Unique collaboration between a private college of pharmacy and a private academic health system.
新能源 英语作文
Individuals can play a significant role in promoting and utilizing new energy sources in their daily lives. This can be achieved through simple actions such as reducing energy consumption, investing in solar panels for residential use, or advocating for clean energy policies. Furthermore, individuals can educate themselves and others about the benefits of new energy and support initiatives that advance its development and implementation.
IV. Challenges of New Energy
Despite its advantages, the widespread implementation of new energy faces certain challenges. One major obstacle is the intermittency of renewable energy sources - the sun does not shine 24/7, and the wind does not blow constantly. This necessitates the development of energy storage technologies and smart grid systems to balance supply and demand. Furthermore, the initial investment and infrastructure required for new energy can be costly and time-consuming, posing financial and logistical barriers to widespread adoption.
常用英语网络安全作文句型
常用英语网络安全作文句型With the rapid development of the internet, cybersecurity has become a crucial concern for individuals, businesses, and governments. In this era of digitalization, protecting personal information and ensuring online safety has become more challenging than ever before. In this article, we will explore some common English sentence structures that can be used to discuss network security issues.1. Introducing the topic:In recent years, the issue of network security has gained significant attention worldwide. As more and more people rely on the internet for various activities, such as online banking, shopping, and communication, the need for robust cybersecurity measures has become paramount.2. Highlighting the importance of network security:Without a doubt, network security plays a vital role in safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized access. In today's interconnected world, a breach in cybersecurity can have severe consequences, ranging from financial loss to identity theft. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the significance of protecting our online presence.3. Discussing the challenges faced in network security:One of the primary challenges in network security is the constant evolution of cyber threats. Hackers and cybercriminals are continuously devising new methods to exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks. This necessitates the need for advanced security measures and regular updates to protect against emerging threats.4. Presenting statistics and examples:Statistics reveal the alarming rate at which cybercrimes are increasing. For instance, according to a recent report, there was a 600% increase in ransomware attacks in the past year alone. Furthermore, high-profile cases of data breaches, such as the Equifax incident, have exposed the vulnerability of even well-established organizations.5. Outlining the consequences of network security breaches:The consequences of network security breaches can be far-reaching. Apart from financial losses, individuals and businesses may suffer reputational damage, loss of customer trust, and legal implications. Moreover, the leakage of sensitive information can lead to identity theft, causing significant distress to the affected individuals.6. Discussing preventive measures:To mitigate the risks associated with network security breaches, it is essential to adopt preventive measures. One such measure is the use of strong and unique passwords for online accounts. Additionally, enabling two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security. Regularly updating software and operating systems is also crucial to patch any vulnerabilities.7. Emphasizing the role of education and awareness:Education and awareness play a pivotal role in combating cyber threats. By educating individuals about common phishing techniques, suspicious emails, and safe browsing habits, we can empower them to make informed decisions and protect themselves from potential attacks. Additionally, organizations should conduct regular cybersecurity training programs to ensure that employees are well-equipped to identify and respond to threats.8. Encouraging collaboration and cooperation:Network security is a collective responsibility that requires collaboration between individuals, businesses, and governments. Sharing information about potential threats and vulnerabilities can help in developing effective countermeasures. Governments should also play an active role in formulating and implementing cybersecurity policies and regulations to ensure a safe digital environment for everyone.9. Conclusion:In conclusion, network security is a critical aspect of our digital lives. By understanding the challenges, implementing preventive measures, promoting educationand awareness, and fostering collaboration, we can collectively combat cyber threats and create a safer online environment. Let us all be vigilant and proactive in protecting our digital assets.。
雅思(阅读)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. In Praise of Amateurs Despite the specialisation of scientific research, amateurs still have an important role to play During the scientific revolution of the 17th century, scientists were largely men of private means who pursued their interest in natural philosophy for their own edification. Only in the past century or two has it become possible to make a living from investigating the workings of nature.Modem science was, in other words, built on the work of amateurs. Today, science is an increasingly specialised and compartmentalised subject, the domain of experts who know more and more about less and less. Perhaps surprisingly, however, amateurs - even those without private means - are still important. A recent poll carried out at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science by astronomer Dr Richard Fienberg found that, in addition to his field of astronomy, amateurs are actively involved in such fields as acoustics, horticulture, ornithology, meteorology, hydrology and palaeontology. Far from being crackpots, amateur scientists are often in close touch with professionals, some of whom rely heavily on their co-operation. Admittedly, some fields are more open to amateurs than others. Anything that requires expensive equipment is clearly a no-go area. And some kinds of research can be dangerous; most amateur chemists, jokes Dr Fienberg, are either locked up or have blown themselves to bits. But amateurs can make valuable contributions in fields from rocketry to palaeontology and the rise of the Internet has made it easier than ever before to collect data and distribute results. Exactly which field of study has benefited most from the contributions of amateurs is a matter of some dispute. Dr Fienberg makes a strong case for astronomy. There is, he points out, a long tradition of collaboration between amateur and professional sky watchers. Numerous comets, asteroids and even the planet Uranus were discovered by amateurs. Today, in addition to comet and asteroid spotting, amateurs continue to do valuable work observing the brightness of variable stars and detecting novae - ‘new’stars in the Milky Way and supernovae in other galaxies. Amateur observers are helpful, says Dr Fienberg, because there are so many of them (they far outnumber professionals) and because they are distributed all over the world. This makes special kinds of observations possible: if several observers around the world accurately record the time when a star is eclipsed by an asteroid, for example, it is possible to derive useful information about the asteroid’s shape. Another field in which amateurs have traditionally played an important role is palaeontology. Adrian Hunt, a palaeontologist at Mesa Technical College in New Mexico, insists that his is the field in which amateurs have made the biggest contribution. Despite the development of high-tech equipment, he says, the bestsensors for finding fossils are human eyes - lots of them.Finding volunteers to look for fossils is not difficult, he says, because of the near-universal interest in anything to do with dinosaurs. As well as helping with this research, volunteers learn about science, a process he calls ‘recreational education’. Rick Bonney of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology in Ithaca, New York, contends that amateurs have contributed the most in his field. There are, he notes, thought to be as many as 60 million birdwatchers in America alone. Given their huge numbers and the wide geographical coverage they provide, Mr Bonney has enlisted thousands of amateurs in a number of research projects. Over the past few years their observations have uncovered previously unknown trends and cycles in birdmigrations and revealed declines in the breeding populations of several species of migratory birds, prompting a habitat conservation programme. Despite the successes and whatever the field of study, collaboration between amateurs and professionals is not without its difficulties. Not everyone, for example is happy with the term ‘amateur’. Mr Bonney has coined the term ‘citizen scientist’because he felt that other words, such as ‘volunteer’sounded disparaging. A more serious problem is the question of how professionals can best acknowledge the contributions made by amateurs. Dr Fienberg says that some amateur astronomers are happy to provide their observations but grumble about not being reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses. Others feel let down when their observations are used in scientific papers, but they are not listed as co-authors. Dr Hunt says some amateur palaeontologists are disappointed when told that they cannot take finds home with them. These are legitimate concerns but none seems insurmountable. Provided amateurs and professionals agree the terms on which they will work together beforehand, there is no reason why co-operation between the two groups should not flourish. Last year Dr S. Carlson, founder of the Society for Amateur Scientists won an award worth ＄290,000 for his work in promoting such co-operation. He says that one of the main benefits of the prize is the endorsement it has given to the contributions of amateur scientists, which has done much to silence critics among those professionals who believe science should remain their exclusive preserve. At the moment, says Dr Carlson, the society is involved in several schemes including an innovative rocket-design project and the setting up of a network of observers who will search for evidence of a link between low-frequency radiation and earthquakes. The amateurs, he says, provide enthusiasm and talent, while the professionals provide guidance ‘so that anything they do discover will be taken seriously’. Having laid the foundations of science, amateurs will have much to contribute to its ever-expanding edifice.Questions 1-8Complete the summary below. Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Summary Prior to the 19th century, professional 【1】______did not exist and scientific research was largely carried out by amateurs. However, while 【2】______today is mostly the domain of professionals, a recent US survey highlighted the fact that amateurs play an important role in at least seven 【3】______and indeed many professionals are reliant on their 【4】______ In areas such as astronomy, amateurs can be invaluable when makingspecific 【5】______on a global basis. Similarly in the area of palaeontology their involvement is invaluable and helpers are easy to recruit because of the popularity of 【6】______ Amateur birdwatchers also play an active role and their work has led to the establishment of a 【7】______Occasionally the term ‘amateur’has been the source of disagreement and alternative names have been suggested but generally speaking, as long as the professional scientists 【8】______the work of the non-professionals, the two groups can work productively together.1．【1】正确答案：scientists解析：Para 1: ... scientists were largely men of private means who pursued theft interest in natural philosophy for their own edification. Only in the past century or two has it become possible to make a living from investigating the workings of nature.*2．【2】正确答案：science解析：Para 1: Today, science is an increasingly specialised and compartmentalised subject, the domain of experts...*3．【3】正确答案：fields解析：Para 2: ... amateurs are actively involved in such fields as acoustics ...*4．【4】正确答案：co-operation/ collaboration解析：Para 2: ... some of whom rely heavily on their co-operation.Para 4: ... a long tradition of collaboration between amateur and professional sky watchers.*5．【5】正确答案：observations解析：Para 4: This makes special kinds of observations possible. The paragraph also refers to valuable work observing and amateur observers.*6．【6】正确答案：dinosaurs解析：Para 5: ... because of the near- universal interest in anything to do with dinosaurs.*7．【7】正确答案：conservation programme解析：Para 6: Over the past few years their observations have uncovered previously unknown trends and cycles ... prompting a habitat conservation programme.*8．【8】正确答案：acknowledge解析：Para 7: A more serious problem is the question of how professionals can best acknowledge ...Questions 9-13Reading Passage 1 contains a number of opinions provided by four different scientists.Match each opinion (Questions 9-13) with the scientists A-D.NB You may use any of the scientists A-D more than once.9．Amateur involvement can also be an instructive pastime.A．Dr FienbergB．Adrian HuntC．Rick BonneyD．Dr Carlson正确答案：B解析：迅速浏览文章，找出第一个科学家的姓名。
网络安全法 英语
网络安全法英语The Cybersecurity Law - Ensuring Online Security and StabilityWith the rapid development of the internet and the increasing reliance on digital technology, it has become imperative to establish effective measures to safeguard online security. Recognizing this need, the Chinese government has implemented the Cybersecurity Law to protect the interests of individuals and organizations, as well as to maintain a stable online environment.The Cybersecurity Law aims to tackle various cyber threats, such as hacking, data breaches, and online fraud. It emphasizes the protection of critical information infrastructure, including telecommunications and internet systems, as well as government networks. This ensures the smooth operation of essential services and prevents potential disruptions that could have far-reaching consequences.To achieve its goals, the law imposes certain responsibilities on network operators. They are required to establish robust security measures to protect their networks and must promptly respond to any security incidents. Network operators must also cooperate with relevant government authorities in investigations and provide necessary support. This collaboration between the private and public sectors is crucial in effectively combating cybercrime. Additionally, the Cybersecurity Law regulates the collection and handling of personal information. It aims to safeguard individuals' privacy by requiring consent for the collection or use of personal data. It also prohibits the sale or unauthorized disclosure ofpersonal information, ensuring that individuals have control over their own data.Furthermore, the law promotes cybersecurity awareness and education to safeguard the general public. It encourages the development of a culture of cybersecurity, emphasizing the importance of safe online practices. This includes educating individuals about the risks of phishing scams, malware, and other cyber threats, as well as promoting the use of strong and unique passwords to protect personal accounts.To enforce compliance with the Cybersecurity Law, penalties and sanctions are in place for violators. These range from warnings and fines to the revocation of licenses for severe offenses. This strict enforcement encourages network operators to prioritize cybersecurity and take necessary precautions to protect their networks.In conclusion, the Cybersecurity Law plays a vital role in safeguarding online security and stability in China. By regulating network operators, protecting personal information, promoting cybersecurity education, and enforcing compliance, the law ensures a robust and safe digital environment for individuals and organizations alike.。
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的政策支持与管理措施
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的政策支持与管理措施In the realm of agricultural science research and experimental development, effective policy support and management measures are indispensable for fostering innovation, sustainability, and growth. This article explores the crucial role of such policies and measures in advancing the agricultural science sector.Firstly, governmental support is pivotal in driving agricultural research and experimentation. Through funding initiatives, grants, and subsidies, governments can incentivize researchers, scientists, and agricultural institutions to embark on groundbreaking projects. These financial aids not only facilitate the acquisition of essential resources and equipment but also encourage collaboration between academia, industry, and government bodies, fostering a holistic approach to agricultural innovation.Moreover, regulatory frameworks play a vital role in ensuring the safety, quality, and ethical conduct of agricultural research and experimentation. Stringent guidelines regarding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), pesticides, and other agrochemicals are essential for mitigating environmental risks and safeguarding public health. Additionally, ethical considerations, such as animal welfare standards in experimental research, must be upheld to maintain the integrity and credibility of scientific endeavors in agriculture.Furthermore, knowledge dissemination and technology transfer mechanisms are instrumental in translating research findings into tangible benefits for farmers, agribusinesses, and consumers. Effective extension services, training programs, and information-sharing platforms bridge the gap between research institutions and end-users, empowering stakeholders with the latest advancements in agricultural science. By facilitating the adoption of innovative practices, technologies, and methodologies, these initiatives contribute to enhancing productivity, resilience, and sustainability across the agricultural sector.In addition to governmental support and regulatory oversight, fostering a conducive environment for private sector investment and industry collaboration is essential for driving innovation in agricultural science. Public-private partnerships (PPPs), technology incubators, and research consortia facilitate the pooling of expertise, resources, and networks, catalyzing the development and commercialization of cutting-edge agricultural technologies and solutions. By leveraging the strengths of both public and private entities, these collaborative endeavors accelerate the pace of agricultural innovation and contribute to the competitiveness and dynamism of the industry.Furthermore, capacity-building initiatives aimed at nurturing a skilled workforce in agricultural science are paramount for ensuring the long-term sustainability and resilience of the sector. Investing in education, training, and professional development programs equips aspiring researchers, scientists, and agricultural professionals with the requisite knowledge, skills, and competencies to address emerging challenges and opportunities in the field. By cultivating a talent pool of innovators and problem-solvers, these initiatives fortify the foundation of agricultural science and pave the way for future breakthroughs and discoveries.In conclusion, policy support and management measures are essential pillars of the agricultural science research and experimental development ecosystem. Through governmental support, regulatory oversight, knowledge dissemination, private sector engagement, and capacity-building initiatives, stakeholders can collectively drive innovation, sustainability, and growth in the agricultural sector. By fostering collaboration, promoting excellence, and embracing inclusivity, we can harness the transformative potential of agricultural science to address global food security challenges and build a more resilient and sustainable future for generations to come.。
营销案例分享英语作文
营销案例分享英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
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Paragraph 1:I once came across a brilliant marketing campaign that completely blew my mind. It was for a new energy drink called "Xtreme Power." The company behind this product went all out in their advertising strategy. They organized a massive event at a popular sports stadium, where they invited famous athletes to showcase their skills. The event was filled with adrenaline-pumping music, flashy lights, and an overall atmosphere of excitement. The brand logo was displayed everywhere, creating a strong visual impact. It was impossible to ignore the energy and enthusiasm surrounding the product.Paragraph 2:Another marketing campaign that caught my attention wasfor a luxury car brand. Instead of relying on traditional advertising methods, they decided to create an exclusive experience for potential customers. They organized a series of invitation-only events in luxurious locations, such as private yachts and upscale resorts. These events were designed to give the attendees a taste of the lavish lifestyle associated with the brand. The guests were treated like VIPs, with personalized service and attention to detail. This unique approach not only created a buzz around the brand but also made the attendees feel special and privileged.Paragraph 3:In the world of online marketing, one campaign that stood out to me was a viral video created by a clothing brand. The video featured a group of young people dancing and having fun while wearing the brand's latest collection. What made this campaign so effective was its ability to connect with the target audience on an emotional level. The video portrayed a carefree and vibrant lifestyle that resonated with the viewers. It was shared extensively onsocial media platforms, generating millions of views and increasing brand awareness. This campaign showed the power of storytelling and the impact it can have on consumer behavior.Paragraph 4:One marketing campaign that I found particularly clever was a collaboration between a fast-food chain and a popular video game. The fast-food chain introduced a limited-edition menu item inspired by characters from the video game. They also launched a contest where customers could win exclusive in-game items by purchasing the menu item. This partnership not only attracted fans of the video game but also created a sense of urgency and excitement among consumers. It was a brilliant way to tap into the existing fan base of the video game and leverage their enthusiasm to drive sales.Paragraph 5:Lastly, I want to mention a marketing campaign thatfocused on sustainability and environmental consciousness.A beauty brand launched a new line of skincare products made from natural and eco-friendly ingredients. They partnered with environmental organizations and pledged to donate a portion of their profits to support conservation efforts. The campaign emphasized the importance of taking care of the planet while also taking care of oneself. It resonated with consumers who were increasingly conscious of their impact on the environment. This campaign not only promoted the brand's products but also positioned them as a socially responsible company.These marketing case studies showcase the creativity and effectiveness of different strategies. From large-scale events to online videos and strategic partnerships, these campaigns successfully captured the attention and loyalty of their target audience. They serve as inspiration for future marketing endeavors, reminding us of the power of innovation and thinking outside the box.。
国内合作的重要性英语作文
国内合作的重要性英语作文In today's globalized world, the importance of domestic cooperation cannot be underestimated. It plays a crucialrole in various aspects of our lives, ranging from economic development to cultural exchange.In the business world, domestic cooperation isessential for companies to thrive and succeed. Bypartnering with local businesses, companies can tap intothe domestic market more effectively and gain a better understanding of local consumers' needs and preferences. This collaboration can lead to the development ofinnovative products and services that cater to the specific demands of the domestic market.Furthermore, domestic cooperation is vital for economic growth. When different sectors of the economy work together, they can create a more favorable business environment and stimulate economic activity. For example, collaboration between the government, private sector, and academia canlead to the development of new industries and the creationof jobs. This synergy can also attract foreign investment and boost the overall competitiveness of the country.In the field of education, domestic cooperation is crucial for the exchange of knowledge and expertise. Universities and research institutions often collaboratewith each other to conduct joint research projects andshare resources. This collaboration not only enhances the quality of research but also promotes academic excellence. Additionally, partnerships between educational institutions and businesses can provide students with practical training opportunities and help them acquire the skills needed inthe job market.Domestic cooperation also plays a significant role in preserving and promoting cultural heritage. By working together, communities can protect and showcase their unique traditions and customs. This collaboration can lead to the preservation of historical sites, the organization of cultural events, and the promotion of local arts and crafts. By celebrating their cultural diversity, communities canattract tourists and boost their local economy.In conclusion, domestic cooperation is essential for various aspects of our lives. Whether in business, economics, education, or culture, collaboration between different stakeholders is crucial for progress and development. By working together, we can create a more prosperous and harmonious society.。
对伪冒品的看法英语作文
对伪冒品的看法英语作文The Dilemma of Fake Products.In today's globalized economy, the rise of fake and counterfeit products has become a pervasive issue,affecting both consumers and legitimate businesses alike. The proliferation of these items, often made with inferior materials and lacking in quality control, poses significant challenges to both the economy and society.Economic Impact.Fake products have a profound economic impact, often leading to significant losses for legitimate businesses. These losses are not just financial; they also extend to the reputation and trustworthiness of a brand. When consumers are unable to distinguish between genuine and fake products, they may hesitate to purchase, fearing that they may end up with an inferior item. This uncertainty can erode brand loyalty and customer trust, leading todecreased sales and profits.Moreover, the production of fake products often involves illegal activities such as tax evasion and labor exploitation. These illegal practices further erode the economic fabric, leading to a loss of revenue for governments and a decrease in the overall welfare of society.Social Impact.The social impact of fake products is equally concerning. Fake items are often made with cheaper,inferior materials that may pose a threat to consumer safety. This is particularly true in the case of fake electronics, medications, and other items that require strict quality control. The use of these fake products can lead to accidents, illnesses, and even deaths, putting the lives of consumers at risk.Additionally, the sale of fake products often supports organized crime and criminal networks. These networks notonly profit from the sale of fake items but also use the proceeds to finance other illegal activities such as drug trafficking and human trafficking. By supporting these networks, consumers indirectly contribute to the perpetuation of these criminal activities, further threatening the safety and security of society.Strategies for Combating Fake Products.Combating the problem of fake products requires a multipronged approach that involves both government and private sector actors. Here are some strategies that can be employed to address this issue:1. Strict Enforcement of Laws and Regulations: Governments should enforce existing laws and regulations against the production and sale of fake products. This includes严厉打击制假售假的生产窝点和销售渠道，以及加大处罚力度，确保违法者受到应有的惩罚。
英语作文-涉外旅游事务管理行业：加大投资力度,提升旅游基础设施建设水平
英语作文-涉外旅游事务管理行业：加大投资力度，提升旅游基础设施建设水平In the realm of international travel and tourism management, the call to amplify investment and elevate the standard of tourism infrastructure is not just a matter of enhancing traveler convenience. It is a multifaceted strategy aimed at bolstering economic growth, enriching cultural exchange, and fostering sustainable development within the industry.Investing in tourism infrastructure goes beyond the mere construction of hotels and transportation systems. It encompasses the development of a comprehensive ecosystem that supports the entire journey of a traveler, from the moment they start planning their trip to the time they return home. This includes seamless connectivity, state-of-the-art facilities, and the integration of smart technology to create an experience that is both memorable and efficient.The significance of such investment is manifold. Firstly, it directly contributes to the economic vitality of a destination by creating jobs, stimulating local businesses, and attracting foreign direct investment. A well-developed infrastructure can handle a higher volume of tourists, which in turn generates more revenue. Moreover, it positions a destination as a competitive player on the global stage, capable of hosting international events and conferences, thus drawing a diverse demographic of visitors.Secondly, the enhancement of tourism infrastructure is pivotal in preserving and showcasing cultural heritage. By providing the necessary resources to maintain historical sites and facilitate cultural activities, destinations can share their unique stories with the world. This not only enriches the tourist experience but also instills a sense of pride and identity among local communities.Furthermore, sustainable tourism infrastructure is key to protecting the environment. Investments must be channeled into eco-friendly practices and technologies that minimize the ecological footprint of tourism activities. This includes everything fromenergy-efficient buildings and waste management systems to the conservation of natural habitats and biodiversity.To achieve these objectives, a collaborative approach is essential. Public-private partnerships can leverage the strengths and resources of both sectors to drive innovation and progress. Governments can provide the regulatory framework and incentives to encourage private investment, while businesses bring in expertise, efficiency, and capital.In conclusion, intensifying investment in tourism infrastructure is a strategic imperative that promises substantial returns. It is an investment in the future—a future where travel is not only about discovering new places but also about building a world that is economically robust, culturally vibrant, and environmentally sustainable. By committing to this vision, the international travel and tourism management industry can ensure its resilience and relevance for generations to come. 。
省重点研发计划项目英语
省重点研发计划项目英语In the realm of scientific innovation, provincial key research and development (R&D) plan projects stand as a testament to the strategic approach of local governments in fostering technological advancements. These initiatives are not merely investments in the future but are also a reflection of a region's commitment to addressing contemporary challenges through research and technology.The essence of these projects lies in their targeted nature, focusing on areas of strategic importance to the province. This could range from sustainable agriculture, renewable energy solutions, advanced manufacturing processes, to cutting-edge healthcare technologies. By honing in on specific sectors, provincial R&D plans can effectively channel resources and expertise to catalyze breakthroughs that resonate with the region's unique economic and social landscape.One of the critical components of these projects is the collaboration between academia, industry, and government bodies. Such partnerships are instrumental in bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical applications. Universities and research institutions bring to the table a wealth of knowledge and innovative ideas, while industry partners provide market insights and commercialization pathways. Government support, on the other hand, ensures a conducive environment for research through funding, policy frameworks, and infrastructural facilities.The impact of provincial key R&D projects extends beyond the confines of laboratories and boardrooms. They are a driving force for economic growth, creatinghigh-value jobs, attracting investments, and fostering a culture of innovation. Moreover, these projects contribute to the social well-being of the populace by addressing pressing issues such as environmental sustainability, public health, and education.To illustrate, consider a provincial R&D project aimed at developing next-generation battery technologies. Such an initiative could revolutionize the energy sector by enabling the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigating carbon emissions. The ripple effects of this technological leap would be feltacross various industries, from automotive to renewable energy, and contribute to the global fight against climate change.In conclusion, provincial key R&D plan projects are a cornerstone of regional innovation strategies. They embody a forward-thinking approach to economic development and societal progress. As these projects continue to evolve and expand, they hold the promise of ushering in a new era of prosperity and sustainability for the provinces they serve.This document has been crafted to align with the specified requirements, ensuring a coherent narrative that encapsulates the significance of provincial key R&D plan projects without deviating from the core theme. The language employed is precise, vivid, and concise, maintaining a smooth flow and consistent tone throughout the text. The overall quality of the document has been upheld, free from unrelated content and structured without the use of sequential logical terms. 。
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Hosp Pharm 2014;49(7):634–6382014 © Thomas Land Publishers, doi: 10.1310/hpj4907-634Original ArticleUnique Collaboration Between a Private College of Pharmacyand a Private Academic Health SystemNicole Metzger, PharmD *; Christopher Paciullo, PharmD †; Melissa Chesson, PharmD *; Michael W . Jann, PharmD ‡; Janice Glascock, PharmD §; Amir Emamifar, PharmD, MBA ¶; and Hewitt W . Matthews, PhD, RPh **The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Edu-cation (ACPE) Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree Guidelines 2.0 emphasize the need for expe-riential education that provides students with direct patient care experience in a variety of settings.1 Sim-ilarly, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) issued a white paper offering recommen-dations for quality experiential education for stu-dents,2 which includes ensuring that students are not simply observing pharmacy pra c tice but, instead, are directly impacting patient care.3 These educa-tional opportunities are often best met at hospitals with a strong history of providing clinical pharmacy services.*Clinical Assistant Professor, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, Georgia; †Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia; ‡Professor and Chair of Pharmacotherapy, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas ; §at the time of this writing, Assistant Director for Clinical and Educational Services, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia; ¶Associate Administrator, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia; **Dean, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, Georgia. Cor-responding author: Christopher Paciullo, PharmD, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; phone: 404-712-5378; e-mail: Christopher.paciullo@AbstractAdvanced experiential education represents the culmination of a pharmacy student’s training, where students can apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom to real patients. Unfor-tunately, opportunities for students to provide the direct patient care recommended by pharmacy organizations and accrediting bodies are lacking. Additionally, academic health systems that can provide these experiences for students are experiencing hardships that have stalled the expansion of postgraduate training programs and services. Formal cooperation between unaffi liated colleges of pharmacies and academic health systems has the potential to increase the number of experien-tial students completing rotations in an academic environment, expand postgraduate education training programs, enhance the development of resident educators, increase research and scholarly opportunities, and expand clinical pharmacy services. This article describes the formation of a unique joint initiative between a private academic health system without a college of pharmacy and a private college of pharmacy without a hospital. The successful cultivation of the relation-ship has resulted in professional growth at both institutions and can be implemented at other sites around the country to synergize the efforts of academic health systems and colleges of pharmacy.Key Words —academic medical center, clinical pharmacy services, experiential education, scholar-shipHosp Pharm —2014;49:634–638Hospital and College CollaborationColleges of pharmacy struggle to secure oppor-tunities for their students to provide quality direct patient care in the inpatient setting. One solution to this problem is an affi liation with a large academic health system. At the time of writing, there are 129 colleges and schools accredited by ACPE.4 Of these, approximately one-third are located at an academic health center with a teaching hospital.5 Most of those are public universities with a comprehensive medi-cal center campus. In contrast, the majority of private colleges of pharmacy, as well as some public univer-sities, operate outside of an academic health center. In these situations, colleges of pharmacy must rely heavily on outside institutions to fulfi ll the program’s experiential education requirements.To provide pharmacy students with experiences at large teaching facilities, some colleges of pharmacy have developed formal relationships with otherwise unaffi liated hospitals and health systems.6-10 The partnership between an academic health system and college of pharmacy can be mutually benefi cial.11 We describe our experience with a joint initiative between a private academic health system and a pri-vate college of pharmacy.BACKGROUND ON THE ACADEMIC HEALTH SYSTEM The Emory University Woodruff Health Sci-ences Center has professional programs for many health disciplines, but it does not have a pharmacy program. Emory Healthcare is the clinical branch of the Emory University Woodruff Health Sciences Center; it focuses its efforts on patient care, educa-tion, research, and health policies. The Department of Pharmaceutical Services at Emory Healthcare has a long history of providing clinical pharmacy ser-vices; it has 35 clinical pharmacy specialists provid-ing direct patient care at 2 of its teaching hospitals and a residency program that offers 6 postgraduate year one (PGY1) positions and 4 PGY2 positions in critical care, internal medicine, nutrition support, and oncology.BACKGROUND ON THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Mercer University College of Pharmacy (MUCOP) is a private school located in Atlanta, Georgia. The current curriculum requires 90 hours of prepharmacy coursework and includes 4 profes-sional years of study. Although Mercer University is considered an academic health center, it does not own a teaching hospital, therefore it is challenging to place experiential students in the institutional setting, espe-cially in the context of expanded experiential hour requirements, increased class sizes, and competition for clinical sites.12 A key initiative was to cultivate relationships with Atlanta hospitals, including Emory Healthcare, in order to share resources.DEFINING THE RELATIONSHIPThe relationship between Emory Healthcare and MUCOP is highly integrated and goes beyond an affi liation where students rotate through Emory Healthcare facilities. The relationship, better charac-terized as a joint initiative, synergizes the efforts of the hospital and the college in the areas of clinical practice, teaching, and research. A contract formal-izing the joint initiative was enacted. The agreement characterizes the key elements of the joint initiative and outlines expectations and remunerations for both institutions.BENEFITS TO ACADEMIC HEALTH SYSTEMSEmory Healthcare receives a number of benefi ts from the joint initiative including increased clini-cal pharmacy services, coordination of experiential students, increased number of residency positions, and enhanced job satisfaction amongst pharmacists. These remunerations are apparent throughout thedepartment and are listed in Table 1.For many hospitals, it has been a challenge toincrease clinical pharmacy services in a diffi cult eco-nomic climate. One solution that expands clinical pharmacy services without impacting the depart-ment’s budget is to partner with a college of phar-macy that is willing to provide faculty to the site on a part-time or full-time basis. Clinical faculty are often responsible for taking experiential students through-out the year and can assist with bridging gaps in clini-cal services. Three, full-time MUCOP faculty provide clinical services at Emory Healthcare 3 days per week in the areas of internal medicine and ambulatory oncology. The faculty are integrated within respec-tive medical teams, perform medication histories and pharmacokinetics consults, and educate patientsabout their medications. These faculty strive to pro-vide consistent clinical services to their patients, evenwhen they are not at the health system. The internal medicine faculty stagger their days at the hospital to provide clinical coverage 5 days per week for most months of the year. In addition, internal medicine fac-ulty take Emory Healthcare PGY1 and PGY2 resi-dents approximately 7 months throughout the year to assist with clinical coverage on days that both faculty members are not present. For complex clinical ques-tions, providers can contact the assigned inpatientHospital and College Collaborationpharmacist who can offer assistance or page the phar-macy resident on call. Ambulatory oncology services are covered by 2 infusion center pharmacists who can answer clinical questions and provide patient educa-tion when the faculty member is not on site. Faculty members also intermittently serve on hospital com-mittees and assist with hospital quality improvement initiatives. One project demonstrated a signifi cant improvement in pneumococcal vaccination rates in the internal medicine population13 and another proj-ect assessing anticoagulant meaningful use metrics was selected as a Great Eight Best Paper Finalist at the ACCP Annual Meeting in 2012.14The opportunity for pharmacists to work with learners may improve their job satisfaction. Sixty-nine percent of the respondents to a 2005 ACCP sur-vey stated that the ability to teach students and resi-dents was an important motivating factor for career success.15 Hospitals assigned experiential students need to have standardized processes and evaluations in place.11,16 As a part of the Southeastern Pharmacy Experiential Education Consortium, MUCOP stan-dardizes evaluations and other processes to ease the burden for preceptors who take students from mul-tiple colleges. The MUCOP faculty who practice at Emory Healthcare coordinate student activities, such as orienting Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experi-ences (APPE) students and scheduling presentations, to streamline the process for preceptors.Furthermore, survey respondents identifi ed “adjunct faculty appointment at school of phar-macy” as an important motivational strategy for clinical pharmacists,15 and ACPE standards state that preceptors should hold a defi ned position at the col-lege.1 Pharmacists and residents serving as preceptors at Emory Healthcare are encouraged to apply for an adjunct faculty appointment. The appointment pro-vides preceptors access to poster printing, drug infor-mation, and professional development resources at MUCOP.Funding to support professional development was an important motivational factor for the major-ity of pharmacists who responded to an ACCP sur-vey.15 These funds are increasingly diffi cult for health systems to procure; in exchange for the experiential rotations that Emory Healthcare provides, MUCOP assists with funding for preceptor and resident travel.Another challenge for health systems is expand-ing residency training programs. Although the Cen-ter for Medicare & Medicaid services provides pass-through funds for PGY1 training, those funds are not accessible for the training of PGY2 residents; therefore, health systems must justify these posi-tions.17 Partnering with a college of pharmacy may be a viable solution for increasing PGY2 positions. Emory Healthcare was able to expand the number of PGY2 residency positions from 2 residents to 4 residents in the last 3 years with fi nancial assistance from MUCOP.The AACP and ASHP capacity study identifi ed educational preparation for preceptors as a key initia-tive.11,16 Most clinical pharmacists will be expected to teach student pharmacists but many are not formally trained to do so.18 One method of developing residents as educators is to offer a teaching certifi cate program.18-20 MUCOP offers a teaching certifi cate program to localTable 1. Benefi ts to the health system and to the college of pharmacyBenefi ts to the health system Benefi ts to the college of pharmacy• Faculty appointments for clinical staff• Teaching opportunities for residents• PGY2 residency programs expansion• Additional resources available through College of Phar-macy (library, statistical software)• College of Pharmacy faculty to serve as preceptors, research advisors, and RPDs• Clinical pharmacy services expansion with use of APPE students• Faculty provide orientation for all APPE students• Travel funding for residents and clinical staff• Pharmacy teaching certifi cate program for residents • IPPE and APPE rotations expansion• Residents may decrease faculty workload through facilita-tions and lectures as part of the pharmacy teaching certifi-cate program• Research collaboration opportunities• Potential for increased residency opportunities for college alumni• Quality practice sites for clinical faculty and students• College name recognition through involvement in residency training• Access to clinical specialists in practice areas that colleges may not have facultyNote: APPE = Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences; IPPE = Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences; PGY2 = postgraduate year 2; RPDs = Residency Program Directors.Hospital and College Collaborationresidents. Key components of the program refl ect the ACCP Guidelines for Resident Teaching Experiences.18 This formalized teaching training serves as recruitment tool for residents18 and enhances their marketability in a competitive job market where many available posi-tions are within universities.BENEFITS TO COLLEGES OF PHARMACYColleges of pharmacy also benefi t from partnering with a health system (Table 1). Colleges of pharmacy face continued pressure to expand the experiential training, and institutional sites are the most diffi cult to secure.21,22 The greatest benefi t that MUCOP receives from its partnership with Emory Healthcare is the increased number of rotations for APPE and Introduc-tory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) students at the 2 main hospitals. In 2010-2011, both hospitals provided 36 APPE rotations; however, in 2012-2013, both hospitals provided 124 APPE rotations. The increase in availability has exposed more students to clinical pharmacy and multidisciplinary, direct patient care. The joint initiative facilitated the expansion of the institutional IPPE program at MUCOP to meet the increased ACPE requirements.1 Thirty IPPE students at Emory Healthcare rotate through the inpatient phar-macy, round with residents and clinical specialists, and participate in educational sessions facilitated by resi-dents. Preceptors have commented that since expand-ing IPPE, students are better prepared for APPE.Postgraduate training in pharmacy education ben-efi ts both the health system and the college of phar-macy. The benefi ts to the health system and residents have been described above; however, MUCOP benefi ts by using residents to serve as co-preceptors for APPE and IPPE students, facilitators for small group sessions, and lecturers in elective and required modules. In addi-tion, data from AACP for the 2011-2012 academic year demonstrate a national shortage of faculty, with the majority of vacancies in the clinical sciences and pharmacy practice.23 Training residents how to teach strengthens the applicant pool for entry-level faculty positions and improves hiring effi ciency.20 One survey illustrated that residents who pursued faculty positions were more likely to have lectured, facilitated problem-based learning or small group seminars, and/or served as a primary preceptors during their residency than other respondents.24 Even if residents do not pursue careers in academia, it is hoped that the clear connection between practice and education will engender in them a sense of obligation for training the future of the profession.A practice site in an academic health system is a benefi t for many clinically trained faculty. These practice sites often mirror the residency experience, making the transition to academia easier. Collabo-rating with pharmacists and residents at the health system can generate practice-based research and improve scholarly productivity. At MUCOP, several faculty and students have partnered with pharmacists and physicians at Emory Healthcare on research ini-tiatives. Twenty-seven posters have been presented at national and state pharmacy meetings and 3 manu-scripts have been published since the initiation of the collaboration 5 years ago.BARRIERS/CHALLENGESPartnership offers many benefi ts for colleges of pharmacy and for health systems; however, there are also several challenges. First of all, brokering a for-mal agreement is time consuming, as administrators and legal counsel for both institutions are involved. Managing the expectations of both the college of pharmacy and the health system is also a challenge for clinical faculty members at the site. Patient care obligations may confl ict with meetings and teaching responsibilities at the college, and faculty members may feel pressured to be in 2 places at one time. Pro-viding consistent clinical services can be diffi cult if a faculty member is only at the site part-time. Plans for providing clinical services when the faculty member is not present must be discussed in advance, and, if possible, remote computer access to the site should be provided. Health system pharmacists may feel bur-dened by the increased number of trainees as a result of the expansion of residency programs and expe-riential students. Establishing research collaboration can be complicated, as grants and contracts offi ces and institutional review boards from both sites need to be involved before research can commence. All of these challenges are real, but most can be overcome by patience, open communication, and commitment. CONCLUSIONPartnership between a college of pharmacy and a health system is mutually benefi cial and maximizes the use of scarce resources. The formal relationship may be diffi cult to set up initially, but the collabora-tion can synergize the efforts of both site pharmacists and faculty, improve pharmacist job satisfaction, and provide better training opportunities for residents and students.Hospital and College CollaborationREFERENCES1. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accredi-tation standards and guidelines for the professional pro-gram in pharmacy leading to the doctor of pharmacy degree guidelines2.0. https:///pdf/ FinalS2007Guidelines2.0.pdf. Accessed August 16, 2013.2. Haase KK, Smythe MA, Orlando PL, et al. Quality experi-ential education. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28:1547.3. Rathbun RC, Hester EK, Arnold LM, et al. Importance of direct patient care in advanced pharmacy practice experiences. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32:e88-97.4. 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