最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析
- 246-校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析三峡大学外国语学院/王琼曼【摘要】《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂。
本文从黑白两种颜色颜色的角度，剖析了作者想要阐述的主题：黑人在任何时候都必须保持自己的文化传统。
【关键词】颜色 黑 白 文化传统《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂：小说以秋、冬、春、夏为叙述框架，讲述了年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉在遭生父强奸，继而怀孕，早产了一个很快就夭折的婴儿后，在无人关心帮助的情况下堕入疯狂状态的悲剧故事。
读完《最蓝的眼睛》，脑海里始终有两种颜色在晃动：黑色，白色。
莫里森同时又是一个运用象征手法的大师。
象征手法使作品主题意义上具有多种解读的深刻性。
本文将粗略地对黑白两种颜色所象征的寓意进行分析。
一、白色的美小说的白色代表着白人文化。
在美国社会里，尽管白人对黑人的公然压迫在逐渐消失，但是白人文化霸权主义仍然存在。
对于白人种族主义者来说，白人和黑人在外观上的不同显示的是其内在特质的区别，意味着他们在智力，道德和精神上的优劣。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，正是因为内化了白人的价值标准，小说里的部分人物不愿正视和坚持自己民族和文化的传统，一味追求白人文化所倡导的“金发、碧眼、白皮肤”的审美观和白人中产阶级的价值观。
这种审美观和价值观不断渗透到黑人民族中，严重扭曲着黑人民族的民族灵魂。
小说中的部分黑人唯“白”是美。
在黑人社区内部，黑人们普遍存在一种自我厌恶情结。
他们觉得自己天生就丑陋。
如果哪个黑人出生时皮肤是浅色的，那么他就会被认为是高人一等。
主人公佩科拉从一出生就被认为是丑陋的。
随着她不断的成长，这种看法加深了她认为自己丑陋的信念，“她发现所有白人的眼睛里都潜伏着这种神色。
毫无疑问，这厌恶是冲着她来的，是冲着她的黑皮肤来的”。
她从潜意识里把自己的丑陋与黑皮肤联系了起来，从而把所有的罪恶也都归结为她的黑皮肤。
bluest-eye-最蓝的眼睛-英语小论文
Eco-feminism Reflected in The Bluest Eye I. Brief introduction of the authorIn 1993，a black woman took off the crown of Nobel Prize for literature. She is Toni Morrison, who is the first black women writer in the history of America. Her works, most conce rned with black female’s life, spiritual world and destiny, root deeply in the reality of the black human beings searching for living space and self- identity under the pressure of the white human beings values. Morrison, therefore, gained high praise in the literature for her great literary and artistic talent and unique, deep description of American black females’ lives.Her first novel The Bluest Eye was published in 1970,which made her become famous .then she published six major novels—Sula (1973), Song of Solomon(1977), Tar Baby(1981), Beloved(1987),Jazz(1992) and Paradise(1998), Toni Morrison has placed black women’s existence, feelings, life and experience as her major theme. She fought for these human beings who are at the marginal status. Throughout her writing career, Morrison devoted all her creative contributions to the black.II. Brief introduction of the novelThe 1960s “Black is Beautiful” movement has a deep influence on The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison sets the story of The Bluest Eye at a time when black people are denied by powerful white society.In the novel , Morrison mold many characters of black women .The heroin is a little black girl called Pecola who needs blue eyes and believes white are beautiful, but the story is a nightmare for her asking for blue eyes and as a result, she is insane. Pecola has a wrong perception of herself longing for white beauty. She believes she is ugly. She believes if she had bluest eyes, she would be loved by her parents, her classmates and all the others. Finally, she begins to lose the black identity and owns the beautiful big blue eyes which only she can see. The narrator is another black girl called Claudia, who is completely different from Pecola and who searches for her own values. Eventually, on one hand, the braveblack women are the survivals; on the other hand, the pursuit of false self-identity ends as a tragedy.With the development of the literary criticism, the scholars study Morrison and her works mainly with the theory of the psychoanalytic, the postcolonial, the deconstruction, feminism and so on. What I will use is the eco-feminism, which connected tightly with the nature.III. My own insightPecola, was ruined, by whom? Those black boys? The white stars? Her father, Cholly? Actually it was because of the social system, the value system and the aesthetic standard with the social discrimination came into being in America. That’s the root of Pecola’s tragedy. In fact, black people have their own culture and values. If they can stick to and live with their own culture, the tragedy may be avoided. This innocent girl should have lived happily under the black people culture.There is another vital reason to cause the tragedy of her. It is that she is full of cowardice and doesn’t have a str ong faith. When she was conscious, she was torturous. She wants to be loved. Maybe somebody will say that the tragedy is because of her terrible family. But there are still some people treat her good and give her love such as Claudia, Frieda ,their mother and three cynical whores. But her weak heart can only see those bad things on her. So self-destroyed is also an important factor. What a satire, illusion becomes a person’s savior. On the contrary, Claudia chooses a different way. The doll which was given to Claudia as birthday present was a white girl, white skin and a pair of big blue eyes. She tears the doll and hates them. She never despised herself. So she is the real survivor.IV. Combined with eco-feminismEco-feminism is the social movement that regards the oppression of women and nature as interconnected. It is one of the few movements and analyses that actually connect two movements. More recently, ecofeminist theorists have extended their analyses to consider theinterconnections between sexism, the domination of nature (including animals), and also racism and social inequalities. Consequently it is now better understood as a movement working against the interconnected oppressions of gender, race, class and nature.Ecofeminists explore the intersectionality between sexism, the domination of nature, racism, speciesism, and other characteristics of social inequality.Morrison uses various views to tell the relations of human and nature, men and women, and complicated different racial cultures，so the ecofeminism will lead a better understanding of her work, the bluest eye. Now I will mainly talk about the relations of natural images and black female.1.Four seasonsAs for harmony between man and nature, Morrison chooses a very representativeness image that is the changeable season. Morrison connects this kind of change with the sufferings of the black girl, thereby, sets off the contradictions, conflicts and misfortune that black women has suffered under the white culture. The author Use the four seasons as the mainly natural image, is on the purpose to tell that black women ‘s tragic fate is just like the cycle of the seasons ,inevitable and independent of man's will .,at the same time it deeply reveal the source of the social culture that brings the pains to the black women. What should we pay more attention, also is most different from others, is that Morrion changes the order of the seasons as autumn, winter, spring and summer .this reverse trick not only implies the white press their values and standard of beauty on the blavk , but also symbolize the reverse of the truth and disorder of the women’s fate. What’s more, it reve als that if the black accept the extremist ideas and life style of the white, they would lose themselves and get the mental distortion.Autumn should be a harvest time. Pecola gets ministration and turn to be mature and want to be loved. But what she gets? Her family is totally mass, parents quarrel and fight every day and nobody payattention to her. She also becomes the laughing stock of others around her. People think she is too ugly because of the deep dark color. And her own kinds also curse and mock her. This merciless world has hurt the girl deeply. unkind winter is coming, the pains are going on, the boys mock her with “black e mo black e mo, your daddy sleeps nicked”, and the new girl in school named Maureen peal who is loved by all others also strike her heart with full malice. To make things worse, the spring is coming.springshould be a lively season with hope, but totally different, her mother completely ignores her and do best to the white girl. Her biological father, rapes her, which destroys her to the full. When the lovely summer is coming, she gives a dead baby. Just like the society refuse this innocent life. Four seasons won’t stop here. It will circle again and again, pains will Increase endless.2.MarigoldsMarigolds, is the symbol of hope and life. Claudia and Frieda seed the marigolds but “there were no marigolds. That it was because Pecola was having her father’s baby that the marigolds didn’t grow.” “It never occurred to either of us that the earth itself might have been unyielding.” Mari golds are tied up with the women’s destiny. They are beautiful .the nature and women both have the ability to give birth but they are oppressed. Marigolds didn’t grow, not the only ones did not sprout, and nobody’s did. We can see the whole land of the bla ck are sacrifice of the violence and oppression of white racial and culture. Pecola is just a representive; the dead baby is the death of hope.3.DandelionsDandelions, at first pecola thinks they are beautiful and love them, but people treat it as weeds and think it is ugly. Her heart melted with pity of them. She shows her love for nature. As for the black women they are also beautiful and are a part of nature. She doesn’t know why she is ugly. She has the sense of herself. But others think she is ugly .after the cold eyes of the host of grocery store, she think dandelions are most ugly weeds. She also lost herself. Her view has transferred gradually . She feelsashamed for herself. It equals that she give up the nature and also herself. We can see how harmful the injustice society, just like poison corrupt the innocent heart of the black.4.CatAnimals are also parts of the nature. In the story, there is a innocent cat which is also has a tragedy ending just like pecola .Cats and women, are all disadvantaged groups and have the familiar fate..it was a cat of Geraldine .But her son Junior hates it very much and bully Pecola with the cat. Both of the cat and Pecola was the weaker that are teased and persecuted by the boy. Finally the cat died. The innocent life is dead.References:［1］梁志健．自然意象在《最蓝的眼睛》中的象征意义［J］．湖北教育学院学报，2007，［2］王晓春．《最蓝的眼睛》———精神生态困境下的悲剧与解救［J］．文学教育，2008，( 11) ．［3］Eco-feminism 维基百科。
最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
5、论文提纲
本文主要研究小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象及其产生的原因和其对黑人社会造成的影响。首先，本文要对作者托尼·莫里森及其作品《最蓝的眼睛》做简要介绍，向读者展示当时美国社会的文化背景及他者的悲剧命运的具体体现。其次，本文主要从以下几个方面分析他这形象：一、利用拉康的镜像理论介绍他者的概念；二、分析小说中波琳、佩科拉两位“他者”形象。再次，分析他者形象产生的原因：白人文化的冲击、黑人的自我蔑视。最后，对本论文进行总结，阐述文章的主旨及意义。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：学 号：Βιβλιοθήκη 指导教师：教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
thebluesteye最蓝的眼睛
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Part 1 Biography
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美国黑人女小说家。生于俄亥俄 州洛雷恩。霍华德大学毕业。20 世纪60年代末登上文坛，其作品 情感炽热，简短而富有诗意，并 以对美国黑人生活的敏锐观察闻 名。主要作品有《最蓝的眼睛》 (1970)、《苏拉》(1974)、《所 罗门之歌》(1977)和《黑婴》 (1981)等。她所主编的《黑人之 书》（The Black Book)，记叙了 美国黑人300年历史，被称为“美 国黑人史的百科全书”。1989年 起出任普林斯顿大学教授，讲授 文学创作。主要成就在于长篇小 说方面。1993年获诺贝尔文学奖。
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1955--1957
• became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.
• returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.
• became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.
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1996
• The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture. • “Time, it seems, has no future.”
• be honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation’s Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
女性成长小说之比较研究以《布谷鸟鸣叫》和《最蓝的眼睛》为中心
女性成长小说之比较研究以《布谷鸟鸣叫》和《最蓝的眼睛》为中心女性成长小说是现代文学中经典坚实的类别之一。
它探索了女性在成长过程中所面临的人生体验和挑战，强调了女性在现代社会中所面临的生活压力和不平等。
本次论文研究以托尼·莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》和加德纳的《布谷鸟鸣叫》为中心，对两部小说进行比较研究，探讨女性成长小说在不同时间、地点和社会背景下的相似之处和差异之处。
一、引言二、《最蓝的眼睛》和《布谷鸟鸣叫》的背景介绍三、女性成长小说的定义和特点四、两部小说主人公的同异比较五、家庭关系对主人公成长的影响六、主人公自我认知的变化七、批判种族和性别压迫的必要性八、历史背景对小说的影响九、小说的后果和影响十、结论两部小说均是关注非洲裔美国女性成长的小说，共同探讨了自我认同、家庭关系和自我反思等主题。
但每个人物的个性、社会环境和历史背景却在两部小说中有所不同。
通过详细的比较分析，我们可以更好地理解女性成长小说在探索女性经验方面的重要性，以及如何在小说中使用不同的文学技术来突出主题。
1. 引言引言应该简要介绍女性成长小说的研究现状，突出本篇论文研究的重要性，阐明研究方法及结构，以引发读者对该主题的兴趣。
2.《最蓝的眼睛》和《布谷鸟鸣叫》的背景介绍作者的背景、作品的出版历史、社会和文化背景对作品的影响等方面进行介绍，以帮助读者更好地理解两个作品。
3.女性成长小说的定义和特点重点介绍女性成长小说的定义和特点。
这个部分应该具体阐述女性成长小说在文学中的定义，并探讨与其他类型小说的不同之处，特别是在描述和反映女性成长和经验方面的独特性。
4.两部小说主人公的同异比较两部小说的主人公经历了非常不同的生活体验，有着截然不同的性格。
通过比较一下两部小说的主人公，可以更好地了解他们的相同点和不同点。
在此基础上可以挖掘出两个主人公背后的文化和社会历史背景。
5.家庭关系对主人公成长的影响本部分需要探索小说中女性角色在家庭中扮演的角色，特别是主人公与父母、兄弟姐妹、丈夫和自己的子女之间的关系。
托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究的开题报告
托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究的开题报告
开题报告
题目：托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究
研究背景：
托妮·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家，其著作《最蓝的眼睛》是一部探讨种族、阶级、性别等复杂问题的重要作品。
该小说中的话语是塑造人物形象、构建情境、表
现社会现实等方面的重要手段。
然而，迄今为止对该小说中的话语还没有进行深入研究。
因此，对该小说中的话语进行研究，可以更好地理解小说的内涵和意义，同时也
有助于深入了解托妮·莫里森的创作风格和思想。
研究目的：
本研究旨在分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的话语特点及其在小说中的作用，探讨话语如何构建人物形象、反映社会现实和呈现作者的价值观，以增进人们对该小说的理解和
认知。
研究内容：
本研究将从以下几个方面进行探讨：
1. 分析小说中的话语类型，包括直接话语、间接话语、内心独白等，探究不同话语类型在小说中的作用。
2. 探讨话语和人物形象的关系，分析话语如何描绘人物性格、内心世界和行为特点。
3. 揭示话语反映的社会现实和历史背景，探究话语如何反映种族、阶级、性别等问题。
4. 分析话语的价值观和文学风格，探讨话语如何呈现作者的思想和文化背景。
研究方法：
本研究采用文本分析法和批评分析法，通过对《最蓝的眼睛》中的话语进行深入分析和批评，系统地掌握话语的特点和作用，从而对小说的内涵和意义进行探讨。
预期结果：
本研究可以为人们深入了解托妮·莫里森的创作思想和文化价值提供帮助，同时也可以为读者更好地理解和评价《最蓝的眼睛》提供重要参考。
精神分析法下的《最蓝的眼睛》
70精神分析法下的《最蓝的眼睛》詹 莲（四川大学锦城学院，四川 成都 611731）摘 要：托尼莫里森是当今美国最有影响的黑人女作家。
她凭借处女作《最蓝的眼睛》，确立了其在美国黑人文坛上的地位。
该作品中许多动机和现象都可以置于精神分析的角度进行解读，从而更全面的理解角色的内心冲突，和对作品的深层认识。
关键词：莫里森；最蓝的眼睛；精神分析；深层认识一、创作动机弗洛伊德认为人的精神活动的能量来源于本能，性本能冲动是人一切心理活动的内在动力，当这种能量（力比多）积聚到一定程度就会造成机体的紧张，寻求释放。
在其文艺观中，文学是性欲的升华，文学的本质是作家性欲本能的升华。
作者群体有着异常强烈的本能欲望，又具有异常强大的审美和升华能力。
他们可以通过文学创作，将这种本能转移升华为被社会道德所允许的，具有价值的艺术创新活动。
所以作者的创作动机跟自身的经历和发泄欲望是有关联的。
这本书的作者托尼莫里森，她的母亲，如她书中所著，同样在白人家做女佣。
同样是现实生活中在白人家作女佣的黑人妇女的女儿，她熟悉母亲工作的流程，母亲的情感，她有现成的材料。
相似的经历和感受，对于塑造人物的真实性、逻辑性、共鸣性有巨大的帮助，使作品更具说服力。
这是她出生和成长的城市，在这里她接受教育，结识朋友，开始接触到她作为有色人种和主流人群的差异。
书中描绘的某条街道，某个商铺，某座教堂，都是她曾进出过的。
某个人物，在现实中也有原型。
莫里森曾说，这部书的创作灵感，就是基于她和儿时朋友的谈话。
那位朋友最大的愿望即是一双蓝色的眼睛。
因为熟悉，所以描写才能如信手拈来般真实。
她知道众多黑人小女孩的生活环境和心理状况，她们爱吃的冰激凌，爱收集的玛丽珍糖纸，爱讨论的白人女星，还有受欺负和歧视的悲惨经历。
而且，众多日后成为了作家的黑人女性，她们也多在童年有过被强暴的经历。
莫里森也难逃此劫。
这段不堪的往事深藏在她们心中，像一座火山，喷发出了许多创作的火花。
通过创作，她们一方面在描述别人的事件，一方面在发泄自身的苦闷，并希望能引起读者的深思。
最蓝的眼睛小论文
An Analysis of Black Female’s Identity Loss in Toni Morrison’s TheBluest Eye[Review]Toni Morrison is a uniquely distinguished contemporary novelist in the history of American literature of the 20th century. All her novels deal with African American characters and communities. Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, depicts a vivid picture of the life of a little black girl, Pecola, who loathes her blackness and desires nothing more than a pair of blue eyes，which ultimately drives her into madness. The invasion of white culture and the loss of black identity is an interesting topic in The Bluest Eye. By showing the symptoms of the loss of black identity and their negative effects, this essay attempts to analyze the reasons and explore some solutions for the black female’s identity loss.[Argumentation]1.Symptoms of the Black Female’s Identity Loss and Its Effects1.1 Pauline’s Identity L oss and Its EffectsThe devastating effects of dominant white culture is embodied first in Pauline, Pecola’s mother. In American society, it is argued that by reproducing the ideological hegemony of the dominant white culture, the mass media helps to legitimate the inequalities in class, race, gender, and generational relations of commercial purposes. Before Pauline has any children, she would go to see movies, the most direct carrier of the dominant culture. From the film, she accepts the white standard of beauty unconsciously and gradually loses her black identity under the influence of the mass media.However, the negation of her blackness only increases her alienation and ontological instability. Afterwards she becomes a responsible servant in a rich middle class white’s house. In the Fisher home, she finds beauty, order and cleanliness. She looks at their house, smells their linen, touches their silk draperies, and loves all of it. In a word, she finds psychological satisfaction there. She hates the ugliness of her house, her family, herself and blames it on being black and poor. Instead, she aspires to the polished copper and sheen of the kitchen she works in where everyone is clean, well -behaved, and pretty. For her, any violation of that paradise by anyone, even her daughter, amounts to a crime.As Susan Willis says of Pe cola’s mother: “The tragedy of a woman’s alienation is its effect on her role as mother. Her emotions split; she showers tenderness and love on her employer’s child, and rains violence and disdain on her own.”[1] In order to keep her marginal footing in the white world, she gives up her family and retreats into the world of snow-white beauty and order in the Fisher’s home, thus cuts the final link to her racial identity. By depicting the totally distorted maternal relationship, Morrison exposes the devastating impact of dominant white culture on the identity of black women.1.2 Pecola’s I dentity Loss and Its EffectsIn The Bluest Eye, the heroine Pecola is in every way a pathetic character, believing self-ugliness, exposing to family abuse, succumbing to oth ers’ taunt. She has every reason to yield her potential self-value to the “negating and dehumanizing cultural defi nition” that causes her to “to lose selfhood and have no place in the world” [2].Pecola is instilled with the white people’s beauty standard and learns to hate herself for the dark skin and brown eyes. The Breed loves’ severe poverty, storefront existence, the parents’ unashamed quarrels and brutal physical abuse, as well as their sense of being relentlessly and aggressively ugly undermines any possible positive development of the Pecola’s life. Moreover,the boys in the neighborhood abuse her; the white storeowner even refuses to admit her existence. When Pecola is tortured by her yearning for blue eyes, she turns to Soap head Church; however, he cruelly exploits her child ignorance. Worse still, her mother prefers the sheltered white girl to Pecola’s needy presence, and her own father enacts the ultimate brutality by raping her.Facing all the malicious treatment, Pecola insists all things happen to her are due to her not having a pair of blue eyes, and she sinks down into her solitary, and self-deceptive fantasy world. She swallows her misfortunes and communicates to no one, which cuts her from the reality completely. Worse still, she creates a severely circumscribed vision of herself that fluctuates compulsively in her memory between painful images of her traumatic experiences and imagined attainment the blue eyes.Pecola is never able to go through a spiritual journey to find her genuine self but finally driven into insanity and destruction bit by bit. Pecola’s identity loss results in her tragic life. She suffers an identity crisis and falls victim to the standard of the white norms of beauty. The fervent desire for a pair of blue eyes drives her insane. Finally, she owns a pair of “beautiful big blue eyes” that only she herself can see.2.The Causes of Black Females Identity Loss2.1 The Corrosion of Culture and Distortion of BeautyThe Bluest Eye depicts an abnormal value of black people on beauty: White is beauty, black is ugly. Toni Morrison explores the reasons of the distorted beauty value through Claudia and Pecola's stories.Claudia always receives a big, blue -eyed baby doll as her Christmas gifts. All the carriers of beauty surrounding her transmit the same information -- the beauty is the typical appearance of Anglo -Saxon race, such as blue eyes, golden hair and white skin. The powerful propaganda made the white people's aesthetic standards penetrates and affected other ethnic groups. Claudia's heart is full of hatred and jealousy to white girls because the white girls deprived the love and carefulness from her. The Bluest-eye doll doesn't give her any pleasure, but only evokes her desire to dismember it to find the beauty and the reason why the entire world said it was lovable? Claudia's abnormal action reflects that black children's aesthetic standards are confused and denied by white culture. To some degree, Claudia's impulses reflect black people's popular psychology, that is, they against those white people who think they are superior and discriminate Blacks.When Claudia gives vent to her anger by violent impulses, another black girl in the novel -- Pecola is praying for a pair of blue eyes like Shirley Temple's. Pecola's yearning for a pair of bluest eyes is not a simply love for beauty. It reflects a poor black child's longing for love, caring, friendship and the value of existence. Because she is helpless in face to reality, she places her last hope on God and miracle. Naturally, when the miracle is destroyed, her mind collapses. Pecola's unavoidable insanity is the most forceful annotation for the spiritual torment from which Black Americans suffered.The essential reason is just as what Morrison said, "Beauty is not an isolated concept. As the measure of values, it should have the social/economic basis and political, cultural origin. [3]" The society is hierarchy -- people's destiny is determined by the class level to which he belongs. White is on the top, the mixed blood is in the middle, and the poor black is at the bottom. In this sense, if black people want to be freed from the boundary of white people's aesthetic standards, they should get the success in politics and economy at first.2.2 The Deformation of Maternal InstinctAs a black female writer, Morrison always consider "feminine" as the center of which she concerned about. She said to journalist, "When I am writing, the most part of my brain iscontrolled by female problems. Because female is the origin of culture, they bring up and teach children the basic values. [4]" As a mother and wife, black woman suffered more than man in the cultural crash. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how Pauline Breedlove became an indifferent wife and irresponsible mother.Pauline was neglected by her parents and neighbors for her lame leg and plain appearance. After marriage, she came to a northern town with her husband, but she was soon disappointed, "Everything changed, it was hard to get to know folks up here…Northern colored folk were different too. No better than whites for meanness ... (p.92)" Pauline feels that she is abounded by all the people. The only way for her to get comforts is seeing the movies. As the result, her values on life are distorted by white people. She begins to hate her husband and children and dream to be as one member of white society. The white people even deprived her dignity as a mother -- Morrison describes the scene detailed, "... some more doctors com... When they got to me he said ... They deliver right away and with no pain. Just like horses ... They never said nothing to me ... (p.102)" But she didn't realize the real origin of her mistress, the way she expressing her disappointment and pursuing for her dream is to serve for white family even more hardly and estrange black community, her husband and her daughter gradually.2.3 The Internalization of RacismIn the American society of this particular novel, racist attitudes are so harsh, so pervasive, and so damaging that the blacks are forced at times to turn racism in upon themselves and seemingly agree with some of the conditioning, internalizing the messages of racism. Internalized racism has caused them to accept many of the stereotypes of blacks created by the oppressive majority society.The identity loss of the black female is not only caused by the white but also caused by the black themselves. The internalization of racism and values and the loss of communal responsibility are the essential and most important factors of their identity loss.Inside the black community, the black “believed they were ugly”,and “their ugliness was unique”, though no evident source of their ugliness can be found through careful observation. According to Claudia, the narrator of the novel, their ugliness comes from not facts about their real body, but from their conviction. Internalizing the aesthetic attitudes and values of the white, the black admire the beauty of the white and hate themselves for their ugliness. [Conclusion]The low social status and harsh living conditions of black female has always been a problem in the United States. Although slavery has been abolished, the white dominant culture still affects black people’s life and social status. As blacks are continually tapped in spiritual crisis that e dged with a mental breakdown and living an isolated, alienated and distorted life under the enormous spiritual pressure from the defects of the white society, Morrison strives to be vigilant over this situation and to inspire them to think about ways to improve the fate of the black race. She suggests them to go back to the south to find the root and rebuild the black community. By speaking the unspeakable and revealing the cruel social realities, she appeals to her people for preserving the black tradition and culture and safeguarding their black identity.Everyone，no matter what she does and who she is，she has her own merits．It is good to pursuit，but in reality there is always something that one can’t get and change even at the expense of lives，and the be st method is to meet it directly and make good use of one’s own merits and advantages．[References][1] Gates, Henry Louis and K.A. Appiah, eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York: Armstad. 1993: 192.[2] Frye, Joanne. Living Stories, Telling Lives: Women and the Novel in Contemporary Experience [M]. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1986.[3] John Updike. Dreamy Wilderness--Unmastered Women in Colonial Virginia [N]. The New Yorker, 2008-11-03.[4] Russel, Sandi. It’s OK to Say OK [C]//Nellie Y, McKay. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison.G.K.Hall&Co.Boston, 1986.。
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刘艳芳在“黑人的异化——评托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》”中分析，“在白人强势的主流文化中，黑人已经被不同程度的异化，他们不断地遭受着自己的双重身份的折磨，也折射出了白人的冷漠，这不仅是两个种族的问题，而是全人类面临的人性丧失的危机。唯一的解决方法就是呼吁人类的本质的复归”。
作者Toni Morrison曾在The Bluest Eye的扉页上说到：“凭外表判断人的素质是西方世界最愚蠢、最有害、最具毁灭性的观念之一，我们不应受它影响。白人关于外表美的看法跟我们民族的过去、现在和未来没有任何关系”。
KeithE.Byerman在“Author Morrison Uses Fiction to Challenge Prevailing Images”中发表了自己的看法，他认为：“社会为了控制和塑造科里而对其采取的各种方式产生了一种结果，即剥夺了他以为能为社会接受的、表示人类真实情感的表达方式”。他认为，“科里的堕落，尤其是他对女儿佩科拉的强奸充分说明：一个在有毒的土壤中成长的人，只会变成毒物，因为他所能吸收的营养只有毒素。从这个意义上看，科里的悲剧正是对造成其人生悲剧的‘社会土壤’的控诉”。
3、研究的主要方法、手段：
本论文主要采用叙述法和例证法，研究分析他者形象及其产生的根源。此外通过讨论作者所运用的自然意象等手段来探讨小说中他者的惨痛悲剧，借此，使读者从不同的角度审视黑人的生活境况。通过阅读《最蓝的眼睛》的英文版原著及深入分析国内国外有关文献资料和著作，为文章的论述提供理论依据。同时，阅读一些相关的期刊硕士、博士论文的和研究资料，更好地了解此作品在国内外的不同影响。
3、可行性分析：
《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人小女孩祈求得到一双白人才能具有的蓝眼睛的悲剧。她的悲剧代表了许多黑人女性在强势文化之下的心灵迷失、自我否定，揭示了种族歧视对黑人造成的精神危害。她的悲惨结局向所有甘为白人社会精神奴隶的黑人竖起了一面镜子。莫里森在小说里为迷途中的黑人同胞指明了方向,她为拯救黑人扭曲的灵魂，唤醒黑人的民族自豪感、和谐团结的意识做出了重大贡献。她认为要想得到白人的认可，黑人首先要接受自我，弘扬文化传统，体现出自己的特色，认识到自己内在的魅力。通过对莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》中他者形象进行进一步的分析和研究，可以辨证地看待白人文化中对自己有益的东西，取长补短，从而不断壮大自己，避免像佩科拉这样的悲剧再次上演。总之，《最蓝的眼睛》不仅揭示了美国黑人妇女的问题，也揭示出了人类情感的深度和复杂性。这种不同种族、性别和阶级之间寻求平等与和谐的问题，是目前对莫里森的研究中仍然很边沿的领域。此外，国内外有大量学者在此方面进行过细致深刻的分析，这些著作和文章都为本篇论文的写作提供充足的理论材料，是本论文构思与写作的坚实基础。
从文化角度研究的有：
Ogunyemi在“Order and Disorder in Toni Morrison’sThe Bluest Eye”中作出过如下评论:“综观全书，替罪羊(指将自己所受转施与人)自始至终是书的主题，杰娜姐的猫、鲍伯与狗，还有佩科拉，都是替罪羊。他们通过某种暴力仪式而成为美国社会的替罪羊。当人们将屈辱、怨毒倾泄于象佩科拉这样无助的替罪羊身上时，他们从她的贫穷中感到自己尚有温饱，从她的丑陋中感到自己并非最丑，从她的不幸中感到自己不幸中的万幸”。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系班 级：姓源自名：学 号：指导教师：
教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
从写作技巧方面研究的有：
曾志江，刘明景在“断层的叙事时间之于断裂的人生——解读托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》中的时间叙事策略”中发表了自己的看法，“莫里森运用热奈特的叙事时间理论，从时间顺序、时间频率和时间距离三个方面对《最蓝的眼睛》中时间叙事策略分析，认为作者正是巧妙地运用了这种断层的时间叙事技巧去讲述主人公佩科拉那悲惨、断裂的人生”。
梁志健在“自然意象在《最蓝的眼睛》中的象征意义”中指出，“莫里森从自然环境、社会环境和人自身等诸多因素去探索造成黑人悲剧命运的根源，揭示文化殖民使生活在美国社会边缘的黑人所不得不面对的生存和精神困境。自然意象贯穿《最蓝的眼睛》整部小说,使小说的思想性和艺术性完美地结合在一起”。
以上则是国内外对此论题的相关研究和发展情况。从这些例证中不难看出，中外对此论题的研究侧重点有所不同。外国学者比较重视从文化角度——黑人弱势群体进行研究分析。与此相对的，国内学者侧重探究不同的因素，从而从更广泛的方面进行分析。但国内外学者通过拉康镜像理论分析此部小说，并不多见。镜像理论的应用也是此部小说的创新所在。
从写作技巧方面研究的有：
Barbara Christian在The Contemporary Fables of Toni Morrison中说:“莫里森这部小说的结构或许远比小说中所描述的特殊事件给予这部小说更为贴切的真理，这部小说在结构上的三大特点是狄克——珍妮篇与主要情节的对照，以季节为小说主体框架及叙述角度的变化。批评家们认为这三大特点是使这一人生悲剧故事迸发出火花的导火索”。
张学祥在“最蓝的眼睛——双重歧视悲剧”中评论到“美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森的第一部小说《最蓝的眼睛》在声讨种族主义、探讨黑人出路的问题上采取了不同于以往多数黑人作家传统的做法，标志着黑人文学逐步走向成熟和理性。小说主人公的悲剧揭示了白人种族文化观对黑人的残害，而黑人对自身的不幸也有不可推卸的责任，黑人的自我歧视埋下了更加痛苦的种子。所以，黑人自我态度的改变成了他们实现真正自我的关键”。
二、国内对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究情况：
从文化角度研究的有：
郑玉荣在“《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物自我同黑人社区的游离与融合”中说到，“事实上，不仅种族主义是小说主人公最终悲惨命运的罪魁祸首，那些以滑头教士和杰拉尔丁为代表的，在认同强势文化过程中失去文化依托、否定自我、丧失自我的黑人们，也是悲剧的深刻根源，他们选择远离自己的社区，企图融入白人社会，但最终却始终游离其外而导致他们陷入了自我分裂的深渊，完成的是自我价值和生命意义的否定与离弃”。
2、国内外发展情况(文献综述)
本篇论文在了解国内国外对《最蓝的眼睛》进行的多方面的解析的基础上，通过对他者形象的产生以及延续进行分析，进而揭示论文的主旨。下面，就分别介绍国内和国外对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究现状。
一、国外对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究情况：
《最蓝的眼睛》一书对于美国文学界的影响很大。纽约时代的评论认为，“小说中充满如此多的痛苦与惊奇，堪称一部诗篇”。豪斯顿日志称赞道:“大胆、全新的写作手法以及超时间性，使其具有伟大文学的特征”。是的，这是“一本生动全面展现那些想进入白人世界的黑人所遭受恐怖经历的全幅画卷……一幅发人深思、催人泪下描述黑人少女生活原貌的全景折射图”。
从女性主义角度分析的有：
在“《最蓝的眼睛》：黑人妇女悲剧的立体性透视”中，张学祥指出，“妇女是上帝远离人类的‘罪魁祸首’，打破了人类的美好梦想，使人类与上帝同在的现实成为泡影。于是乎，非洲女性注定被认为是邪恶的，应该世世代代接受惩罚。妇女作为一个弱势群体便成为人类平衡自己内心情感所需仪式的‘替罪羊’。这一传统在时间上以神话模式被赋予了永恒性和合理性，世代相传，演绎着女性的种种悲剧”。
6、时间进程
一稿：3月21日-5月5日
二稿：5月6日-5月21日
三稿：5月22日-6月1日
定稿：6月8日
7、参考文献：
Byerman，E. Keith. Author Morrison Uses Fiction to Challenge Prevailing Images[J]. Milwaukee Journal，(10)1990:25-28.
王晓宇在“夹缝中生存的‘第三类人’——浅议《最蓝的眼睛》中的布里德洛夫太太”中指出，“黑人与白人本没有优劣之分，但当两种不同身份的人同时出现在一个社会内部，总会因其生活背景等状况不同而分出强弱，黑人便是同白人相比之下的‘劣等人’，没有地位可言，永远作为边缘人的角色出现。在这种恶性循环中，黑人没有机会挣脱种族主义的枷锁。在以白人文化为主要意识形态的美国，黑人只是作为陪衬白人的小丑。他们受白人文化的侵染，认定自己是无比丑陋的。黑人对自己身份的认同竟然和白人达成了一致，丢失了黑人性也丧失了自我，想融入白人社会却不被接纳，这种隔离感伴随他们一生，也导致他们价值观的错位，黑与白之间永远隔着一道不可逾越的鸿沟”。
胡丽英、张传彪在“最蓝的眼睛能给黑人带来什么？——重读托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》”中说到，“《最蓝的眼睛》以饱含深情的笔触向世人展示了当年美国黑人生活的辛酸与内心的痛苦挣扎。作为被边缘化的群体，美国黑人被主流社会所排斥，长期处于失语状态，其民族意识在种族主义文化暴力的压制下被削弱、被淡化。托妮·莫里森不无感慨地指出，黑人民族要想生存下去，除了拥有政治权利和经济独立外，还必须保留住黑人文化，因为丧失了自己文化的种族，终将丧失一切”。