what is project finance
资本结构的计算方法共63页
i. What effect does capital structure have on the value of the firm to its owners?
ii. What effect does capital structure have on the cost of capital to the firm?
SIGNIFICANCE
OPTIMUM CAPITAL STRUCTURE If capital structure affects firm value there may be some optimal capital structure for the firm.
INVESTMENT APPRAISAL If capital structure affects the cost of capital then we may have to consider how a project is financed when evaluating it.
27.5 27.5%
iii. Gearing 60%
EBIT
Debt Interest Shareholder Earnings EPS (pence) Return on Equity
600
600 0 0 0%
1,500 2,400
600
600
900 1,800
22.5
45
22.5% 45%
Return on Equity %
Appraisal
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
SCOPE Capital structure concerned with the levels of debt and equity financing employed by firms to finance their activities.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP 公私营伙伴关系模式
Equity extraction by contractors 承包商抽取/ 承包商抽取/收回資產
SellSell-on equity interest following completion of construction 項目建成后立即出售資產的利益
Joint ventures 聯營體
Team TMO (temporary multi-organization) multi團隊 TMO（臨時多方組織） TMO（臨時多方組織） “oligopolistic partners” (Dietrich, 1994) 具有市場壟斷經營性質的合伙人 Technology transfer 技術轉移 OwnersOwners-企業所有人 Invest and share profits 投資並分享利潤 Share (perceived) risks 分攤（可認知的）風險 Opportunistic behavior 投機/ 投機/機會主義行為
Organisational Arrangements 組 織 方 式
BOT (Build, Own, Transfer) BOT（建造、擁有、移交） BOT（建造、擁有、移交） BOO (Build, Own, Operate) BOO（建造-擁有BOO（建造-擁有-營運 ） BOOT (Build, Own, Operate, Transfer) BOOT（建造-擁有-營運BOOT（建造-擁有-營運-移交 ） DFBO (Design, Finance, Build, Operate) DFBO（設計-建造-融資DFBO（設計-建造-融資-營運 ） DCMF (Design, Construct, Manage, Finance) DCMF（設計-施工-管理DCMF（設計-施工-管理-融資 ） PFI (Private Finance Initiative UK) PFI（私人融資計畫 PFI（私人融資計畫 英國）
international investment law
Diplomatic protection 外交保护Hull formula赫尔标准：美国国务卿赫尔(Hull)照会墨西哥政府，承认墨西哥政府有权为了公共利益的需要而征收外国资产，但同时他又指出，合法的征收必须伴有充分(adequate)、有效(effective)和即时(prompt)的补偿International convenstions=treaty——————————国际习惯Modernizationtheory：the belief that industrialization and economic development lead directly to positive social and political change 现代化理论FTA自由贸易协定(Free Trade Agreement)Forum shopping挑选法院Creeping expropriation——间接征收BIT的balance 考虑投资者和东道国之间的平衡；经济发展和环境保护平衡BIT如何保护中国投资，衡量政治风险，有利的争端解决机制——从政府和投资者的角度思考Project finance:EP:BOT（build-operate-transfer）即建设-经营-转让。
是私营企业参与基础设施建设，向社会提供公共服务的一种方式。
Equity interest_————股权份额Sectoral limitation_________政府限制的紧急部门稻草人战术straw man strategyEquity joint venture_————股份合资Cooperative joint venture————合作合资ＦＩＥ（Foreign Investment Enterprise）What is Chinese government’s dilemma and concerns私募股权兴起条件：1成熟法律体系2成熟资本市场中国私募股权private Equity Investment 离岸操作——导致在1，2两个必要条件不具备的情况下仍然兴起私募股权：private equity中外合资企业(EJV)、外商独资企业(WFOE)和中外合作企业(CJV)Challenge toPE in China1pE in China _china Characteristics2most is in VC and frowth capital area3the ablityy in acquaire a controlling is quite limited4off shoure structure _the preferred fieldDelimma鼓励FIE和控制——在岸操作Control：Ownership restrictionDebt financingLeverage：杠杆效应：债权融资和股权融资之间的比例——私募股权倾向于债权融资——杠杆越高投资回报率越高——如何调动管理层的积极性：期权_把个人绩效和公司绩效挂钩——幻影期权—在本国不允许期权的情况下通过离岸操作达到目的IPO：最重要的融资方式和退出机制SPV:——Special Purpose Vehicle，简称SPV。
怎样用英语说明你的工作经历 相关范文
怎样用英语说明你的工作经历相关范文说明工作经历Stating Your Work Experience1.Held a post concurrently in Zhongxing CPA. from December,1998 to May,1999. and mainly worked on evaluating project finance and made up cash flow tables.1998年11月至1999年5月在中兴会计师事务所兼职，主要从事财务评价、现金流量表的编制分析和产业的市场调查与跟踪研究等。
2. Assistant to the General Manager of Shenzhen Petrochemical Industrial Corporation Ltd..Handled the itinerary schedule of the general manager. Met clients as a representative of the corporation. Helped to negotiate a $5,000,000 deal for the corporation.深圳石油化工集团股份总经理助理。
安排总经理的出差旅行方案时间表。
作为公司代表接见客户。
协助公司谈成了一笔五百万美圆的交易。
3. Secretary to president of Silverlion group Corporation Ltd.. Responsibilities: Receiving visitors, scheduling meetings, taking and typing dictation, writing routineletters and reports.银利来集团董事长秘书。
职责：接待访客、安排会议、笔录并打字、书写日常信函及报告。
4. Public relations girl at Guangzhou Holiday Inn. Full-time in summers, part-time during school.在广州文化假日酒店当公关小姐。
资本结构的计算方法
SIGNIFICANCE
OPTIMUM CAPITAL STRUCTURE If capital structure affects firm value there may be some optimal capital structure for the firm.
INVESTMENT APPRAISAL If capital structure affects the cost of capital then we may have to consider how a project is financed when evaluating it.
Fulthor plc is to be set up with a total capital of £10 million. Expected results for the company depend on trading conditions shown below:
Trading Conditions EBIT (£000) ROCE
4. The capital structure of the firm comprises equity and perpetual debt only.
MEASURES OF COST OF CAPITAL
Cost of equity (ke):
E/Ve
Cost of debt (kd):
I/Vd
IMPACT OF DEBT FINANCING
Debt appears cheaper than equity as a source of finance for firms: i. Lower risk for investors ii. Tax advantages iii. Lower transactions costs But debt is is a riskier source of finance for firms: i. Increases risk of financial distress ii. Increases volatility of returns to shareholders
财经的内涵介绍英文作文
财经的内涵介绍英文作文英文：What is the essence of finance? In my view, finance is the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments manage their money and assets. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including investments, banking, insurance, and taxation.At its core, finance is about making decisions that maximize value. For example, an investor might decide to buy a stock because they believe it will increase in value over time. A business might decide to take out a loan to fund a new project because they believe the project will generate more revenue than the cost of the loan.Finance also involves managing risk. For example, an insurance company might offer policies that protect individuals and businesses from financial losses due to accidents or other unexpected events. A government mightimplement tax policies that encourage investment and economic growth while minimizing the risk of financial instability.Ultimately, the goal of finance is to create a stable and prosperous economy that benefits everyone. By making smart financial decisions and managing risk effectively, individuals, businesses, and governments can achieve this goal.中文：财经的内涵是什么？在我看来，财经是研究个人、企业和政府如何管理他们的资金和资产的学科。
whatisprojectfinance
6
1.1Two ways of financing large projects
Conventional company financing Project Finance Example: one water company wants to
build another water plant C
Completion risk 完工风险
Pledge 抵押（品），担保人
Off-take agreement 承购协议
Financial leverage 财务杠杆
Performance bond 履约保函
Default 违约
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
3
1.What is Project Finance?
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
4
Terms
Passive equity 被动股本金
Debt 债务
Equity 股本 Contingent equity 或有股本 Contractual joint venture 契约型投资结构 Project vehicle 项目公司 Collateral 担保品，抵押 Limited recourse有限追索 Full recourse完全追索 Non-recourse无追索 Sponsor 发起人
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
Finance and Project Finance
Finance is the study of how money is managed and the process of acquiring needed funds. It involves activities such as investing, lending, borrowing, budgeting, saving, and forecasting. Finance is essential for individuals, businesses, and governments to make important financial decisions.One specific area of finance is project finance, which is a methodof financing large-scale infrastructure and industrial projects. Project finance involves creating a separate legal entity for the project, which is solely responsible for the project's financing and operations. This allows the project to be funded without putting the entire company's assets at risk.Project finance is commonly used for projects such as building infrastructure, developing natural resources, and constructing power plants. The financing for these projects is typically provided by a consortium of lenders who are repaid through the project's cash flow and assets, rather than the creditworthiness of the project's sponsors.Project finance requires a thorough analysis of the project's risks and potential rewards. Lenders and investors carefully evaluate the project's feasibility, the market for its output, and the ability of the project's sponsors to manage and operate the project successfully. This in-depth analysis helps to determine theproject's likelihood of success and the potential return on investment.The structure of project finance deals is complex and often involves multiple layers of debt and equity. This complexity is necessary to allocate risks among the project's stakeholders and to ensure that the project's cash flows are sufficient to meet its financial obligations.Overall, project finance is a critical tool for funding large-scale projects that have the potential to generate significant economic and social benefits. By creating a separate legal entity andcarefully structuring the financing, project finance enables these projects to move forward while minimizing the risks for the parties involved.。
项目融资 (Project Finance)
项目融资(Project Finance)这个礼拜天有人询问我关于投资案价值评估的问题，他们公司想要并购一个已经在营运中的BOT投资案，但不知如何评估公司的价值，该出多少钱是合理。
于是礼拜天就在提供评估重点及财务数字建议，回复E-Mail及电话中度过。
BOO/BOT投资价值评估比较科学，透过自由现金流量(FCF)，计算IRR与NPV，反推回来目前的投资价值，因为要透过财务预估来竞标及取得银行贷款，只要财务模型是很具有可信度的，通常准确度很高。
十余年前我恰好有相关经验，无论是投资价值评估、或是BOO/BOT，刚好都有过实务的接触与学习。
几年前也把当时的经验写成小短文，如下：===============================================项目融资(Project Finance)或称项目融资，是另一种融资的观念，相关实务大约10年前引进台湾，我那时恰好有机会参与学习，因此才认识项目融资是怎么一回事！一般来说，银行借钱给公司法人或个人，最重视的是还款来源，借款人能力如何？借款的目的为何？未来有没有能力支付本息？还款的能力如何被证实？确认这些问题有答案以后，银行才愿意把钱借出去。
不过在台湾实务上有一些不太一样，在台湾融资，除了有些要靠人情关系、政治压力、或许也有非法方式，正常来说，还是多采抵押借款方式，依抵押品(如土地、建物、机器等)的价值打折放款，当然也会考虑还款能力，但纵使借款人的还款能力可被证实，银行放款与否最主要还是看借款人的抵押品，抵押品的估值打个5折6折，通常就是可借款的金额。
项目融资的方式很特殊，它假设该借款人是一个独立项目计划，资金用途及还款来源，完全来自于该项目，该项目所有的优势或风险，每一项影响经营的因素，都能明显的被辨认及配置，所谓明显的被辨认及配置，就是透过合约的方式，签署合约的另一造，有很好的信用评等及履约能力，以致于该项目本身的财务预测及现金流量是具有相当可信度的，在确保该项目未来的现金流量足以支付本息下，这时银行团才会给予融资。
金融学用英语怎么说
金融学用英语怎么说金融学是研究价值判断和价值规律的学科。
主要包括传统金融学理论和演化金融学理论两大领域，是现代经济社会的产物。
那么你知道金融学用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
金融学的英语说法1：science of banking金融学的英语说法2：Finance金融学的相关短语：会计与金融学 Accounting and Finance金融学研究方法 Research Methods in Finance金融学大专学位 associate of finance金融学原理 Principle of Finance项目金融学 Project Finance金融学专业 Finance ; financial specialty ; finance major金融学季刊 Quarterly Journal of Finance金融学专题 Special Topics in Finance金融学的英语例句：1. People focus on why financial intermedia exiting renewedly with banking crisis emergence.金融中介机构为什么会存在,这一金融学的最基本问题,随着银行业危机的出现又一次重新被人们所重视.2. The Finance program is the Shanghai Municipal Key Program.金融学专业为上海市重点学科.3. Application and development of law and economics of law and finance theory.法律金融理论是法律经济学在金融学领域的运用和发展.4. This paper introduces the problem of option pricing inmathematical finance.粗略地介绍数学金融学中的期权定价问题.5. Behavior finance learns to get again of the whole world fixupon.行为金融学再次受到全球的瞩目.6. Yantai University finance expert Shijia Yue said.烟台大学金融学专家施嘉岳说.7. His book is a critique bordering on an assault on mathematical – or quantitative – finance.本书是对数学(或者定量)金融学几近抨击的一种批判.8. Finance theory prescribes holding well - diversified portfolios to reduce the overall risk of your investments.金融学理论主张通过持有多样化的投资组合来降低投资风险.9. The new discipline of emotional finance aims to show how emotion drives investors'behaviour.情感金融学这门新兴学科旨在表明情感如何驱动投资者的行为.10. Broadly speaking, liquidity and financial intermediation have emerged as key topics in macroeconomics and finance.从广义上讲, 流动性和金融调解在宏观经济学和金融学方面已经逐步成为一个关键的课题.11. Regional finance science is a boundary subject growing from regional economics, finance, and ecogeography.区域金融学是在区域经济学、金融学、经济地理学等学科的边界上生长起来的一门边缘学科.12. Cape was invented by Robert Shiller, professor of economics and finance Yale University.Cape是经周期调整的市盈率,由耶鲁大学YaleUniversity) 经济金融学教授罗伯特?希勒(RobertShiller) 发明.13. At Cornell University's Johnson School, finance professor Andrew Karolyi strikes a similar note.康奈尔大学( CornellUniversity )约翰逊学院(JohnsonSchool) 金融学教授卡洛伊(AndrewKarolyi)也持有类似的观点.14. This is about a theorem in finance. I will put it the fold.这是一个金融学的理论问题. 我将在接下来讨论它.15. This paper introduces this theory in the aim at broadening the scope of Knowledge.本文试图对行为金融学作一点介绍,以便开拓学界的视野.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Development of Project Finance?
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
2
Focus of this chapter
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
The differences between conventional company finance and Project Finance. The advantages and disadvantages of Project Finance. The features of Project Finance. The participants in Project Finance and the part they play. The key risks in Project Finance.
Chapter 1 What Is Project Finance?
Project Financing
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
1
Content
What is Project Finance? Why is Project Finance needed? Participants of Project Finance? Risk sharing among participants
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
15
2.Why is Project Finance needed?
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
7
Conventional company financing
Water plant
A
B
C
as the only sponsor
Water company
loan
Full recourse
But Project Finance is not a term of art and there are as many definitions as there are bankers
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 13
Multiple
complex
Project vehicle
See page 1 and 2
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 12
International Project Finance
1.3 What is Project Finance?
Project Finance is the development of an asset where the financing is to be provided by way of debt or others and is to be repaid principally out of revenues generated by the operation of that asset
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 3
International Project Finance
1.What is Project Finance?
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 14
International Project Finance
So we can say: Traditional financing is financing to a project whereas Project Financing is financing through a project.
Banks
International Project Finance
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance
9
Limited recourse
A full recourse financing occurs when 完全追索指的是在项目贷款期内， the sponsor(s) is responsible for the repayment of the project debt, without 发起人为项目的债务偿还负无限责任。 limitation, through the entire loan term.
16
2.1 Why Project Finance?
Project Owners‟ Perspective
Size
and cost of projects Risk minimization Preservation of borrowing capacity and credit rating May be the only way that enough funds can be raised
1.2Differences between traditional company financing and Project Finance
Nature of Source of Forms of borrower recourse financing Guarantee Source of payment
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 6
International Project Finance
1.1Two ways of financing large projects
Conventional company financing Project Finance Example: one water company wants to build another water plant CFinance 5
International Project Finance
Terms
Greenfield financing 全新融资 Amortizing loan repayment 分期支付贷款 Balloon loan/ payment 气球贷款 Completion risk 完工风险 Pledge 抵押（品），担保人 Off-take agreement 承购协议 Financial leverage 财务杠杆 Performance bond 履约保函 Default 违约
4
Terms
Passive equity 被动股本金 Debt 债务 Equity 股本 Contingent equity 或有股本 Contractual joint venture 契约型投资结构 Project vehicle 项目公司 Collateral 担保品，抵押 Limited recourse有限追索 Full recourse完全追索 Non-recourse无追索 Sponsor 发起人
International Project Finance Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 17
2.2 Main Characteristics of Project Finance
Project is a distinct entity. Project assets, project-related contracts, and project cash flows are separated to a large degree from the sponsors.
Chapter 1 What is Project Finance 10
International Project Finance
Non-recourse loan
Non-recourse
loan is a type of loan where if 在无追索贷款下，如果借款人违约， the borrower defaults, the issuer can seize 贷款人可以获得其抵押物，但是不能 the collateral, but cannot seek out the 要求借款人进一步的赔偿，即使抵押 borrower for any further compensation, even if the collateral does not cover the full 物不足以弥补全部违约金额。该情况 value of the defaulted amount. This is 下，借款人对贷款无需承担个人责任。 one instance where the borrower does not
1.3 What is Project Finance?
Project Finance involves a corporate sponsor investing in and owning a single purpose, industrial asset through a legally independent entity financed with non-recourse debt. Project financing refers to a financing in which lenders to a project look primarily to the cash flow and assets of that project as the source of payment of their loans. See paragraph 1.