国际商务英语重点总结
商务英语的知识点总结归纳
商务英语的知识点总结归纳商务英语是现代商业中不可或缺的一环，可以让企业在国际贸易中更好地沟通和协商。
总结商务英语知识点是非常重要的工作，它可以帮助学习者更好地掌握商务英语，提高沟通效率和商业谈判的成败。
在这篇文章中，我们将总结商务英语的几个重要知识点，以帮助读者更好地掌握商务英语。
1. 商务英语常见词汇商务英语中使用的单词和短语与日常生活语言略有不同。
一些常见的商务英语词汇包括：贸易、出口、进口、采购、供应链、物流、合同、协议、报价、付款等等。
此外，还应掌握一些商务交流中常见的缩略语和首字母缩写，例如FOB、CIF、FCA、FTA、ETA、CIP等等。
熟练掌握这些词汇将有助于您更加流利地开展商务交流并轻松地理解商业文件。
2. 商务英语邮件写作技巧商务英语邮件是商务交流中最常用的一种通信方式之一。
良好的商务英语邮件写作技能可以让您更高效地与国际贸易伙伴进行沟通，这将有助于产品销售和海外市场扩展。
邮件写作技巧应该包括邮件主题的编写、邮件格式的规范、语言的清晰准确等。
在编写商务英语邮件时，您应该注意选择适当的敬语和表达方式，避免使用过于口语化的语句。
3. 商务英语谈判技巧商务英语谈判是商业交易中最重要的一环。
良好的商务英语谈判技巧可以让您在谈判中更有自信，并更好地达成协议。
商务英语谈判的技巧包括聆听技巧、沟通技巧、提问技巧、协商技巧等等。
在谈判中，您应掌握恰当的语气，并准备足够丰富的词汇来表述自己的需求和愿望。
4. 商务英语电话沟通技能在商业交易中，电话沟通是必不可少的方式之一。
良好的商务英语电话沟通技能可以让您更好地与合作伙伴沟通，提高销售率和客户满意度。
电话沟通的技能包括正确的招呼、礼貌用语、听取并理解对方意见等。
如果您的商务英语口语不够流利，可以在多与母语为英语人士进行交流，以提高自己的口语水平，在电话沟通中更自然和得心应手。
5. 商务英语文化差异商业谈判不仅仅在语言上存在差异，还在文化上存在不同。
国际商务英语笔记1-12课
Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commoditythan it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
大一商务英语知识点总结
大一商务英语知识点总结Introduction:商务英语是指应用于商务交流和商业活动中的英语语言技能。
作为一个大一学生，学习商务英语的基础知识对日后的学习和工作至关重要。
本文将对大一商务英语的相关知识点进行总结。
I. 国际贸易1. 国际贸易基本概念国际贸易是指各国之间的货物和服务的买卖活动。
了解国际贸易的基本概念对于理解商务英语中的相关术语和交流方式非常重要。
2. 贸易方式和贸易条件- 直接贸易和间接贸易：解释两种贸易方式的概念及其区别。
- CIF和FOB等常见贸易条件的含义：介绍常见贸易条件的意义和应用。
3. 国际支付方式- L/C（信用证）和D/P（付款交单）：解释两种常见的国际支付方式的定义和应用场景。
II. 商务信函写作1. 商务信函格式商务英语中的商务信函通常包括信头、称呼、正文、结束语和签名等部分。
介绍商务信函的标准格式和各部分的书写要求。
2. 商务信函常用句型- 开头部分：引言、自我介绍和目的陈述等。
- 主体部分：要点阐述、安排会议或商谈时间等。
- 结尾部分：表示感谢、表达希望进一步合作等。
III. 商务会议和谈判1. 商务会议准备- 规划议程：制定会议议程并明确会议目标。
- 材料准备：准备好与会议相关的文件、报告和资料等。
2. 商务会议礼仪- 会议室礼仪：介绍商务会议中的行为规范和注意事项。
- 会议用语：常用商务会议英语表达和掌握技巧。
3. 商务谈判技巧- 谈判策略：了解不同的谈判策略和技巧。
- 求同存异：平衡双方利益并达成双赢的谈判结果。
IV. 商务演示和口语表达1. 商务演示技巧- 制作PPT：介绍如何制作专业的商务演示文稿。
- 演讲技巧：掌握演讲技巧和有效的语言表达方法。
2. 商务口语表达- 电话沟通技巧：提供商务电话沟通的常用表达和技巧。
- 社交场合用语：掌握商务社交中的常用表达和礼仪。
Conclusion:以上所述是大一商务英语的相关知识点总结。
通过学习这些基础知识，我们可以更好地理解和应用商务英语，为日后的学习和工作奠定坚实的基础。
国际商务英语总复习 .doc
Lesson 1 International Business(1) International business: it refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.(2) Commodity trade: exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(3) Licensing: in licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology.(4) Franchising: it can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.(5) Franchiser: it can be develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services.(6) Management contract: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized servicesto another within a particular period for a flat payment of a percentage of the relevant business volume.(7) International turnkey project: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete.1. (1) Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1. The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2. Different countries usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards convertion etc. uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3. Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4. Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.(2) Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption of resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Thday, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade.(4) Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.(5) Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.(6) How is it different from licensing?In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.(7)Under what condition is a management contract most applicable?When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.(8) In what way is its variant BOT different from it?BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.5. Translation:（1）国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
商务英语-国际商务英语-重点分析
学习目标1、Income Level and the World Market2、Regional Economic Integration3、Economic GlobalizationGNP and GDPPer capita income and per capita GDPHigh-income, middle income and low-income countriesStandards for classificationRepresentative countriesTriad and QuadUnited StatesWestern EuropeJapanCanadaOther important markets for ChinaTrade Terms1.GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.Trade Terms2.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Trade Terms3.National income国民收入4.Per capita income人均收入Trade Terms5.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Trade Terms6.PPP购买力平价: Purchasing power parity7.Consumerism消费主义8.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.Trade Terms9.Infrastructure基础设施10.Staple goods大路货11.Invoice （开）发票12.Creditor country债权国Trade Terms13. OECD经合组织，经济合作与开发组织:Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development.14. The Commonwealth of IndependentStates 独联体，独立国家联合体Trade Terms15. ASEAN 东盟，东南亚国家联盟: Associationof Southeast Asian Nationals.16. NIEs（亚洲四小虎）: Newly IndustrializedEconomies17. Factors of production生产要素Trade TermsGNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s totalincome. The difference between them isthat the former focuses on ownership ofthe factors of production while the latterconcentrates on the country whereproduction takes place.Trade TermsIn assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents..Trade TermsCountries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.Trade TermsChina with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.Trade TermsAs far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. These countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.Regional Economic Integration-Business Knowledge（1）Major objectives of regional integration（2）Four levels of regional economic integrationA. Free trade areaB. Customs unionC. Common marketD. Economic unionRegional Economic Integration-Business Knowledge（3）European Union (EU)（4）Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)（5）Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Trade Terms1. Economic integration经济一体化2. Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyTrade Terms3. Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy4. Tariff rates关税税率Trade Terms5. Settlement结算，结账6. NAFTA北美自由贸易协定: North American Free Trade AgreementTrade Terms7. Common market 共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.8. Banknotes circulation 货币流通Trade Terms9. Cartel 卡塔尔10.APEC亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织: Asia Pacific Economic CooperationTrade Terms11.OPEC石油输出国组织: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries12.European Commission 欧盟委员会13.Council of ministers 部长理事会14.Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议Trade Terms15. Quota Restrictions配额限制16. Economic Union 经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Trade Terms17. EU欧盟，欧洲联盟: European Union18. EC欧共体，欧洲共同体: European Community19. Benelux荷比卢（比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国）:Belgium, Netherlands, LuxemburgTrade Terms20. Mercousur 南方共同市场: Southern Cone Customs Union21. ECSC欧洲煤钢共同体: European Coal and Steel CommunityTrade Terms22. EEC欧洲经济共同体: European Economic Community23. EURATOM欧洲原子能共同体，欧洲原子能联营: European Atomic Energy CommunityTrade Terms24. SOM高官会议: Senior Officials Meeting25. TILF贸易投资便利化自由化: Trade and investment liberation and facilitationTrade Terms26. ECOTECH经济技术合作: Economic and technical cooperation27. Political entity 政治实体Trade Terms28. Sovereign state 主权国家29. Multi-polarization 多极化Trade Terms30. Sub-committee 分委员会31. Territory economies 区域经济体Trade Terms32. Pacific Rim 环太平洋圈33. Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders 领导人非正式会议Trade TermsThe past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.Trade TermsThe most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.Trade TermsThe members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry polices, etc., but also use the same currency.Trade TermsThe European Commission is one of the governing organs of the European Union. It is the body that puts proposals to the Council of Minister for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.Trade TermsAPEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.Economic Globalization-Business Knowledge(1) Economic globalization as an objective trendA. Basic featureB. Advantages and negative impactsEconomic Globalization-Business Knowledge(2) Multinational corporationsA. Organization- parent and affiliatesB. Characteristicsa. Enormous in sizeb. Wide geographical spreadc. Longevity and rapid growthEconomic Globalization-Business KnowledgeC. Need, goals and rolesa. Profitb. Securityc. As vehicles for cross-border transfer resourcesEconomic Globalization-Business KnowledgeD. Four typesa. Multi-domestic corporationb. Global corporationc. Transnational corporationd. World companyTrade Terms1. Share holders 股东2. Economic globalization 经济全球化3. Board of directors 董事会4. Inputs 投入Trade Terms5. Economic environment 经济环境6. Parent MNC headquarter 跨国公司母公司，总部7. Affiliate MNC子公司，分支机构，附属机构8. Branch company 分公司Trade Terms9. Subsidiary company 子公司10.Day-to-day running 日常管理Trade Terms11.MNC跨国公司: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.Trade Terms12.Home county 母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.13.Host country 东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Trade Terms14.MNE跨国企业: Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Trade Terms15.Economies of scale 规模经济16. Increase and growth 数量的增多和规模的增大17. Revenue adjusted for inflation（除去通货膨胀后的）实际收入。
国际商务双语知识点总结
国际商务双语知识点总结一、国际商务的定义国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的商业活动，包括跨国贸易、国际投资、跨国合作等多方面内容。
国际商务在全球化背景下愈加重要，对国际企业的经营和管理提出了新的挑战。
通过国际商务，企业可以拓展市场，获取资源，增加收入，提升竞争力，促进经济发展。
International Business SummaryI. Definition of International BusinessInternational business refers to commercial activities carried out on the international level, including cross-border trade, international investment, and multinational cooperation. International business is becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, posing new challenges for the operation and management of international enterprises. Through international business, companies can expand their markets, acquire resources, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness, promoting economic development.二、国际商务环境与市场1. 国际商务环境国际商务环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。
政治稳定、经济状况、文化差异和法律制度都会影响国际商务的运作。
2. 国际商务市场各国市场的规模、结构、需求以及消费习惯存在差异，了解不同国家的市场特点对于开展国际商务至关重要。
国际贸易英语知识点总结
国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。
风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。
- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。
2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
与CIF相比，不包含保险费。
- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
二、商务信函写作。
1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。
- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。
国际商法知识点总结 英文
国际商法知识点总结英文Key Knowledge Points in International Commercial Law1. Principles of International Commercial ContractsInternational commercial contracts are the backbone of global trade. Understanding the principles of contract law is crucial for companies engaged in international business. The key elements of a valid contract include offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and certainty of terms. In the international context, parties may encounter issues such as choice of law, jurisdiction, and the enforceability of contracts across borders.2. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)The CISG is the most widely adopted international treaty for the sale of goods. It provides a uniform set of rules for contracts for the international sale of goods and governs the rights and obligations of both buyers and sellers. Understanding the provisions of the CISG, such as the obligations of the parties, the determination of the contract price, and the remedies for breach of contract, is essential for businesses engaged in international trade.3. International Trade LawInternational trade law encompasses the rules and regulations that govern the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It covers areas such as import and export regulations, tariffs, customs duties, and trade agreements. Businesses need to be aware of the legal framework governing international trade to ensure compliance and mitigate risks.4. IncotermsIncoterms are internationally recognized terms that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade transactions. They provide a set of standard rules for the interpretation of trade terms, such as delivery, transport, insurance, and risk allocation. Understanding the different Incoterms is essential for negotiating and drafting international commercial contracts.5. International Dispute ResolutionDisputes are inevitable in international commercial transactions. Understanding the various methods of international dispute resolution, such as litigation, arbitration, and mediation, is crucial for businesses engaged in cross-border trade. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of dispute resolution mechanism should be carefully considered based on the specific circumstances of the dispute.6. Intellectual Property Rights in International BusinessIntellectual property (IP) rights play a crucial role in international business, as they protect the creations of the mind, such as inventions, trademarks, and copyrights. Understandingthe principles of IP law and the international treaties and conventions that govern IP rights is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border trade, as it helps protect their intangible assets from infringement and unauthorized use.7. Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsInternational mergers and acquisitions involve complex legal issues related to corporate law, antitrust law, and regulatory compliance. Understanding the legal framework governing cross-border M&A transactions, including the due diligence process, merger control regulations, and the negotiation and drafting of acquisition agreements, is essential for companies seeking to expand their global footprint through M&A activities.8. Compliance with International Regulations and StandardsInternational businesses need to comply with a myriad of regulations and standards, including those related to product safety, environmental protection, anti-corruption, and data privacy. Understanding the legal requirements and best practices for compliance in different jurisdictions is essential for maintaining the reputation and sustainability of the business.9. International Commercial ArbitrationArbitration is a widely used method for the resolution of international commercial disputes. Understanding the principles of international arbitration, including the selection of arbitration rules, the appointment of arbitrators, the conduct of arbitral proceedings, and the enforcement of arbitral awards, is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border transactions.10. Legal and Ethical Issues in International BusinessOperating in the global marketplace raises various legal and ethical challenges for businesses, such as bribery and corruption, human rights violations, and supply chain management. Understanding the legal and ethical issues in international business is crucial for companies to navigate the complex landscape of global trade while upholding ethical standards and corporate social responsibility.In conclusion, international commercial law is a vast and complex field that requires a deep understanding of legal principles, regulations, and customs that govern cross-border transactions. Businesses operating in the global marketplace need to be aware of the key knowledge points in international commercial law to ensure compliance, mitigate risks, and seize opportunities in the global economy.。
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国际商务英语重点总结第一章一、选择判断题1. What is communication?Transmission of information and meaning from one person or group to another.二、简答题1.Why do you need good communication skills?（为什么你需要良好的沟通技巧）Good communication skills are essential for（良好的沟通技巧是……的基本）Job placement （工作安排）Job performance （工作表现）Career advancement （职业发展）Success in the new world of work （事业成功）2. How may the sender encode a message?（发件者通过什么方式发送信息）Verbally or nonverbally. By speaking, writing, gesturing.（口头或者非口头，类似说、写、手势）3. What kinds of channels carry messages?（信息以什么方式承载）Letters, e-mail, memos, TV, telephone, voice, body.（信件、邮件、备忘录、电视、电话、声音、躯体）4. How does a receiver decode a message?（接收者如何接收信息）Hearing, reading, observing.（听、读、观察）5. When is communication successful?（什么时候沟通被视为成功的）When a message is understood as the sender intended it to be.（当信息被理解为发送者所期望的时候）6. How can a communicator provide for feedback?（如何给沟通者提供反馈）Ask questions, check reactions.（提问、检查反映）7. Keys to Building Powerful Listening Skills（建立强大倾听技巧的关键）Stop talking.（停止说话）Control your surroundings.（控制周围的环境）Establish a receptive mind-set.（建立一个尊重的态度）Keep an open mind.（保持一个开放的思维方式）Listen for main points.（聆听主要观点）Capitalize on lag time.（利用滞后时间）Listen between the lines.（在范围内倾听）Judge ideas, not appearances.（从观点做出判断而不是外表）Hold your fire.（控制脾气）Take selective notes.（做简要笔记）Provide feedback.（提供反馈）8. Nonverbal Communication（非口头沟通包括哪些）Eye contact, facial expression, and posture and gestures send silent messages.（眼神交流、面部表情、姿势和手势发出的无声信息）9. Keys to Building Strong Nonverbal Skills（建立强大非口头沟通技巧的关键）Establish and maintain eye contact.（建立眼神沟通）Use posture to show interest.（用姿势表示兴趣）Improve your decoding skills.（提高接收信息的技巧）Probe for more information.（探索更多信息）Avoid assigning nonverbal meanings out of context.（避免意思之外的非语言表达）Associate with people from diverse cultures.（将人与其对应的文化背景相联系）Appreciate the power of appearance.（对外在作出赞赏）Enlist friends and family.（争取朋友和家人的帮助）10. Improving Communication Among Diverse Workplace Audiences（提高与不同场所中对象的沟通技巧）Understand the value of differences.（理解价值观的差异）Create zero tolerance for bias.（争取零偏差的理解对方观点和表达自己观点）Learn about your own cultural self.（了解自己的文化）Learn about other cultures（了解其他的文化）Make fewer workplace assumptions.（少做工作场所的假设）Build on similarities.（建立相似的对比）第二章一、选择判断题1. Choosing Communication ChannelsFace-to-face conversation , Telephone call , Voice mail message , Fax , E-mail , Face-to-face group meeting , Video-or teleconference , Memo , Letter , Report or proposal .二、改错题1.从观众的角度和利益出发，语气客气委婉2.强调使用第二人称you，而不是we，us，our3.使用交谈语气但略显正式不要太口语化，同时要简洁4.使用积极的语言，即多使用肯定句，尽量不要出现强硬的must和否定假设5.使用包容性词语，不要出现his/her等易产生性别歧视的用词6.使用有礼貌的语言，不要过分命令化和粗鲁化第三章一、简答题1. Collecting Information（获取信息的途径）Search manually (books, magazines, journals).（手动搜索：书籍、杂志、期刊）Access electronically (Internet, databases, CDs).（使用电子方式：网络、数据库、CD）Go to the source (interviews, surveys, questionnaires, focus groups).（直接接触：采访、调查、问卷调查、小组调查）Conduct scientific experiments (measure variables using control groups).（科学实验：设立对照组、实验组进行比较）2.Tips for Making Outlines（制作大纲的技巧）Define main topic in title.（将主题定义为标题）Divide the topic into three to five main points.（将主题分为三到五个主要论点）Break the components into subpoints.（进行分段）Make each component exclusive (no overlapping).（每一个段落进行分别论述：段落内容不重复）Use details and evidence to support subpoints.（使用细节和证据证明论点）3.The advantages of direct strategy and indirect strategy（直接策略和间接策略的优点）Direct strategy:（直接策略）Saves reader’s time（节约读者时间）Sets a proper frame of mind（树立的观点鲜明）Prevents frustration（避免歧义）Indirect strategy：（间接策略）Respects feelings of audience（尊重读者感受）Encourages a fair hearing（鼓励平等的倾听）Minimizes a negative reaction（减少抵触情绪）4.When direct strategy and indirect strategy use?（直接策略和间接策略使用的合适时间）Direct strategy：（直接策略）Receiver is receptive（接收者是易接受的）Receiver requires no education about topic（接受信息不需要该主题的相关知识作为基础）Message is routine（常规消息）Indirect strategy：（间接策略）Receiver may be upset or hostile（接收者是不安或敌对的）Receiver must be persuaded or educated（接收者必须被说服或教育）Message is sensitive（信息比较敏感）二、改错题1.用分号和逗号将长句分开易于浏览2.主动语态与被动语态间的转换，主动语态更多用于商务写作，被动语态强调动作而非动作执行者，被动语态也常用于宣布坏消息3.并列与平行架构间的省略，并列式尽量主语一致4.词序、主语引起的歧义需要改正第四章一、简答题1. Designing Documents for Readability（设计文章使文章更具有可读性）（1）Employ white space.（留出空白）Headings（标题）Short paragraphs（短小的段落）Ragged-right margins（右边距合适）（2）Choose appropriate typefaces.（选择合适的字体）Useful for body text（用于正文的字体）Times New Roman、宋体Useful for headings（用于标题的字体）Arial、方正姚体（3）Use bulleted and numbered lists.（使用项目标号或标号列表）Break up complex information into smaller chunks.（把复杂的信息分成更小的块）Use numbered lists for sequences.（使用标号列表）Use bulleted lists for items that don’t require a certain order.（使用不需要标号的列表）2. How to Proofread Complex Documents（如何校对复杂的文件）Allow adequate time.（留出足够多的时间）Print a copy and set it aside for a day.（打印一份复印件至于旁边）Be prepared to find errors.（做好寻找出错误的准备）Read once for meaning and once for grammar/mechanics.（一遍从语法出发一遍从结构出发）Reduce your reading speed.（减慢你的阅读速度）For documents that must be perfect, have someone read the message aloud.（对于文件必须是完美的，应该有人能够大声的将上面的信息读出来）Note names, difficult words, capitalization and punctuation.（注意名称、生僻词、大小写和标点符号的正确运用）二、改错题1.避免句子冗长，将宾语从句that或其他动词前的内容删去2.避免使用there is/was或it is/was，尽量将其删去3.移除重复词或用其他词进行简略化的代换4.将术语转化成普通话语5.将带ment或tion的名词转化为动词6.去掉不必要的副词7.用更清晰的话替换模糊词，例如用名字而不是The man，明确的计划而不是The plan，清晰的形容词而不是笼统的形容词，具体的方式而不是一个动词8.使用数字标号代替First，图标进行更加清晰的描述，尽量用首词进行段落或topic的概括第五章一、选择判断题1. Writing Plan for Information and Procedure E-Mail Messages and MemosSubject line: Summarize the message content.Opening: Expand the subject line by stating the main idea concisely in a full sentence.Body: Provide background data and explain the main idea. In describing a procedure or giving instructions, use command language (do this, don't do that).Closing: Request action, summarize the message, or present a closing thought.2. Writing Plan for RequestsSubject line: Summarize the request and note the action desired.Opening: Begin with the request or a brief statement introducing it.Body: Provide background, justification, and details. If asking questions, list them in parallel form. Closing: Request action by a specific date. If possible, provide a reason. Express appreciation, if appropriate.3. Writing Plan for RepliesSubject line: Summarize the main information from your reply.Opening: Start directly by responding to the request with a summary statement.Body: Provide additional information and details in a readable format.Closing: Add a concluding remark, summary, offer of further assistance, or request for further action.二、简答题1. Components of E-Mail and Memos（E-mail和备忘录的组成部分）（1）Subject Line（标题）Summarize message clearly and concisely.（清晰概括地总结信息）Avoid meaningless one-word headings, such as "Help" or "Urgent."（避免使用单词作为标题例如"Help"或者"Urgent"）（2）Opening（开头）Frontload main idea immediately.（立即表达出中心思想）Avoid reviewing background.（避免重复背景）（3）Body（主体）Organize information and explanations logically.（将信息和解释有逻辑地组织起来）Cover just one topic.（紧紧围绕着一个主题展开叙述）Use numbered and bulleted lists.（使用标号或顺序表）Consider adding headings for visual impact.（考虑添加小标题带来视觉上的的更深印象）（4）Closing options（结尾）End with action information, dates, and deadlines.（以活动信息、日期、截止期限等结尾）Summarize the message.（总结全部信息）Provide a closing thought.（避免封闭式的思想）2. Using E-Mail Smartly, Safely, and Professionally（如何聪明地、安全地、专业地使用E-mail）（1）Getting Started（开篇）Consider composing off line.（考虑好整篇的思路）Type the receiver’s address correctly.（正确输入接收者的地址）Avoid misleading subject lines.（避免对主题有任何误导）（2）Content, Tone, Correctness（内容，语调，正确性）Be concise.（简明）Don’t send anything you wouldn’t want published.（不要发送任何你不想公开的信息）Don’t use e-mail to avoid contact.（不要用电子邮件避免联系）Care about correctness and tone.（关注语气是否合适）Resist humor and rage.（避免过分地幽默和愤怒）（3）Netiquette（礼节）Limit any tendency to send blanket copies.（限制对使用复制的倾向）Never send “spam.”（永远都不要发送垃圾邮件）Consider using identifying labels, such as ACTION, FYI, RE, URGENT.（考虑使用合适的标签）Use capital letters only for emphasis or for publication titles.（仅用于强调和标题时使用大写字母）Seek permission before forwarding.（在转发前寻求许可）（4）Reading and Replying（阅读和回复）Scan all messages before replying.（回复前阅读所有信息）Acknowledge receipt.（确认收到）Don’t automatically return the sender’s message.（不要自动送回发件人的消息）Revise the subject line if the topic changes.（如果主体变更要修改主题行）Provide a clear, complete first sentence.（使用清晰完整的首句）Never respond when you are angry.（永远不要在愤怒时回复）（5）Personal Use（个人使用）Don’t use company computers for personal matters unless allowed by your organization.（除非组织允许，不要使用公司电脑进行个人事务）Assume that all e-mail is monitored.（假设所有邮件都被监控）（6）Other Smart Practices（其他小技巧）Consider cultural differences.（考虑文化差异）Double-check before hitting the Send button.（在发送前再做一次检查）第六章一、简答题1. Why are letters still important in business?（为什么在商务中信件仍然很重要）They produce a permanent record.（可以形成永久性的记录）Unlike e-mail, they are confidential.（相比于邮件更加机密）They convey formality and sensitivity.（可以表述更敏感的信息也更正式）They deliver persuasive, well-considered messages.（他们传递更具有说服力和更深思熟虑的消息）2. Goals in Adjustment Letters（调整信件的目的）To rectify the wrong, if one exists（如果存在错误可以纠正）To regain the confidence of the customer（重拾顾客的信心）To promote future business and goodwill（促进未来的业务和商誉）3. Using Sensitive Language（使用敏感语言需要注意的）Don’t use negative words (trouble, regret, misunderstanding, fault, error, inconvenience, you claim).（不要使用负面词语）Don’t blame custo mers—even when they may be at fault.（就算顾客有错误也不要指责客户）Don’t blame individuals or departments within your organization.（不要指责你组织中的部门或个体）Don’t make unrealistic promises.（不要许不切实际的诺言）第七章一、简答题1. When is persuasion necessary?（何时需要进行劝说）Requests for time, money, information, special privileges, and cooperation require persuasion.（需要时间，金钱，信息，特权和合作的时候需要进行劝说）2. Why are requests granted?（为什么请求是理所当然的）Requests may be granted because the receivers：（请求是理所当然的因为接收者）are genuinely interested in your project.（对你的项目很感兴趣）see benefits for others.（看到了别人的利益）expect goodwill potential for themselves.（对他们自己很有潜力）feel obligated as professionals to contribute their time or expertise to "pay their dues."（觉得有义务为为专业人士贡献时间或对方会支付相关费用）3. Persuading Within Organizations（组织内部的劝说）（1）Persuading subordinates（说服下属）Instructions or directives moving downward usually require little persuasion. However, persuasion may be necessary to：（指令或命令通常只需要较小的说服力，然而说服仍然是必要的）ask workers to perform outside their work roles（要求下属扮演工作之外的角色）accept changes not in their best interests (such as pay cuts, job transfers or reduce benefits).（要说服的事情不影响其利益，如：削减工资，工作调整，削减福利）（2）Persuading the boss（说服上级）In requests moving upward：（说服上级的基础）provide evidence.（提供证据）don’t ask for too much.（不要求太多）use words such as “suggest” and “recommend.”（使用“建议”和“推荐”等词语）Sentences should sound nonthreatening, for example, “It might be a good idea if....” （语句中不携带威胁的成分，例如“如果这样，这将是一个很好的办法”）4. Gaining Attention（如何吸引注意力）Question（设问）Benefit（达成相关利益）Offer（提供一个选择）Quotation or proverb（引用谚语）Related fact（相关事实）Testimonial（客户评价）Startling Statement（令人吃惊的例子）5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs（马斯洛的需求层次理论）Physiological needs include the need for food, clothing, and shelter.（生理需求保罗对食物、穿衣和居住的需要）Security and safety needs include the need to be free from physical danger and to be secure in the feeling that physiological needs can be met.（安全需求包括对身体安全和安全感还有心理安全的需要）Social needs involve the need to be loved, to be accepted, and to belong. （社会需求包括被爱，被接受和归属感的需要）Ego needs involve the need to be heard, to be appreciated, and to be wanted.（尊重需要包括被倾听背心上和被需要的需求）Self-actualizing needs involve the need to achieve one’s fullest potential.（自我实现需要包括实现个人目标的需求）6. Eliciting Desire（如何激发顾客欲望）Testimonials（客户评价）Names of satisfied users (with permission)（满意的客户名称：被允许提供的情况下）Money-back guarantee or warranty（退款保证或保修）Free trial or sample（免费试用的样品）Performance tests, polls, or awards（性能测试、投票、抽奖）Objections and questions（对反对意见的反馈和解答）7. Motivating Action（增加积极性的方法）Offer a gift（赠送礼物）Promise an incentive（承诺奖励）Limit the offer（限量供应）Set a deadline（设立截止日期）Guarantee satisfaction（保证满意）第八章一、简答题1. Guidelines for Developing Informal Reports（撰写非正式报告的步骤）Determine problem and purpose.（决定主题）Gather data.（收集数据）Organize data.（整理数据）Write first draft.（初稿撰写）Edit and revise.（编辑和修改）2. Gathering Data for Reports（为报告收集数据的来源）Company records（公司记录）Personal observations（个人观察）Surveys and questionnaires（调查问卷）Interviews（采访）Printed material（印刷品）Electronic resources（电子资源）二、作文题rmation Report（信息报告）Information reports provide findings without analysis or persuasion. For example, your boss asks you to investigate prepaid legal services as a possible employee benefit.（信息报告提供无分析或说服的结果。