英语词汇学 术语解释
完全版英语词汇学名词解释
第一章wordl.Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11.Morpheme ——A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the position of words.2.Allomorph —Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3.Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4.Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5.Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to bine with other morphemes to make words.6.Affixes ——Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7.Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8.Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9.Prefixes ——Prefixes are affixes that e before the word.10.Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that e after the word.11.Roo t ——A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12.Stem ——a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21, Affixation -affixation is generally defined as theformation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2.Prefixation ——is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3.pounding (positon) -- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5.Blending-- is the formation of new words by bined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6.Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.7.Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8.Back-formation -- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit. 第五章meaning1.Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2.Concept ——which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting theobjective world in the human mind.3.Sense- denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation - -accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5. Onomatopoeic Motivation - -These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--pounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes bined.7. Semantic Motivation - -refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 8. Etymological Motivation-- The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9.Grammatical meaning - refer to that part of the meaning of the word which i ndicates grammatical concept or relationships.10.Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context relat ed to the notion thatthe word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning) - the meaning given in the di ctionary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning - the secondary meaning supplemented to the concep tual meaning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the con ceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning - stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts.15. Affective meaning - the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in q uestion.第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23.Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I. II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai emef/=International Monetary Fund. III.IV. Blends--are words that are bined by parts of other word24.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysedinto parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.25.Transparent Words --Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).26.Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.27.Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} hasa number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.28.Derivation or Affixation --Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.29.Polysemy —the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.30.Diachronic approach - Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language , it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.31.Synchronic approach - synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).32.Radiation - a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center andeach of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.33.Concatenation - meaning “linking together”, which theis the semantic process in meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense bysuccessive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finallydeveloped and that which the tern had at the begining.34.Homonyms ----------- are generally defined as words different in meaning buteither identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.35.Perfect Homonyms ------------- are words identical both in sound and spelling, butdifferent in meaning.36.Homographs --------- are words identical only in spelling but different in soundand meaning.37.Homophones(most mon) ---------------- are words identical only in sound but differentin spelling and meaning.38.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.39.Absolute Synonyms ------------ are words， which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings.40.Relative synonyms ------------- are similar or nearly the same in denotation butembrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.41.Antonyms --------- are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms(according to the semantic opposition )1) Contradictory terms - these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2)Contrary terms --------------- a scale running between two poles or extremes.3) Relative terms - consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a socialrelationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent..Hyponymy ----------- deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, themeaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms (下义词).For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term (上义词) and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms (下义词).第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension (generalization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word with aspecialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2.Narrowing (specialization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquiresa narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration -------------- r efers to the process by which words rise fromhumble beginnings to positions of importance.4.Degradation or pejoration of meaning ---------------------- I t is a process whereby words ofgood origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words e to be used in derogatory sense.5.Transfer ---------- I t is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes torefer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context Lexical Context - refers to the words occur together with the word inquestion.Grammatical context - The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms5.1diom-idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa.Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b.Structural Stability - the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms - the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. Regular bination - the speaker of the regular collocations, the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms - the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1.Idioms nominal in nature （名词性）一have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.1.1dioms adjective in nature （形容词性）-function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.1.2dioms verbal in nature （动词性）- this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs - idioms which are posed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4.Idioms adverbial in nature （副词性）1.Sentence Idioms - are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」------ is a figure of speech containing an implied parison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」----- is the device in which we name something by one ofits attributes， as in crown for king， the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」 ---- means using a part for a whole, an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement - a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting insynonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion - some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Positionshifting - the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting - in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering - breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。
英语词汇学中的名词解释
英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。
而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。
本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。
二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。
它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。
在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。
2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。
在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。
词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。
3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。
它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。
词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。
4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。
这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。
研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。
5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。
在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。
研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。
三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。
它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。
在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。
2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。
在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。
3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。
它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。
在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。
4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。
例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。
英语词汇学重点名词解释
英语词汇学重点名词解释Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the piling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions municate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general wordsincluding informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in mon use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.《英语词汇学重点名词解释》全文内容当前网页未完全显示，剩余内容下一页查看。
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
英语词汇学 术语解释
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics，inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms。
Semantics:the study of word meaning。
Etymology：the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning。
Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography：the compiling of dictionaries。
Synchronic study：the study of a word or words at one particular point in time。
Diachronic study：an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time。
word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
现代英语词汇学
现代英语词汇学一、词汇的构成（Word - formation）1. 词根（Root）- 定义：词根是单词的核心部分，它包含着单词的基本意义。
例如，“vis”在“visible”（可见的）、“vision”（视觉）和“visit”（参观）中是词根，其基本意义与“看”有关。
读音：[ruːt]，词性：名词。
2. 前缀（Prefix）- 定义：加在词根前面，改变单词的意义。
例如，“un - ”在“unhappy”（不快乐的）中表示否定。
读音：[ˈpriːfɪks]，词性：名词。
- 常见前缀及其意义：- “re - ”（再，又），如“rewrite”（重写）。
读音：[riː - ]，词性：前缀。
- “pre - ”（在……之前），如“preview”（预习，预演）。
读音：[priː - ]，词性：前缀。
3. 后缀（Suffix）- 定义：加在词根后面，改变单词的词性或意义。
例如，“ - er”在“worker”（工人）中表示“做……的人”。
读音：[ˈsʌfɪks]，词性：名词。
- 常见后缀及其作用：- “ - ness”（构成名词，表示性质、状态），如“happiness”（幸福）。
读音：[nəs]，词性：后缀。
- “ - ful”（构成形容词，表示充满……的），如“helpful”（有帮助的）。
读音：[fʊl]，词性：后缀。
二、词性（Parts of Speech）1. 名词（Noun）- 定义：表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等。
例如，“book”（书）、“city”（城市）、“love”（爱）。
读音：[naʊn]，词性：名词。
- 名词的分类：- 可数名词（Countable Noun），如“apple”（苹果），有单复数形式。
- 不可数名词（Uncountable Noun），如“water”（水），一般没有复数形式。
2. 动词（Verb）- 定义：表示动作或状态。
例如，“run”（跑）、“be”（是）。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。
在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。
1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。
2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。
3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。
例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。
4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。
例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。
5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。
例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。
6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。
例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。
7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。
例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。
8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。
例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。
9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。
以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。
除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。
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Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study: the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person. Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Alien非同化词are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans.借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morphemeAffixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formationof new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFLBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mindSense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.。