爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌［Abstract］Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique writers in American. “The Raven”，as his masterpiece and one of the representative poems，skillfully demonstrates his poetic theories. The motif of the death and the beauty he pursues are fully embodied in the poem. Meanwhile，Poe in the poem creates a grievous dirge for the death of a beloved beautiful young woman through exquisite form and grievous melody，fantastic content in melancholy tone，which is also the last grieving for his lost Lenore of the young man. Its aesthetic charming will remain fresh and the echo “Nevermore” will resonate in man’s ears forever.［Key words］“The Raven”，the death，the beautyI. IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is one of the greatest writers in American literary history. Like many other eminent writers in the world，Poe’s life experience was among the most miserable ones. In his whole life，he could not escape from the shadow of the death，especially the death of his beloved beautiful women，which left a big scar on his heart and motivated him to fall in deep meditation on death. Therefore，the combination of terrible death and pathos love is adopted as an eternaltheme nearly in all of Edgar Allan Poe’s literary creation. He concludes that “the de ath a beautiful woman is unquestionably，the most poetical in the world” (常耀信，2003：106). In the deaths of beauties，Poe tries his best to give readers the feeling of regret and heartache and makes readers feel sad and somber as the protagonists do in his stories. “The Raven”，one of Poe’s representative poems，is by no means excluded，in which a melancholy sense over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem. Thus，it is more worth analyzing the theme，tone and musical qualities of Poe’s “The Raven” to have a better understanding Poe’s literary creation.Ⅱ. The Death and the Beauty in “The Raven”In this poem，Poe employs the first person to narrate the dialogue between the raven and”I”as well as gives “my”psychology description. Poe perfectly combines the death and the beauty to achieve the melancholy and terrible effect. For Poe，the death and the beauty are not juxtaposed with each other. Poe elaborates his images of beauty with a mystery and visional air，because he does not treat beauty just as something common or worldly，but immortal and sacred. The death can illustrate the immortality and sacredness of beauty in a better way. Through death beauty can shake off the yoke of life and the mortal world. Beauty，when combined with death，appears mystery as never beforeand finally becomes sacred.Poe，obsessed with the death，is closely related to his miserable life，so the death of a beautiful woman is his everlasting motif of his poems. In regard to Poe’s preoccupation of beautiful woman，critics usually tend to associate it with his biography. Biographically，Poe lost several beautiful women who played in turn important roles in his life and creation：his mother Eliza Poe，his foster mother Fanny Allan，the mother of one of his friends and his intimate comforter，Jane Stanard，and his own wife Virginia Clemm，whose lingering and consuming death exerted the deepest influence upon Poe. The beautiful woman created by Poe usually passes away from this world silently even before the poem sets off. She seems willing to die as if she is a creature not belonging to this world. She longs to exalt from the physical world；and her narrator seems expecting the bereavement over her death. This pattern of symbolical feminine ideal finds its way well penetrating into Poe’s writings，poems and tales alike. Poe says in “The Philosophy of Composition” that Beauty is the atmosphere and the essence of the poem. In “The Poetic Principle，” Poe has given full expression to this idea，noting that：the aspiration for pure Beauty，embodied by the feminine ideal，reflects the spiritual yearnings for mortal human being. The loss of the beauty itself can excite the sensitive soul to tears. In addition，the missing of the lost lover is more grievous. The dead has not been being，but the living still sings the dirge in sad mood，which is more melancholy.In Poe’s opinion，the sorrow brought out by death is attractive. And the death of a beautiful woman is the most beautiful. Obviously，in “The Raven”，the young man，who indulges himself in the solitary and dismal and tries in vain to bring back the beloved，gradually loses hold on reality and steps slowly toward imaginative madness，after the death of Lenore-symbol of the lost Beauty，the young man exists in a state of death-in-life. He outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep on the appearance of the bird，but the ill-omen raven suggests that what has been lost will “nevermore” come back. The idea that the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical use of death is clearly delineated in “The Raven”. Actually，“The Raven” describes an allegory， a dream，which externalizes a disturbed consciousness’futile efforts to pursue Beauty. The loss of Lenore is the lost beauty，so the death and the beauty are perfectly combined. From the strong affection for his lost Lenore of the young man，it is asserted that Lenore is the most beautiful angel and her death is the most beautiful in the world，so one can not help sorrowing for Lenore，let alone how grievous the young man is. The death itself is melancholy，and the shadow of the deathand beauty lingering in the young man’s mind is more melancholy and sorrow.Ⅲ. The Tone of “The Raven”The melancholy in“The Raven”is an ultimate poetical beauty，it is radical and cynic but no conservative and decadent at core. Poe chooses beauty and death to be the theme of the poem，since beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem. “Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones” (常耀信，2003：106). “The Raven” is like a special oil painting. Poe does his utmost to employ various colors and light to excite the readers’senses，but the main tone is gray and melancholy. The poet from the just beginning lines creates a grievous，horrified and despairing atmosphere. The ghastly gloomy world condenses into image of a stately raven，The Raven may be a sub-conscious fancy，an illusory image，not a real one our hero’s over plunging into the missing of his lover results in the appearance of the image. Poe’s true intention is his expression of melancholy sorrow by this image. Meanwhile，another symbol of the raven comes immediately after the beginning lines，namely，it symbolizes the ghost of Lenore and emblematical of mournful and never-ending remembrance. The appearance of the raven heavily tints the poem in a dreamy and hallucinatory color and brings the young man in a state of semi-stupor. In fact，“The Raven” is a dream，a rather special dream.Besides，Poe chooses the particular time and space to create a bleak and mysterious atmosphere. Both “midnight” in the first verse and “December” in the second verse symbolize an end of something，and also the anticipation of something new，a change，to happen. The chamber，in which the narrator is positioned，is used to signify the loneliness of the man，and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished，and reminds the narrator of his lost love，which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside，is used to even more signify the isolation of this man，to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night. Other symbols，such as dying ember，the silken，sad，uncertain rustling of each purple curtain，and perfume from an unseen censer and so on also create an upset and melancholy atmosphere.More importantly，Poe repeats “nothing more” and “Nevermore” in the whole poems to strengthen the melancholy effects. The first seven stanzas create an atmosphere of desolation，which is primarily spiritual，but also vaguely implies the desolation in the material world outside the door. This sense of desolation is well manifested by the refrain phrase，“nothing more”. He uses the word “Nevermore” as the last word in each of the last 11 stanzas of the poem. He has judged its meaning and pronunciation and believes that it can keep the melancholy best. Poe uses the word “Nevermore” in many different ways，so that even with therepetition of this word，it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds the tension in this poem，stanza by stanza，but after the climaxing stanza he tears whole thing down，and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven’s “Nevermore”. Undoubtedly，the mechanical repetition of the raven “Nevermore” keeps breaking upon the young man’s psychic wound and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression and endless despair reach the breaking point. The answer of the raven to the different questions asked by the young man is the same，invariably “Nevermore”. In the midnight in bleak December，the echo of “Nevermore” lingers in the cold chamber and in the young man’s mind，pushes him in the despaired and collapsed abyss and finally drives him mad. His longing for seeing the ber eaved lover is broken down by the ruthless “Nevermore”，which is an indifferent refusal and a sharp arrow. “Nevermore” is also like a grievous man’s plangent weeping in a blue mood. The echo of the ominous bird also makes people blood-curdling.Ⅳ. The Dirge for the BeautyAccording to Poe，a poem manifests its message through sound and tone，through its qualities of music rather than through meaning or philosophy. He stressed rhythm，defines true poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. “The Raven” itse lf is a dirge sung by the young man tohis lost Lenore. The melancholy and low melody resonate in readers’ears. Poe demonstrates his poetic theories：beauty，brevity and purity in “The Raven”. In “The Philosophy of Composition，” Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting. A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting，and should，therefore，strive to achieve this singp In Poe’s opinion，poetry does not have to inculcate a moral and he calls for “pure” poetry. So Edgar Allan Poe enjoys the musical qualities of the language that he uses. He employs different sounds to call upon different feeling，exaggerated atmosphere. Music is the perfection of the soul，or idea，of poetry. I t can be seen that much of the melody of “The Raven” arises from alliteration，and the studious use of similar sounds in unusual places. In the whole poem，the vowels used are mainly such front vowels as /i/，/i：/，/e/ and back vowels like /u：/，/u/，/o：/，etc.. The articulation of sonorous vowels always requires more strength，but the young man is already “weary” in his deep mourning，which finds better expression in the thin，deep vowels mentioned above.One of the eminent characteristics is that the repetition of the /o：/ sound in “The Raven” implies grief and melancholy，which is like the young man’s continuous weeping. Poe chooses “lore” “shore”，“door”，“floor”，“Lenore”，“explore”，“yore”，“shore”，“store”，“nevermore” and so on as his rhyming words to enhance the effect thequality of music in the poem. Besides，the repetition of the /i/ sound in this poem suggest a sigh，such as napping，tapping，dying，repeating，entreating，hesitating，wondering，fearing，peering，dreaming，burning，beguiling，smiling，agreeing，sitting，sinking，guessing，expressing，reclining，gloating，flitting，seeming，streaming floating，rustling and so on，which reveal the young man’s endless despair and helplessness. The sign of his pessimistic melancholy mirrors his disturbed consciousness. The dirge is also the last melancholy and despairing voice of the young man.Ⅴ. Conclusion“The Raven” gives readers an unspeakable plangent feeling and the sense of beauty，in which Poe demonstrates his poetic theories proposed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”. He combines poetic and musical“flowing beauty”with painting and architectural“fixed beauty” to artistically create the effects of sounds，light，color，odors and etc. as well as a melancholy love，a gothic setting and a desolate atmosphere，which serves for the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore and creation of a melancholy dirge of the death. The death and the melancholy beauty are embodied perfectly in “The Raven” and the echo of “Nevermore” can resonate in man’s ears forever.【References 】［1］爱伦·坡.爱伦·坡集——诗歌与故事［M］.曹明伦，译.三联书店，1995.[2] 曹曼.爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵读解［J］.华中师范大学学报，2000（2）.[3] 曹曼.从“效果一说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架［J］.外国文学研究，2005（3）.[4] 常耀信.A Survey of American Literature［M］.南开大学出版社，2003.[5] 常耀信.Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism［M］.南开大学出版社，1992.[6] 刘建国.埃德加·艾伦·坡的诗论在《乌鸦》中的体现［J］.贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版），2002（1）.［摘要］埃德加·艾伦·坡是美国最具特色的作家之一。
夜半歌声_浅析爱伦_坡_乌鸦_之美
1 时空的安排 《 乌鸦》 的成功源于爱伦·坡的深刻、严密的文 学批评理论和他不断的创作实践, 源于他丰富的 科学知识,更源于他杰出的诗人天才。 时间与空间 是诗中叙述很值得关注的两个层面。 诗的第一节 第一行就明白指出: 这是一个阴郁沉闷的子夜;之 后第二节第一行述者补充道: 这是一个萧索的十 二月里的一个萧索的子夜。 这一时间非常重要,效 果明显:严冬的一个深夜,又黑又冷,形单影只,难以 入眠,神思恍惚。 这是述者凄苦难耐心理的真实写 照,与整首诗的主题是一致的,有助于营造极其伤 感的氛围,悲自从中来。 深夜意味着恐怖,神秘莫 测,往往也是各种幽灵及邪恶之物出现的时刻。 可 见, 一开始确定 的 这 个 时 间为 后 来 乌 鸦— ——不 祥 之物的出场及烘托整首诗的氛围作了很好的铺 垫。
产生各种不同的裂缝。 即使砌体产生微小的裂缝也会影响到建筑物的外观并降低其使用寿命。 现就影响墙体质量的因素及墙体裂缝进行简要论述。 关键词:砖混结构；质量；裂缝
从_乌鸦_看爱伦_坡的诗论与创作主题.kdh
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入睡： “Ｆｒｏｍ ｍｙ ｂｏｏｋｓ ｓｕｒｃｅａｓｅ ｏｆ ｓｏｒｒｏｗ——ｓｏｒｒｏｗ ｆｏｒ
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（“凭着我们都崇拜的上帝——凭着我们头顶的苍天， 请告诉这充满悲伤的灵魂， 它能否在遥远的仙境 拥抱一位被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她纤尘不染， 拥抱一位被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳。”） 美丽少女的死亡，让年轻人的悲伤和忧郁都到了极限； 而这种让人心灵震撼的悲伤和忧郁，也让诗人把他极致的美 表达了出来。
外国文学研究
从《乌鸦》看爱伦·坡的诗论与创作主题
○印层层
摘 要：本文以《乌鸦》为例，分析了爱伦·坡的主要诗歌理论：篇幅不宜过长、要创造美、要以忧郁为基调等， 以及其重要的创作主题：美女之死，让读者体会真实情感与艺术技巧相结合所创造出来的艺术震撼力。 关键词：《乌鸦》 爱伦·坡 诗歌理论 美女之死
该诗用词简单朴素声韵悠扬看似一首自然赞歌和个人哀惋心态的隐在倾诉但由于诗中的含混ambiguities历来人们对这首诗的意义众说纷纭有人认为该诗表达了个人文明和自然之间的关系至于是什么关系则各执一词有说是个人对文明的厌恶和对自然的向往有说是个人既对文明社会中名利追求不舍又想同时占有自然表现了人的无尽贪欲
美，却将美附着于死亡之花，与恐怖和诡异相伴相生。
浅议爱伦_坡诗歌理论在_乌鸦_中的体现
摘要：埃德加·爱伦·坡是19世纪美国著名诗人、小说家和文艺评论家，他在诗歌创作和诗歌理论方面成就卓越。
本文从篇幅、主题、音乐性等方面分析了《乌鸦》一诗对爱伦·坡《诗的原理》中诗歌理论的体现。
得出《乌鸦》是其诗歌理论最完美体现的结论。
关键词：爱伦·坡；《诗的原理》；《乌鸦》中图分类号：I254文献标识码：A文章编号：1673-2111（2010）09-0018-02埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809-1849）被认为是唯美主义的先驱，是美国文学史上不可多得的极具原创性的天才作家，在诗歌、小说和文学理论等方面都有经典之作，对后代作家们影响深远。
爱伦·坡可算是一位文坛怪才，他短暂的一生充满坎坷曲折，极具悲剧色彩：1岁时父亲离家出4400走，3岁时母亲病故，他由苏格兰商人夫妇收养。
17岁进入佛吉尼亚大学，但一学期后因与养父争执，负气出走，开始他的文学生涯。
21岁爱伦?坡因贫穷所迫入西点军校，不到一年又因渎职除名，而后几年穷困潦倒，以写作糊口，先后在纽约、费城的几家杂志当编辑和专栏作家。
26岁时，爱伦·坡与年龄比他小一半的表妹秘密成婚，两人感情甚笃，但生活却清苦动荡，12年后妻子病故，他不堪打击，常常借酒浇愁，麻痹灵魂，借以逃避现实，最终精神失常，两年后因饮酒过度死亡，结束了短暂多难的一生。
爱伦·坡早年，因南方贵族化教养与北方资本主义化的社会环境的矛盾，以及热烈个性与现实束缚的矛盾，就显现出对现实的反抗和逃避。
他与当时重视商业利润的社会格格不入。
他坚持“为艺术而艺术”的创作观，视艺术为生命，创作时没有丝毫的功利之心。
他强调文学作品的唯美，注重形式和内容的和谐，认为作品所能达到的最高境界不是真实，而是美；只有美才能在读者心中激起情感共鸣。
爱伦·坡文学作品多以梦、死、恶的主题。
梦是他对现实的逃避，而执着于死的主题，一方面是因为在他悲惨的个人生活中曾亲眼目睹数个所爱的人的死亡；另一方面是因为他认为死是一种比梦更神秘更富诗意的永久性解脱。
论爱伦.坡《乌鸦》中美学空间逻辑构架
论爱伦.坡《乌鸦》中美学空间的逻辑构架摘要本文从语言符号的角度分析了爱伦·坡《乌鸦》中语义的层层推进和交流模式的建构过程，从而发现浪漫诗句背后所隐藏的抽象逻辑构架，揭示出爱伦·坡的诗学创作中理性运用的重要性以及浪漫派诗歌独特的一面：理性和非理性的高度统一。
关键词：爱伦·坡《乌鸦》美学空间逻辑构架理性中图分类号：i106.2 文献标识码：a埃德加·爱伦·坡（edgar allan poe，1809-1849）是浪漫主义运动在美国蓬勃时期的伟大诗人之一，《乌鸦》是其最具代表性的作品。
这首诗的制作花了整整4年时间，于1845年发表在《晚镜报》上。
正是它，使爱伦·坡一夜成名。
《乌鸦》描述了一个悲伤场景：风雨交加的寒夜，一只乌鸦飞进了诗性言说者的房间，不断地叫着一个词“永不复生”。
言说者正处在失去情人的哀痛中，他竭力摆脱这种情绪，想通过读书来维持内心平静。
一听到这不祥的音符，禁不住嚎啕大哭起来。
而乌鸦依然执拗地唱着唱着，将气氛推到极致，使敏感的灵魂破碎。
一交流模式的建构乌鸦和言说者是诗中的两个行动位，其间的张力和互动，使看似平静的诗性空间盈满了音乐的动感。
“乌鸦”的题目自会提醒读者，乌鸦在诗中扮演了重要角色。
一只从头到尾一动不动地蹲在房门上方半身雕像上的呆鸟，对于美学效果的达成，对于文本时空中的语义调动却如此关键，当然就属于诗人的独到手腕了。
从第三者角度来看，乌鸦做的唯一一件事，是不断用低哑、乏味的声音叫出一个信号“永不复生”，所引发的意指活动却极为复杂，对于在场的失意灵魂来说，宛如搅动了整个五湖四海。
由乌鸦来充任信号的发射器，无疑是有意安排，因为乌鸦总是被看作死亡和不幸的象征，即事先已携带有这类语义的潜在能指。
然而爱伦·坡有意藏匿这张好牌，他没有直接引入乌鸦，而是在诗歌的头六节制造了一系列悬念来为乌鸦的出场做准备。
在第一节中，言说者几乎要睡着了，就在此刻他听到了一声轻轻的敲门声：“有人来了，”他轻声嘟囔，“正在叩击我的房门——唯此而已，别无他般。
英国诗歌论文 乌鸦
感受“美”的真谛——埃德加·爱伦·坡《乌鸦》赏析埃德加·爱伦·坡是美国文学史上一位独树一帜的作家，其作品以及写作思想对美国乃至整个世界的文坛都产生了深远的影响。
《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡的代表诗作，成作于1844年，该诗直接而又体现了坡对于诗歌创作的理论主张——为诗而诗。
其主题是他认为最富诗意的“美女之夭亡和失美之悲伤”[1]134。
本文拟对《乌鸦》中的独特的韵律、风格以及意象之美进行解读，感受坡在诗歌创造中超凡脱俗的艺术魅力。
一、韵律之美《乌鸦》中的旋律感及其节奏感都特别强，其韵律被公认为是扬抑格调。
凭借着穿插在整篇作品中的诗歌创作技巧，使整篇诗歌具有恐怖而又神秘的艺术氛围。
诗歌依托韵律之美表现出的悲伤甚至是最大限度的绝望和悲痛，深深地让读者为之震撼。
《乌鸦》自始至终笼罩着哀怨的气氛, 烘托出沁人心脾的“忧郁”之美的基调, 这是坡独巨匠心、音义结合的效果。
诗的第一节以绵长、低沉的音韵给全诗定下了“忧郁”的基调：Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door,“Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door---Only this, and nothing more.”[1]136这一节中坡精心挑选的词大都是长音, 如:“weak”和“lore”、“door”、“more”。
爱伦·坡和他那只神秘的乌鸦——爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》作品赏析
收ｊ鸸日期：２０１ ３－５－３１；修改ｊ禹：２０１３－７－１ Ｔｅａｃｈｅｒｓ
８４）。对死亡美的追求，正是人们对渴望不可及 的美的追求，是对永恒美的渴望。这种追求是痛 苦的、无止境的，但其过程却是美的，是一种精 神的享受和境界的陶冶。
埃票篡磊蔗曩二
１．内容简介
《乌鸦》一诗讲述了一个青年学生，由于失
思非但没有平复，反倒倍加沉重。
２．爱伦・坡的诗歌美学
爱伦－坡认为诗歌创作的主要目的是表现 美，即在读者中引起美的情感，美的享受。而美 的目的就是要在读者心中产生“令人升华了的心
灵震颧”。无论什么样的美，只要能打动人的心 灵，能让人情动泪下就能使人的心灵净化。因
风格。他在代表作《乌鸦》一诗中成功地塑造了一只令人印象深刻的乌鸦。本文从内容简 介、爱伦・坡的诗歌美学、创作灵感的由来、特点分析等四个方面加以探讨，有助于加深读
者对联乌鸦》一诗的理解。
关键词：爱伦・坡；
【中图分类号】１０６
《乌鸦））；赏析
【文献标识码】Ａ 【文章编号】１００６—２８３１（２０１３）１１—０２０４—３ ｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００６—２８３１．２０１３．０４．０５５
２００４（４）． 张艳．论Ⅸ弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中维多利亚时期女性的社会地位
反映与心理诉求［Ｊ］．山花：作品研究，２０１１（３）．
万方数据
爱伦·坡和他那只神秘的乌鸦——爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》作品赏 析
作者： 作者单位： 刊名： 英文刊名： 年，卷(期)： 高金和 临沧师范高等专科学校,云南临沧,677000 疯狂英语(教师版) Crazy English Teachers 2013(4)
多维艺术视角下对《乌鸦》美的赏析
多维艺术视角下对《乌鸦》美的赏析作者：贠春鹏来源：《语文建设·下半月》2014年第05期摘要：本文从简要介绍作者爱伦坡及其作品《乌鸦》开始，重点结合作者身份及其经历来分析阐述《乌鸦》这部诗歌作品美的特点。
文章的切入点是从多维艺术角度入手，分别分析表述了《乌鸦》中的主题特征及其独特的艺术审美与场景的设置的独特性和代表性的特征，为我们从不同艺术视角剖析爱伦坡及其《乌鸦》中的美。
关键词：爱伦坡《乌鸦》多维艺术视角一、爱伦坡和《乌鸦》埃德加·爱伦坡和洛夫克拉夫特与安布鲁斯·布尔斯并称为美国三大恐怖小说家。
由于父母的相继去世，迫于无奈，三兄妹分别被收养监护在不同的人家。
收养埃德加的养父母是当时里士满靠着烟草发家的非常著名的富裕商人弗朗西丝和约翰·爱伦夫妇。
养父母本身没有自己的亲生子女，他们虽然没有通过法律途径办理领养他的合法手续，但是仍然将他的姓改成了爱伦，从此便把他当成自己的亲孩子抚养教育。
《乌鸦》是作者爱伦坡1844年在其家乡写下的一首非常著名的诗歌。
诗歌给读者记叙的是有一个男人，变得非常的难过，而这之前并不是这样的，因为他的家庭遭受了变故，他最亲的家人离开了他，从此他变得寂寞孤独，常常深感无奈和无助，心情变得抑郁和自闭，一个很深的夜晚，与一只象征着悲哀与凄凉的乌鸦相遇的故事。
作品的感情基调无疑是凄怆与凝惧的，这些都源自于对现实的失望，更是一种没有办法返回的对于生活的自暴自弃，而这种凄惨悲凉远没有停止，而是跟随着作品中安排的乌鸦的一次次叫声变得更加不可抚平，甚至到了无法叠加的最悲惨境地。
在作品中，作者给读者呈现青年男士和凄惨乌鸦这两个非常深刻而典型的形象。
按照作者的写作安排，开始没多久，自己生命里最重要的人，他的女朋友突然死去，这使得他无比伤心。
于是他想办法逃脱，整天埋在书本里，借此去把死去挚爱的痛苦忘记，可是发现这样做全是徒劳，反而是一直看书，倍加感到万分的痛楚和孤独像利剑一样刺向自己内心深处。
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌［Abstract］Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique writers in American. “The Raven”，as his masterpiece and one of the representative poems，skillfully demonstrates his poetic theories. The motif of the death and the beauty he pursues are fully embodied in the poem. Meanwhile，Poe in the poem creates a grievous dirge for the death of a beloved beautiful young woman through exquisite form and grievous melody，fantastic content in melancholy tone，which is also the last grieving for his lost Lenore of the young man. Its aesthetic charming will remain fresh and the echo “Nevermore” will resonate in man’s ears forever.［Key words］“The Raven”，the death，the beautyI. IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is one of the greatest writers in American literary history. Like many other eminent writers in the world，Poe’s life experience was among the most miserable ones. In his whole life，he could not escape from the shadow of the death，especially the death of his beloved beautiful women，which left a big scar on his heart and motivated him to fall in deep meditation on death. Therefore，the combination of terrible death and pathos love is adopted as an eternaltheme nearly in all of Edgar Allan Poe’s literary creation. He concludes that “the de ath a beautiful woman is unquestionably，the most poetical in the world” (常耀信，2003：106). In the deaths of beauties，Poe tries his best to give readers the feeling of regret and heartache and makes readers feel sad and somber as the protagonists do in his stories. “The Raven”，one of Poe’s representative poems，is by no means excluded，in which a melancholy sense over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem. Thus，it is more worth analyzing the theme，tone and musical qualities of Poe’s “The Raven” to have a better understanding Poe’s literary creation.Ⅱ. The Death and the Beauty in “The Raven”In this poem，Poe employs the first person to narrate the dialogue between the raven and”I”as well as gives “my”psychology description. Poe perfectly combines the death and the beauty to achieve the melancholy and terrible effect. For Poe，the death and the beauty are not juxtaposed with each other. Poe elaborates his images of beauty with a mystery and visional air，because he does not treat beauty just as something common or worldly，but immortal and sacred. The death can illustrate the immortality and sacredness of beauty in a better way. Through death beauty can shake off the yoke of life and the mortal world. Beauty，when combined with death，appears mystery as never beforeand finally becomes sacred.Poe，obsessed with the death，is closely related to his miserable life，so the death of a beautiful woman is his everlasting motif of his poems. In regard to Poe’s preoccupation of beautiful woman，critics usually tend to associate it with his biography. Biographically，Poe lost several beautiful women who played in turn important roles in his life and creation：his mother Eliza Poe，his foster mother Fanny Allan，the mother of one of his friends and his intimate comforter，Jane Stanard，and his own wife Virginia Clemm，whose lingering and consuming death exerted the deepest influence upon Poe. The beautiful woman created by Poe usually passes away from this world silently even before the poem sets off. She seems willing to die as if she is a creature not belonging to this world. She longs to exalt from the physical world；and her narrator seems expecting the bereavement over her death. This pattern of symbolical feminine ideal finds its way well penetrating into Poe’s writings，poems and tales alike. Poe says in “The Philosophy of Composition” that Beauty is the atmosphere and the essence of the poem. In “The Poetic Principle，” Poe has given full expression to this idea，noting that：the aspiration for pure Beauty，embodied by the feminine ideal，reflects the spiritual yearnings for mortal human being. The loss of the beauty itself can excite the sensitive soul to tears. In addition，the missing of the lost lover is more grievous. The dead has not been being，but the living still sings the dirge in sad mood，which is more melancholy.In Poe’s opinion，the sorrow brought out by death is attractive. And the death of a beautiful woman is the most beautiful. Obviously，in “The Raven”，the young man，who indulges himself in the solitary and dismal and tries in vain to bring back the beloved，gradually loses hold on reality and steps slowly toward imaginative madness，after the death of Lenore-symbol of the lost Beauty，the young man exists in a state of death-in-life. He outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep on the appearance of the bird，but the ill-omen raven suggests that what has been lost will “nevermore” come back. The idea that the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical use of death is clearly delineated in “The Raven”. Actually，“The Raven” describes an allegory， a dream，which externalizes a disturbed consciousness’futile efforts to pursue Beauty. The loss of Lenore is the lost beauty，so the death and the beauty are perfectly combined. From the strong affection for his lost Lenore of the young man，it is asserted that Lenore is the most beautiful angel and her death is the most beautiful in the world，so one can not help sorrowing for Lenore，let alone how grievous the young man is. The death itself is melancholy，and the shadow of the deathand beauty lingering in the young man’s mind is more melancholy and sorrow.Ⅲ. The Tone of “The Raven”The melancholy in“The Raven”is an ultimate poetical beauty，it is radical and cynic but no conservative and decadent at core. Poe chooses beauty and death to be the theme of the poem，since beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem. “Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones” (常耀信，2003：106). “The Raven” is like a special oil painting. Poe does his utmost to employ various colors and light to excite the readers’senses，but the main tone is gray and melancholy. The poet from the just beginning lines creates a grievous，horrified and despairing atmosphere. The ghastly gloomy world condenses into image of a stately raven，The Raven may be a sub-conscious fancy，an illusory image，not a real one our hero’s over plunging into the missing of his lover results in the appearance of the image. Poe’s true intention is his expression of melancholy sorrow by this image. Meanwhile，another symbol of the raven comes immediately after the beginning lines，namely，it symbolizes the ghost of Lenore and emblematical of mournful and never-ending remembrance. The appearance of the raven heavily tints the poem in a dreamy and hallucinatory color and brings the young man in a state of semi-stupor. In fact，“The Raven” is a dream，a rather special dream.Besides，Poe chooses the particular time and space to create a bleak and mysterious atmosphere. Both “midnight” in the first verse and “December” in the second verse symbolize an end of something，and also the anticipation of something new，a change，to happen. The chamber，in which the narrator is positioned，is used to signify the loneliness of the man，and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished，and reminds the narrator of his lost love，which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside，is used to even more signify the isolation of this man，to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night. Other symbols，such as dying ember，the silken，sad，uncertain rustling of each purple curtain，and perfume from an unseen censer and so on also create an upset and melancholy atmosphere.More importantly，Poe repeats “nothing more” and “Nevermore” in the whole poems to strengthen the melancholy effects. The first seven stanzas create an atmosphere of desolation，which is primarily spiritual，but also vaguely implies the desolation in the material world outside the door. This sense of desolation is well manifested by the refrain phrase，“nothing more”. He uses the word “Nevermore” as the last word in each of the last 11 stanzas of the poem. He has judged its meaning and pronunciation and believes that it can keep the melancholy best. Poe uses the word “Nevermore” in many different ways，so that even with therepetition of this word，it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds the tension in this poem，stanza by stanza，but after the climaxing stanza he tears whole thing down，and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven’s “Nevermore”. Undoubtedly，the mechanical repetition of the raven “Nevermore” keeps breaking upon the young man’s psychic wound and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression and endless despair reach the breaking point. The answer of the raven to the different questions asked by the young man is the same，invariably “Nevermore”. In the midnight in bleak December，the echo of “Nevermore” lingers in the cold chamber and in the young man’s mind，pushes him in the despaired and collapsed abyss and finally drives him mad. His longing for seeing the ber eaved lover is broken down by the ruthless “Nevermore”，which is an indifferent refusal and a sharp arrow. “Nevermore” is also like a grievous man’s plangent weeping in a blue mood. The echo of the ominous bird also makes people blood-curdling.Ⅳ. The Dirge for the BeautyAccording to Poe，a poem manifests its message through sound and tone，through its qualities of music rather than through meaning or philosophy. He stressed rhythm，defines true poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. “The Raven” itse lf is a dirge sung by the young man tohis lost Lenore. The melancholy and low melody resonate in readers’ears. Poe demonstrates his poetic theories：beauty，brevity and purity in “The Raven”. In “The Philosophy of Composition，” Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting. A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting，and should，therefore，strive to achieve this singp In Poe’s opinion，poetry does not have to inculcate a moral and he calls for “pure” poetry. So Edgar Allan Poe enjoys the musical qualities of the language that he uses. He employs different sounds to call upon different feeling，exaggerated atmosphere. Music is the perfection of the soul，or idea，of poetry. I t can be seen that much of the melody of “The Raven” arises from alliteration，and the studious use of similar sounds in unusual places. In the whole poem，the vowels used are mainly such front vowels as /i/，/i：/，/e/ and back vowels like /u：/，/u/，/o：/，etc.. The articulation of sonorous vowels always requires more strength，but the young man is already “weary” in his deep mourning，which finds better expression in the thin，deep vowels mentioned above.One of the eminent characteristics is that the repetition of the /o：/ sound in “The Raven” implies grief and melancholy，which is like the young man’s continuous weeping. Poe chooses “lore” “shore”，“door”，“floor”，“Lenore”，“explore”，“yore”，“shore”，“store”，“nevermore” and so on as his rhyming words to enhance the effect thequality of music in the poem. Besides，the repetition of the /i/ sound in this poem suggest a sigh，such as napping，tapping，dying，repeating，entreating，hesitating，wondering，fearing，peering，dreaming，burning，beguiling，smiling，agreeing，sitting，sinking，guessing，expressing，reclining，gloating，flitting，seeming，streaming floating，rustling and so on，which reveal the young man’s endless despair and helplessness. The sign of his pessimistic melancholy mirrors his disturbed consciousness. The dirge is also the last melancholy and despairing voice of the young man.Ⅴ. Conclusion“The Raven” gives readers an unspeakable plangent feeling and the sense of beauty，in which Poe demonstrates his poetic theories proposed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”. He combines poetic and musical“flowing beauty”with painting and architectural“fixed beauty” to artistically create the effects of sounds，light，color，odors and etc. as well as a melancholy love，a gothic setting and a desolate atmosphere，which serves for the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore and creation of a melancholy dirge of the death. The death and the melancholy beauty are embodied perfectly in “The Raven” and the echo of “Nevermore” can resonate in man’s ears forever.【References 】［1］爱伦·坡.爱伦·坡集——诗歌与故事［M］.曹明伦，译.三联书店，1995.[2] 曹曼.爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵读解［J］.华中师范大学学报，2000（2）.[3] 曹曼.从“效果一说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架［J］.外国文学研究，2005（3）.[4] 常耀信.A Survey of American Literature［M］.南开大学出版社，2003.[5] 常耀信.Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism［M］.南开大学出版社，1992.[6] 刘建国.埃德加·艾伦·坡的诗论在《乌鸦》中的体现［J］.贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版），2002（1）.［摘要］埃德加·艾伦·坡是美国最具特色的作家之一。
从译者角度赏析《乌鸦》中的“三美”
关键词 ：爱伦 ・ ；《 坡 乌鸦》 三美” ；“ 中 作 品在英 国轰动一时 ，勃朗宁夫人写信给 爱 伦 ・ 说 ：“ 的 朋 友有 的 被 它 的 恐 怖 性 迷 住 了 ，有 的 被 它 的音 乐 性 坡 我 迷住 了” …。这 的确是～ 首 “ 为诗 而诗 ” 的诗 ，诗 中寓意 深刻 的主题 ，
摘 要 ：爱德加 ・ 爱伦 ・ 坡是天才的诗人，他 的诗论 强调诗 的美学意义，强调诗歌的统一性。其代表作 《 乌鸦》 以优 美的形 式、韵律 极强的音乐感来表现该诗的死亡主题 “ 美妇人之 死”。本文试从译者的角度，结合许 渊冲诗歌翻译 的 “ 三美” 原则 ，赏析该诗 的 “ 意美” ，
“ 美 ” 和 “ 美” 音 形 。
爱伦?坡在诗歌原理中指出如果一个人仅仅使用诗来再现他和世人一样感知到的那些景象声音气味色彩和情趣不管他的感情有多么炽热不管他的描写有多生动我都得说他还不能配得上诗人这个神圣的称号
塞堂
・ ５・ ５
从译 者 角 度 赏析 《 鸦》 中 的 “ 美 ＂ 乌 三
张 秀凤
（ 西 师 范大 学 广 广西 桂林 ５ １０ ） ４ ０４
文章 编 号 ：１ ０ ０ ６—０ ６ （ ０ １ ３—０ ０ ２ Ｘ ２ １ ）０ ０ ０—０ ２
缠绵回旋 的韵律 、瑰丽动人的诗体无疑是它最突 出的特点 。本 文试 从译 者的角度去赏析 《 乌鸦》 中所蕴含的 “ 意美 ” 音美” 和 “ ，“ 形美”。 爱 伦 ・ 的 唯 美诗 论与 许 渊 冲 的 诗 歌 翻 译 “ 美 ” 论 坡 三 在诗歌创作上 ，爱伦 ・ 坡追求超现实 的唯美与永恒 ，他始终 固执地 坚 持 自己 的 美 学 理论 — — 效 果 说 。为 追 求 纯 艺 术 ，坡 率 先 提 出 了 “ 诗 为 而诗”，首开唯美主义诗之先河 。他 主张诗歌应 该摒弃说 教的功用 ，只 为愉悦读者而服务。爱伦 ・ 在 《 坡 创作 的哲 学》 和 《 诗歌 原理》 中都 终 。 反复强调 了诗 的美 学 意义 和原 则。他 认 为 “ 的 唯一 合法 领 域 就 是 诗 在韵律方面 ，《 乌鸦》大量使 用 了头韵 、行 内韵 、跨行韵 、以及 尾 美”２，“ ＿ 诗的唯一裁判是审美力”］，诗为美而 作，美是诗 的主题 ，获 韵 的重复 。和谐的音韵蕴含了语言的音 乐美 和整齐美 ，使得语 言声情 交 Ｊ ＿ 得美感是艺术 的最终 目的 。许渊 冲在 《 译诗研究》 中指 出：“ 译诗除 了 融 、音 义 一 体 ，具 有 很 强 的 表现 力 和感 染 力 。头 韵 如 ｗ ｉ 、ｗ ａ 、ｗ ａ ｈｌ ｅ ｅｋ ｅ— 传达原诗的内容 之外 ，还 要尽 可能 传达 原 诗的 形式 和音 韵 ” ，并在 ｒ （ ． Ｉ） ｎｄ ｎａｌ、ｎ ｐｉｇ （ ． ３） ｄｓｎｔ 、 Ｄ ｃｍｂｒ （ ． ｙ Ｌ ， ｏ 、 ｅｒ ｙ ａｐｎ Ｌ ， ｉｉｃ ｙ ｅｅ ｅ Ｌ ｔ ｌ 《 毛主席诗词 四十二首》英法 文格律 体译文 的序 言中 ，首次提 出了诗词 ７ ），ｒ ｅ ａｉｎ Ｌ １ ） ｓｋｎ ｓｄ （ ． １ ，ｔｒｌ ｔ ｒｒ （ ． ｒ ａ 、ｒｄａ ｔ（ ． １ ， ｉｅ ， ａ ｌ Ｌ ３） ｈｉ、 ｅ ｏｓ Ｌ ｌ ｒ 翻译 的 “ 三美论”：“ 译诗 不但要传 达原诗 的意 美 ，还要尽 可能传 达它 １ ， Ｓ、 ｓｉ、 ｓ ｏ （Ｌ １ ， ｅｔ ａｉｇ ｅ ｔ ｎｅ （ ． １ ， ｓｕ、 ４） Ｏ ｔｌ ｔ ｄ ｌ ｏ ． ５） ｎ ｅｔ 、 ｎｒ ｃ Ｌ ６） ｏｌ ｒ ｎ ａ 的音美和形美 ” 。“ Ｊ 三美 ”是 一个有 机的整 体 ，无一 可以偏废 。其 中 ｓｏ ｇｒ（ ．１ ）等 。这些头韵使 诗句平滑流畅 、朗 朗上 口，使诗作形 ｔ ｎｅ Ｌ ９ ｒ 意美 ，是 要 传 达 诗 文 的 意境 、内 涵 ，这 是 诗 歌 翻 译 的 核 心 ；音 美 ，是 译 式 优 美 ，同 时 也 使 这 些 词 意 义 更 加 突 出 。 行 内 韵 如 ｄｅｒ、ｗ ａ） Ｌ ｒａｙ ｅｒ ｒ（ ＿ 诗的节奏及韵式与原诗的对应程度 ；至 于形美 ，主要是在诗句 长短 方面 １ ，ｎ ｐｉｇ ａｐｎ （ ．３ ，ｒｍｅ ｅ、Ｄ ｃｍ ｅ Ｉ ） ａｐｎ 、ｔ ｉｇ Ｌ ） ｅ ｍｂｒ ｅｅ ｂ ｒ（ Ｊ ｐ ．７） ，ｍ ｒ ｗ、 ， ｏｒ ｏ 和对 仗 工 整 方 面 尽 量 做 到 形 似 。 ｂｒ ｗ （ ． ９） ｍａ ｅ ｎｍｅ （ ． １ ， ｕ ｃｒ ｉ ｏｒ ｏ Ｌ ， ｉ ｎ、 ａ ｄ Ｌ １） ｎｅｔｎ、ｐ ｒｌ、 ｃｒ ｉ ａ ｕｐｅ ｕ ａｎ ｔ 诗歌是内容与形式高度融合 的有机统一体 ，《 乌鸦 》 一诗借形 以传 （ ．１ ） ｈｉ、６ｌ（ Ｌ ３ ，ｔｒｌ １ Ｌ １ ，ｂ ａ ｎ 、ｒｐａｉ （ ．１ ） 等。这些行 ｌ ４） ｅｔ ｇ ｅｅｔ ｇ Ｌ ５ ｉ ｎ 神，形神兼备。这就要求译 者在 翻译时尽可能兼顾内容与形式 ，保 留原 内韵 十分有效地加强 了诗行 的内部联系 ，使诗作首尾相 接，使 诗行意义 文形式和结构上的特点 。翻译活动 ，本质上也是一种阅读 ，要传 达 《 紧密相连 ，增强 了诗 的音 乐性 ，使 整 首诗如 一气 呵成。跨行 韵如 ｎｐ 乌 ａ． 鸦》 的意美 、音美 和形美 ，译者必须先赏析理解原诗 的意美 、音美 和形 ｐｎ 、ｔ ｐｎ （ ．３ 与 ｒｐ ｉｇ （ ．４） ｉｇ ａ ｉｇ Ｌ ） ｐ ａｐｎ Ｌ ，ｍｏｒｗ、ｂｒ ｗ （ ． ９ 与 ｒ ｏ ｏｒ ｏ Ｌ ） 美 ，才能在心灵感受 、听觉 和视觉上实现美的传递。 ＳＩ Ｗ （ ． １ ，ｍ ｉｅ 、 ｎｍｅ （ ． １ ） 与 ｎｍｅ ｓ （ ． １ ） ｂａ Ｏ Ｏ Ｌ ０） ａｄｎ ａ Ｔ Ｌ １ ａ ｌ ｓ Ｌ ２ ． ｅｔ ｅ 二 、《 乌鸦 》 一 诗 的 意 美 ｉｇ ｅｅｔ ｇ （ ．１ ｎ 、ｒｐａｎ Ｌ ５）与 ｅｔ ａｉｇ（ ．１ ｉ ｎｒ ｔ ｅ ｎ Ｌ ６）等。跨行 韵不 仅 在形 式 爱伦 ・ 坡创作 中的一个重要主题就是 “ 妇人之死 ” 美 。这 一主题 曾 上 使 诗 行 之 间 环 环 相 扣 ，前 后 呼应 ，而 且 也 给 诗 作 带 来 十 分 强 烈 的音 乐 遭 人 嘲 讽为 矫 情 、颓 废 。 但 实 际 上 ，坡之 所 谓 的愉 悦 读 者 并 不 是 单 纯 地 效果 。此外 ，爱伦 ・ 坡在 《 乌鸦》 一诗中反复使用 了尾韵的重复 ，尤其 附 和读 者 的感 官 享 受 ，他 是 希 望 能借 助死 亡 的力 量 来 震 撼 读 者 、打 动 读 是 韵 角 ｍ ｒ 反 复 多达 １ ｏｅ的 ７次 。韵 角 ｍｏｅ的反 复 使 诗 作 一 唱 三 叹 ，成 为 ｒ 者的心灵 ，从而使真正的至高无上的美能够彻底净化读者 的心灵。爱伦 全诗的重心 ，极其 忠实地表现 了诗作的哀婉 、痛苦和绝望。诗人运用这 坡在 《 诗歌原理》 中指 出，“ 如果一个人仅仅使用诗来再现 他和世人 系 列 艺 术 手 法不 仅 加 强 了诗 的 内在 联 系 ，一 环 紧 扣 一 环 ，引 起 读 者 反 样感知到的那些景象 、声音、气 味、色彩和情趣 ，不管他 的感 情有多 复的悲怆，而且使这首诗的音韵铿锵有力，如行云流水 ，读起来朗朗上 么炽热 ，不管他的描写有多生 动，我都得说他还不能配得上诗人这个 神 口，悦耳 动听。“ ｅｅｍｏｅ 如主人公一声 接一 声的叹息 ，唤起读者心 Ｎ ｖｒ ｒ” 圣 的称 号 。 远 方 还 有 一 处他 尚 未触 及 的东 西 。我 们 还 有 一 种 尚未 解 除 的 中无 限 的凄 戚 ，可 谓 全 诗 音 美 的 极 至 。 焦渴 ，而他却没能为我们指 出解渴 的那泓清泉。这种焦渴属于人类 的不 在格律方 面，英语诗体按重读和非重读音节 的排列及 非重读音节 的 朽 。它 是 人类 不 断繁 衍 生 息 的结 果 和 标 志 ” 。显 然 ，爱 伦 ・坡 所 说 的 数 目形 成 四种 诗 格 ：抑 扬 格 、扬 抑 格 、抑 抑 扬 格 、 扬 抑 抑 格 。在 《 乌 诗 中之 美 不 仅 限 于人 类 感 官 所 触 及 的 美 ，还 有那 种 人类 出 于 本 能 所 渴 望 鸦》 中，爱伦 － 坡使用了扬 抑格 ，每～行 的第一个音节是重读音 节而第 的不朽的美、天 国的美 。在爱伦 ・ 坡用诗歌创造 的理想 世界里 ，最动人 二 个 音 节 是 非 重 读 音 节 。其 一 、三 行 的八 音 步 与 二 、四 行 七 个 半 音 步 交 心 弦 的 正 是行 将 陨灭 或 消 逝 的 美 。 替 出现 ，最 后 一 行 以 三 个 半 音 步 包 含 一 个 三 重 韵 的 迭 句 结 束 。 ｗ． Ｌ ． 在 《 乌鸦》 中 ，“ ”的心绪由那只象征真 、善 、美 的乌鸦 的偈语 Ｗｅ ｒ曾记录过 ，《 我 ｍｅ 乌鸦》 中有 ７ ９个音 步 （ｅｔ ｌ ｆｅ，即节奏单位） 。其 中 般的叫声所牵引 。那声声碎念的 “ 永不再见” 明示了有涯的生命和无 ７ ５个为标 准的扬抑格 ，有 １ 近似扬抑 格，只有 ４个是扬 抑抑格 ］ ０ ０个 。 尽 的 真爱 以及 狭 隘 的 世 俗 和 无 极 的 唯 美之 间 的矛 盾 。主 人 公 的 情 绪 由疑 扬 抑 格 类 似 人 的 呼 吸 节 奏 ，使 诗 充 满 起 伏 有 致 的 律 动 和 乐 感 。这 种 诗 歌 惑 到惊 恐 再 到 哀 痛 心 碎 ，正是 因 为见 识 到 了美 的 无 尚纯 洁 以及 认 识 到 了 的创作技巧贯穿于整 首诗，为全诗打造出一种神秘 、恐 怖的氛 围，这恰 尘世之枷锁的严酷无情。爱 伦 ・ 只是不愿采用任何现实生活 中的形象 恰与青年哀伤的情绪相应 ，忠实地表现了该诗低回哀 怨 、痛�
合理运用文体分析,深刻体会诗歌之美——以埃德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》为例
浙江万里学院学报 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇ Ｗａｎｌｉ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
Ｖ０１．２０ Ｎ０．１ Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ ２００７
合理运用文体分析，深刻体会诗歌之美
——以埃德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》为例
张辉
（浙江万里学院，宁波３１５１００）
摘要：在诗歌教学中适当运用文学文体学的一些分析方法引导学生对诗歌进行分析和解读，可以使学生更加准确地
把握诗歌的主题，深刻体会到英语诗歌之美学价值和文学的无穷魅力。文章拟以美国诗人爱伦·坡的叙事诗《乌鸦》为
例来说明在课堂上如何把文体学的分析方法和文学作品的鉴赏与解读结合起来。
关键词：文体学；诗歌；解读
中图分类号：Ｇ ０４
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：１６７１－２２５０（２００７）０１—００４４－０３
收稿日期：２００６—０９—１４
一步的完成就像解数学题一样的精确和严掺”。因 此在讲授这酋诗时应把形式与内容结合起来，让学 生通过科学的分析来感受那种震撼灵魂的忧郁之 美，体会该诗纳美学绘馕。
参考文献：
【ｌｌ攀宜燮，常耀信．美重文学选读（上）【溅】．天津：亵舞大学 出版社，２００２．
【２】【法】波德莱尔．１８４６年的沙龙：波德兼尔美学论文选［Ｍ】． 郄宏安，译．撩袜：ｆ－秀耀菠大学出版挫，２００２．
四、语篇层面：深入分析词汇复 现在诗歌语篇中产生的效果
词汇的复现指通过某个词的原词、同义词、近 义词、上义词、下义词、概括词等在语篇中的反复出 现，达到衔接语篇的目的嘲∽）。这首诗中词汇的复现 主要出现在副歌中。而副歌的运用是该诗在语篇层 面上的特色。因此，在教学中应引导学生深入分析 副歌的运用在诗歌中起到了何种艺术效果。
对于英语为外语的中国学生而言，要想体会到 这一点似乎是一件不很容易的事情。笔者以为运用