最新2019英语语言学期末试题练习+答案.docx

最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitionsin Column B.Column A1.最新 2019英语8.mistakes17.语言学期末试题9.interlanguage18.context练习 +答案10.motivation19.blendingngue11.arbitrariness20.culture3.suprasegmental feature12.21.learning strategies4.deep structure13.broad transcription22.selectional restrictions5.predication analysis14.morphology23.phrase structure rules6.idiolect15.category24.culture diffusion7.pidgin16.errors最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案A. Learners ’ indepentdesystem of the second language， which is of neither the nativelanguage nor the second language， but a continuum or approximation from his nativelanguage to the target language. 9B.Learner ’ s attitudes and affective state or learning drive， having a strong impact on hisefforts n learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people whospeak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H. They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.22I. The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s propertiessubcategorization.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words ， and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner ’conscious， goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q. .19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence， a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language12.U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W. They reflect gaps in a learner’ s knowledge of the target，languagenotself-corrigible.16X. They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word ， whose initial letter has been given.1. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user Competence’4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. Theyare said to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch ， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8. The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers， signifying such concepts as tense， number， case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier ， and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning ，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ， in the interpretation of meaning theyare linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12. The sense relation between“ animal” and“ dog” hyponymyiscalled____.13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “ World Health Organization Acronym”.17.According to Halliday ， language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called”， which is a “vfeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between autumn”“ and fall“” is calleds____. Synonym26. H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ， different words are identical in sound or spelling ， or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “ SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome ”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30. RP， the short form of“ R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ .Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics ， ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’，s point.e.，of howview the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental， voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat ， biteB. kill ， pillC. peak， pig，D. meat， seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words“ dead and alive” is called ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y:John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y:My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl ’ s classification of speech， actswhich of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I ’ m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “ Kodak ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27..B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’，s point.e.，ofhowviewa speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put ”requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv，. theThusprocess ofputting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called.A. categorization B . subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30. Which of the following words contains a front ， close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A . faster B. writer C. lovely D. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words borrow“ and lend ” is called ___.A. gradable antonyms B . relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37. According to Searl’ s classification of speech，actswhich of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D.I have never seen the man before.38.The word “ brunch ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense， number， gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45. There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B.[m]C.[b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52. When a child uses “ mummy” to refer to any woman ，most probably his “ mummy”means.A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult–MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day ， eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words“ north ” and“ south ” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in thepart of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the correspondingbracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general ， but not any particular language ， e.g. English ，Chinese， Arabic ， and Latin ， etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium ofhuman language. F3.In narrow transcription ， we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with thediacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches ， the longest established one ， and until recently the mosthighly developed ， is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “ seal in”the sentence “ theseal could not be found ”cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle ， the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims ， so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14. Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds ， language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20. According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children F’21.T22.According to Austin ， the performative utterance is used to perform an action， it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languagehas two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Whatare they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday ， what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94. Give a brief illustration to the“ semantic triangle” suggestedcharsby.P63Ogden-64 and Ri Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin ， what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1)He ated the cake yesterday.2)We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the chair.4)My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1.The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality ， which is governed by thegrammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes ， making a sentenceunacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated”and 2) has “will gone ”;3.But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions ， in other words， constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed ， yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example， as we can find in sentence 3) and4)， no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children ’s story and there is no redpears usually in the world. Therefore ， some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

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英语语言学期末试题练习答案

文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]英语语言学练习题I ∙ MatChingMatCh each Of the following terms in COlUmn A With One Of th©appropria te defi nit ions in COlUnIn B.COlUmn A1. displacement 10. motivation 19.blending2. IangUe 11.arbitrariness 20. CUItUre3. SUPraSegmentaI PetenCe 21. lea:Tningfeature 13. broad Strategies4. deep Strueture transcription 22.SeIeCtiOnaI5. PrediCatiOn 14.morphology restrictionsanalysis 15. CategOry 23.PhraSe Structure 6. idiolect 16. errors rules7・ Pidgin POnential 24.CUItUre8. IniStakeS analysis CIiffUSiOn9. interlanguage 18. COntextCOlUmn BA.LearnerS t independent SyStem Of the SeCOnd language, WhiChis Of neither the native IangUage nor the SeCOnd language, but a COntinUUnI Or approximation from his native IangUage to the target IangUage・9B.Learner, S attitudes and affective State Or Iearning drive,having a Strong impact On his efforts n Iearning a SeCOnelIangUage・21C.The rules that SPeCify the COnStituents Of SyntaCticCategories・ 23D.ThrOUgh COnlmUniCatiOnJ SOme el emen ts Of CUltUre A enter CUltUreB and become Part Of CUltUre B. 24E. A PerSOnaI dialect Of an individual SPeaker that COmbineSelements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS・6F. A SPeCiaI IangUage Variety that mixes Or blends IangUageS andit is USed by PeOPIe WhO SPeak different IangUageS for restricted PUrPOSeS SUCh as trading・7G.The kind Of analysis WhiCh involves the breaking down OfPrediCatiOnS into their COnStitUents ------- arguments andPrediCateS・ 5H.They refer to COnStraintS Orl What IeXiCaI items Can go WithWhat Others・22I.The StrUCture formed by the XP rule in accordance With the head' SSUbCategOriZatiOn PrOPertieS・ 4J. K. L. M. N. O.P. Q. R. S.T . U .V .W .X.The PhOnemiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Of the Segments. 3The StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSJ and the rules that govern the rule Of WOrd formation.The abstract IingUiStiCSPeeCh COnImUnity. 2 LangUage Can be USed immediate SitUatiOnS distinctive features Learner? S conscious,14SyStenl Shared by all the members Of arefer to COnteXtS removed from the theSPeaker・ It is One Of thehuman IangUage・ 1goal-oriented and PrObIenI-SOIVing basedtoOfOfefforts to achieve Iearning efficiency・10The total Way Of Iife Of a people, including the PatternS Of belief, CUStOmSJ ObjeCts, InStitUtions, IangUage that CharaCteriZeS the Iife Of 20The COnImOn knowledge Shared by both the 18techniques, and thehuman COnlmUnity.SPeaker and hearer.The Way Of WOrd formation by WhiCh new WOrdS may be formed by COmbining PartS Of Other WOrdS・ 19A group Of IingUiStic items WhiCh fulfill the Same Or SinliIar functions in a PartiCUIar language, SUCh as a sentence, a noun PhraSe Or a Verb・ 15A Way PrOPOSeCl by the StrUCtUraI SemantiCiStS to analyze WOrd meaning・ ThiS approach believes that the meaning Of a WOrd Can be dissected into meaning COmPOnents. 17The ideal USer, S knowledge Of the rules Of his IangUage・12 One Of the PrOPertieS Of human IangUage・ It means that there is no IOgiCal COnneCtiOn between meanings and SOUndS・ 11 A Way to transcribe SPeeCh SOUndS With letter-symbols only.13They reflect gaps In a Iearner, S knowledge Of the target IangUageJ not Self-COrrigibIe・16They reflect OCCaSiOnaI IaPSeS in PerfOrmanCe・ 8II ・ BIank-filling.FilI in the following blanks With a word, WhOSe initial Ietter has been given.1."A rose by any Other name WOUld SmelI as SWeet・” ThiSQUOtatiOn is a good illustration Of the a _______ nature OfIangUage・ Arbitrary2.The description Of a IangUage at SOme POint Of time inhistory is a SynChrOniC study; the description Of a IangUage as it ChangeS through time IS a d _________ StUdy. DiaChrOniC3.ChOmSky defines C _____ as the ideal user" S knowledge Of therules Of his language, and PerfOrmanCe the actual realization Of this knowledge in IingUiStic COmmUniCatiOrι. COmPetenCe4.In the PrOdUCtiOn Of VOWeIS the air Streain COlning from theIUngS meets With no o _____ ・ ThiS marks the essentialCIifferenCe between VOWeIS and COnSOnantS・ ObStrUCtiOn5.The different PhOneS that Can represent a PhOneme inCIifferent PhOnetiC environments are Called the a ______ Of the PhOneme・ AlIOPhOne6.AlIOPhOneS Of the Same PhOneme Cannot OCCUr in the SamePhOnetiC environment・ They are Said to be in C ______CIiStribUtiO n. COmPIeme nt ary7・ When pitch, Stress and SOUncl Iength are tied to the SentenCe rather than the WOrCl in ISOIation, they are COlIeCtiVeIy known as i ___________ ・IntOnation8.The m ____ Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed morpheme・MinimUln9.I ___ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostPart PUreIy grammatical markers, Signifying SUCh COnCePtS astense, number, CaSe and SO OrL InfIeCtiOnal10.PhraSeS that are formed Of more than One WOrd USUalIyCOntain three elements： head, SPeCifierJ and C ______ ・COmPlement11.COnCerning the StUdy Of meaning, COnCePtUaIiSt VieW holdsthat there IS no direct Iink between a IingUiStiC form and What it refers to; rather, in the interpretation Of meaning they are Iinked through the mediation Of C ________________ in the mind・COnCePt12.The SenSe relation between U animaI n and U dog v is CalIeclh ___ ・ hyponymy13.P ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that the Same WOrd may have aSet Of CIifferent meanings・ POIySemy14.What essentially distinguishes Semantics and PragmatiCS isWhether in the StUdy Of meaning the C _______ Of USe is takeninto COnSideratiOn. COntext15.S ___ refers to the IingUiStic Variety CharaCteriStiC Of aPartiCUIar SOCiaI ClaSS・ SOCiOIeCt16.WHO is an a ____ derived from the initials Of "World HeaIthOrganization v・ ACronynI17.ACCOrding to HalIiday, IangUage VarieS as its function VarieS: itCIifferS in different SitUatiOnS・ The type OfIangUage WhiCh IS SeIeCted as appropriate to the type OfSitUatiOn is a r _____ ・ RegiSter18. In CrOSS-CUItUral CommUniCation, SOme elements Of CUltUre Aenter CUltUre B and become Part Of CUItUre B, thus bringing aboUt the PhenOmenOn Of CUltUraI d ____________ ・ DiffUSiOn19. WhiIe the first IangUage is acquired S ______ J the SeCOnd Orforeign IangUage is more COnImOnIy Iearned COnSCiOUSIy ・SUbCOnSCiOUSIy20. LangUage a ______ refers to a natural ability forSeCOnd IangUage ・ ACqUiSition21. VibratiOn Of VOCaI COrdS results in a QUaIity OfSOUndS CalIed U V ________ " , WhiCh is a feature Of and SOme COnSOnantS in EngIiSh ・ VOiCe22. The PhOnenIiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Segment are CalIed S ____ features ・ SUPraSegmentaI23. MOrPhOIOgy refers to the StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSand rules for WOrel f ・ FOrnlatiOn24. The minimal Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed m ________ ・MOrPheme25. The SenSe relation between "autumn" and U fall n is CalIeclS ___ ・ SynOnym26. H ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that WOrdS having differentmeanings have the Same form, i ・ e. J different WOrdS areidentiCaI in SOUnd Or SPelIingJ Or in both. HOmOnymy27. In daily COnlmUniCation, PeOPIe do not always ObSerVe the fourmaxims Of the CO-OPeratiVe PrinCiPIe ・ COnVerSatiOnaIi ___ WOUld arise When the maxims are flouted ・ Implicature28. SARS is an a ____ derived from the initials Of U SeVere ACUteReSPiratOry SynClrOme M ・ Ac:TOnym29. I ___ is a PerSOnaI CIiaIeCt Of an individual SPeaker thatCOmbineS elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS ・ IdiOIeCt30. RP, the ShOrt form Of "R ______ PrOnUnCiatiOn n refers to thePartiCUIar Way Of PrOnOUnCing Standard EngIiSh ・ ReCeiVedIlL MUItiPle ChOiCe ・ChOOSe the best answer to the following items ・1. ___ is COnSidered to be the father Of modern IingUiStiCS ・A. N ・ ChOmSkyB. F. de SaUSSUreC. LeOnarCi BIOOInfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2・ In the SCOPe Of IingUiStics, _____ form the Part Of IangUageWhiCh IinkS together the SOUnd Pattern and meaning ・ SPeeCh all VOWeISOf theA. morphology and SyntaXB. PhOnetiCS and semanticsC. SemantiCS and SyntaX D ・ mo:TPhOlOgy and SemantiCSStUdieS the SOUndS from the hearer , S POint Of view, i ・ e. , how the SOUndS are PerCeiVed by the hearer ・A ・ auditory PhOnetiCS B. acoustic PhOnetics C. articulatory PhOneticsWhiCh Of the following WOrdS begins With a velar voiced StOP A.godB. bossC. COCkD. dog WhiCh Of the following WOrdS ends With a dentaL voiceless friestive _A. roseB. WaVeC. ClOthD. massage WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COrItains a back, open andunrounded VOWel _inflectional morphemes except ___ ・A. PaintSB. PaiIIterC.Painted D. Painting WhiCh Of the following WOrdS has more than three morphemesA.PSyChOPhySiCS B. boyfriends C. forefather D.undesirabilityThe Pair Of WOrdS "dead and alive ,t is CalIed ______ ・A. gradable antonymsB. relational OPPOSiteS C ∙comp 1 ©mentary BntonyinSWhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be Categorized asStyliStiC SynOnymS __A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggageX ： JOhn has given UP SmOking ・Y: JOhrl USed to SmOke ・The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _____ 3.4.5. 6. 7. & 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.A. god WhiCh Of A. [h] WhiCh OfB. boot the following B. Ek] the following B. kill, D. taskSOUnd _____D . T?FC. WaIk is NOt a Velar C. [g] is NOt a IninimaI Pair ____ PilI C. peak, pig,D. meat, Seat is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS ____ C. the D. theyA. bat, bite WhiCh Of the following A ・ emailB. but The Underlined morphemes in the following belong to theA・X βntails Y B. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is InCOnSiStent With Y X: My father has been to LOndOn.Y: My father has been to UK.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is inconsistent With Y16. When We ViOlate any Of the maxims Of CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie,OUr IangUage Inight become _____ ・A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirect D ・ UnClea:T17. ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCatiOn Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is an instance Of CIireCtiVeS ______A. I fire you!B. YOUr money Or your life!C. I'm SOrry for the mess I have made ・D ・ I have never Seen the man before ・imitation and habit formation ______ ・A. Th © behaviorist viewB. The InnatiSt VieWC. The interactionist VieWD. The COgrlitive theory23. WhiCh Of the following SentenCeS is an example OfOVergeneraliZatiOn _____ ・A. Jane told me to give UP SmOking ・B. Jane asked me to give UP SmOking ・C. Jane advised me to give UP SmOking ・D ∙ Jane suggested me to give UP smoking.24. WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forth by Dr.KraShen ____ ・A. CritiCaI PeriOd HyPOtheSiSB. InPUt HyPOtheSiSC. LangUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOthesisD. Sapir- WhOrf HyPOthesis25. WhO among the following IingUiSts PUt forward CO-OPeratiVethe following WOrdS is B. CraSh 18. WhiCh Of A ∙ t ΓΘΘ bang 19. The WOrd A. blend 20. WhiCh OfCIiPPing A. memo B. motel C. quake 21. ACCOrding to HalIiday, mode Of discourseOf COnImUniCatiOn. A. SUbjeCt B. role 22. WhiCh Of the following U KOdak n is a(n) _ B. COined WOrd entirely arbitraryC. tyPewriterD.C. CIiPPeel WOrd D ・ acronym the following WOrdS is NOt formed by means OfD. gym refersto theC. SitUation theories Of IangUage acquisition Iearning is SimPIy amatter Of D ∙ meansPrinCiPIeSA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YD. LeeCh26. WhiCh Of the following IingUiStS is the initiator Oftransformational generative grammarA. F. de SaUSSUreB. N. ChOmSkyC. G ・ LeeCh D ・ M ・A. K. HaIIiday27. When a ______ COmeS to be adopted by a POPUIatiOn as itsPrimary IangUage and Children Iearn it as their first language, it becomes __________________ ・B. A. CreOIe ・・・ Pidgin B.pidgin... CreOleC. C. regional dialect ・・・ SOCiOIeCtD.SOCiOIeCt ・・・ regional dialect28. ___ StUdieS the SOUndS from the SPeaker , S POint Of view,i. e ・, how a SPeaker USeS his SPeeCh OrganS to articulate SPeeCh SOUndS ・A. AUCIitOry PhOnetiCSB. ACOUStiC PhOnetiCS C ∙ Articulatory phon ©tics29. We know the Verb "put" requires an NP followed by a PP OrAdV ・ Thus, the PrOCeSS Of PUtting WOrdS Of the Same IeXiCaI CategOry into SmalIer CIaSSeS according to their SyntaCtiC CharaCteriStiC IS CalIeel ______ ・A. CategOriZatiOn B ∙ SUbCategorizationC. SyntaCtiC CategOrieS D ・ COOrdinatiOn30. WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COntainS a front, ClOSe andUnrOUnded VOWeI ___A. badB. bed C ∙ beat D ・ but31. The UnderIined morphemes in the following belong to the33. The Pair Of WOrdS U borrow and Iend M is CalIed __________A. gradable antonyms B ∙ rβlational opposites C.COmPIementary antonyms34. WhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be CategOriZed asCOlIOCatiOnaI SynOnymS _____A. torch & flashlight B ∙ Pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggage35. X: My SiSter WilI SOOn be divorced ・derivational morphemes A ∙ faster B. Writer32. WhiCh Of the following A. email B. but except ____ ・ C. IOVeIy D. ConVerSiOn is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS____ C. the D. theyA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YY: My SiSter IS a married WOlnan.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is ________C. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is inconsistent With Y36.X: JOhn married a blond heiress・Y: JOhn married a blond・The SentenCe relation between X and Y is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is COntradiCtOry With Y37.ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCation Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is NOt an instance Of directiVeS _______A.OPen the window!B.YOUr money Or your Iife!C.WOUId you Iike to go to the PiCniC With USD.I have never seen the man before.38.The WOrd "brunch” is a(n) _______ ・A∙ blend B. COined WOrd C. CIiPPed WOrel D・ acronym39.ACCOrding to HalIiday, field Of discourse refers to the OfCOmmUniCatiOn.A. SUbjeCt B・ role C. SitUatiOn D・ means40.There are different tyPeS Of affixes Or morphemes・ The affix "ed"in the WOrcl "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme D・ free form41.WhiCh Of the following theories Of IangUage acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically PrOgranlmed for IangUage and that the IangUage develops in the Child just as Otherbiological functions SUCh as WaIking ____________ ・A. The behaviorist VieWB∙ The innatist VieWC.The interactionist VieWD.The COgnitiVe theory42.The OPening between the VOCaI COrdS is SOmetimes referred toas ___ ■A. glottisB. VOCaI CaVityC. PharynXD. UVUIa43.WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forward by EriCLenneberg ___ ・A.ClritiCaI PeriOd HyPOthesisB.InPUt HyPOthesisngUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOtheSiSD.SaPir-WhOrf HyPOtheSiS44.MOrPhemeS that represent tense, number, gender and CaSe areCalIed ___ morpheme・A. infleCtiOnal B . free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the WOrd denationalizationA. threeB. four C∙ five D. SiXC. StatiCD. genetiCalIy transmitted47・ PitCh Variation is known as ____ When its Patterns areimposed On SentenCeS ・ A. intonation B. ton © C. PrOnUnCiatiOn D. VOiCe48. WhiCh One is different from the OtherS according to mannersOf articulation A. [z] 49. 21. WhiCh PIaCeS Of A. [n] B. [w] C. [e] D. [v]One is different from the OtherS according toarticulationB. [m]C. [b]D. [p]30. WhiCh VOWeI is CIifferent from the OtherS according to theCharaCteriStiCS Of VOWeISA. [i:] B ・[u] C. [e] D. [i]51. What kind Of SOUndS Can We make When the VOCaI COrdS areVibratingA. VOiCeleSSB. VoicedC. GlOttai StOPD.COnSOnant32. When a ChiId USeS U mummy n to refer to any WOmanJ mostPrObabIy his "mummy” means ___________ ・A. + HUmanB. + HUman + AdUItC. + HUman + AdUlt - MaIe D ・ + HUman + AClUIt 一 MaIe + Parent33. The UtteranCe "We're already WOrking 25 hours a day, eightdays a Week ・"ObViOUSIy ViOIateS the maxim Of _________ ・A. QUaIity B ∙ quantity C. relation D ・ manner34. The Pair Of WOrdS U nOrth n and U SOUth n is _____________ ・A. gradable OPPOSiteSB. relational OPPOSitesC. co-hyponymsD. SynOnymS35. W hiCh Of the following SentenCeS is NoT an example Of cross-associationA. Other / anotherB. InUCh / manyC. StaIagmite / StaIagtite D ∙ bow / bow36. _____ describes Whether a PrOPOSitiOn is true Or false ・A. TrUthB. TrUth ValUeC. Truth COndition D ・ FaISehOOel37. "John Sent Mary a POSt Card ・"is a CaSe OfA. One 一PlaCe PreeIiCatiOnB. two-place PrediCatiOnC. thτθθ-place predication D ・ no 一PIaCe PrediCatiOn58. ,,John killed BilI but BilI didn' t die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. PreSUPPOSitionC. anomaly D ・ COntradiCtiOn59. ____ refers to the PrOCeSS Whereby a WOrd is ShOrtenedWithOUt a Change in the meaning and in the Part Of SPeeCh ・46. LangUage isA. instinctiveB. non —instinctive60.A. BIenCIing B. Back-formation C. CIiPPing D. COnVerSiOn61.W hiCh Of the following aspects is NOT the COre Of the StUdy Ofgeneral IingUiStiCSA. SOUndB. StructureC. meaningD. applicationΓV. TrUe Of false judgment∙JUdge Whether the following Stat©ments are true Or false. Write T in the corresponding brack©t for a true Statement and F for a false one∙1.LingUiStiCS StUdieS IangUageS in general, but not anyPartiCUIar language, e. g・ English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.MOdern IingUiStics regards the Written IangUage as the natural OrPrimary medium Of human IangUage・ F3.In narrow transcription, We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS WithIetter-SymbOIS OnIy WhiIe in broad transcription We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS With Ietter-SymbOIS together With the CIiaCritiCS・T4.By diachronic StUdy We mean to StUdy the ChangeS and development OfIangUage・ TPIete homonyms are Often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three PhOnetics branches, the IOngeSt established one, andUntiI recently the most highly developed, is acoustic PhOnetiCS・ F 7・ The meaning Of the WOrd U SeaI M in the SentenCe "the SeaI COUld not be found v CannOt be determined UnIeSS the COnteXt in WhICh theSentenCe OCCUrS is restored・ T8.An InnatiSt VieW Of IangUage acquisition holds that human beingsare biologically PrOgranImecl for IangUage・ T9.ACCOrCIing to CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie, the COnVerSatiOnaIPartiCiPantS have to StriCtly ObSerVe the four maxims, SO that the COnVerSatiOn Can go On SUCCeSSfUlly. F10.T he Same WOrd may Stir UP different association In PeOPIe Underdifferent CUItUraI background・ T11.A ChiId WhO enters a foreign IangUage SPeeCh COmmUnity by the ageOf three Or four Can Iearn the new IangUage WithOUt the trace Of an accent・ T12.In COmmUniCatiOn it WilI never be the CaSe that What is grammaticalis not acceptable, and What is UngranlmatiCaI may not beinappropriate. F13.MOdern IingUiStics is mostly descriptive・ T14.SinCe there is no IOgiCaI COnneCtion between meanings and SOUnds,IangUage is absolUtely arbitrary. F13.VOWeIS may be distinguished as front, Central and back according tothe manner Of articulation. F16.APPIied IingUiStiCS is the application Of IingUiStIC PrinCiPIeS andtheories to IangUage teaching and Iearning・ F17.A PhOnOIOgiCaI feature Of the EngIiSh COmPOUndS IS that the StreSSOf the WOrCl always falls On the first element, and the SeCOnCl element receives SeCOndary StreSS・ F18.AlI the affixes belong to bound morphemes・ T19.A POIySenIiC WOrd is the result Of the evolution Of the Primarymeaning Of the WOrd・ T20.ACCOrCIing to the innatist VieW Of IangUage acquisition, OnIy Whenthe IangUage is modified and adjusted to the IeVeI Of Children t S COmPrehenSion, do they PrOCeSS and internalize the IangUage ItemS・F21.When a Child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a1anguage-specific CUItUre and becomes SOCiaIiZed In Certain WayS・T22.ACCOrCIing to Austin, the PerfOrmatiVe UtteranCe IS USed toPerfOriII an action, it also has truth VaIUe・ F23.Children Can Iearn their native IangUage WelI WheneVer they Startand WhateVer kinds Of IangUage SamPIeS they receive・ F24.DUaIity is One Of the CharaCteriStiCS Of human IangUage・ It refersto the fact that IangUage has two IeVelS Of StrUCtUreS: the SyStem Of SOUndS and the SyStenI Of meanings・ T25.LingUiStiC forms having the Same SenSe may have CIifferentreferences in different SitUatiOnS WhiIe IingUiStic forms With the Same reference always have the Same SenSe・ FV. Give a ShOrt answer to each Of the following quβstiOns∙1.SenSe and reference are two terms Often encountered in the StUdy OfWOrd meaning・ What are they and how are they related to each Other P662.ACCOrcIing to HalIiday, What is register What are the SOCiaIVariabIeS that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features Of human IangUage that essentially makeit different from Other animal COnImUniCation SyStems P8- 94.GiVe a brief illustration to the U SemantiC triangle n SUggeSted byOgden and RiChardS・ P63~64VL ESSay question.1.ACCOrding to AUStin, What are the three acts a PerSOn is POSSibIyPerfOrnling WhiIe making an UtteranCe GiVe an example toillustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims Of the CP IlIUSt:Tate With examples howflouting these maxims gives rise to COnVerSational ImplicatureP85-883.PIeaSe ObSerVe the following SentenCeS: all Of them are IIOt WelIformed・ What rules does each Of the following SentenCeS ViOIate And What are the two aspects in terms Of Sentence meaning PIeaSe IlIUStrate briefly.1)He ated the Cake yesterday.2)We WilI gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the Chair・4)My favorite fruit is red PearS・Pleas© take a IOOk at the seetion 5.5. 2 (page 73) to thefirst ParagraPh On page 74∙1.The meaning Of SentenCe is not the SUm total Of the meanings Ofall ItS COmPOnentS・ And it includes both grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning・2.The grammatical meaning Of a SentenCe refers to itsgrammaticality, WhiCh is governed by the grammatical rules Of the IangUage・ Any ViOlatiOn Can result in mistakes, making a SentenCe UnaCCePtable・SUCh as SentenCe 1) has a WrOng WOrd "ated” and 2) has U WilI gone,,;3.BUt grammatically WelI-formed SentenCeS Can StilI beUnaCCePtabIe because Whether a Sentence is SemantiCalIy meaningful is decided by rules CalIeel SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions, in Otherwords, COnStraints On What IeXiCaI items Can go With What others・SOme SerItences may be grammatically WelI-formed, yet they may not be SemantiCalIy meaningful because they COntain WOrdS WhiCh are not SUPPOSed to go together・ For example, as We Can find inSentence 3) and 4), no table WOUId intend to marry the ChairUnIeSS in a children1 S StOry and there is no red PearS USUalIy in the WOrIcl・ Therefore, SOme SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions have been ViOIa ted.。

成人教育《英语语言学》期末考试复习题及参考答案

一、单项选择题1.The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same company.DA、would not workB、will not workC、does not workD、did not work2.Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on.BA、informedB、informed ofC、to be informedD、to be informed of3.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.CA、to goB、goingC、to goingD、of going4.____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.AA、To becomeB、One becomesC、Becoming ofD、Who becomes5.All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week.DA、had fulfilledB、having fulfilledC、were fulfilledD、having been fulfilled6.Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground.AA、did Peter arrive atB、Peter arrived atC、didn’t Peter arrive atD、Peter didn’t arrive at7.I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________.DA、had toB、might have toC、have hadD、should have8.I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it.BA、whomeverB、whoeverC、some oneD、anyone9.The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had something important to do.DA、whichB、for thatC、becauseD、why10.Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves.CA、then we won’tB、but we won’tC、or we willD、and we will11.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night.CA、at lengthB、in fullC、on endD、in time12.I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child.AA、but I used toB、I used toC、but I used to doD、I used to do13.Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____. DA、onlyB、aloneC、loneD、lonely14.I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____.AA、faintB、foggyC、transparentD、misty15. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture.AA、typical ofB、consistent withC、famous forD、subject to16.Jack is very ____ about wines.BA、awareB、knowledgeableC、learnedD、informed17.As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian.AA、fluencyB、clarityC、coherenceD、excellency18.It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country.CA、such nic e a dayB、such nice dayC、so nice a dayD、so nice day19.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.DA、will workB、have been workingC、have workedD、will have been working20.Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years.AA、has been doneB、was doneC、have been doneD、were done21.The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into when reading. CA、look overB、look throughC、look upD、look into22.When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance.AA、give upB、give outC、give inD、give away23.His speech was warmly received. It was several minutes before the applause _______.AA、died downB、died ofC、died outD、died off24.Mr. Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field.CA、thisB、thatC、itD、these25.In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengers at least.。

大学语言期末考试题及答案

大学语言期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“大学”的英文翻译？A. Middle SchoolB. High SchoolC. UniversityD. Elementary School答案：C2. “语言”在英语中通常指的是：A. CountryB. LanguageC. CityD. Culture答案：B3. “期末考试”在英文中通常被称为：A. Final ExamB. Midterm ExamC. Written TestD. Oral Test答案：A4. “阅读理解”在英语学习中是指：A. Reading ComprehensionB. Listening ComprehensionC. Writing ComprehensionD. Speaking Comprehension答案：A5. “词汇量”在英语中可以表达为：A. VocabularyB. LexiconC. DictionaryD. Glossary答案：A6. “语法”的正确英文翻译是：A. GrammarB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：A7. 下列哪个短语表示“完成作业”？A. Do homeworkB. Make homeworkC. Finish homeworkD. Complete homework答案：D8. “图书馆”在英语中通常指的是：A. LibraryB. BookstoreC. Reading RoomD. Classroom答案：A9. “论文”在学术英语中通常指的是：A. EssayB. ThesisC. ReportD. Article答案：B10. “口语”在英语中可以表达为：A. OralB. SpokenC. VerbalD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The _________ (大学) is a place where students can study and live.答案：University12. To improve your _________ (语言) skills, you should practice speaking regularly.答案：Language13. Many students feel stressed before the _________ (期末考试).答案：Final Exam14. In an English class, you might be asked to write an_________ (论文) on a specific topic.答案：Thesis15. When learning a new language, expanding your _________(词汇量) is essential.答案：Vocabulary16. The teacher asked the students to _________ (完成) their homework before the next class.答案：Complete17. You can find a wide range of books in a(n) _________ (图书馆).答案：Library18. The _________ (语法) section of the language test is often challenging for many students.答案：Grammar19. An _________ (阅读理解) exercise usually involves readinga passage and answering questions about it.答案：Reading Comprehension20. Public _________ (口语) is an important skill for effective communication.答案：Spoken三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，并回答问题。

(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))

I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular lan guage, not lan guages in gen eral.3. A scie ntific study of lan guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on lan guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of lan guage as a whole.6. Gen eral li nguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and me thods applicable in any lin guistic study.7. Pho netics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be comb ined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syn tax is differe nt from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in lan guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both sema ntics and pragmatics study meanin gs.13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolati on, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about lan guage cha nges.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar.18. A diachro nic study of lan guage is the descripti on of lan guage at s ome point in time.19. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as primary, not the writte n lan guage.20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was propo sed by F. de Saussure.n . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee as the ideal user ' ___________of the rules of his lan guage.22. Lan gue refers to the a ________ lin guistic system shared by allthe members of a speech commu nity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D ________ is one of the desig n features of huma n lan guage which refers to the phe nomenon that lan guage con sists of two levels: alower level of mea nin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of me anin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of w ords into permissible senten ces in lan guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for lan guage has a g ____ basis, but the details of lan guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ______ refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use.28. Findings in lin guistic studies can ofte n be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gene rally known as a __________ lin guistics.29. Lan guage is p _________ in that it makes possible the con struction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, th ey can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentenc es which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s _____ study of lan guage.ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:31. If a lin guistic study describes and an alyzes the lan guage people a ctually use, it is said to be _______ .A. prescriptiveB. an alyticC. descriptiveD. li nguistic32. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n lan guage ?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as ____ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______ .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount ofin formati on con veyedC. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires h ismother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a ______ study of Ian guage.A. syn chro nicB. diachro nicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of Ian guage, while Chomsky lo oks at Ian guage from a ______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological …sociologicalC. applied …pragmaticD. semantic …linguistic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech com muni ty.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Language38. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne eti on betwee n _____ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the im mediate situati ons of the speaker. This feature is called ______ ,A. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any lan guage system is passed on from one gener ati on to the n ext through _____ , rather tha n by in st in ct.A. learni ngB. teachi ngC. booksD. both A and BIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics42. Phon ology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholi nguistics46. Language47. Pho netics48. Morphology49. Sema ntics50. Socioli nguistics51. Applied Lin guistics52. Arbitrari ness53. Productivity54. Displaceme nt55. Duality56. Desig n Features57. Compete nee58. Performa nee59. Lan gue60. ParoleSuggested an swers to suppleme ntary exercises:I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. FII. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. Fn . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.42. Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n com muni cati on is called pho no logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined t o form senten ces is called syn tax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholi nguistics.46. Lan guage: Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm uni cati on is called phon etics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arra n ged to form words is called morphology.49. Sema ntics: The study of meaning in lan guage is called sema ntics.50. Socioli nguistics: The study of lan guage with reference to society i s called socioli nguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to the applicati on of lin guistic prin ciples and theories to lan guage teach ing and lear ning, especially the teach ing of foreig n and sec ond langu ages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicati on of lin guistic finding s to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of lan guage. It mea ns that there is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-structi on and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that lan guage can be used to refer to thi ngs which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined m atters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the i mmediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality n ature of lan guage means that lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of huma n lan guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on57. Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user 'n owledge of the rules of his lan guage,58. Performanee: performanee is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. la ngue: Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven tions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use; pa role is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to situ atio n.。

(完整word版)[资料]英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案-副本

英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题I.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets。

(2%X10=20％）1。

Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky's are very similar，but they differ in that ____________。

A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point ofviewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point ofviewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D。

Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2。

Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnatural B。

artificialC。

superficial D。

arbitrary3。

We are born with the ability to acquire language，_______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore，we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongueC。

19级英语期末试题及答案

19级英语期末试题及答案第一部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A根据最新研究，微睡一下可能实实在在地改善人们的工作效率。

研究人员盯住25名18岁至64岁的参与者，在实验开始时以及临近午觉前和午觉后三小时进行认知测试。

结果显示，小睡可能提高注意力、反应时间和工作记忆。

小睡的定义是在一天的时间里，在各种类别中到进入睡眠阶段之前的那段时间内容许的短暂休息。

这段时间一般持续10到30分钟，部分人甚至到1小时。

考虑到大部分员工只能"迷迷糊糊"地度过整整一天时间，专家普遍推崇小睡使用。

然而，困扰着政府和企业主的一个问题是，小睡利益是否会显著大于其成本。

人们在工作时如果持续认真和精神矍铄将能完成更多任务，而且在短时间内也不会感到显著的困倦。

不幸的是，这个观点找不到令人信服的科学证据支持。

有人据此提出了一个问题：尽管更多员工认为小睡会提高效率，但是政府和企业主接受这个观点，并实际对此进行规定的可能性如何？研究人员发起了一项为期30分钟的小睡计划，从去年一年的夏天开始。

他们报告说，假期中的小睡计划为两周或两周以上，在其推行周期内其在公司的时间持续至少四周，每周进行两至三次。

然而，研究人员没有在这个周期中记录到任何结果。

因此我们尚没有证据证明，小睡或许能改善工作效率。

1. According to the research, a nap can ________.A. improve people's work efficiencyB. make people lose attentivenessC. lead to poor memoryD. increase sleep disorders2. A nap, according to experts, would typically last ________.A. less than an hourB. about 90 minutesC. over 2 hoursD. as long as 10 hours3. What hinders government and employers from accepting the benefitsof napping?A. The lack of scientific evidenceB. The high costs of nappingC. The absence of employee interestsD. The opposition from researchers4. How long did the researchers study the nap plan?A. 10 weeksB. Less than a monthC. Over 2 monthsD. Two yearsBGlobal warming is a major environmental issue that affects the world we live in. One of the main causes of global warming is human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels (石化燃料) such as oil, coal and natural gas. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The gases trap heat from the sun and cause the earth's temperature to rise. This rise in temperature is known as global warming.Global warming affects the climate in various ways. The increased temperature affects Earth's natural system, leading to melting ice caps and glaciers (冰川). As a result, sea levels are rising, with the potential to cause flooding in lower-lying coastal areas. Rising sea levels also cause the loss of coastal wetlands, which are important habitats for wildlife.Global warming also affects weather patterns, causing more intense and frequent hurricanes, droughts and heatwaves. These extreme weather events can have devastating effects on communities, destroying homes, businesses and infrastructure. For example, in recent years, hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy have caused billions of dollars' worth of damage in the United States.1. According to the passage, one main cause of global warming is________.A. the rise of sea levelsB. the release of greenhouse gasesC. the increase in hurricane numbersD. the destruction of coastal wetlands2. What does the underlined phrase "coastal wetlands" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Raised land around the coastB. Low-lying areas near the coastC. Ice caps and glaciersD. Habitats for wildlife near the coast3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A. Flooding in coastal areasB. Damage from hurricanesC. Outbreaks of infectious diseasesD. Loss of coastal wetlands4. According to the passage, the intensification of extreme weather events results from ________.A. the rise in sea levelsB. the burning of fossil fuelsC. the release of greenhouse gasesD. the loss of coastal wetlandsCOnline shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years. It offers convenience and 24/7 accessibility. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to online shopping.One of the big advantages of online shopping is the ability to shop from the comfort of your own home. You no longer have to drive to a crowded mall or worry about finding a parking spot. With just a few clicks, you can browse through hundreds of products and easily compare prices and features. This saves you both time and money.Another advantage is the wide variety of products available online. You can find almost anything you're looking for without having to visit multiple stores. Furthermore, many online stores offer customer reviews, which can help you make informed decisions about the products you want to buy.Despite its advantages, online shopping also has its drawbacks. One major drawback is the inability to physically see and touch the products before purchasing. This means you can't try on clothes or test out electronics before buying them. Additionally, there is the risk of fraud and scams when making online purchases.1. What is one of the advantages of online shopping?A. The ability to shop outdoors.B. The convenience of trying on clothes.C. The chance to directly compare prices.D. The opportunity to meet new people.2. According to the text, what can customer reviews help you with?A. Avoiding crowded malls.B. Finding parking spots.C. Making informed decisions.D. Saving time and money.3. What is a drawback of online shopping?A. The availability of a wide variety of products.B. The ability to test out items before buying them.C. The risk of fraud and scams.D. The chance to physically see and touch products.4. What does the word "drawbacks" in Paragraph 3 mean?A. AdvantagesB. LimitationsC. FeaturesD. Strategies第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

(完整word版)语言学试题与答案

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, forexample, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherentmeaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relationto the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy37.homophones pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings ofall its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument 20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning.It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states thelogical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains twoarguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning a nd semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in themeaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, it may or may notneed repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classifysynonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For exam ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to theword "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。

英语语言学期末考试题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2.5%×10=25%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physicalarticulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Short answer questions(15%x3=45%)1. what features of language do you think should be included in agood, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system.Language is basically vocal.Language is arbitrary.Language is used for human communication.2. what are the major individual factors for SLA?The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.the rate and ultimate success in SLA are also affected by individual learner factors.(1)The early years of one’s life before puberty;(2)They must have strong motivation, instrumental or integrative;(3)The extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community, that is , acculturation.(4)Learner’s personality.3.State briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study?⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes.⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner.⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(i.e. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it laterIII. Text Analysis (10%x3=30%)Read the following passage and answer the questions in your answer sheet.About one of man’s frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.”This observation is related to a principle by which I try (without always succeeding) to live. I believein living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anything in the only reality I know. It is futile to dwell on the past. What existed or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may now bring profound and precious memories; but the past is dead, and it is not healthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghosts. The past may also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deeds that “cannot be undone,”of sad words like “might have been.”However, it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relived or repaired. It is unproductiveself-punishment. The past must be kept in its place, outlived and outgrown.It is also useless to worry about the future. Why fly to heaven before it is time? What anxious visions haunt the person who thinks too much about the future? He may envision the horrible mushroom cloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the overpopulated, abused earth gone dead. He may imagine his own life going awry, appointments missed; advancements given to someone else; his house burned to the ground; his love lost; everything in his life as in a nightmare, slipping away from him. There is no end to the disasters a person can worry about when he focuses anxiously on the future. There are events in his future, including his own demise, over whichhe has little or no control, but he can ruin his life worrying about them. There are some disasters he may be able to prevent, but he must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying about the future.The present moment, which is even now moving into the past, is the reality I know, and I don't want to miss it. The wild-cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even my sore throat and back-ache have meaning. The cool night air, the crackling noises of my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching -- these, are the tangible realities I can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, the warm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are the realities of other people and of all life on this earth, which matters to me now, not at some past or future time.Everyone needs a sense of history, I think, particularly a feeling for his own roots, but history needs to keep its distance to be appreciated. It is also vital to have some sense of direction, which means making plans for the future but not becoming preoccupied with them. What is most important, I believe, is living in the present, that is, being alive now.Questions:What is the thesis statement in the passage? (5 points) How does the writer develop his ideas in this passage? (10 points)Please comment on one of the author’s views. (10 points)。

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