机械工程专业外文解析翻译解析
机械工程专业英语课翻译
Unit1Two methods of designating limit dimensions are considered as standard.One method is the maximum material method in which the large dimension is placed above the smaller dimension for male parts, and the reverse is true for female parts.This method is well suited for small lot quantities because it is likely that the machinist himself may check the dimension of the parts .In so doing he will be verifying initially the large dimension of the male parts and the smaller dimension of the female part.other method is the maximum number method and is preferred by production and quality control departments .In this method of designating a dimension , the large number is always placed above the smaller number ,regardless of whether the part is male or female.两种方法都被看作是指定极限尺寸标准。
一种方法是最大的资料法,大尺寸较小的尺寸摆在上面男性部件,事实正相反对女性的部分。
机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械专业英语翻译解读
传感技术在装配系统中应用1、说明在现代市场需求及越来越多可用的自动化装置和机器人的推动下，一种新型的装配系统在去年应运而生。
在两篇关键性的文献中（41，80），描述了这种在全球化推动下产生的装配系统从1980年以前典型的专一装配机器到应用了机器人和灵活伺服机构的可改装系统的演变。
它还指出一种理想的装配系统应该具有较高的生产效率、良好的灵活性和机敏性。
后两点说明在传统的收工装配车间中也非常容易实现，且仍然在各个领域和各个国家占有重要的低位，但是在高自动化系统中却较难实现。
在特殊的灵巧性装配工作中，i.e人们喜欢由装配机器人来完成装配工作。
因此，在工业应用中要求具有可靠高效的感知反馈环节。
所以，不论在开发新型装配车间的思想中还是对现有转配车间的自动化改造中和解决最近产生的装配问题中，无不体现了传感器的重要性。
传感器在装配工作中的重要性远比监视机械工具的重要性大，一般的传感器在装配车间经常具有广泛的应用，甚至比在高自动化的机械系统中的应用更加频繁。
这是因为在装配操作比一般其它操作都难，经常产生或要求复杂的运动。
另外，即使是装配机器人在已规划的工作环境中操作，像工件的形位误差、未知的工件位置等可变因素也经常影响装配进程。
而且，装配任务的品质要求使其包含自动检测环节成为必要。
适当传感器的安装也适用于像工业机器人、可操作的气动伺服装置等具有较低的位置精度和顺向的经济优势的标准的机械。
传感器的另一种优势表现在具体的操作过程阶段。
事实上，相同的传感器可以被用于对简单、快速的操作和轨道插入的过程控制，自从传感器自身可以在操作阶段提供正确路径所必须的信息，一种高位置精度的末端机构不再需要经历自学习阶段。
另外，自从传感器能够补偿计算机辅助设计的收搜索精度时，使得线下操作过程更加容易和有效。
自从传感器的重要性在1978年的一篇主旨性文章中（149）被强调以后，装配系统的变革是显著的，很多工厂开始在他们的装配车间使用传感器，在传感技术的影响下机器人的研究也创造出了很多效益各种新型的传感器，各种新型的传感器也已经投入到了市场。
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5）相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
机械专业英语短文带翻译
机械工程师的关键责任之一是设计与分析机械系统。这涉及使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件创建系统的详细三维模型，并在不同条件下模拟其性能。通过分析作用于系统组件的力、应力和振动，机械工程师可以优化设计，确保安全、可靠和高效。
Case Study: Designing an Automotive Suspension System
案例研究：汽车悬挂系统设计
例如，让我们考虑一下汽车悬挂系统的设计。悬挂系统负责在保持车辆稳定控制的同时提供平稳的行驶。机械工程师使用CAD软件设计悬挂系统的各个组件，例如弹簧、减振器和控制臂。
在完成初始设计后，工程师将使用有限元分析（FEA）软件对系统进行分析。这样可以模拟系统在不同的道路条件下（如坑洼或减速带）的行为。通过分析组件中的应力和位移，工程师可以确定潜在的设计问题，并进行必要的修改，以改善悬挂系统的性能和安全性。
For example, let's consider the design of an automotive suspension system. A suspension system is responsible for providing a smooth ride while maintaining the stability and control of the vehicle. A mechanical engineer would use CAD software to design the various components of the suspension system, such as the springs, dampers, and control arms.
After the initial design is complete, the engineer would then analyze the system using finite element analysis (FEA) software. This allows them to simulate the behavior of the system under different road conditions, such as potholes or speed bumps. By analyzing the stresses and displacements in the components, the engineer can identify potential design issues and make necessary modifications to improve the performance and safety of the suspension system.
机械工程专业英语的某些单词和句子翻译
英译汉1.tolerance公差 puter-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造 3.numerically controlled machines数控机床 4.necking颈缩 5.turning，drilling and boring operation 6.formability and machinability成形与可加工性 7.assembly lines装配线 8.dimensional accuracy尺寸精度 9.cross-sectional area横截面积 10.percentage elongation伸长率 11.structural strength结构强度 12.stress-strain curver应力应变曲淬火和内应力 14.earthmoving and construction equipment线 13.quenching and internal stresses土建设备 15.straightening operation 16.cracking and distortoon断裂和扭曲变形 17.light service at fractional horsepower小马力轻载 18.screw pump螺杆泵 19.steel sheet and rolled-steel shapes钢板和滚压成型钢 20.straightening operation矫正操作 21.sensing devices 传感器 21.digital or pulse motor数字与脉冲马达 22.drilling钻 boring齿轮加工镗 reaming铰 gear-cutting operations齿轮加工汉译英1.切削刀具cutting tools 2.紧固件，如螺母fasteners such as nuts 3.刚和铸铁steels and cast irons 4.马氏体和奥氏体martensite and autenite 5.机械特性mechanical properties puter-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造 7.数控系统numerically controlled systems 8.大批量生产技术mass production techology 9.控制单元control units 10.靠模附件profiling attachment 11.弹性模量和伸长率elastic modulus and percentage elongation 12.规模经济economy of scale 13.闭环系统close-loop system 14.有色金属non-ferrous 15.液压系统hydraulic system 16.弹性和屈服极限elastic and yield limit 17.龙门刨工作台低碳钢和合金钢low-carbon steel and alloy steel 18.pianner-table 短句：1、low carbon steels do not become hard when subjected to such a heat treatment, because of the sma ll amount of carbon contained.当经历热处理、低碳钢不会变硬、因为含有少量碳。
机械工程外文翻译
外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on thebranch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development intoprofessional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not onlyeconomic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine toolsnecessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines andMong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can besustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of therelationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional orthe intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,thefinal meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do notbe misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct furtherdebugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a productto meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parkedthrough automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:staticsand dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation,speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译
acoustic field声场
acoustic filter滤声器
acoustic frequency音频
acoustic impedance声阻抗
acoustic load声负载
acoustic material隔声材料
acoustic mechanical efficiency声机械效率
acoustic power声功率
acoustic pre ure声压
acoustic radiation pre ure声辐射压
acoustic reactance声抗
acoustic resistance声阻
acoustic resonance共鸣
acoustic声的
acoustic a orption声吸收
acoustic a orptio ound a orption声吸收
acoustic a orptivity声吸收率
acoustic admittance声导纳
acoustic analysis声学分析
addition附加
additional drag附加阻力
additional load附加载荷
additional ma 附加质量
additional pre ure附加压力
adhere粘着
adherence附着
adhesion附着
a orption dynamometer吸收功率计
a orption heat吸收热
a orption lo 吸收损失
a orption model吸收模型
a orption potential吸收势
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英文原文名《Englsih for die mould Design and Manufacturing》中文译名《模具设计与制造专业英语》文原文版出处：北京大学出版社2006年3月第一版译文成绩：中等指导教师（导师组长）签名：译文：1.3 弯曲模弯曲是一种最常见的成型操作。
我们只需要看看汽车的组件或设备,或在一个回形针，或文件柜——有多少部分是由弯曲成型的。
弯曲不仅用于法兰形式,接缝,起皱,还传授部分刚度(通过增加其惯性矩)。
弯曲使用的术语如图1-19所示。
弯曲过程中,外层纤维材料被拉伸，同时内部纤维收到压缩。
由于泊松比，外部区域部分的宽度(弯曲长度L)越小,在内部区域就比原来的宽度更大。
1.3.1 简单弯曲手工弯曲线时,需要一个由拇指和手指应用于线自然弯曲。
通常一个弯曲的半径是主要使其弯曲的工具。
一个支柱可以是固定和弯曲材料的一种工具，就像在管弯曲，线弯曲，pan-brake弯曲(图1-20)，和夹紧垫模具。
1.3.2 弯曲限额最小弯曲半径随合金及其回火而变化;大多数退火薄金属可以承受的弯曲半径等于材料不开裂的厚度。
更多的韧性金属可以很容易地通过一个180º弯曲而弯曲,比如卷边弯曲操作。
然而,当板料弯曲,其总长度包括弯曲的长度大于原料。
这个长度变化必须经过生产工程师和模具设计师的深思熟虑，因为为了剪切坯料必须已知剪切坯料的长度。
在平焊位置,一块金属板的中性轴和中心线一致。
但在弯曲的位置,中性轴已经转移到距离内半径0.33到0.40 t的一个位置(图1-21).确定改进型坯料长度的关系如图1-21给出，从半径为r + t / 3的象限圆的周长计算中计算中性轴的长度。
在开发复杂的部分的长度时,先把它划分成一系列的直线，弯曲和弧。
三角法可以用来计算未知的尺寸，但要保持三角形的支架平行维度，因为斜边的弯曲角度和延长支架的长度可以很容易在蓝图尺寸上添加或减少。
弯曲的金属的长度可以从以下经验关系计算：AB = 2π(IR+kt)360B = 弯曲余量(中性轴)A = 弯曲角度IR =内弯曲半径t = 金属厚度0.33（IR < 2t）k =0.50（IR > 2t）1.3.3 弯曲工具影响一个弯曲工具的设计和最终工作的各种因素是工具材料的厚度，任何在这个厚度的变化，硬度和回火，弯曲的位置和弯曲程度，纹理方向和可能相互影响几个形状的耦合，因此不可能确定一个最终结果,直到一个工具的调试阶段完成。
图1-22显示了一个简单的工具装配要求，位于中间位置的孔和针；这种类型的工具使用直或弯曲的“支架”部分时是平等的。
软材料的弯曲很少需要任何程度的调整来抵消V 字形的回弹，但对于硬金属来说建议过度弯曲五度。
最初冲头和模具都是调试后由85度角和轻微的磨削成正确的角度制成。
如果其中一个“支架”的形状如Fig.1-23所示可能会出现工件滑落冲头撞击失效，这可以防止正确的长度被获得,但这往往是没有结果的，这是一个问题,有时必须得到关注。
因此，空白必须举行，图1-19显示已经完成的工件上带有长“支架”，最后的工具不用昂贵的生产成本。
倾斜材料意味着调整到V EES与可确保适当的角度通常是一个直角和柱塞第一保持作为空白柱塞下降并退入冲头进一步运动发生。
由于施加的压力，弯曲表面的局部淬火是可取的。
第2章塑料模具2.1简介塑料的处理涉及的固体（有时液体）聚合树脂的转化，这是在随机的形式（如粉末，颗粒，小珠），以特定的形状，尺寸和特性的固体塑料产品。
这是通过一个变换处理，挤出，成型，压延，涂布，热成形装置来实现，等等的方法，为了达到上述目的，一般包括以下操作：固体输送，压缩，加热，熔融，混合，成型，冷却，凝固，和整理。
显然，这些操作并不一定发生在序列中，其中许多同时发生。
成形是必需的，以赋予该材料所需的几何形状和尺寸。
它涉及粘弹性变形和热传递，其通常与从熔融的产物固化相关的组合。
成形包括：（1）两维操作，如模具成型，压延和涂层，和（2）的三维模制和成形的操作。
二维过程是任一连续的，稳定状态的类型（例如薄膜和片材挤出，电线涂层，纸和纸涂布，压延，纤维纺丝，管道和型材挤出等）或间歇如在挤出的相关联的情况下间歇挤出吹塑。
通常，模制操作是间歇性的，并且因此，它们趋向于涉及非稳态条件。
热成型，真空成型，和类似的过程可被视为二次成形的操作，因为它们通常涉及的已成形的形式的整形。
在某些情况下，象吹塑，该方法涉及主要整形（型坯形成）和二次成形（型坯膨胀）。
整形操作包括同时或交错的流体流动和传热。
在二维工序，凝固通常遵循整形处理，而固化和成形倾向于同时发生在模具内部中的三维处理。
流动状态，这取决于材料，设备和加工条件的性质，通常涉及的剪切，拉伸带封闭（包含）或自由表面流动的组合，并一起使挤压流动。
热机械历史期间流动和凝固的结果在微结构（形态学，微晶，和取向distri- butions）的发展中所制造的物品所经历的聚合物。
制品的最终性质密切相关的微观结构。
因此，该工艺和产品质量的控制必须基于树脂性能，设备的设计，操作条件，热机械历史，微观结构，并最终产品特性之间的相互作用的理解。
2.2塑料的性质塑料是从由某些积木式分子的链状附着构造大分子制成的有机材料。
塑料的性能很大程度上依赖于该分子的大小和在分子内的原子排列。
例如，聚乙烯由乙烯结构单元是最初的气体制成。
通过这个过程被称为聚合，链乙烯分子是由乙烯分子内的碳原子的化合价键合而形成的。
高分子量产物，将其结果称为聚合物。
因此，在指定的聚乙烯被用于从气态的对应，乙烯，这是成为聚合的单体区分的高分子量塑料制成。
该“聚”是指“多”乙烯结构单元分子或单体，它们结合形成的聚乙烯塑料分子。
频繁，“树脂”一词时，可互换使用的“聚合物”描述一种塑料材料的骨架分子。
然而，“树脂”有时用于描述天然和合成树脂的浆状液体。
塑料，在成品形式中，很少由专门的聚合物，但也包括其它成分如填料，颜料，稳定剂，和加工助剂。
但是，塑料材料或模塑化合物的指定总是取自聚合物指定。
从广义上讲塑料可以被分成两类：热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。
因为温度对它们的性能影响材料类因此而得名。
2.2.1热固性热固性塑料是这是在他们的原始状态相对无用的聚合物。
当加热到一定温度的化学反应发生，导致分子键合在一起或交联。
硫化和聚合或固化之后，热固性材料保持稳定并且不能返回到其原始状态。
因此，“热定形”标识成为其从加热所得的可用状态设置的那些材料。
通常，热固性聚合物与填料和增强剂混合，得到的成型化合物的属性。
热固性是所有塑料最难和硬的，是固化后的化学不溶性，并且它们的性质较少受到温度变化的比是热敏感的热塑性塑料。
最近的非塑料同行热固性塑料的性质是陶瓷。
的热固性塑料常见的例子有：酚醛树脂，三聚氰胺，脲，醇酸树脂和环氧树脂。
从这些聚合物树脂总是制成模塑化合物包含额外的填料和增强剂，以获得最佳的性能。
2.2.2热塑性热塑性聚合物是热敏感材料，这些材料的固体在室温下，像大多数金属。
在加热时，所述热塑性塑料开始软化并最终达到其熔点，并成为液体。
允许的热塑性冷却到低于其熔点导致再固化的塑料的或冻结。
连续加热和冷却循环引起的熔化冻结周期只是因为它为金属的重复。
该热塑性塑料熔融的事实的基础是其加工成成品部件。
热塑性塑料可以通过这会导致软化的材料的熔化或任何方法来进行处理。
使用熔化的热塑性加工技术的例子是：注塑，挤出，旋转铸造和压延。
其中取软化低于熔点的优点的制造方法是：热成型（真空或压力），吹塑，和锻造。
当然，正常的金属切削技术也可以应用到热塑性塑料中的固体状态。
热塑性塑料的常见的例子是：聚乙烯，聚苯乙烯，聚氯乙烯（PVC），尼龙（聚酰胺）。
2.2.3填料塑料制品往往含有其他添加物质称为填料。
填料被用来增加膨松并帮助赋予所需性质。
含有填料的塑料会固化更快和保持接近既定成品尺寸，由于塑性收缩将减少。
木粉是通用和最常用的填料。
全棉工装，从棉短绒生产，增加了机械强度。
对于较高的强度和耐冲击，棉布切碎成段的1/2英寸的正方形可以与塑料进行处理。
石棉纤维可以用作填料，增加热和耐火性，以及云母，用于模制塑料部件具有优异的介电特性。
玻璃纤维，硅，纤维素，粘土，或简单地说面粉也可使用。
果壳粉来代替，其中一个更好的完成需要木粉。
使用短纤维填料的塑料部件将导致更低的成本，而那些具有更大的冲击强度的长纤维填料是更昂贵。
其它材料，不限定为填充剂，如染料，颜料，润滑剂，促进剂，和增塑剂也可以加入。
增塑剂加入到软化和改善塑料的模塑性。
填料和改性剂加入并与原始塑料混合它被模制或形成之前。
2.2.4塑料属性1.常规属性选择的塑料材料的问题是，发现具有合适特性的材料由预定的服务的角度来看，形成和制造，以及成本的方法。
新的和改进的塑料材料具有几乎任何所需的特性正在不断推出。
有塑料不需要具有较低的温度下具有更大的灵活性，并且是在较高温度下稳定的增塑剂。
一些抗蚀剂水，酸，油和其他破坏性物质。
广泛使用的塑料证明了自己的价值;然而，当把一个新的材料或适应旧材料到新的应用程序时的基本限制应予以考虑。
2.温度的影响塑料是在高温下倾向于刚性和脆性在低温下，并且柔软性和弹性。
压根不稳定尺寸相对于温度，并很容易受到失真和当经受升高的温度下流动。
的热塑性塑料是特别敏感，而热固性塑料是更耐磨，但不同的，仅在程度。
热固性和热塑性树脂的热稳定性之间的区别并不明确。
一个真正的区别，可以得出只有个别塑料之间，而不是类塑料之间。
高温不仅严重降低塑料的力学性能，同时也加快外部代理，他们是敏感的破坏性行动。
连续加热也可以通过增塑剂挥发引起脆性和收缩大量增塑材料。
在与不同的塑料中提出的应用接触使用一种塑料应在可能的“的增塑剂迁移”的光首先进行检查，有时会导致变色或的塑料1的硬化。
在一般情况下，中等温度所需要的存储的塑料在长时间内;低的温度下进行，以避免，因为大多数的塑料的低温脆性的，并且由于迅速丧失机械性能，增塑剂的挥发，和大量变形的易感性的高温应该避免。
3.湿度的影响塑料，只有少数例外，对水的影响非常敏感。
高湿度环境中引起吸水率多样所得效果，这取决于塑料的组合物和制剂应。
增加的水含量塑化一些材料，并有一个普通的降低的机械性能。
吸水率是负责在某些塑料和少数人的最终分解肿胀。
潮湿的环境中可以提取从大量塑化材料的增塑剂，也能提供有利条件真菌的生长。
近年来，然而，新的塑料已开始使用具有一流耐湿性和可含有水无限期而同时抵制其它影响。
极干燥的环境中可能会导致脆化在某些塑料如失水的结果，通常有助于它们的可塑性。
循环干湿环境更破坏性塑料比连续暴露在因为肿胀和水分的吸收和水分排放萎缩引起的，在塑料机械应力恒湿。
相对恒定的，中度至低湿度是优选的，因为水的结构以及这些材料的特性，以及增塑剂损失的萃取和真菌侵袭在潮湿环境中的可能性的不利影响为塑料储存。