第13题‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.032．第14题The morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an inflectional morpheme.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.033．第15题The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.034．第16题In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.035．第17题The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.036．第18题The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.037．第19题The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.038．第20题The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.039．第21题The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal sy nonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.040．第22题‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.041．第23题' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.042．第24题' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.043．第25题B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.044．第26题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.045．第27题B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.046．第28题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.047．第29题The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.048．第30题In Chaucer' s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ' his' to replace ' it' in Modern English, as in ' Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth' . This reflects the change in the ' agreement' rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.049．第31题' I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become ' I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.050．第32题The word ' walkman' is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.051．第33题Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.052．第34题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.053．第35题Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.054．第36题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.055．第37题Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.056．第38题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.057．第39题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.058．第40题Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.059．第41题Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.060．第42题Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.061．第43题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.062．第44题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.063．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.064．第46题Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.065．第47题The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.066．第48题UNESCO is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.067．第49题The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.068．第50题The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.069．第51题Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.070．第52题Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.071．第53题One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.072．第54题Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.073．第55题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.074．第56题The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.075．第57题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.076．第58题The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.077．第59题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.078．第60题It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。

大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)

I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear ［1］ and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymy. (P70)23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c oncept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room”is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise) ( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the im age of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence”is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. ( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are s till many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when necessary.1. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare’s time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.7. broad transcriptionBroad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.9. homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.10. hyponymyIt refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. e.g. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.12. allophonesAllophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. 13. morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. dualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.15. pragmaticsIt refers to the study of language in use.16. bound morphemeThe morphemes that do not occur alone.17. arbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.18. syntaxSyntax studies the sentence structure of language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:A. The maxim of quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange) .2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1) Do not say what you believe to be false.2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1) Avoid obscurity of expression.2) Avoid ambiguity.3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4) Be orderly.2. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? (P79) The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5)1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and theactual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, and the task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated with John Austin and aims to answer the question “Wh at do we do when using language”. First, he made a distinction between “constatives”（述事话语）and “performatives”（行事话语）. Later on, he set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is, The locutionary act（言内行为）----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.The illocutionary ac t（言外行为）----an act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.The perlocutionary act（言后行为）----an act performed by or resulting from saying something.6. Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following seemingly incoherent conversation between a couple:---- (the telephone rings)---- H: That’ the phone. (1)---- W: I’m in the bat hroom. (2)---- H: Okay. (3)This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts:(1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone.(2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead.(3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”7. What are the design features of language? What does each refer to? (P8-10)The most important five are: Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission.Each refers to the following respectively: ……………………… (答案略，参见课本P8-10)8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? (P23-24)A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.。

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