汽车转向节加工工艺方案对比分析外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院

本科毕业设计外文资料翻译

系别：工程技术系

专业：机械设计制造及其自动化

姓名：

学号：

2015年 2 月 15 日

Comparative analysis of processing scheme of

automobile steering section

Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.

Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.

Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.

Primary Cutting Parameters

Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.

Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong,

tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.

Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.

Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.

Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Rough machining and finishing machining

There are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more than one roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.

Automatic Fixture Design

Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent; the synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force. The characteristics of modern production are becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.

According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into: special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.

Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example: commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps.

According to the processing was part of that foundation and working

characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.

Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.

Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.

Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program has appropriate documents.

中文翻译

汽车转向节加工工艺方案对比分析

机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。

机械加工过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。

严密的精度和良好的表面粗糙度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面粗糙度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另一方面，许多零件靠比较粗糙的生产加工工艺制造其表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。

基本的机械加工参数

切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的：刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和背吃刀量。

切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状——以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征——对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。

切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件——刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。

进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。

背吃刀量——以英寸计——是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工，背吃刀量更大。

粗切削与精切削

工厂的切削加工有两种，分别称为“粗切削”和“精切削”。工件经“粗切削”后，十

分接近所要求的形状和尺寸，但加工表面仍留有足够的金属余量，以供精加工，使工件表面粗糙、尺寸准确。一般地说，钢质棒料、锻件、铸件等只经一次粗切削和一次精切削即可达到所要求的形状和尺寸。不过，有时工件的某些部位可能需要不止一次的粗切削。有些加工，如精度要求不高或需要切除的金属量较小，也可能只需一次精切削。粗切削因为要去除大部分的余料，切削力量肯定是相当大的，这就意味着，整个机器、刀具、工件或这三者都要能承受得了。机加工工人的目的是尽可能快地切除余料，而留下的加工表面又不能太粗糙，细长的工件不能抗弯，也不能损坏顶尖。精切削是使工件表面光滑、尺寸准确，因而是一种更精细的切削。精加工强调的是精度——使用非常锋利的刀具，切除的金属量较少，测量时的精密度要求较高。无论是粗切削还是精切削，机加工工人都必须按给定的工作来调好机床，必须考虑工件的大小和形状，材料的种类，刀具的种类，以及行将切削的性质。然后开始把机床调到正确的转速和进刀量，调好刀具使其达到要求的切削深度。

自动夹具设计

用做装配设备的传统同步夹具把零件移动到夹具中心上，以确保零件从传送机上或从设备盘上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些应用场合、强制零件移动到中心线上时，可能引起零件或设备破坏。当零件易损坏而且小小振动可能导致报废时，或当其位置是由机床主轴或模具来具体时，再或者当公差要求很精密时，那宁可让夹具去适应零件位置，而不是相反。为着这些工作任务，美国俄亥俄州Elyria的Zaytran公司已经开发了一般性功能数据的非同步西类柔顺性夹具。因为夹具作用力和同步化装置是各自独立的，该同步装置可以用精密的滑移装置来替换而不影响夹具作用力。夹具规格范围是从0.2英寸行程，5英镑夹紧力到6英寸行程、400英寸夹紧力。

现代生产的特征是批量变得越来越小而产品的各种规格变化最大。因此，生产的最后阶段，装配因生产计划、批量和产品设计的变更而显得特别脆弱。这种情形正迫使许多公司更多地致力于广泛的合理化改革和前面提到过情况那样装配自动化。尽管柔性夹具的发展很快落后与柔性运输处理装置的发展，如落后于工业机器人的发展，但仍然试图指望增加夹具的柔顺性。事实上夹具的重要的装置——生产装置的专向投资就加强了使夹具更加柔性化在经济上的支持。

根据它们柔顺性，夹具可以分为：专用夹具、组合夹具、标准夹具、高柔性夹具。柔性夹具是以它们对不同工件的高适应性和以少更换低费用为特征的。

结构形式可变换的柔性夹具装有可变更结构排列的零件（例如针形颊板，多片式零件和片状颊板），标准工件的非专用夹持或夹紧元件（例如：启动标准夹持夹具和带有可移动元件的夹具配套件），或者装有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物质（如：流动粒子床夹具和热夹具紧夹具）。为了生产，零件要在夹具中被紧固，需要产生夹紧作用，其有几个与夹具柔顺性无关的步骤：

根据被加工工件基础的部分和工作特点，确定工件在夹具中的所需的位置，接着必须选择若干稳定平面的组合，这些稳定平面就构成工件被固定在夹具中确定位置上的夹具上，均衡所有的力和力矩，而且保证接近工件工作特点。最后，必须计算、调整、组装可拆装的或标准夹具元件的所需位置，以便使工件牢牢地被夹紧在夹具中。依据这样的程序，夹具的轮廓结构和装合的规划和记录过程可以进行自动化控制。

结构造型任务就是要产生若干稳定平面的组合，这样在这些平面上的各夹紧力将使工件和夹具稳定。按惯例，这个任务可用人—机对话即几乎完全自动化的方式来完成。一人—机对话即以自动化方式确定夹具结构造型的优点是可以有组织有规划进行夹具设计，减少所需的设计人员，缩短研究周期和能更好地配置工作条件。简言之，可成功地达到显著提高夹具生产效率和效益。

在充分准备了构造方案和一批材料情况下，在完成首次组装可以成功实现节约时间达60%。

因此夹具机构造型过程的目的是产生合适的编程文件。