专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气

Subjunctive Mood

1. 语气Mood

语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对一事物和人的态度和看法。包括陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种。

陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。

①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。

②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？

③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！

祈使语气祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。

Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。

Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。

虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。

①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。

②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。

③May you succeed!祝您成功！

虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达未能成为事实或者不可能成为事实的情况，或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。此外还可用来表示命令、建议、设想、祝愿（或

could have done 本来可以- - -

might have done 本来可能 - - -

should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -

shouldn’t / ought not to have done 本不该做 - -

你本不应该告诉她真相。

You shouldn’t have told her the truth .

needn’t have done 本不必做 - - -

比较：didn’t need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - -

我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了

I didn’t need to clean the windows . My brother did it.

would have done 本来会去做----

(1)与现在事实相反

If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the sun.

如果地球没有引力，月球就会飞向太阳。

If I were/was you I would reconsider their proposal.

我要是你，我就会重新考虑他们的建议。

If it weren’t/wasn’t raining, we wouldn’t stay indoor.

要是现在不下雨，我们就不会呆在屋里。

If the manager were/was here, he might make a decision.

要是经理在这儿，他也许会作出决定。

(2)与过去事实相反

If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.

我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。

If she hadn’t taken your advice, she would have made a bad mistake.

她要不是听了你的劝告，就要犯大错误了。

She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy.

要不是太忙，她就来了。

(3)与将来事实相反，或将来不太可能发生，或说话人主观上不希望发生

If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.

要是我来作这件事，我会用另一种做法。

If the rocket should fall in a few seconds, it would certainly explode.

如果火箭几秒钟内竟然向下坠落，那就一定会爆炸。

If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.

万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一试。

(4)错综时间非真实条件句

错综时间非真实条件句是指条件句与主句动作发生的时间不一致。因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，其形式依据时间的不同仍然遵循表1给出的规则。例如：

If we had set out earlier, we wouldn’t be walking in the rain.

如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。（从句发生在过去，主句发生在现在。）

If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.如果你身体好些，我们就让你和他们一道做这工作了。（从句发生在现在，主句发生在将来。）If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.

如果我们到现在还未准备好，明天就会有很多麻烦。（从句发生在过去，主句发生在将来。）

(5)省略if的非真实条件句

如果非真实条件句中的谓语包括had, should, were三个词，连接词if可以省略。这时had, should, were要移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要见于书面形式。例如：Had he not been ill, he might have come.

要不是他生病了，他是会来的。

Should she come here, we would discuss this matter with her.

要是他来这儿的话，我们就和她讨论这件事。

Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.

要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种不同的方法。

Were you not here, none of us would come.

如果你们不在这儿，我们没人会来。

(6)用介词短语表示假设条件

有时可以用介词短语做假设条件，以取代非真实条件句中的if从句。例如：

Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.

如果没有空气，就不会有风或云。

I would have succeeded with you help.