英译英技巧

英译汉原则概述：

第一，理解是基础，所以语法和词汇基础是必备。语言学习是最公平公正的，付出多少就收获多少，只有多看，多练习，才有质的提高。

第二，从写作的高度来做英译汉翻译；也就是说，不要拘泥于原文的形式，当翻译成汉语之后，仔细斟酌下是否符合汉语表达习惯。

第三，不要拘泥于个别小词，要根据逻辑思维判断出英语表达的含义。

第四，以下所介绍的技巧仅供参考，基本功扎实才是王道。

英译汉技巧1：”揽全局，高屋建瓴“

英译汉中，应该先处理从句，之后处理主句。处理英文细节时，要高屋建瓴，宏观把握，不拘泥于一字一词。要按照中文来龙去脉，由远及近的叙事原则组织行文。中文表达先叙述背景，一般对应英文中的从句或者插入成分，然后是判断表达，一般对应英文的主句。

A transportation is occurring that should greatly boost living standards in the developing world. Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.

A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region.

译文一：对北部地区的进一步开发随着北冰洋的融化加快了脚步，给当地人民带来了利益，也带来了危险。

译文二：随着北冰洋的海冰日渐融化，人们开始加速开发北极地区，这对于生活在极地的居民来说利弊兼有。

Thoreau says that loneliness can occur even amid companions if one’s heart is not open to them.

译文一：梭罗说道，即使有同伴在身边，孤独也会发生，如果一个人的心灵不对他们敞开。译文二：一个人即使有同伴在身旁，如果不对他们敞开心扉，仍会感到孤独。

中文结构：首先，给出理念，指导方针或者原则，或者给出事实背景；其次，具体阐述在这样的方针原则下，做了什么事情，就是句子的主要内容；最后，给出结果或者实现的目标。

一般来说，第一步提供背景时，在英文中很少单独成句，第二步是句子主干，这两步必不可少。在具体翻译时，可以按照―每一步‖信息多少进行―逐步‖切句或者灵活整合。切记：句子不可太短或者太长。

英译汉技巧2：”九九归一“

英文中代词和替换词使用频繁，英译汉时，需要将英文中的代词所指对象明确化，同时将同义词或者词组统一为一致的汉语表达，保持前后一致。

The mother of a young man Oscar was intimate with accused him at a banquet in front of his friends and fans of sexually influencing her son.

译文一：与奥斯卡有亲密关系的年轻人的母亲谴责了他，在宴会上，当着他朋友和粉丝的面，指责他影响到她的儿子。

译文二：在一次宴会上，奥斯卡.王尔德的密友的母亲，当着他朋友和崇拜者的面，指责他在性方面影响到了自己的儿子。

Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving

indigenous customs(土著文化）. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture（萨米人文化）has enjoyed something of a renaissance（复兴）.

译文一：其实谈及保护环境和土著文化，没有什么国家可以与挪威相提并论。政府把开发石油获得的财富都用在了这个地区，萨米人的文化也因此得到了某种意义上的复兴。

译文二：挪威的环保工作和土著文化保护工作走在世界前列。挪威政府也拿出相当部分的石油收入用来保护当地土著文化，萨米文化也由此迎来了复兴。

英译汉技巧3：“of”前后有讲究

“of”前面是英文形象词或者概括词，后面是有实际意义的词，具体的词，理解的时候，应该更关注“of”后面的词。

eg: a dinner of raw pet food. （dinner 是概括词，具体词是后面的raw cat food)

The fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa. (城镇是概括词，具体词是亚洲和非洲）

The city is the building block of civilization and of almost everything people do; a guidebook to the city is really, therefore, a guidebook to how a large and ever-growing clunk of humanity chooses to live. Mr. Smith’s book serves as an excellent introduction to a vast subject, and will suggest plenty of further lines of inquiry.

英译汉技巧4：―数字放句末‖

由于英汉两种语言表达习惯不同，所以，英译汉时，数字一般放在句末；反过来说，汉译英中，数字往往放句前。

eg: 50% of the population are now living in cities and town.

城镇化率达到50%。

Unemployment in January jumped to a 16-year high of 7.6 percent, as 598,000 jobs were slashed from US payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December, 1974. With 1.8 million jobs lost in the last three months, there is urgent desire to boost the economy as quickly as possible.

译文：1月份，美国工资单上砍掉的工作岗位达到598,000个，创下1974年12月以来单月最高纪录，失业率升至16年来新高，达到7.6个百分点。在过去三个月里，尽管推动经济增长迫在眉睫，但失业人数却达到1,800,000人。

英汉翻译技巧5：”语言处理宏观化“

英文的表达特点是具体化，汉语表达比较模糊，具有高度概括性，所以英译汉时，需要进行“概括化或者宏观化”处理。

More people live in cities than in countries.

城镇化率超过50%。

in China and beyond. 国内国外。

in Asia and beyond. 亚洲乃至整个世界。

Europe’s influence on affairs beyond its borders.

欧洲对国际事务的影响力。

以下词组都可以译为―搞好‖：

improve ecological well-being 搞好生态建设

enhance moral and ethical awareness 搞好思想道德建设

build up one’s capability 搞好个人能力建设

promote cultural advancement 搞好文化建设

以下词组都可以译为―建设‖

Internet Techology Applications （IT Applications)信息化建设

infrastructure construction 基础设施建设

establish a harmonious society 建设和谐社会

China’s success lies in its commitment to reform and opening-up. It is also about making comprehensive progress in political, social and cultural spheres.

中国成功靠改革开放，也是政治、经济、文化的全面建设。

从以上例子，可以看出：某种程度上讲，英语表达具体，是―微观式‖语言；汉语相对而言，是―宏观式‖语言。

英汉翻译技巧6：―隐词法‖

英译汉中，或者英文阅读理解中，主要记住主语和宾语，动词可以省略，根据逻辑推理，便可以得出动词含义；另外，英文在名词前加合理的形容词以提升语言张力和可读性，在译为中文时，如果难以对应，就可以大胆去掉；英文中的副词大多可以译为―十分，相当，非常‖。

―Depression‖ is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralysing fear--- fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending. They sell stocks and other assets. A shattering loss of confidence inspires behavior that overwhelms the normal self-correcting mechanisms that usually prevent a recession from becoming deep and prolonged: a depression.

Yet even this painfully-bought self-knowledge found its way into his comic creation.

然而，这种来自于人生磨砺的自知之明表现在他的喜剧作品中。

He revolvted against all kinds of human discrimination and sought to establish social justice, democracy and freedom as rights for all human beings.

他反对各种人类歧视，努力建立社会公义，维护人类民主和自由权利。

Despite the mistakes they’ll make, they’ll persist–so that one day they can cruise alongside Americans and Western Europeans on the information superhighway.

虽然他们会犯错，但是会坚持下去—终有一天，他们会在信息高速公路上与美国和西欧国家一道并驾齐驱。

英汉翻译技巧7：―的‖字、―被‖字头上一把刀

英译汉时，要注意汉语的表达习惯，避免用太多―的‖和―被‖字。否则，汉语表达就会觉得别扭，不自然，不地道，或者出现―欧化‖现象，或者出现―翻译腔过重‖现象。

These young people were awarded medals for their remarkable bravery.

这些年轻人十分勇敢，获得奖章嘉奖。

比较：这些年轻人被给予奖章奖励，因为他们突出的勇敢。

The books in our library are classified according to subject matter.

我们图书馆藏书根据学科分门别类。

比较：根据学科，我们图书馆的书是被分类的。

我们图书馆的书根据学科类别进行了分类。

Signs that the disease has spread recently to birds in Siberia and Kazakhstan are adding to concerns, the WHO says. A panel of European Union experts will convene Thursday in

Brussels to discuss measures to prevent the spread of bird deaths to European poultry.

译文一：最近有迹象表明：禽流感已经传播给在西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦的鸟类，这引起了人们更大的关注。世界卫生组织宣布。周四，欧盟的专家小组在布鲁塞尔将召开会议讨论采取措施防止欧洲家禽死亡的蔓延。

译文二：世界卫生组织称，有迹象表明，禽流感最近已蔓延至西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦，这使人们更加担忧。欧盟专家小组将于周四在布鲁塞尔召开会议，商讨如何防止禽流感疫情蔓延至欧洲。

英汉翻译技巧8：―四、六、八原则‖

中文表达铿锵有力，节奏感强；为了加强气势，增加译文可读性，可以译为四字词词组，或者六字、八字词组。

Let’s see what is happening in China. (what Chinese are doing.)

我们来看看中国现状。(中国措施）

I am convinced that we will never meet any of our goals without the concerted action of many actors: people of conscience everywhere who know that too many children go to bed hungry; who care that war continues to rage; who worry that our environment suffers daily assaults; and who understand that solutions can spread faster and farther when we join forces for action.

译文一：我坚信没有许多行动者的共同行动，我们不会完成我们的目标。世界各地有良知的人，他们知道太多的孩子挨饿入眠，他们担心战争会持续愤怒燃烧；害怕环境每天遭到侵袭，并且知道如果我们和聚力量，问题会得以更快更深远地解决。

译文二：在世界各地有许多有良知的人，他们心系那些每晚食不果腹、忍饥入眠的儿童；担心战争持续蔓延；关注环境日益遭到破坏；深知只有人类共同携手行动，才能快速、彻底解决问题。我坚信，如果这些有良知的人们不采取一致行动，任何一个千年发展目标（此处指前文提到的千年目标）都将无法实现。

其他技巧使用：“九九归一”：actors, our goals

行文组织技巧：具体阐述后加上归纳总结，符合汉语行文习惯。

英汉翻译技巧练习

1 Most roommate conflicts spring from such small, irritating differences rather than grand disputes over abstract philosophical principles. “It is the specifics that tear roommates apart, “says the assistant director of residential programs at a university in Ohio.

2 Some countries, such as Britain, have been slow to capitalize. Last year only 147,000 Chinese tourists visited Britain compared with 1.2m who went to France. So the Britain have launched a campaign to triple the number of Chinese visitors by 2015. They have also pledged to improve Britain’s onerous visa process. While the Schengen visa system allows holders to visit multiple European countries, Britain requires a separate visa.

3 LECCO(莱科市）, Italy---Each morning, about 450 students travel along 17 schools bus routes to 10 elementary schools in this lakeside city at the southern tip of Lake Como（摩科湖）. There are zero buses.

4 In addition to telling us about our origins, genetic information is also the latest raw material of the medical industry, which hopes to use human DNA to build specialized proteins that may have some value as disease-fighting drugs.

5 He was required to write what is necessary in a form before the job interview.

6 Observations and experiments are carried out in order to test and shed light on some theory, and only those observations considered relevant to that task should be recorded.

7 The Walt Disney Company last week announced plans to restrict junk food commercials on its television programs aimed at children. A few days before, Mayor Michael Bloomberg took steps to restrict the sale of supersized sugary drinks in New York. But isolated changes may not make a substantial difference at a time when Americans are gaining weight as a nation. Reducing obesity will require a broader shift in the culture.

8 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.

9 The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of

a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

10 数字翻译练习：

fifty million/654,321,000/3-4 percent/five percentage points/several thousand people/well over sixty/half a billion/1.5 million/22 million/3,000 people/Sixty-fourth Session/Committee of Twenty-four

11 倍数翻译：

increased 3 folds/increased by 3 times/increased to 3 times/ increase by a factor of 3.

A is 3 times as great as B.

B is 3 times greater than A.

A is 4 times the size of B.

decrease 3 times/decline by 3 times/decrease by a factor of 3

C is 5 times as small as D.

D is 4 times smaller than C.

double/quadruple/triple