The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Land of Mayo：分子生物学的中心教条地-梅奥
分子生物学 名言-概述说明以及解释
分子生物学名言1.分子生物学是研究从化学物质的角度解释生命现象的科学。
2.DNA是生命的基础，分子生物学的核心。
3.RNA的功能多样，不仅仅是DNA的复制。
4.蛋白质是生命的工具，分子生物学的重要研究对象。
5.基因是决定生物特征的基本单位，分子生物学解析基因。
6.无论形状多么复杂，细胞都是由分子组成的。
7.基因表达调控是分子生物学最重要的研究方向之一。
8.分子生物学揭示了细胞的内部机制和生物体的发育过程。
9.微生物的分子生物学研究帮助我们理解病原体和抗生素。
10.分子生物学是现代医学和生物技术的重要基础。
11.基因编辑技术是分子生物学的重要成果之一，具有巨大应用前景。
12.CRISPR/Cas9系统革命性地改变了基因编辑的方式。
13.分子生物学研究使我们能够更好地了解人类的遗传疾病。
14.疟疾的分子生物学研究为疫苗和药物治疗提供了新的线索。
15.分子生物学的发展推动了生物科学领域的许多重大突破。
16.基因测序技术的发展使分子生物学研究更加高效和精准。
17.分子生物学的研究成果推动了农业领域的基因改良。
18.分子生物学的发展有助于对环境的污染和生态系统的保护。
19.分子生物学研究为个性化医疗提供了新的可能性。
20.无论是人类还是其他生物，我们都是分子世界的产物。
21.DNA是生命的蓝图。
22.RNA是生命的使者。
23.蛋白质是生物体的建筑材料。
24.基因是生命的密码。
25.细胞是生命的基本单位。
26.转录是基因表达的第一步。
27.翻译是基因表达的第二步。
28.DNA复制是生物传承的基础。
29.突变是生物进化的驱动力。
30.RNA干扰是基因表达的负调控。
31.蛋白质折叠决定其功能。
32.非编码RNA在细胞调控中起重要作用。
33.CRCR技术使基因编辑更加精准。
34.DNA甲基化调控基因的表达。
35.核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所。
36.环状RNA具有多种生物学功能。
37.基因组学研究揭示生物多样性。
38.CRISPR是一种革命性的基因工具。
生物专业外语笔试题目及答案
生物专业外语笔试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "gene" was first introduced by which scientist?A. Charles DarwinB. Gregor MendelC. James WatsonD. Francis Crick答案：B2. Which of the following is not a function of DNA?A. Store genetic informationB. Control cell divisionC. Direct protein synthesisD. Provide energy答案：D3. What is the basic unit of a protein?A. CarbohydrateB. LipidC. Amino acidD. Nucleotide答案：C4. The process of DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?A. G1 phaseB. S phaseC. G2 phaseD. M phase答案：B5. Which of the following is a type of genetic mutation?A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. TransversionD. Translocation答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to _______.答案：protein7. In eukaryotic cells, the process of protein synthesis takes place in the _______.答案：cytoplasm8. The term "genome" refers to all the genetic material of an _______.答案：organism9. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into afully formed individual is known as _______.答案：development10. The study of the relationships among various species is known as _______.答案：taxonomy三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）11. Briefly describe the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell.答案：A typical eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that contains the genetic material, a cell membrane that encloses the cell, cytoplasm where organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus perform various functions, and other structures like lysosomes and a cytoskeleton.12. Explain the concept of natural selection and its importance in evolution.答案：Natural selection is the process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring. It is a key mechanism of evolution, leading to adaptation and the diversity of life forms.13. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?答案：Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes are generally smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotes.14. Describe the process of photosynthesis and its significance for life on Earth.答案：Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose or other organic molecules. It is significant for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and is the primary source of energy for most food chains.四、论述题（每题20分，共20分）15. Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and medicine.答案：Genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture by enabling the development of crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases, better tolerance to environmental stresses, and enhanced nutritional content. In medicine, it has facilitated the production of recombinant proteins and vaccines, the development of gene therapies, and the advancement of personalized medicine based on genetic profiles.结束语：本试题旨在考察学生对生物专业外语知识的掌握程度以及应用能力，希望同学们能够通过本试题加深对生物学基本概念和原理的理解，并在实际应用中不断进步。
生物学英文面试题及答案
生物学英文面试题及答案1. What is the central dogma of molecular biology?The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It statesthat genetic information can flow from DNA to DNA (replication), from DNA to RNA (transcription), and from RNA to protein (translation). However, information cannot flow from protein back to either protein or nucleic acids.2. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Prokaryotic cells are simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, are more complex and contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples of eukaryotes include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.3. What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. They are also involved in other tasks such as regulation of the cell cycle and cell growth.4. Describe the process of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with thehelp of chlorophyll pigment. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which is stored in glucose molecules. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).5. What are the functions of DNA?DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is the primary constituent of chromosomes, which are the structures within cells that contain most of the genetic material.6. How does DNA replication occur?DNA replication is a process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. This process occurs during cell division and is essential for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. It involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of complementary strands, and the use of enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase.7. What is the significance of the Human Genome Project?The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project aimed at determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. Its completion has revolutionized the fields of medicine, forensics, and our understanding of human biology.8. Explain the concept of natural selection.Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring than those with less favorable traits. Over time, this leads to the gradual evolution of species as the advantageous traits become more common in the population.9. What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the appropriate amino acids to the growing protein chain. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosome, the cellular machinery that facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins.10. How do antibiotics work?Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit or kill bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by targeting specific processes within bacteria, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication, which are not present in human cells. This allows antibiotics to selectively kill bacteria without harming the host.。
英汉对照分子生物学导论(王勇)Chapter_0
3. How to learn?
Because we have so many things to learn, it is very easy to get lost in these details, and so before we begin to study, we need some guiding principles to give a sense of order to many of these details. 因为我们有这么多内 容要学，而一旦深入 到细节中又很容易迷 失方向，因此在开始 学习之前，我们需要 一些指导原则来帮助 梳理这些细节内容。
Benjamin Lewin Gene VIII
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Introduction / 引 言
1. What is molecular biology? 什么是分子生物学？
2. What should we learn? 我们应该学习什么内容？
3. How to learn? 如何学习？
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A wonderful molecular world !
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1. What is molecular biology?
Molecular biology: “How does a set of molecules make a dynamic living organism?” The most fundamental feature of all known life is the ability to reproduce and the ability to grow. If organisms were not able to reproduce, life would be impossible.
chapter 28-DNA replication
28.1 How is DNA replicated?
1. DNA replication is semiconservative 2. DNA replication is bidirectional 3. DNA replication is semidiscontinuous
How is DNA replicated?-I
site through base-pairing with the corresponding base in the template strand 2. Chain growth is in the 5->3 direction antiparallel to the template strand 3. DNA polymerases cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo —all require a primer with a free 3-OH to build upon.
In prokaryotes, replicons are usually closed circles of DNA that have no ends. In most bacteria, linear molecules of DNA are degraded by exonucleases. Consequently, linear segments of DNA that enter a bacterial cell during conjugation or transformation will eventually be degraded.
E.coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme-replicates chromosome
中心法则的概念
中心法则的概念中心法则（英语：genetic central dogma），又译成分子生物学的中心教条（英语：The central dogma of molecular biology），首先由佛朗西斯·克里克于1958年提出。
中心法则的概念：遗传信息的标准流程大致可以描述为DNA制造RNA，RNA制造蛋白质，蛋白质反过来协助前两项流程，并协助DNA自我复制”，或者更简单的“DNA →RNA →蛋白质”。
所以整个过程可以分为三大步骤：转录、翻译和DNA复制。
1.转录。
转录（Transcription）是遗传信息由DNA转换到RNA的过程。
转录是信使RNA（mRNA）以及非编码RNA（tRNA、rRNA等）的合成步骤。
转录中，一个基因会被读取、复制为mRNA；这个过程由RNA聚合酶（RNA polymerase）和转录因子（transcription factor）所共同完成。
2.剪接。
在真核细胞中，原始转录产物（mRNA前体Pre-mRNA）还要被加工：一个或多个序列（内含子）被剪出除去。
选择性剪接的机制使之可产生出不同的成熟的mRNA分子，这取决于哪段序列被当成内含子而哪段又作为存留下来的外显子。
并非全部有mRNA的活细胞都要经历这种剪接；剪接在原核细胞中是不存在的。
3.转译。
最终，成熟的mRNA接近核糖体，并在此处被翻译。
原核细胞没有细胞核，其转录和翻译可同时进行。
而在真核细胞中，转录的场所和翻译的场所通常是分开的（前者在细胞核，后者在细胞质），所以mRNA必须从细胞核转移到细胞质，并在细胞质中与核糖体结合。
核糖体会以三个密码子来读取mRNA上的信息，一般是从AUG开始，或是核糖体连接位下游的启始甲硫氨酸密码子开始。
启始因子及延长因子的复合物会将氨酰tRNA（tRNAs）带入核糖体-mRNA复合物中，只要mRNA上的密码子能与tRNA上的反密码子配对，即可按照mRNA上的密码序列加入氨基酸。
基因翻译作文模板英语
基因翻译作文模板英语英文回答：Gene Translation: A Molecular Blueprint for Life。
Gene translation is a crucial step in the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. This process involves decoding the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) and synthesizing a specific polypeptide chain, according to the instructions encoded in the mRNA sequence.The process of gene translation can be divided into three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.Initiation。
Translation initiation begins with the formation of an initiation complex, which includes the mRNA, the small ribosomal subunit, and an initiator tRNA. The initiatortRNA carries the amino acid methionine (Met) and base-pairs with the start codon (usually AUG) on the mRNA.Elongation。
The elongation phase involves the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Each codon on the mRNA specifies a particular amino acid, which is brought to the ribosome by a specific tRNA molecule. The tRNA anticodons base-pair with the mRNA codons, ensuring the correct order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.Termination。
遗传中心法则
“The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. （分子生物学的中心法则旨在详细说明连串信息的逐 字传送。它指出遗传信息不能由蛋白质转移到蛋白质或核再从 RNA 传递给蛋白质，即完成遗传信息的转录和 翻译的过程。也可以从 DNA 传递给 DNA，即完成 DNA 的复制过程。这是所有有细胞结构的 生物所遵循的法则。在某些病毒中的 RNA 自我复制（如烟草花叶病毒等）和在某些病毒中能 以 RNA 为模板逆转录成 DNA 的过程（某些致癌病毒）是对中心法则的补充。
1957 年 F.H.C.克里克最初提出的中心法则是：DNA→RNA→蛋白质。它说明遗传信息在 不同的大分子之间的转移都是单向的，不可逆的，只能从 DNA 到 RNA（转录），从 RNA 到 蛋白质（翻译）。这两种形式的信息转移在所有生物的细胞中都得到了证实。1970 年 H.M.特 明和 D.巴尔的摩在一些 RNA 致癌病毒中发现它们在宿主细胞中的复制过程是先以病毒的 RNA 分子为模板合成一个 DNA 分子，再以 DNA 分子为模板合成新的病毒 RNA。前一个步骤 被称为反向转录，是上述中心法则提出后的新的发现。因此克里克在 1970 年重申了中心法则 的重要性，提出了更为完整的图解形式。
中心法则的例外
一、中心法则中遗传信息流的例外：
（一）反转录：病毒，高等动物
Shared the Nobel
Prize in Physiology
and Medicine in 1975
"for their discoveries
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中心法则的例外
➢中心法则(central dogma)
The central dogma of molecular biology, showing the general pathways of information flow via replication, transcription, and translation. The term “dogma” is a misnomer. Introduced by Francis Crick at a time when little evidence supported these ideas, the dogma has become a well-established principle.
（三）由DNA到蛋白质的直接翻译 离体实验中观察到，一些与核糖体相互作用的抗生素如 新霉素和链霉素，能扰乱核糖体对信使的选择，从而可 以接受单链DNA分子代替mRNA，然后以单链DNA为模板， 按核苷酸顺序翻译成多肽的氨基酸顺序。另外还有人发 现，细胞核里的DNA可以直接转移到细胞质中的核糖体 上，不需要通过RNA也可以控制蛋白质的合成。
（四）拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA） 近年在植物体内发现了拟逆转录病毒(pararetrovirus)， 这种病毒的遗传物质是双链DNA，能像逆转录病毒一样， 通过把自己的DNA整合到寄主的基因组DNA中去，再进 行复制。 （五）朊病毒（prion） 通过改变其他蛋白质的构象来进行自身精确复制的一类 蛋白质。也就是：蛋白质→蛋白质。
遗传学作业——中心法则的补充与发展
浅谈中心法则的发展周春陵摘要：论述中心法则发展的各个阶段，预测中心法则的发展方向关键词：中心法则；发展分子生物学中的中心法则(TheCentralDogmaofMolecularBiology)揭示了遗传信息复制、转录和转译的全过程,是现代生物学中最基本、最重要的规律之一。
该法则自其产生以后,随着研究的深入,在内容上得到了丰富,在形式得到了修正。
本文简要介绍中心法则的发展，并对其发展方向作出预测。
一、中心法则的提出分子生物学的中心法则最早是由英国剑桥大学的物理学家佛郎西斯.克里克(FrancisH.C.Crick) 在1958年提出的,在英国的实验生物学会第12届讨论会“大分子的生物复制”会议录(Symp.Soc. Exp.Biol.XII,138,1958)发表。
如图1所示,箭头表示在三大类生物大分子脱氧核糖核酸DNA、核糖核酸RNA和蛋白质之间信息传递或流动所有可能的方向。
但是由于当时对转录、翻译、遗传密码、肽链折叠等都还了解不多,在那个时候与其说中心法则是一种准确的科学原理,不如说是一种强烈的科学信念,这个科学信念在以后分子生物学的发展过程中越来越成为多数人的坚定信念,因为它的正确性得到越来越多的实验证明,为越来越丰富的内容所充实、延伸、发展而变得越来越完善。
[1] 图 1二、早期对中心法则的认识克里克在1958年中心法则后做了进一步的分析,如图2所示,这些可能的信息传递大体上可以分成三大类:实线箭头表示很有可能的(probable)信息流动,而虚线箭头表示有可能发生的(possible)信息流动,从蛋白质流向蛋白质或DNA或RNA的三条途径被认为是不可能的(impossible), 因而应该取消。
图 2三、对中心法则的进一步理解1. 逆转录的发现当时绝大多数生物学家都认为,自然界的生物体并不需要这种逆向传递。
然而,通过1960到1970这十年的研究,坦明(TEMINH)和巴梯摩尔(BALTIMORED)等发现并证实了反转录酶的存在。
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Messenger RNA
Sense
Antisense
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Transfer RNA
Each tRNA holds one amino acid Every tRNA has a special region called the
There are three main kinds:
structural - make up most body parts
hormone - chemical that controls the body
enzyme - catalyst speeds up chemical reactions
Insulin, a protein
3
Importance of Proteins
Without proteins there would be no life
All cells make proteins Proteins in your body
make up your:
Hair Nails Muscles Skin Cartilage
The two strands of DNA bases are connected by weak forces called hydrogen bonds*
* 2 hydrogen bonds
3 hydrogen bonds *
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Components of DNA
Phosphate
13
antisense sense
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
10
Connecting the DNA molecule
Nucleotides are units composed of a base, phosphate and a sugar
11
Connecting the DNA molecule
9
Connecting the DNA molecule
The two strands of DNA are said to be antiparallel*
One strand is oriented in a 5’ to 3’ direction*
The other strand is oriented in the opposite 3’ to 5’ direction*
Rails* of the DNA ladder are alternating sugar & phosphates
Rungs* are composed of pairs of bases
A bonds with T* G bonds with C*
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Connecting the DNA Molecule
DNA unzips slightly and the two strands unwind * new nucleotides attach to the free ends *
( A-T, G-C) more DNA unzips more nucleotides attach * process continues until completed result is two (2) double strands of DNA each strand is 50% new and 50% old DNA
Proteins are attached to the DNA helix in cells
These proteins are known as histones
They assist in DNA storage
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DNA and RNA Compared
DNA
Found only in nucleus*
Single stranded helix *
Bases = AUGC (URACIL) *
Sugar = Ribose
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Replication of DNA
Replication - the making of an exact copy of the DNA molecule
anti-codon (3 bases) An tRNA anti-codon "mates" with codon on
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Ribosomal RNA is used to make a ribosome The ribosome “reads” the mRNA plan for the
new protein mRNA is the set of directions for a new protein*
Components of DNA
Deoxyribose (sugar)
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Components of DNA
DNA bases
(4 different types) Adenine Thymine* Guanine Cytosine
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Components of DNA
Double stranded helix
Bases = ATGC* Sugar =
Deoxyribose
* DNA is also found in a select number of other organelleolus*
The DNA Ladder*
P S–A P
P T-S
P
***
P
P
S–A T -?
P
P
S–T A-S
S–T ?-S
P
P
P
P
S–G C-S
?–G C-S
P
P
P
P
S-C G-S
S-C G-S
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Connecting the DNA molecule
The two strands of DNA are different
One is called the sense strand and it is the plan to make a protein
The other strand is the antisense strand and it is only used for protection of the sense strand
Replication occurs whenever a cell divides The copy must be 100% accurate
(errors = death possibly) Replication practice (find the complimentary bases
4
Discovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
1953 Watson, Crick and Wilkins determined the structure of DNA to be a double helix
They won a Nobel Prize for their work
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Restriction Enzymes
sticky ends blunt ends sticky ends blunt ends
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Restriction Enzymes
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Three types of RNA:
rRNA = ribosomal RNA - makes up the ribosome
DNA replication is different on the leading and lagging strands *
*
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Enzymes * Involved in DNA Replication
DNA polymerase – adds nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction
5
Structure of the DNA molecule
DNA is shaped like a double helix
It is like a spiral staircase
Another way to think of it is a twisted ladder
6
Connecting the DNA molecule
Exons – sequences in the DNA that are expressed or used to make mRNA and ultimately are used to make a protein
25
Introns and Exons
26
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes (also known as restriction endonucleases) recognize specific DNA sequences and CLEAVE or cut the DNA into pieces *
Generally these cuts occur in a manner which leaves a sticky end of single strand DNA
Topoisomerase Gyrase RNA primase DNA ligase – connects the gaps in the