The_Call_of_the_Wild_哲学
（英语毕业论文）论劳伦斯《虹》里三代女性的爱情观
（英语毕业论文）论劳伦斯《虹》里三代女性的爱情观第一篇：(英语毕业论文)论劳伦斯《虹》里三代女性的爱情观英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作从加菲猫看美国新个人主义价值观2 英语中的性别歧视The Exploration of Black Female Characters in Toni Morrison’s Novels A Study of Beauty in Sound, Form and Meaning Displayed in Zhang Peiji’s Prose Translation 5 分析阿加莎克里斯蒂在其侦探小说《阳光下的罪恶》中的写作手法 6 初中生英语自主学习能力培养的研究 Angelic devil: an analysis of the image of Catherinein Wuthering Heights 8 从《傲慢与偏见》和《理智与情感》探索简奥斯丁实用爱情观9 呼啸山庄之人性的泯灭约翰斯坦贝克女性观流变初探A Comparative Study of Female Consciousness between Wang Anyi’s Everlasting Regret and Virgina Woolf’s Mrs.Dalloway 12 高中英语教学过程中实施情感教育的研究从《老人与海》看海明威小说中的英雄式人物的刻画 14 析《苔丝》中的象征意义15 浅析中西方饮食文化差异从《野性的呼唤》浅析杰克伦敦的哲学思想及其哲学倾向17 Irony Art in Orwell’s Animal Farm 爱伦坡短片小说“美女之死”主题研究19 英汉动物词汇隐喻的跨文化研究20 论奥斯卡.王尔德的唯美主义从认知角度看“水”的一词多义现象 22 英汉爱情隐喻对比研究 23 谈呼啸山庄的复仇主题基于中西文化差异的翻译策略研究25 中西文化差异引起的语义歧义从精神分析法解读《追风筝的人》的主题27 中国茶文化与西方咖啡文化的对比分析 28 《名利场》中蓓基人物形象分析 29 主位推进模式在语篇翻译中的应用 30 对《别对我说谎》中非言语因素的分析31 从模因论视角看年度流行语“给力”从功能对等的角度浅析汉语成语中数字的翻译 33 肯德基在中国的成功之道 34 马丁伊登的自杀根由对中式菜名英译的试探性研究试论商务英语与普通英语的异同——商务英语书面语的特点37 从主人公的悲剧命运看《推销员之死》的现实意义 38 论中西文化的差异对习语翻译的影响 39 从功能对等角度分析英文电影片名汉译A Comparative Study Between the Novel To Kill A Mockingbird and Its Film Adaptation 41 政治委婉语的取效性行为分析英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）从林语堂所译《浮生六记》看文化负载词翻译 43 麦都思眼中的中国宗教形象A Brief Study of Chinglish in C-E Translation 45 英语电影片名翻译策略研究 46 《红与黑》中司汤达的爱情观从功能翻译理论看科技英语与科普英语的汉译 48 试论用英语电影进行英语文化教学 49 探究汉英翻译的中式英语现象 50 《他们眼望上苍》中的女性主义 51 浅析跨文化交际中的中英社交称谓A Contrastive Study on Traditional Festivals in Chinese and Western Cultures—from the Perspective of the Disparity between Spring Festival and Christmas Day 53 英语专业新生英语阅读习惯调查 54 透析《劝导》中的新女性形象论罗伯特.佩恩.沃伦《国王的人马》中对真理与自我认知的追求56 《大衣》中定语从句的翻译策略57 英语报刊新闻标题的特点及解读从社会语用学角度分析《雷雨》中的称谓语 59 《沙漠之花》的女性主义研究欲望与死亡——对马丁伊登的精神分析61 如何激发初中生的英语学习兴趣 62 从自然主义视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》 63 狄更斯《双城记》中的人道主义思想 64 跨文化视角下的中美社交礼仪的对比研究The Implication of Edna Pontellier’s Self-awareness in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening 66 《汤姆·索亚历险记》中所反映的社会问题 67 关于高中英语课堂内自主学习的思考 68 论英语课堂教学中的非语言交际寻找自我——从女性意识角度解读《觉醒》唯美主义与奥斯卡.王尔德的《道林.格雷的画像》71 从服饰看中西方文化差异与融合 72 对《红字》中完美人性的求索－－浅析海斯特与丁梅斯代尔的自我思想较量与精神升华 73 简析比喻在《围城》中的运用 74 论小组学习在英语教学中的应用 75 商标翻译中的功能对等性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究 77 英汉“去除”类运动事件表达异同的对比研究78 Cooperative Learning in English Interpretation Class 79 《高老头》主人公人物性格分析Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies 81 中美时间观差异对跨文化交际的影响 82 从关联理论看英文电影字幕翻译中的减译An Analysis of David Copperfield’s Dual Characte r浅论影视字幕翻译中的归化与异化——以《老友记》为例英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）论《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人文化传统Love under Asceticism in The Scarlet Letter and The Thorn Birds 87 论男权主义在圣经语言中的体现《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公比较分析 89 超音段特征对意义的影响“垮掉的一代”形成的背景探析Aesthetic Arts in Allan Poe’s Poetr y—An Analysis of Israfel and Annabel Lee 92 支付宝-淘宝的成功之道英语文学课外学习活动组织方式的探讨 94 英文电影片名翻译中的归化与异化策略被压抑的堕落的人性——《包法利夫人》女主人公性格分析96 商务信函的写作原则与技巧Translation of Tourism English in a Cross-Cultral Perspective98 论田纳西.威廉斯《欲望号街车》中的逃遁主义A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference toChangan & Ford Motor Company 100 英语体育新闻的翻译从功能派翻译理论的角度看商标名称的英译重压之下的人之风采——以海明威《老人与海》为例 103 浅谈英语科技文献汉译时应注意的几个方面104 商务英语中含蓄否定句的研究挣扎与妥协——浅析达洛维夫人的内心矛盾 106 论流行网络词汇的汉英翻译凯瑟琳曼斯菲尔德小说中的旅行主题分析108 黑人英语与非裔美国黑人文化的研究 109 论《呼啸山庄》中的象征主义运用 110 浅谈在华跨国公司的本土化策略 111 中西方酒店文化比较与探讨追求自由与理想的珍妮—从女性主义视角解读电影《阿甘正传》女主角A Freudian Psychoanalytical Interpretation of Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights 114 李安电影中的文化融合现象中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响从《汤姆索亚历险记》中分析马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法117 初中英语课堂教学现状调查A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 119 《大地》中的儒家思想比较《基督山伯爵》和《连城诀》复仇的异同121 汉英“眼”概念隐喻的对比研究A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 123 量词“片”与“piece”的语法化对比研究 124 从关联理论看美剧典故的翻译解析电影《黑暗骑士》中的美国个人英雄主义126 论《推销员之死》中的父子关系英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）《鲁滨逊漂流记》“星期五”被殖民化分析A Comparative Study of Chinese and French HigherEducation 129 论《劝导》中女性角色的地位130 On Feminism in Persuasion 131 A Study of Humor in Films and TV Series Subtitles and Its Translation 132英汉称呼语的对比研究Feminist Consciousness Shown on Scarlett O'Hara Impacts upon Today's Female 135 广告英语的修辞特点分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法On the Female Character During the War Through A Farewell to Arms 138 论《追风筝的人》中父子关系的心理剖析 139 从语言角度看中英广告翻译中的文化差异非传统式英雄——从女性主义批评角度看《名利场》141 浅析《道林.格雷的画像》中的女性形象142 论本杰明.富兰克林《自传》中的美国精神 143 民族文化差异与广告语言创意从翻译审美分析食品品牌名称翻译的原则及策略《等待戈多》中的矛盾分析-分裂的语言与互补的人物 146 从文化的角度理解《喜福会》中的母女关系147 分析西方末世论在美国电影中的体现 148 Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing 149 英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究研究简奥斯汀的婚姻观－－-根据分析她的著作《傲慢与偏见》151 外教在英语口语教学中的作用 152 广告中的视觉隐喻及其解读153 论电影翻译中的创造性叛逆——以《肖申克的救赎》为例154 鲁滨逊荒岛生存技能的分析 155 论商务谈判中的文化因素 156 中式英语成因之分析157 马克·吐温的短篇小说的文体分析158 Perseverance in Belief—On the Death of Martin Eden 159 从任务型教学模式谈英语课堂沉默现象的预防策略 160 对狄金森诗歌中四个主题的分析161 论《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》中的悲剧之源 162 高中英语写作作业的反馈及实施效果163 A Reflection upon American Heroism Based on Reviewsof Hollywood Movies 164 刍议美国情景喜剧中的美国俚语165 礼貌原则在英汉语言文化差异中的应用 166 英汉委婉语的跨文化对比研究 167 Preciseness of Legal English 168 中美时间观的文化差异 169 背诵在英语学习中的作用170 从跨文化交际角度看中西方商务谈判英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）171 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中玛姬的性格 172 中学英语教育中的情感教育173 从《画皮》及《暮色》比较分析中西人鬼文化 174 海明威在《永别了，武器》中的反战情绪175 从唯美主义的角度论《道林.格蕾的画像》中的主要人物176 英文中“and”的用法及译法探析 177 《老人与海》的家园意识178 浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽的三次婚姻 179 《红字》中人性的罪恶与光辉 180 《夜莺颂》的翻译技巧探究181 An Analysis of The Call of the Wild from the Perspective of Existentialism 182 从认知语境角度探究社交语用失误的原因183 论《牧师的黑面纱》中的宗教讽刺184 跨文化交际视角下沉默行为的解析 185 对美国总统就职演说的文体分析 186 对意象翻译的初步研究187 从华裔女性文学看东西方女性主义的发展与融合——以华裔女作家林湄及其作品《天望》为例188 从《永别了，武器》看海明威的战争观 189 外语学习焦虑与口语成绩的相关性研究190 从时代背景看《唐璜》中个人主义到人道主义的升华191 《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘的一代”人物分析192 从“礼貌原则”看中国学习者在跨文化交际中的语用失误——以“please”为例 193 文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响194 黑人社区的替罪羊－－论托尼.莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人小女孩佩科拉 195 《呼唤》中倒装句汉译策略研究 196 论英语无灵句与汉语有灵句的互译197 从常见的中英文名字比较中英两国命名文化差异 198 小议非语言交际中的身体语言199 Financial Translation Industrialization 200 英汉称赞语回应的对比研究第二篇：论简爱与现代女性爱情观比较,开题报告中文系毕业论文开题报告题目：简·爱与现代女性爱情观比较开题时间：2012年1月一、选题意义（一）研究的现状综述简·爱已成为唯美爱情的一个典型，是世界文学研究领域方面一个引人注目的方面。
高一英语哲学思想单选题30题
高一英语哲学思想单选题30题1.The pursuit of truth is like a journey. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to “truth”?A.factB.opinionC.illusionD.fiction答案：A。
fact 意为事实，与truth（ 真理）的意思最为接近。
opinion 是观点，illusion 是幻觉，fiction 是小说，都与truth 相差较远。
2.“Wisdom is knowing what to do next. ”What is the opposite of wisdom?A.ignoranceB.confidenceC.courageD.patience答案：A。
ignorance 是无知，与wisdom（ 智慧）相反。
confidence 是自信，courage 是勇气，patience 是耐心，都不是wisdom 的反义词。
3.Moral principles guide our actions. Which of the following is an example of a moral principle?A.PunctualityB.HonestyC.CreativityD.Intelligence答案：B。
honesty（ 诚实）是一种道德原则。
punctuality 是守时，creativity 是创造力，intelligence 是智力，都不是道德原则。
4.“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” Who said this quote?A.SocratesB.PlatoC.AristotleD.Confucius答案：A。
这句话是苏格拉底说的。
柏拉图、亚里士多德和孔子都没有说过这句话。
野性的呼唤(英文版) PPT
the United States
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The Call of the Wild: Background
In August 1896, gold was discovered in Rabbit Creek in the Yukon Territory of western Canada.
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The Call of the Wild: Background When news of the find reached the United States, the Klondike gold rush was on.
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The Call of the Wild: Background
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Major Works
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大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
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Major Works
•The People of the Abyss(1903) 深渊中的人们 • The Call of the Wild(1903) 野性的呼唤 • The Sea Wolf(1904) 海狼 • White Fang(1906) 白牙 • Love of Life (1907) 热爱生命 •The Iron Heel(1908) 铁蹄 • Martin Eden(1909) 马丁.伊登 • The Valley of the Moon(1912) 月谷 • The Star Rover(1915) 星游人 • The Little Lady of the Big House(1916)大屋里的小妇人
The Son of the Wolf(1900)
writer
reporter
died from a gastrointestinal of uremia (尿毒 症)though it was widely supposed that he committed suicide.(at 40)
The Call of the Wild(野性的呼唤)
The Call of the Wild1 To the northBuck did not read the newspapers．He did not know that trouble was coming for every big dog in California．Men had found gold in the Yukon，and these men wanted big，strong dogs to work in the cold and snow of the north．Buck lived in Mr. Miller's big house in the sunny Santa Clara valley．There were large gardens and fields of fruit trees around the house，and a river nearby．In a big place like this，of course，there were many dogs．There were house dogs and farm dogs，but they were not important．Buck was chief dog；he was born here，and this was his place ．He was four years old and weighed sixty kilos ．He went swimming with Mr. Miller's sons，and walking with his daughters ．He carried the grandchildren on his back，and he sat at Mr. Miller's feet in front of the fire in winter．But this was 1897，and Buck did not know that men and dogs were hurrying to north-west Canada to look for gold．And he did not know that Manuel，one of Mr. Miller's gardeners，needed money for his large family．One day，when Mr. Miller was out，Manuel and Buck left the garden together．It was just an evening walk，Buck thought．No one saw them go，and only one man saw them arrive at the railway station．This man talked to Manuel，and gave him some money ．Then he tied a piece of rope around Buck's neck．Buck growled，and was surprised when the rope was pulled hard around his neck．He jumped at the man．The man caught him and suddenly Buck was on his back with his tongue out of his mouth．For a few moments he was unable to move，and it was easy for the two men to put him into the train．When Buck woke up，the train was still moving．The man was sitting and watching him，but Buck was too quick for him and he bit the man's hand hard．Then the rope was pulled again and Buck had to let go．That evening，the man took Buck to the back room of a bar in San Francisco．The barman looked at the man's hand and trousers covered in blood．‘How much are they paying you for this？’he asked．‘I only get fifty dollars．’‘And the m an who stole him—how much did he get？’ asked the barman．‘A hundred．He wouldn't take less．’‘That makes a hundred and fifty．It's a good price for a dog like him ．Here，help me to get him into this．’They took off Buck's rope and pushed him into a wooden box．He spent the night in the box in the back room of the bar．His neck still ached with pain from the rope，and he could not understand what it all meant ．What did they want with him，these strange men？And where was Mr. Miller？The next day Buck was carried in the box to the railway station and put on a train to the north．For two days and nights the train travelled north，and for two days and nights Buck neither ate nor drank．Men on the train laughed at him and pushed sticks at him through the holes in the box．For two days and nights Buck got angrier and hungrier and thirstier．His eyes grew red and he bit anything that moved．In Seattle four men took Buck to a small，high－walled back garden，where a fat man in an old red coat was waiting．Buck was now very angry indeed and he jumped and bit at the sides of his box．The fat man smiled and went to get an axe and a club．‘Are you going to take him out now？’ asked one of the men．‘Of course，’ answered the fat man，and he began to break the box with his axe．Immediately the four other men climbed up onto the wall to watch from a safe place．As the fat man hit the box with his axe，Buck jumped at the sides，growling and biting，pulling with his teeth at the pieces of broken wood．After a few minutes there was a hole big enough for Buck to get out．‘ Now，come here，red eyes，’ said the fat man，dropping his axe and taking the club in his right hand．Buck jumped at the man，sixty kilos of anger，his mouth wide open ready to bite the man's neck．Just before his teeth touched the skin，the man hit him with the club．Buck fell to the ground．It was the first time anyone had hit him with a club and he did not understand．He stood up，and jumped again．Again the club hit him and he crashed to the ground．Ten times he jumped at the man，and ten times the club hit him．Slowly he got to his feet，now only just able to stand．There was blood on his nose and mouth and ears．Then the fat man walked up and hit him again，very hard，on the nose．The pain was terrible．Again，Buck jumped at the man and again he was hit to the ground．A last time he jumped，and this time，when the man knocked him down，Buck did not move．‘He knows how to teach a dog a lesson，’ said one of the men on the wall．Then the four men jumped down and went back to the station．‘His name is Buck，’said the fat man to himself，reading the letter that had come with the box．‘Well，Buck，my by，’he said in a friendly voice，‘we've argued a little，and I think the best thing to do now is to stop．Be a good dog and we'll be friends．But if you're a bad dog，I'll have to use my club again．Understand？’As he spoke，he touched Buck’ s head，and although Buck was angry inside，he did not move．When the man brought him water and meat，Buck drank and then ate the meat，piece by piece，from the man's hand．Buck was beaten（he knew that）but he was not broken．He had learnt that a man with a club was stronger than him．Every day he saw more dogs arrive，and each dog was beaten by the fat man．Buck understood that a man with a club must be obeyed，although he did not have to be a friend．Men came to see the fat man and to look at the dogs．Some-times they paid money and left with one or more of the dogs．One day a short，dark man came and looked at Buck．‘That's a good dog！’ he cried．‘How much do you want for him？’‘Three hundred dollars．It's a good price，Perrault，’said the fat man．Perrault smiled and agreed that it was a good price．He knew dogs，and he knew that Buck was an excellent dog．‘One in ten thousand，’ Perrault said to h imself．Buck saw money put into the fat man’ s hand，and he was not surprised when he and another dog called Curly were taken away by Perrault．He took them to a ship，and later that day Buck and Curly stood and watched the coast get further and further away．They had seen the warm south for the last time．Perrault took Buck and Curly down to the bottom of the ship．There they met another man，Francois．Perrault was a French－Canadian，but Francois was half －Indian，tall and dark．Buck learnt quickly that Perrault and Francois were fair men，calm and honest．And they knew everything about dogs．There were two other dogs on the ship．One was a big dog called Spitz，as whiteas snow．He was friendly to Buck at first，always smiling．He was smiling when he tried to st eal Buck’ s food at the first meal．Francois was quick and hit Spitz before Buck had time to move．Buck decided that this was fair，and began to like Francois a little．Dave，the other dog，was not friendly．He wanted to be alone all the time．He ate and slept and was interested in nothing．One day was very like another，but Buck noticed that the weather was getting colder．One morning，the ship's engines stopped，and there was a feeling of excitement in the ship．Francois leashed the dogs and took them outside．At the first step Buck's feet went into something soft and white．He jumped back in surprise．The soft，white thing was also falling through the air，and it fell onto him．He tried to smell it，and then caught some on his tongue．It bit like fire，and then disappeared．He tried again and the same thing happened．People were watching him and laughing，and Buck felt ashamed，although he did not knowwhy．It was his first snow．2 The law of club and toothBuck's first day at Dyea Beach was terrible．Every hour there was some new，frightening surprise．There was no peace，no rest—only continual noise and movement．And every minute there was danger，because these dogs and men were not town dogs and men．They knew only the law of club and tooth．Buck had never seen dogs fight like these dogs；they were like wolves．In a few minutes he learnt this from watching Curly．She tried to make friends with a dog，a big one，although not as big as she was．There was no warning．The dog jumped on Curly，his teeth closed together，then he jumped away，and Curly's face was torn open from eye to mouth．Wolves fight like this，biting and jumping away，but the fight did not finish then．Thirty or forty more dogs ran up and made a circle around the fight，watching silently．Curly tried to attack the dog who had bitten her；he bit her a second time，and jumped away．When she attacked him again，he knocked her backwards，and she fell on the ground．She never stood up again，because this was what the other dogs were waiting for．They moved in，and in a moment she was under a crowd of dogs．It was all very sudden．Buck saw Spitz run out from the crowd with his tongueout of his mouth，laughing．Then he saw Francois with an axe，and two or three other men with clubs jump in among the dogs．Two minutes later the last of the dogs was chased away．But Curly lay dead in the snow，her body torn almost to pieces．Curly's death often came back to Buck in his dreams．He understood that once a dog was down on the ground，he was dead He also remembered Spitz laughing，and from that moment he hated him．Then Buck had another surprise．Francois put a harness on him．Buck had seen harnesses on horses，and now he was made to work like a horse，pulling Francois on a sledge into the forest and returning with wood for the fire．Buck worked with Spitz and Dave．The two other dogs had worked in a harness before，and Buck learnt by watching them．He also learnt to stop and turn when Francois shouted．‘Those three are very good dogs，’Francois told Perrault．‘That Buck pulls very well，and he's learning quickly．’Perrault had important letters and official papers to take to Dawson City，so that afternoon he bought two more dogs，two brothers called Billee and Joe．Billee was very friendly，but Joe was the opposite．In the evening Perrault bought one more dog，an old dog with one eye ．His name was Solleks，which means The Angry One．Like Dave，he made no friends；all he wanted was to be alone．That night Buck discovered another problem．Where was he going to sleep？Francois and Perrault were in their tent，but when he went in，they shouted angrily and threw things at him．Outside it was very cold and windy．He lay down in the snow，but he was too cold to sleep．He walked around the tents trying to find the other dogs．But，to his surprise，they had disappeared．He walked around Perrault's tent，very，very cold，wondering what to do．Suddenly，the snow under his feet fell in，and he felt something move．He jumped back，waiting for the attack，but heard only a friendly bark．There，in a warm hole under the snow，was Billee．So that was what you had to do．Buck chose a place，dug himself a hole and in a minute he was warm and asleep．He slept well，although his dreams were bad．When he woke up，at first he did not know where he was．It had snowed in the night and the snow now lay thick and heavy above him．Suddenly he was afraid—the fear of a wild animal when it is caught and cannot escape．Growling，he threw himself at the snow，and a moment later，he had jumped upwards into thedaylight．He saw the tents and remembered everything，from the time he had gone for a walk with Manuel to the moment he had dug the hole the night before．‘What did I say？’ shouted Francois to Perrault，when he saw Buck come up out of the snow．‘That Buck le arns quickly．’Perrault smiled slowly．He was carrying important papers，and he needed good dogs．He was very pleased to have Buck．They bought three more dogs that morning，and a quarter of an hour later all nine dogs were in harness and on their way up the Dyea Canyon．Buck was not sorry to be moving，and although it was hard work，he almost enjoyed it．He was also surprised to see that Dave and Solleks no longer looked bored and miserable．Pulling in a harness was their job，and they were happy to do it．Dave was sledge－dog，the dog nearest to the sledge．In front of him was Buck，then came Solleks．In front of them were the six other dogs，with Spitz as leader at the front．Francois had put Buck between Dave and Solleks because they could teach him the work．Buck learnt well，and they were good teachers．When Buck pulled the wrong way，Dave always bit his leg，but only lightly．Once，when they stopped，Buck got tied up in his harness，and it took ten minutes to get started again．Both Dave and Solleks gave him a good beating for that mistake．Buck understood，and was more careful after that．It was a hard day's journey，up the Dyea Canyon and into the mountains．They camped that night at Lake Bennett．Here there were thousands of gold miners．They were building boats to sail up the lake when the ice melted in the spring．Buck made his hole in the snow and slept well，but was woken up very early and harnessed to the sledge．The first day they had travelled on snow that had been hardened by many sledges and they covered sixty kilometres．But the next day，and for days afterwards，they were on new snow．The work was harder and they went slowly．Usually，Perrault went in front，on snowshoes，flattening the snow a little for the dogs．Francois stayed by the sledge．Sometimes the two men changed places，but there were many small lakes and rivers，and Perrault understood ice better．He always knew when the ice across a river was very thin．Day after day Buck pulled in his harness．They started in the morning before it was light，and they stopped in the evening after dark，ate a piece of fish，and went to sleep in their holes under the snow．Buck was always hungry．Francois gave him750 grams of dried fish a day，and it was never enough．The other dogs were given only 500 grams；they were smaller and could stay dive on less food．Buck learnt to eat quickly；if he was too slow，the other dogs stole his food．He saw Pike，one of the new dogs，steal some meat from the sledge when Perrault wasn't looking．The next day Buck stole some and got away unseen．Perrault was very angry，but he thought another dog，Dub，had taken it and so punished him instead of Buck．Buck was learning how to live in the north．In the south he had never stolen，but there he had never been so hungry．He stole cleverly and secretly，remembering the beatings from the man with the club．Buck was learning the law of club and tooth．He learnt to eat any food—anything that he could get his teeth into．He learnt to break the ice on water holes with his feet when he wanted to drink He was stronger，harder，and could see and smell better than ever before ．In a way，he was remembering back to the days when wild dogs travelled in packs through the forest，killing for meat as they went．It was easy for him to learn to fight like a wolf，because it was in his blood．In the evenings，when he pointed his nose at the moon and howled long and loud，he was remembering the dogs and wolves that had comebefore him．3 The wild animalThe wild animal was strong in Buck，and as he travelled across the snow，it grew stronger and stronger．And as Buck grew stronger，he hated Spitz more and more，although he was careful never to start a fight．But Spitz was always showing his teeth to Buck，trying to start a fight．And Buck knew that if he and Spitz fought，one of them would die．The fight almost happened one night when they stopped by Lake Laberge．There was heavy snow and it was very cold．The lake was frozen and Francois，Perrault，and the dogs had to spend the night on the ice，under a big rock．Buck had made a warm hole in the snow and was sorry to leave it to get his piece of fish．But when he had eaten．and returned to his hole，he found Spitz in it．Buck had tried not to fight Spitz before，but this was too much．He attacked him angrily．Spitz was surprised．He knew Buck was big，but he didn’ t know he was so wild．Francois was surprised too，and guessed why Buck was angry．‘Go on Buck！’ heshouted．‘Fight him，the dirty thief！’Spitz was also ready to fight，and the two dogs circled one another，looking for the chance to jump in．But suddenly there was a shout from Perrault，and they saw eighty or a hundred dogs around the sledge．The dogs came from an Indian village，and they were searching for the food that they could smell on the sledge．Perrault and Francois tried to fight them off with their clubs，but the dogs，made crazy by the smell of the food，showed their teeth and fought back．Buck had never seed dogs like these．They were all skin and bone，but hunger made them fight like wild things．Three of them attacked Buck and in seconds his head and legs were badly bitten．Dave and Solleks stood side by side，covered in blood，fighting bravely．Joe and Pike jumped on one dog，and Pike broke its neck with one bite．Buck caught another dog by the neck and tasted blood．He threw himself on the next one，and then felt teeth in his own neck．It was Spitz，attacking him from the side．Perrault and Francois came to help with clubs，but then they had to run back to save the food ．It was safer for the nine sledge－dogs to run away across the lake．Several of them were badly hurt，and they spent an unhappy night hiding among the tress．At first light they returned to the sledge and found Perrault and Francois tired and angry．Half their food was gone．The Indian dogs had even eaten one of Perrault's shoes．Francois looked at his dogs unhappily．‘Ah，my friends，’he said softly，‘Perhaps those bites will make you ill．What do you think，Perrault？’Perrault said nothing．They still had six hundred kilometres to travel，and he hoped very much that his sledge－dogs had not caught rabies from the Indian dogs．The harness was torn and damaged and it was two hours before they were moving，travelling slowly and painfully over the most difficult country that they had been in．The Thirty Mile River was not frozen．It ran too fast to freeze．They spent six days trying to find a place to cross，and every step was dangerous for dogs and men．Twelve times they found ice bridges across the river，and Perrault walked carefully onto them，holding a long piece of wood．And twelve times he fell through a bridge and was saved by the piece of wood，which caught on the sides ofthe hole．But the temperature was 45° below zero，and each time Perrault fell into the water，he had to light a fire to dry and warm himself．Once，the sledge fell through the ice，with Dave and Buck，and they were covered in ice by the time Perrault and Francois pulled them out of the river．Again，a fire was needed to save them．Another time，Spitz and the dogs in front fell through the ice—Buck and Dave and Francois at the sledge had to pull backwards．That day they travelled only four hundred metres．When they got to the Hootalinqua and good ice，Buck and the other dogs were very，very tired．But they were late，so Perrault made them run faster．In three days they went a hundred and eighty kilometres and reached the Five Fingers．The other dogs had hard feet from years of pulling sledges，but Buck's feet were still soft from his easy life down south．All day he ran painfully，and when they camped for the night，he lay down like a dead dog．He was hungry，but he was too tired to walk to the fish，so Francois brought it to him．One day Francois made four little shoes for him，and this made Buck much more comfortable．Francois forgot the shoes one morning，and Buck refused to move．He lay on his back with his feet in the air，until Francois put the shoes on．Later his feet grew harder and the shoes were not needed．One morning，at the Pelly River，a dog called Delly went suddenly mad．She howled long and loud like a wolf and then jumped at Buck．Buck ran，with Dolly one step behind him．She could not catch him，but he could not escape from her．They ran half a kilometre，and then Buck heard Francois call to him．He turned and ran towards the man，sure that Francois would save him．Francois stood ，holding his axe，and as Buck passed，the axe crashed down on Dolly's head．Buck fell down by the sledge，too tired to move．Immediately，Spitz attacked him and bit his helpless enemy twice，as hard as he could．But Francois saw this，and gave Spitz a terrible beating for it．‘He's a wild dog，that Spitz，’said Perrault．‘One day he'll kill Buck．’‘Buck is wilder，’replied Francois．‘I've been watching him．One day he'll get very angry and he'll fight Spitz；and he'll win．’ Francois was right．Buck wanted to be lead-dog．Spitz knew this and hated him．Buck started to help the other dogs when Spitz punished them for being lazy．One morning，Pike refused to get up，and Spitz looked for him everywhere．When he found him，he jumped at him．Butsuddenly，Buck attacked Spitz．The other dogs saw this，and it became more and more difficult for Spitz to lead them．But the days passed without a chance for a fight，and soon they were pulling into Dawson City on a cold grey afternoon．They stayed in Dawson for seven days．When they left，Perrault was carrying some more very important papers，and he wanted to travel back as fast as possible．They travelled eighty kilometres the first day，and the same the second．But it was difficult work for Francois．Buck and Spitz hated each other，and the other dogs were not afraid of Spitz any more．One night Pike stole half a fish from Spitz，and ate it standing next to Buck．And every time Buck went near Spitz，he growled and the hair on his back stood up angrily．The other dogs fought in their harnesses and Francois often had to stop the sledge．He knew that Buck was the problem，but Buck was too clever for him and Francois never saw him actually starting a fight．One night in camp，the dogs saw a snow rabbit and in a second they were all chasing it，with Spitz in front．Nearby was another camp，with fifty dogs，who also Joined the chase．The rabbit was running fast on top of the snow，but the snow was soft，and it was more difficult for the dogs．When Spitz caught the rabbit，throwing it in the air with his teeth，Buck was just behind．Spitz stopped，and Buck hit him，very hard．The two dogs fell in the snow．Spitz bit Buck very quickly，twice，and then jumped away，watching carefully．The time had come，and Buck knew that either he or Spitz must die．They watched one another，circling slowly．The moon was shining brightly on the snow，and in the cold still air not a leaf moved on the trees．The other dogs finished eating the rabbit and then turned to watch．Spitz was a good fighter．He was full of hate and anger，but he was also intelligent．Every time Buck tried to bite his throat，he met Spitz's own teeth．Then，each time Buck attacked，Spitz moved and bit him on the side as he passed．After a few minutes，Buck was covered in blood．He attacked again，but this time turned at the last minute and went under Spitz，biting his left front leg．The bone broke，and Spitz was standing on three legs．Buck tried to knock Spitz down，and then repeated his earlier attack and broke Spitz's right front leg．There was no hope for Spitz now．Buck got ready for his final attack，while the circle of sixty dogs watched，and crowded nearer and nearer，waiting for theend．At last Buck jumped，in and out，and Spitz went down in the snow．A second later the waiting pack was on top of him，and Spitz had disappeared．Buck stood and watched．The wild animal had made its kill．4 The new lead-dog‘Well，what did I say？Buck’ s a real fighter，all right，’ said Francoi s the next morning when he discovered that Spitz had disappeared and that Buck was covered in blood．‘Spitz fought like a wolf，’said Perrault，as he looked at the bites all over Buck．‘And Buck fought like ten wolves，’ answered Francois．‘And we'll travel f aster now．No more Spitz，no more trouble．’Francois started to harness the dogs．He needed a new lead－dog，and decided that Solleks was the best dog that he had．But Buck jumped at Solleks and took his place．‘Look at Buck！’ said Francois，laughing．‘He's k illed Spitz，and now he wants to be lead－dog．Go away，Buck！’He pulled Buck away and tried to harness Solleks again．Solleks was unhappy too．He was frightened of Buck，and when Francois turned his back，Buck took Solleks’ place again．Now Francois was angry．‘I'll show you！’ he cried，and went to get a heavy club from the sledge．Buck remembered the man in the red coat，and moved away．This time，when Solleks was harnessed as lead-dog，Buck did not try to move in．He kept a few metres away and circled around Francois carefully．But when Francois called him to his old place in front of Dave，Buck refused．He had won his fight with Spitz and he wanted to be lead－dog．For an hour the two men tried to harness him．Buck did not run away，but he did not let them catch him．Finally，Francois sat down，and Perrault looked at his watch．It was getting late．The two men looked at one another and smiled Francois walked up to Sol-leks，took off his harness，led him back and harnessed him in his old place．Then he called Buck．All the other dogs were harnessed and the only empty place was now the one at the front But Buck did not move．‘Put down the club，’ said Perrault．Francois dropped the club，and immediately Buck came up to the front of the team．Francois harnessed him ，and in a minute the sledge was moving．Buck was an excellent leader．He moved and thought quickly and led the other dogs well．A new leader made no difference to Dave and Solleks；they continued to pull hard ．But the other dogs had had an easy life when Spitz was leading．They were surprised when Buck made them work hard and punished them for their mistakes Pike，the second dog，was usually lazy；but by the end of the first day he was pulling harder than he had ever pulled in his life．The first night in camp Buck fought Joe，another difficult dog，and after that there were no more problems with him．The team started to pull together，and to move faster and faster．‘I've never seen a dog like Buck！’cried Francois，‘Never！He's worth a thousand dollars ．What do you think，Perrault？’Perrault agreed．They were moving quickly，and covering more ground every day The snow was good and hard，and no new snow fell．The temperature dropped to 45° below zero，and didn't change．This time there was more ice on the Thirty Mile River，and they crossed in a day．Some days they ran a hundred kilometres，or even more They reached Skagway in fourteen days；the fastest time ever．For three days the dogs rested in Skagway．Then Francois put his arms around Buck's neck and said goodbye to him．And that was the last of Francois and Perrault．Like other men，they passed out of Buck's life for ever．Two new men took Buck and his team back north on the long journey to Dawson，travelling with several other dog－teams．It was heavy work；the sledge was loaded with letters for the gold miners of Dawson．Buck did not like it，but he worked hard，and made the other dogs work hard，too．Each day was the same．They started early，before it was light，and at night they stopped and camped and the dogs ate．For the dogs this was the best part of the day，first eating，then resting by the fire．Buck liked to lie by the fire，looking at the burning wood．Sometimes he thought about Mr. Miller's house in California．More of ten he remembered the man in the red coat and his club，the death of Curly，the fight with Spitz，and the good things that he had eaten But sometimes he remembered other things These were things that he remembered through his parents，and his parents parents，and all the dogs which had lived before him．Sometimes as he lay there，he seemed to see，in a waking dream，a differentfire．And he saw next to him，not the Indian cook，but another man，a man with shorter legs，and longer arms．This man had long hair and deep eyes，and made strange noises in his throat He was very frightened of the dark，and looked around him all the time，holding a heavy stone in his hand ．He wore the skin of an animal on his back，and Buck could see thick hair all over his body．Buck sat by the fire with this hairy man，and in the circling darkness beyond the fire he could see many eyes—the eyes of hungry animals waiting to attack．And he growled softly in his dream until the Indian cook shouted，‘Hey，Buck，wake up！’Then the strange world disappeared and Buck's eyes saw the real fire again．When they reached Dawson，the dogs were tired，and needed a week's rest But in two days they were moving south again，with another heavy load of letters．Both dogs and men were unhappy．It snowed every day as well，and on soft new snow it was harder work pulling the sledges．The men took good care of their dogs．In the evenings，the dogs ate first，the men second，and they always checked the dogs’ feet before they slept．But every day the dogs became weaker．Buck had pulled sledges for three thousand kilometres that winter，and he was as tired as the others．But Dave was not only tired；he was ill．Every evening he lay down the minute after the sledge stopped，and did not stand up until morning．The men looked at him，but they could find no broken bones．Something was wrong inside．One day he started to fall down while in his harness．The sledge stopped，and the driver took him out of his harness．He wanted to give him a rest，and let him run free behind the sledge．But Dave did not want to stop working．He hated to see another dog doing his work，so he ran along beside the sledge，trying to pushSol-leks out of his place．When the sledge made its next stop，Dave bit through Sol-leks’ harness and pushed him away．Then he stood there，in his old place in front of the sledge，waiting for his harness and the order to start pulling．The driver decided it was kinder to let him work．Dave pulled all day，but the next morning he was too weak to move．The driver harnessed up without Dave，and drove a few hundred metres．Then he stopped，took his gun，and walked back．The dogs heard a shot，and then the man came quickly back．The sledge started to move again；but Buck knew，and every dog knew，what had happened．5 More hard work。
英语哲学概念探讨30题
英语哲学概念探讨30题1. Which of the following words represents the concept of "ethics" in English?A. MoralityB. LogicC. AestheticsD. Epistemology答案：A。
本题考查哲学概念“伦理学”在英语中的表述。
选项B“Logic”指逻辑；选项C“Aesthetics”指美学；选项D“Epistemology”指认识论。
只有选项A“Morality”与“ethics”意思相近，都表示伦理学。
2. The term "metaphysics" is closest in meaning to:A. PhysicsB. PhilosophyC. OntologyD. Epistemology答案：C。
本题考查“形而上学”这一哲学概念的相关表述。
选项A“Physics”是物理学；选项B“Philosophy”是哲学的统称；选项D“Epistemology”是认识论。
“Ontology”与“metaphysics”在意义上最为接近，都涉及对存在本质的研究。
3. Which of the following is related to the concept of "rationalism" in English?A. EmpiricismB. IdealismC. MaterialismD. Skepticism答案：B。
本题考查“理性主义”的相关表述。
选项A“Empiricism”是经验主义；选项C“Materialism”是唯物主义；选项D“Skepticism”是怀疑论。
“Idealism”与“rationalism”有一定关联，都强调理性和理念的作用。
4. The word "phenomenology" is mainly concerned with:A. Appearances and experiencesB. Inner thoughts and feelingsC. Social structures and systemsD. Historical events and processes答案：A。
The Call of Cthulhu
The Call of CthulhubyH. P. LovecraftWritten in 1926The Call of CthulhuOf such great powers or beings there may be conceivably a survival... a survival of a hugely remote period when... consciousness was manifested, perhaps, in shapes and forms long since withdrawn before the tide of advancing humanity... forms of which poetry and legend alone have caught a flying memory and called them gods, monsters, mythical beings of all sorts and kinds... - Algernon BlackwoodI. The Horror In ClayThe most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the light into the peace and safety of a new dark age. Theosophists have guessed at the awesome grandeur of the cosmic cycle wherein our world and human race form transient incidents. They have hinted at strange survivals in terms which would freeze the blood if not masked by a bland optimism. But it is not from them that there came the single glimpse of forbidden eons which chills me when I think of it and maddens me when I dream of it. That glimpse, like all dread glimpses of truth, flashed out from an accidental piecing together of separated things - in this case an old newspaper item and the notes of a dead professor.I hope that no one else will accomplish this piecing out; certainly, if I live, I shall never knowingly supply a link in so hideous a chain. I think that the professor, too intented to keep silent regarding the part he knew, and that he would have destroyed his notes had not sudden death seized him.My knowledge of the thing began in the winter of 1926-27 with the death of my great-uncle, George Gammell Angell, Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages in Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Professor Angell was widely known as an authority on ancient inscriptions, and had frequently been resorted to by the heads of prominent museums; so that his passing at the age of ninety-two may be recalled by many. Locally, interest was intensified by the obscurity of the cause of death. The professor had been stricken whilst returning from the Newport boat; falling suddenly; as witnesses said, after having been jostled by a nautical-looking negro who had come from one of the queer dark courts on the precipitous hillside which formed a short cut from the waterfront to the deceased's home in Williams Street. Physicians were unable to find any visible disorder, but concluded after perplexed debate that some obscure lesion of the heart, induced by the brisk ascent of so steep a hill by so elderly a man, was responsible for the end. At the time I saw no reason to dissent from this dictum, but latterly I am inclined to wonder - and more than wonder.As my great-uncle's heir and executor, for he died a childless widower, I was expected to go over his papers with some thoroughness; and for that purpose moved his entire set of files and boxes tomy quarters in Boston. Much of the material which I correlated will be later published by the American Archaeological Society, but there was one box which I found exceedingly puzzling, and which I felt much averse from showing to other eyes. It had been locked and I did not find the key till it occurred to me to examine the personal ring which the professor carried in his pocket. Then, indeed, I succeeded in opening it, but when I did so seemed only to be confronted by a greater and more closely locked barrier. For what could be the meaning of the queer clay bas-relief and the disjointed jottings, ramblings, and cuttings which I found? Had my uncle, in his latter years become credulous of the most superficial impostures? I resolved to search out the eccentric sculptor responsible for this apparent disturbance of an old man's peace of mind.The bas-relief was a rough rectangle less than an inch thick and about five by six inches in area; obviously of modern origin. Its designs, however, were far from modern in atmosphere and suggestion; for, although the vagaries of cubism and futurism are many and wild, they do not often reproduce that cryptic regularity which lurks in prehistoric writing. And writing of some kind the bulk of these designs seemed certainly to be; though my memory, despite much the papers and collections of my uncle, failed in any way to identify this particular species, or even hint at its remotest affiliations.Above these apparent hieroglyphics was a figure of evident pictorial intent, though its impressionistic execution forbade a very clear idea of its nature. It seemed to be a sort of monster, or symbol representing a monster, of a form which only a diseased fancy could conceive. If I say that my somewhat extravagant imagination yielded simultaneous pictures of an octopus, a dragon, and a human caricature, I shall not be unfaithful to the spirit of the thing. A pulpy, tentacled head surmounted a grotesque and scaly body with rudimentary wings; but it was the general outline of the whole which made it most shockingly frightful. Behind the figure was a vague suggestions of a Cyclopean architectural background.The writing accompanying this oddity was, aside from a stack of press cuttings, in Professor Angell's most recent hand; and made no pretense to literary style. What seemed to be the main document was headed "CTHULHU CULT" in characters painstakingly printed to avoid the erroneous reading of a word so unheard-of. This manuscript was divided into two sections, the first of which was headed "1925 - Dream and Dream Work of H.A. Wilcox, 7 Thomas St., Providence, R. I.", and the second, "Narrative of Inspector John R. Legrasse, 121 Bienville St., New Orleans, La., at 1908 A. A. S. Mtg. - Notes on Same, & Prof. Webb's Acct." The other manuscript papers were brief notes, some of them accounts of the queer dreams of different persons, some of them citations from theosophical books and magazines (notably W. Scott-Elliot's Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria), and the rest comments on long-surviving secret societies and hidden cults, with references to passages in such mythological and anthropological source-books as Frazer's Golden Bough and Miss Murray's Witch-Cult in Western Europe. The cuttings largely alluded to outr? mental illness and outbreaks of group folly or mania in the spring of 1925.The first half of the principal manuscript told a very particular tale. It appears that on March 1st, 1925, a thin, dark young man of neurotic and excited aspect had called upon Professor Angell bearing the singular clay bas-relief, which was then exceedingly damp and fresh. His card bore the name of Henry Anthony Wilcox, and my uncle had recognized him as the youngest son of an excellent family slightly known to him, who had latterly been studying sculpture at the Rhode Island School of Design and living alone at the Fleur-de-Lys Building near that institution. Wilcox was a precocious youth of known genius but great eccentricity, and had from chidhood excitedattention through the strange stories and odd dreams he was in the habit of relating. He called himself "psychically hypersensitive", but the staid folk of the ancient commercial city dismissed him as merely "queer." Never mingling much with his kind, he had dropped gradually from social visibility, and was now known only to a small group of esthetes from other towns. Even the Providence Art Club, anxious to preserve its conservatism, had found him quite hopeless.On the ocassion of the visit, ran the professor's manuscript, the sculptor abruptly asked for the benefit of his host's archeological knowledge in identifying the hieroglyphics of the bas-relief. He spoke in a dreamy, stilted manner which suggested pose and alienated sympathy; and my uncle showed some sharpness in replying, for the conspicuous freshness of the tablet implied kinship with anything but archeology. Young Wilcox's rejoinder, which impressed my uncle enough to make him recall and record it verbatim, was of a fantastically poetic cast which must have typified his whole conversation, and which I have since found highly characteristic of him. He said, "It is new, indeed, for I made it last night in a dream of strange cities; and dreams are older than brooding Tyre, or the contemplative Sphinx, or garden-girdled Babylon."It was then that he began that rambling tale which suddenly played upon a sleeping memory and won the fevered interest of my uncle. There had been a slight earthquake tremor the night before, the most considerable felt in New England for some years; and Wilcox's imagination had been keenly affected. Upon retiring, he had had an unprecedented dream of great Cyclopean cities of Titan blocks and sky-flung monoliths, all dripping with green ooze and sinister with latent horror. Hieroglyphics had covered the walls and pillars, and from some undetermined point below had come a voice that was not a voice; a chaotic sensation which only fancy could transmute into sound, but which he attempted to render by the almost unpronounceable jumble of letters: "Cthulhu fhtagn."This verbal jumble was the key to the recollection which excited and disturbed Professor Angell. He questioned the sculptor with scientific minuteness; and studied with frantic intensity the bas-relief on which the youth had found himself working, chilled and clad only in his night clothes, when waking had stolen bewilderingly over him. My uncle blamed his old age, Wilcox afterwards said, for his slowness in recognizing both hieroglyphics and pictorial design. Many of his questions seemed highly out of place to his visitor, especially those which tried to connect the latter with strange cults or societies; and Wilcox could not understand the repeated promises of silence which he was offered in exchange for an admission of membership in some widespread mystical or paganly religious body. When Professor Angell became convinced that the sculptor was indeed ignorant of any cult or system of cryptic lore, he besieged his visitor with demands for future reports of dreams. This bore regular fruit, for after the first interview the manuscript records daily calls of the young man, during which he related startling fragments of nocturnal imaginery whose burden was always some terrible Cyclopean vista of dark and dripping stone, with a subterrene voice or intelligence shouting monotonously in enigmatical sense-impacts uninscribable save as gibberish. The two sounds frequently repeated are those rendered by the letters "Cthulhu" and "R'lyeh."On March 23, the manuscript continued, Wilcox failed to appear; and inquiries at his quarters revealed that he had been stricken with an obscure sort of fever and taken to the home of his family in Waterman Street. He had cried out in the night, arousing several other artists in the building, and had manifested since then only alternations of unconsciousness and delirium. My uncle at once telephoned the family, and from that time forward kept close watch of the case;calling often at the Thayer Street office of Dr. Tobey, whom he learned to be in charge. The youth's febrile mind, apparently, was dwelling on strange things; and the doctor shuddered now and then as he spoke of them. They included not only a repetition of what he had formerly dreamed, but touched wildly on a gigantic thing "miles high" which walked or lumbered about. He at no time fully described this object but occasional frantic words, as repeated by Dr. Tobey, convinced the professor that it must be identical with the nameless monstrosity he had sought to depict in his dream-sculpture. Reference to this object, the doctor added, was invariably a prelude to the young man's subsidence into lethargy. His temperature, oddly enough, was not greatly above normal; but the whole condition was otherwise such as to suggest true fever rather than mental disorder.On April 2 at about 3 P.M. every trace of Wilcox's malady suddenly ceased. He sat upright in bed, astonished to find himself at home and completely ignorant of what had happened in dream or reality since the night of March 22. Pronounced well by his physician, he returned to his quarters in three days; but to Professor Angell he was of no further assistance. All traces of strange dreaming had vanished with his recovery, and my uncle kept no record of his night-thoughts after a week of pointless and irrelevant accounts of thoroughly usual visions.Here the first part of the manuscript ended, but references to certain of the scattered notes gave me much material for thought - so much, in fact, that only the ingrained skepticism then forming my philosophy can account for my continued distrust of the artist. The notes in question were those descriptive of the dreams of various persons covering the same period as that in which young Wilcox had had his strange visitations. My uncle, it seems, had quickly instituted a prodigiously far-flung body of inquires amongst nearly all the friends whom he could question without impertinence, asking for nightly reports of their dreams, and the dates of any notable visions for some time past. The reception of his request seems to have varied; but he must, at the very least, have received more responses than any ordinary man could have handled without a secretary. This original correspondence was not preserved, but his notes formed a thorough and really significant digest. Average people in society and business - New England's traditional "salt of the earth" - gave an almost completely negative result, though scattered cases of uneasy but formless nocturnal impressions appear here and there, always between March 23 and and April 2 - the period of young Wilcox's delirium. Scientific men were little more affected, though four cases of vague description suggest fugitive glimpses of strange landscapes, and in one case there is mentioned a dread of something abnormal.It was from the artists and poets that the pertinent answers came, and I know that panic would have broken loose had they been able to compare notes. As it was, lacking their original letters, I half suspected the compiler of having asked leading questions, or of having edited the correspondence in corroboration of what he had latently resolved to see. That is why I continued to feel that Wilcox, somehow cognizant of the old data which my uncle had possessed, had been imposing on the veteran scientist. These responses from esthetes told disturbing tale. From February 28 to April 2 a large proportion of them had dreamed very bizarre things, the intensity of the dreams being immeasurably the stronger during the period of the sculptor's delirium. Over a fourth of those who reported anything, reported scenes and half-sounds not unlike those which Wilcox had described; and some of the dreamers confessed acute fear of the gigantic nameless thing visible toward the last. One case, which the note describes with emphasis, was very sad. The subject, a widely known architect with leanings toward theosophy and occultism, went violentlyinsane on the date of young Wilcox's seizure, and expired several months later after incessant screamings to be saved from some escaped denizen of hell. Had my uncle referred to these cases by name instead of merely by number, I should have attempted some corroboration and personal investigation; but as it was, I succeeded in tracing down only a few. All of these, however, bore out the notes in full. I have often wondered if all the the objects of the professor's questioning felt as puzzled as did this fraction. It is well that no explanation shall ever reach them.The press cuttings, as I have intimated, touched on cases of panic, mania, and eccentricity during the given period. Professor Angell must have employed a cutting bureau, for the number of extracts was tremendous, and the sources scattered throughout the globe. Here was a nocturnal suicide in London, where a lone sleeper had leaped from a window after a shocking cry. Here likewise a rambling letter to the editor of a paper in South America, where a fanatic deduces a dire future from visions he has seen. A dispatch from California describes a theosophist colony as donning white robes en masse for some "glorious fulfiment" which never arrives, whilst items from India speak guardedly of serious native unrest toward the end of March 22-23.The west of Ireland, too, is full of wild rumour and legendry, and a fantastic painter named Ardois-Bonnot hangs a blasphemous Dream Landscape in the Paris spring salon of 1926. And so numerous are the recorded troubles in insane asylums that only a miracle can have stopped the medical fraternity from noting strange parallelisms and drawing mystified conclusions. A weird bunch of cuttings, all told; and I can at this date scarcely envisage the callous rationalism with which I set them aside. But I was then convinced that young Wilcox had known of the older matters mentioned by the professor.II. The Tale of Inspector Legrasse.The older matters which had made the sculptor's dream and bas-relief so significant to my uncle formed the subject of the second half of his long manuscript. Once before, it appears, Professor Angell had seen the hellish outlines of the nameless monstrosity, puzzled over the unknown hieroglyphics, and heard the ominous syllables which can be rendered only as "Cthulhu"; and all this in so stirring and horrible a connexion that it is small wonder he pursued young Wilcox with queries and demands for data.This earlier experience had come in 1908, seventeen years before, when the American Archaeological Society held its annual meeting in St. Louis. Professor Angell, as befitted one of his authority and attainments, had had a prominent part in all the deliberations; and was one of the first to be approached by the several outsiders who took advantage of the convocation to offer questions for correct answering and problems for expert solution.The chief of these outsiders, and in a short time the focus of interest for the entire meeting, was a commonplace-looking middle-aged man who had travelled all the way from New Orleans for certain special information unobtainable from any local source. His name was John Raymond Legrasse, and he was by profession an Inspector of Police. With him he bore the subject of his visit, a grotesque, repulsive, and apparently very ancient stone statuette whose origin he was at a loss to determine. It must not be fancied that Inspector Legrasse had the least interest in archaeology. On the contrary, his wish for enlightenment was prompted by purely professional considerations. The statuette, idol, fetish, or whatever it was, had been captured some months before in the wooded swamps south of New Orleans during a raid on a supposed voodoo meeting; and so singular and hideous were the rites connected with it, that the police could not but realise that they had stumbled on a dark cult totally unknown to them, and infinitely more diabolic thaneven the blackest of the African voodoo circles. Of its origin, apart from the erratic and unbelievable tales extorted from the captured members, absolutely nothing was to be discovered; hence the anxiety of the police for any antiquarian lore which might help them to place the frightful symbol, and through it track down the cult to its fountain-head.Inspector Legrasse was scarcely prepared for the sensation which his offering created. One sight of the thing had been enough to throw the assembled men of science into a state of tense excitement, and they lost no time in crowding around him to gaze at the diminutive figure whose utter strangeness and air of genuinely abysmal antiquity hinted so potently at unopened and archaic vistas. No recognised school of sculpture had animated this terrible object, yet centuries and even thousands of years seemed recorded in its dim and greenish surface of unplaceable stone. The figure, which was finally passed slowly from man to man for close and careful study, was between seven and eight inches in height, and of exquisitely artistic workmanship. It represented a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-looking body, prodigious claws on hind and fore feet, and long, narrow wings behind. This thing, which seemed instinct with a fearsome and unnatural malignancy, was of a somewhat bloated corpulence, and squatted evilly on a rectangular block or pedestal covered with undecipherable characters. The tips of the wings touched the back edge of the block, the seat occupied the centre, whilst the long, curved claws of the doubled-up, crouching hind legs gripped the front edge and extended a quarter of the way clown toward the bottom of the pedestal. The cephalopod head was bent forward, so that the ends of the facial feelers brushed the backs of huge fore paws which clasped the croucher's elevated knees. The aspect of the whole was abnormally life-like, and the more subtly fearful because its source was so totally unknown. Its vast, awesome, and incalculable age was unmistakable; yet not one link did it shew with any known type of art belonging to civilisation's youth - or indeed to any other time. Totally separate and apart, its very material was a mystery; for the soapy, greenish-black stone with its golden or iridescent flecks and striations resembled nothing familiar to geology or mineralogy. The characters along the base were equally baffling; and no member present, despite a representation of half the world's expert learning in this field, could form the least notion of even their remotest linguistic kinship. They, like the subject and material, belonged to something horribly remote and distinct from mankind as we know it. something frightfully suggestive of old and unhallowed cycles of life in which our world and our conceptions have no part.And yet, as the members severally shook their heads and confessed defeat at the Inspector's problem, there was one man in that gathering who suspected a touch of bizarre familiarity in the monstrous shape and writing, and who presently told with some diffidence of the odd trifle he knew. This person was the late William Channing Webb, Professor of Anthropology in Princeton University, and an explorer of no slight note. Professor Webb had been engaged, forty-eight years before, in a tour of Greenland and Iceland in search of some Runic inscriptions which he failed to unearth; and whilst high up on the West Greenland coast had encountered a singular tribe or cult of degenerate Esquimaux whose religion, a curious form of devil-worship, chilled him with its deliberate bloodthirstiness and repulsiveness. It was a faith of which other Esquimaux knew little, and which they mentioned only with shudders, saying that it had come down from horribly ancient aeons before ever the world was made. Besides nameless rites and human sacrifices there were certain queer hereditary rituals addressed to a supreme elder devil or tornasuk; and of this Professor Webb had taken a careful phonetic copy from an aged angekok or wizard-priest,expressing the sounds in Roman letters as best he knew how. But just now of prime significance was the fetish which this cult had cherished, and around which they danced when the aurora leaped high over the ice cliffs. It was, the professor stated, a very crude bas-relief of stone, comprising a hideous picture and some cryptic writing. And so far as he could tell, it was a rough parallel in all essential features of the bestial thing now lying before the meeting.This data, received with suspense and astonishment by the assembled members, proved doubly exciting to Inspector Legrasse; and he began at once to ply his informant with questions. Having noted and copied an oral ritual among the swamp cult-worshippers his men had arrested, he besought the professor to remember as best he might the syllables taken down amongst the diabolist Esquimaux. There then followed an exhaustive comparison of details, and a moment of really awed silence when both detective and scientist agreed on the virtual identity of the phrase common to two hellish rituals so many worlds of distance apart. What, in substance, both the Esquimaux wizards and the Louisiana swamp-priests had chanted to their kindred idols was something very like this: the word-divisions being guessed at from traditional breaks in the phrase as chanted aloud:"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn."Legrasse had one point in advance of Professor Webb, for several among his mongrel prisoners had repeated to him what older celebrants had told them the words meant. This text, as given, ran something like this:"In his house at R'lyeh dead Cthulhu waits dreaming."And now, in response to a general and urgent demand, Inspector Legrasse related as fully as possible his experience with the swamp worshippers; telling a story to which I could see my uncle attached profound significance. It savoured of the wildest dreams of myth-maker and theosophist, and disclosed an astonishing degree of cosmic imagination among such half-castes and pariahs as might be least expected to possess it.On November 1st, 1907, there had come to the New Orleans police a frantic summons from the swamp and lagoon country to the south. The squatters there, mostly primitive but good-natured descendants of Lafitte's men, were in the grip of stark terror from an unknown thing which had stolen upon them in the night. It was voodoo, apparently, but voodoo of a more terrible sort than they had ever known; and some of their women and children had disappeared since the malevolent tom-tom had begun its incessant beating far within the black haunted woods where no dweller ventured. There were insane shouts and harrowing screams, soul-chilling chants and dancing devil-flames; and, the frightened messenger added, the people could stand it no more.So a body of twenty police, filling two carriages and an automobile, had set out in the late afternoon with the shivering squatter as a guide. At the end of the passable road they alighted, and for miles splashed on in silence through the terrible cypress woods where day never came. Ugly roots and malignant hanging nooses of Spanish moss beset them, and now and then a pile of dank stones or fragment of a rotting wall intensified by its hint of morbid habitation a depression which every malformed tree and every fungous islet combined to create. At length the squatter settlement, a miserable huddle of huts, hove in sight; and hysterical dwellers ran out to cluster around the group of bobbing lanterns. The muffled beat of tom-toms was now faintly audible far, far ahead; and a curdling shriek came at infrequent intervals when the wind shifted. A reddish glare, too, seemed to filter through pale undergrowth beyond the endless avenues of forest night. Reluctant even to be left alone again, each one of the cowed squatters refused point-blank to advanceanother inch toward the scene of unholy worship, so Inspector Legrasse and his nineteen colleagues plunged on unguided into black arcades of horror that none of them had ever trod before.The region now entered by the police was one of traditionally evil repute, substantially unknown and untraversed by white men. There were legends of a hidden lake unglimpsed by mortal sight, in which dwelt a huge, formless white polypous thing with luminous eyes; and squatters whispered that bat-winged devils flew up out of caverns in inner earth to worship it at midnight. They said it had been there before d'Iberville, before La Salle, before the Indians, and before even the wholesome beasts and birds of the woods. It was nightmare itself, and to see it was to die. But it made men dream, and so they knew enough to keep away. The present voodoo orgy was, indeed, on the merest fringe of this abhorred area, but that location was bad enough; hence perhaps the very place of the worship had terrified the squatters more than the shocking sounds and incidents. Only poetry or madness could do justice to the noises heard by Legrasse's men as they ploughed on through the black morass toward the red glare and muffled tom-toms. There are vocal qualities peculiar to men, and vocal qualities peculiar to beasts; and it is terrible to hear the one when the source should yield the other. Animal fury and orgiastic license here whipped themselves to daemoniac heights by howls and squawking ecstacies that tore and reverberated through those nighted woods like pestilential tempests from the gulfs of hell. Now and then the less organized ululation would cease, and from what seemed a well-drilled chorus of hoarse voices would rise in sing-song chant that hideous phrase or ritual:"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn."Then the men, having reached a spot where the trees were thinner, came suddenly in sight of the spectacle itself. Four of them reeled, one fainted, and two were shaken into a frantic cry which the mad cacophony of the orgy fortunately deadened. Legrasse dashed swamp water on the face of the fainting man, and all stood trembling and nearly hypnotised with horror.In a natural glade of the swamp stood a grassy island of perhaps an acre's extent, clear of trees and tolerably dry. On this now leaped and twisted a more indescribable horde of human abnormality than any but a Sime or an Angarola could paint. V oid of clothing, this hybrid spawn were braying, bellowing, and writhing about a monstrous ring-shaped bonfire; in the centre of which, revealed by occasional rifts in the curtain of flame, stood a great granite monolith some eight feet in height; on top of which, incongruous in its diminutiveness, rested the noxious carven statuette. From a wide circle of ten scaffolds set up at regular intervals with the flame-girt monolith as a centre hung, head downward, the oddly marred bodies of the helpless squatters who had disappeared. It was inside this circle that the ring of worshippers jumped and roared, the general direction of the mass motion being from left to right in endless Bacchanal between the ring of bodies and the ring of fire.It may have been only imagination and it may have been only echoes which induced one of the men, an excitable Spaniard, to fancy he heard antiphonal responses to the ritual from some far and unillumined spot deeper within the wood of ancient legendry and horror. This man, Joseph D. Galvez, I later met and questioned; and he proved distractingly imaginative. He indeed went so far as to hint of the faint beating of great wings, and of a glimpse of shining eyes and a mountainous white bulk beyond the remotest trees but I suppose he had been hearing too much native superstition.Actually, the horrified pause of the men was of comparatively brief duration. Duty came first; and。
the summary of《the call of the wild 》
While the men search for gold, Buck ranges far afield, befriending wolves and hunting bears and moose. He always returns to Thornton in the end, until, one day, he comes back to camp to find that Yeehat Indians have attacked and killed his master. Buck attacks the Indians, killing several and scattering the rest, and then heads off into the wild, where he becomes the leader of a pack of wolves. He becomes a legendary figure, a Ghost Dog, fathering countless cubs and inspiring fear in the Yeehats—but every year he returns to the place where Thornton died, to mourn his master before returning to his life in the wild.
Buck’s new masters are inexperienced and out of place in the wilderness. They overload the sled, beat the dogs, and plan poorly. Halfway through their journey, they begin to run out of food. While the humans bicker, the dogs begin to starve, and the weaker animals soon die. Of an original team of fourteen, only five are still alive when they limp into John Thornton’s camp, still some distance from their destination. Thornton warns them that the ice over which they are traveling is melting and that they may fall through it. Hal dismisses these warnings and tries to get going immediately. The other dogs begin to move, but Buck refuses. When Hal begins to beat him, Thornton intervenes, knocking a knife from Hal’s hand and cutting Buck loose. Hal curses Thornton and starts the sled again, but before they have gone a quarter of a mile, the ice breaks open, swallowing both the humans and the dogs.
翻译呼唤胡内容
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：I712
【目录】： Acknowledgements4-5 Abstract5-6 内容摘要6-7 Introduction7-10 Chapter 1 A General View of Naturalism and American Naturalism10-18 1.1 Naturalism10-13 1.1.1 Naturalism10-12 1.1.2 Relation between naturalism and realism12-13 1.2 Naturalism in American literature13-18 1.2.1 American naturalism and its difference from European naturalism13-15 1.2.2 Three traits of American naturalist writers15-18 Chapter 2 Jack London's Life and Analysis of His Two Animal Novels18-30 2.1 Life18-19 2.2 The controlling power of environment in the two novels19-30 2.2.1 The Call of the Wild20-23 2.2.2 White Fang23-29 2.2.3 Significance of the two novels29-30 Chapter 3 Analysis of the Naturalistic Elements in Martin Eden30-48 3.1 The controlling power of environment31-37 3.2 The controlling power of heredity37-46 3.3 The controlling power of chance46-47 3.4 Significance of Martin Eden47-48 Conclusion48-50 Bibliography50-53
【微书评】《野性的呼唤》(The Call of the Wild)
【微书评】《野性的呼唤》（The Call of the Wild）发表于：2013-12-05【推荐理由】《野性的呼唤》又名《荒野的呼唤》（The Callof the Wild）是美国作家杰克·伦敦于1903年发表的著名小说。
小说的主人公是一条狗，名叫巴克。
整个故事以阿拉斯加淘金热为背景，讲述了在北方险恶的环境下，巴克为了生存，如何从一条驯化的南方狗退化到似狗非狗、似狼非狼的野蛮状态的过程。
巴克原是米勒法官家的一只爱犬，经过了文明的训化，一直生活在美国南部加州一个温暖的山谷里。
后来，它被贪心的仆人从南方主人家偷出来卖掉，几经周折后开始踏上淘金的道路，成为一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。
在残酷的驯服过程中，它意识到了公正与自然的法则；恶劣的生存环境让它懂得了狡猾与欺诈，后来它自己将生存智慧发挥到了运用自如的地步；经过残酷的、你死我活的斗争．它最后终于确立了领头犬的地位。
在艰辛的拉雪橇途中，主人几经调换，巴克与最后一位主人约翰’桑顿结下了难分难舍的深情厚谊。
这位主人曾将他从极端繁重的苦役中解救出来，而它又多次营救了它的主人。
最后，在它热爱的主人惨遭印第安人射杀后，它便走向了荒野，响应它这一路上多次聆听到的、非常向往的那种野性的呼唤。
作者杰克·伦敦是美国文学史上最重要的作家之一。
出生于美国加利福尼亚旧金山的一个破产农民家庭。
从1900年起，他连续发表了许多中短篇小说，因其作品大都带有浓厚的社会主义色彩，因此有人认为他是宣扬社会主义的作家，但也有人认为他是表现个人主义与民众哲学的自然主义作家。
他的作品不仅在美国本土广为流传，而且受到世界各国人民的欢迎，是最受中国读者欢迎的外国作家之一。
杰克·伦敦一生著述颇丰，其中最著名的有《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《雪虎》、《热爱生命》等。
原文来自必克英语/magazine/guide_text.jsp?id=53178420。
野性的呼唤导读
高中英文文学名著导读《野性的呼唤》（the call of the wild）一、关于作者（About the author）杰克·伦敦(Jack London,1876~1916)，美国著名的现实主义作家。
他一生著作颇丰，留有19部长篇小说、150多篇短篇小说三个剧本以及大量的文学报告集、随笔和论文。
其中最著名的代表作有《野性的呼唤》(The Callof the Wild)、《马丁·伊登》(Martin Eden)、《白牙》(White Fang)、《铁蹄》(The Iron Heel)、《海狼》(The Sea Wolf)等小说。
他的作品多以描述美国下层人民的生活，揭露资本主义社会的罪恶为主，常带有浓厚的社会主义和个人主义色彩。
杰克·伦敦笔下的人物常被置于极端严酷、生死攸关的环境中,以此来揭示最真实、最深刻的人性。
他的作品充满了对达尔文的“适者生存”的自然法则以及斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的推崇,认为只有适应社会,做生活的强者才能生存。
杰克·伦敦幼年贫困，饱尝人间各种辛酸。
11岁就开始做童工,卖过报纸,当过水手,做过蚝贼,生活饥寒交迫。
1896年,21岁的杰克·伦敦踏上了淘金之旅,来到了天寒地冻的北极。
尽管因为患上败血症导致淘金梦破灭,但他却收获了丰富的创作素材。
在这一段时间里,他勾勒了很多小说的轮廓,其中便有《野性的呼唤》。
他曾计划自驾帆船环球旅行,但最终因船只搁浅而梦想破灭。
杰克·伦敦不安于过平静安逸的生活,曾经两次出任战地记者。
成名之后的杰克·伦敦陷入了金钱的泥沼和精神的空虚。
1916年11月21日晚,杰克·伦敦在他的豪华牧场里服用过量吗啡自杀,结束了他40岁的生命。
这一结局不仅是生命的终结,也是对人生路在何方的发问。
二、关于作品（About the work）（一）小说梗概（Plot summary）在阳光普照，温暖如春的南方，大法官米勒的庄园里生活着一群快乐悠闲地宠物狗，其中有一只身形硕大，时时彰显王者风范的混血狗，它叫巴克，它和大法官一家生活的其乐融融，然而有一天在一次看似平常的散步中，巴克被它一向信任的园丁偷卖到了条件恶劣的北方，自此，它的生活发生了转折，踏上了淘金的道路，成为一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。
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《野性的呼唤》是美国著名的小说家杰克·伦敦最著名的动物小说之一,它以其所包含的深刻的哲学思想、复杂的主题、生动活泼的语言、扣人心弦的情节和自然清新的艺术风格,而引起众多读者和评论家的注意。
本文主要从生命哲学的角度分析作品的思想主题,进而得出作者希望摆脱社会的桎梏,让生命返璞归真的美好愿望,号召大家响应作者对生命意识的呼唤。
Key words一介绍杰克·伦敦是美国19世纪末20世纪初著名的小说家。
他一生勤奋，在18年的创作生涯中发表了大量优美的小说。
在杰克·伦敦留给世人的文学遗产中，1903年发表的《野性的呼唤》是他最有代表性的作品。
{自然荒野中的野性}杰克·伦敦是美国文学史上一个传奇人物,虽然死时年仅40岁,但他留给我们大量的作品和丰富复杂的思想。
1876年1月12日,美国作家杰克·伦敦生于破产农民家庭,早年当过报童、工人、水手,到过日本。
1896年曾去加拿大北部淘金,这为他的创作积累了大量的素材。
他长期生活在社会底层,多年从事体力劳动,受尽了被剥削的痛苦。
他一面劳动,一面刻苦学习,发奋读书,靠惊人的毅力在创作上取得了成功。
他很早就接触了进步思想,但也深受尼采和斯宾塞的影响。
在《热爱生命》等短篇小说中反映了人同自然界的严酷斗争。
1902年曾以记者身份去英国,发表描写伦敦贫民的悲惨生活的《深渊中的人们》。
1904年发表长篇小说《海狼》,流露从生物学观点解释社会矛盾的倾向。
后相继完成长篇小说《铁蹄》,和自传性长篇小说《马丁·伊登》。
后期作品避开社会主题,显出同社会妥协的倾向,如《月谷》、《三颗心》等。
他在短暂的创作生涯中共创作了约50卷作品,其中最为著名的有《野性的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》、《马丁·伊登》以及一系列优秀短篇小说。
他那带有传奇浪漫色彩的短篇小说,大多描写太平洋岛屿和阿拉斯加冰天雪地的土著人和白人生活,大部分都可说是他短暂一生的历险记。
{生命奴役}在美国文学史上,杰克·伦敦(Jack London,1876—1916)一直被认为是19世纪与20世纪之交美国最富有批判精神的现实主义作家,素有“美国的高尔基”之称。
他的小说在20世纪初给美国文坛带来一股雄健、锋利而又清新的风气,使创作与生活、文学与社会的关系出现了前所未有的密切关系,这在一定程度上影响了美国文学的发展进程,揭示了美国社会现实的无情和残暴。
杰克·伦敦也是一位勇敢忠诚的艺术家,他的优秀作品渗透着对社会不平等的愤怒和反抗精神。
正如评论家菲力普·方纳所指出的:“没有一个作家比杰克·伦敦更能作为时代的明确而出色的发言人,因为他打破了冻结美国文学的坚冰,使文学与生活产生了有意义的联系。
”[1]众所周知,文学是用文字表达的艺术,而文学作品是有情的文字。
无论是对故事情节的叙述，还是对景物的描写,无论是对人物的刻画还是对意境的烘托,都是作者用他自己独到的文笔来完成的,这表现了作者的风格和人格。
{美国现实生活}杰克·伦敦以写狼而闻名于世,并且把狼以及狼性如此赤裸裸显示于人间,所以有人用狼来作为这位作家作品的图标是再合适不过了。
《野性的呼唤》便是这样一部小说。
该小说一经问世便成为文学市场的畅销书籍,并使他一举成名。
这部以动物为主人公的小说曾一度成为世界各国评论家们研究的热点文本。
有的批评家从儿童文学或动物寓言进行研究,有的从自然主义的角度切入作品,还有的从巴克形象身份寓意来解析隐含主题或探究伦敦隐含在小说中的人生哲学,而其对生命的看法,即生命哲学很少被论及。
通过对《野性的呼唤》这部作品的研读和对杰克·伦敦本人及其写作背景的考察,笔者认为这部作品综合反映了作者生命哲学的观点。
这里我们研究的杰克·伦敦的生命哲学,也就是更直接的存在主义哲学。
生命在这里不是一种实体,而主要被视为是一种活力,而这种活力又来自精神层面,因此,人的生命是从精神面、文化面去进行考察的。
{生命奴役} 杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》内容简介《野性的呼唤》是美国著名作家杰克·伦敦的一部讲述狗的中篇小说。
故事一开头，小说的主人公巴克在加利福尼亚州的米勒法官家过着舒适豪华的生活。
生活在这样的环境里，巴克被驯化成一只文明的狗。
1897 年，育空河岸的金矿的开发改变了巴克的生活和命运。
它被主人的一个园丁卖给一个狗贩子，几经倒手，巴克被卖到北方成为一只雪橇狗。
随着生活环境的不断恶化，巴克一步步从一只驯化的狗退化为一只北方原始森林里的狼。
二呼唤中的人生哲学杰克·伦敦有4个学术前辈,便是达尔文、斯宾塞、马克思、尼采。
他的四个导师丰富了他的生命和哲学,让他学会怎样思想。
他的哲学信仰是海克尔的一元论、斯宾塞的物质决定论、达尔文的进化论的结合体。
但是尼采在杰克·伦敦身上具有最大的情感影响,杰克从尼采的著作中发现了超人的理论,并且把它运用到他自己的创作中。
{生命奴役}1 . 1 马克思主义在作品中的体现巴克原来生活在温暖舒适的南方。
它被盗卖到克朗代克地区是来干苦力活的。
那里的劳动极其繁重,工作环境又极其艰苦危险。
狗队每天拉雪橇在冰天雪地里行走四十英里,而所得的只是不够吃饱的一天一磅半鱼干。
后来雪橇队行走速度越来越急,到达目的地的休息时间越来越短。
劳动强度无限制地增加,直到这些狗统统被累倒拖垮。
随后主人们又把疲惫不堪的狗群卖掉,在它们身上榨取最后一点油水。
棍棒是统治它们的权利和象征。
巴克所学的第一课就是“棍棒的法则”:任何的反抗只能遭到无情的镇压。
文中伦敦这样叙述:“他最终发现,自己没有机会战胜一个拿着棍棒的主人。
他已经知道了这个教训,并在以后生活中永远不会忘记。
那支棍棒就是一个心灵的启示。
正是棍棒才使他进入原始的法律统治,他被绑架的路途就深刻证明了这一点。
”②在这里,我们可以看到马克思主义对杰克·伦敦的影响:无产者受到残酷的剥削和沉重的压迫,而维护这种剥削压迫的,则是棍棒——社会权利机构的象征。
《野性的呼唤》运用讽喻的笔法,通过对动物生活的描写,揭露了资本主义社会中不择手段的相互竞争,人与人之间勾心斗角,尔虞我诈的残酷现实和资产阶级的掠夺本性以及下层社会无产者的悲惨生活。
1·思想之一:马克思主义———对所谓的文明社会的批判在美国社会现实生活的真实写照下，杰克·伦敦同时揭示出了故事背后真正的主题：即他对人类文明的失望与冷漠。
小说中先后出场的人类形象都是相貌丑陋，心怀叵测的，其在生活中的表现远不如雪橇狗们令人满意。
《野性的呼唤》当中,伦敦多次提到了北方的蛮荒,南方的文明。
然而就是在这个文明的社会,小说的主人公狼狗布克被拐卖了。
在艰苦的囚程中,他受尽了虐待、嘲弄和侮辱。
那提着棍子的红衫人给了布克一顿残酷无情的毒打,几乎让他死去,然后拍着布克的脑袋,抚摩他并殷勤地拿来水和肉,说:“布克老兄,我们有一点小小的不愉快,现在,最好算了吧。
你已经明白你的地位,你也知道我的。
做一条好狗,前程无量,一切都好;做一条坏狗,我会将你的五脏打出来,知道吗?”虚伪之至,淫威之至。
之后,布克成为一个带着挽具拉车的牲口,一天一天无穷无尽地在绳套下面做着苦工。
而无论是福娄沙、苏格兰混血儿还是三个门外汉无不手里拿着棍子,舞着鞭子做他的监工,甚至他的同类达弗、斯帕斯也利用利牙时刻监视他。
而三个门外汉中的美茜子更淋漓尽致地展现了一个庸俗、狭隘、虚伪和自私的文明人的丑态。
这一切无不说明,这个社会表面祥和,实质丑陋、虚伪、腐朽,散发着铜臭味。
伦敦否定了资产阶级的文明,对资产阶级的虚伪道德进行了深刻的揭露和批判。
而北方的蛮荒世界是被“文明社会”浸染的世界。
克丽被赫斯基狗撕碎,达弗的冷漠,斯帕斯的卑鄙狡诈,无不说明这里充斥着你争我夺,尔虞我诈,弱肉强食。
作者用具有人性的动物之间的争斗、嘶咬影射现实社会中人和人之间的争夺和不择手段。
杰克伦敦十岁就开始外出工作为全家提供食物。
他去卖报，在保龄球场打工，去当蚝贼，去猎海豹，去淘金。
他亲眼目睹着报童抢生意，球场人争吵，和“牡蛎帮里不断地酗酒，打斗，行凶，枪击；船被偷走，帆被烧掉；合伙人之间，船员之间，也互相残杀。
”他受到的压迫更是残酷，在罐头食品厂工作时，他的“工资是每小时一角钱，每天工作时间最少10小时，偶尔会工作18到20小时”。
“上床已经12 点半，而早晨5点半弗洛拉就会来摇醒他，几乎要把床单都扯下来，孩子睡得太死了。
”他想去做电工，给主管人员说他不怕吃苦，愿意从最基层的活儿做起。
“主管人就让他在地下室铲煤，月工资30元，一个月放一天假”，而这原本是两个人的活，且每人都是月工资40元。
从小就处于社会的底层，贫穷艰辛的生活让杰克伦敦对社会的真实面貌早就有所了解并在他的作品中体现出来。
巴克所处的动物环境，其实就是伦敦所处的社会环境的真实反映，是伦敦对资本主义压迫剥削，人与人之间互相倾轧的控诉。
同时作者也通过动物们的残酷生活暗示了无产者受到残酷的剥削和沉重的压迫,而维护这种剥削压迫的,则是棍棒——社会权利机构的象征。
《野性的呼唤》运用讽喻的笔法,通过对动物生活的描写,揭露了资本主义社会中资产阶级的掠夺本性以及下层社会无产者的悲惨生活1 .2 适者生存法则1897年至1898年,杰克·伦敦随着淘金大军来到克朗代克。
在此期间,他读完了查尔斯·达尔文的《物种起源》。
而达尔文对杰克·伦敦的影响在很大程度上是通过斯宾塞的著作实施的。
达尔文在研究中发现生物进化的过程是一系列的适应过程。
斯宾塞则将这一理论应用于社会,他在《生物原则》一文中写道:“对于达尔文先生所谓的‘自然选择,或者说是生存斗争的结果是优良的种族得以保留,’我倾向于用一个机械的术语来表达,那就是适者生存。
”应当指出,达尔文的进化论强调环境的影响和生物的适应性,而斯宾塞的“生存原则”更倾向将“适者生存”这一自然法则应用于社会性,以至在19世纪末发展为社会达尔文主义。
两种概念对伦敦的影响在《野性的呼唤》中都有体现。
首先,巴克从一只文明的家犬到洪荒野兽的转化就是一系列的适应过程。
刚到北方,巴克便“很快丢掉了昔日挑食的习惯”渐渐的,巴克不仅认识到了竞争的残酷与生存的艰难,也明白了一个永恒的法则——适者生存。
为了适应这个冰天雪地的蛮荒社会,巴克学会了各种技能。
在旁观者的嘲笑声中,他认识了雪,学会了以雪解渴,并很快磨砺了脚,学会了拉雪橇,也学会了在雪地上挖洞睡觉。
为了填饱肚子,不让自己的食物被抢走,他从一个吃相优雅的美食家变得和别的狗一样狼吞虎咽。
与此同时,也显示出他德行的退化与崩溃。
在解决了温饱问题之后,巴克发现在拉雪橇的狗群中,崇高和美德是没有市场的。
相反,争夺统治地位的厮杀却无时无刻不在进行着。