全球政治法律环境

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Political Risk
Risk of change in political environment or government policy that would adversely affect a company’s ability to operate effectively and profitably When perceived political risk is high, a country will have a difficult time attracting foreign direct investment
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An investigation
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Evaluation of Political Environment /risk
Stability Stability of of political political situation situation Ownership Ownership risk risk（ （creeping creeping expropriation,confiscation, expropriation,confiscation, nationalization, nationalization, ownership ownership restriction, restriction, industry industry and and industry industry coverage coverage） ） Operation Operation risk risk（ （price price control, control, tax, tax, employment employment law law） ） Exchange Exchange risk risk（ （currency currency exchange exchange and and payment payment across across the the nation nation))
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亚洲主要国家和地区投资环境风险排位
国家和地区 新加坡 台湾 日本 中国 韩国 马来西亚 泰国 菲律宾 越南 印尼
投资环境 2 3 5 19 22
经营环境 3 3 14 25 32 24 29 39 46 46
政治环境 2 4 13 19 19 22 32 34 26 45
外汇支付能力 6 5 1 12 15 22 24 36 45 34
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World Court Functions
In making decisions in accordance with international law, it shall apply International conventions（国际约定） International customs（国际惯例） General principles of law as recognized by civilized nations Judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified persons of the various nations

Civil Law country
Legal system reflects the structural concepts and principles of the Roman Empire Companies are formed by contract between two or more parties who are fully liable for the actions of the company
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Sovereignty
Sovereign state: supreme and independent political authority -Free trade or not? It depends upon the development stage of one sovereign state; -Political power in economy depends upon the economic system (market orientation/command orientation) of one sovereign state.
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A Historical review
1937年墨西哥政府接管了所有外国人经营的铁路系 统； 1938年接管了整个石油工业； 1953年危地马拉接管了外国人在本国的香蕉种植园； 1960年古巴将所有工业收归国有； 1962年巴西政府接管了美国公司拥有的发电厂； 1969年秘鲁没收了美国标准石油公司在该国的资产； 1979年伊朗没收了所有外来投资； 1983年法国将所有银行收归国有……
网上参考资料：http://
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2003年投资环境风险排名
国家或地区 瑞士 新加坡 荷兰 日本 台湾 挪威 德国 奥地利 比利时 美国 中国 总投资环境 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 19 营运风险 1 2 4 15 4 7 9 6 2 7 25 政治风险 1 2 6 15 12 4 10 3 19 9 21 汇兑风险 2 4 5 1 3 7 6 14 8 14 12
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A Case: Coca-Cola in India
50年代退出印度（40%） 1993年重返印度 2006年杀虫剂事件
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Expropriation（征用）
Expropriation = governmental action to dispossess a company or investor Nationalisation = ownership of property & assets is transferred to the host government Confiscation （没收）= nationalisation without compensation Creeping expropriation = severe limitations on economic activities. (limitations on repatriation of profits, content requirements, quotas for hiring locals, price controls)
The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing
Chapter 5 Glob96年赫尔姆斯伯顿法
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Political Environment
Political cultures provide context Governing party’s attitude toward Sovereignty Political risk Taxes Threat of equity dilution Expropriation
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A Case
西班牙埃尔切的烧鞋事件
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Taxes
Government taxation policies High taxation can lead to growth in a black market Corporate taxation Companies attempt to limit tax liability by shifting location of income
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Sovereignty
Supreme and independent political authority
“Every sovereign state is bound to
respect the independence of every other sovereign state, and the courts in one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of government of another done within its territory” Chief Justice Fuller
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俄罗斯市场
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Dilution of Equity Control（股权稀释）
In lower-income countries, often political pressure for national control of foreignowned companies Goal of national governance: protect the right of national sovereignty In underdeveloped countries, political pressure often causes companies to take local partners (strategic alliances, joint-ventures)

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Case
一、在卖方交货前发生了一场地震，毁坏了布 匹，使合同无法履行 二、在卖方交货前布匹存放在水管旁，结果 因为水管冻裂，布匹损坏。 试分析上述两种情况 下，英美法系和大陆 法系对合同的处理？
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Islamic Law
Legal system in many Middle Eastern countries Based on the sharia - a comprehensive code governing Muslim conduct in all areas of life Koran–- Holy Book Hadith Based on life, sayings, and practices of Muhammad Identifies forbidden practices “haram”