最蓝的眼睛 论文
黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析
- 246-校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析三峡大学外国语学院/王琼曼【摘要】《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂。
本文从黑白两种颜色颜色的角度，剖析了作者想要阐述的主题：黑人在任何时候都必须保持自己的文化传统。
【关键词】颜色 黑 白 文化传统《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂：小说以秋、冬、春、夏为叙述框架，讲述了年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉在遭生父强奸，继而怀孕，早产了一个很快就夭折的婴儿后，在无人关心帮助的情况下堕入疯狂状态的悲剧故事。
读完《最蓝的眼睛》，脑海里始终有两种颜色在晃动：黑色，白色。
莫里森同时又是一个运用象征手法的大师。
象征手法使作品主题意义上具有多种解读的深刻性。
本文将粗略地对黑白两种颜色所象征的寓意进行分析。
一、白色的美小说的白色代表着白人文化。
在美国社会里，尽管白人对黑人的公然压迫在逐渐消失，但是白人文化霸权主义仍然存在。
对于白人种族主义者来说，白人和黑人在外观上的不同显示的是其内在特质的区别，意味着他们在智力，道德和精神上的优劣。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，正是因为内化了白人的价值标准，小说里的部分人物不愿正视和坚持自己民族和文化的传统，一味追求白人文化所倡导的“金发、碧眼、白皮肤”的审美观和白人中产阶级的价值观。
这种审美观和价值观不断渗透到黑人民族中，严重扭曲着黑人民族的民族灵魂。
小说中的部分黑人唯“白”是美。
在黑人社区内部，黑人们普遍存在一种自我厌恶情结。
他们觉得自己天生就丑陋。
如果哪个黑人出生时皮肤是浅色的，那么他就会被认为是高人一等。
主人公佩科拉从一出生就被认为是丑陋的。
随着她不断的成长，这种看法加深了她认为自己丑陋的信念，“她发现所有白人的眼睛里都潜伏着这种神色。
毫无疑问，这厌恶是冲着她来的，是冲着她的黑皮肤来的”。
她从潜意识里把自己的丑陋与黑皮肤联系了起来，从而把所有的罪恶也都归结为她的黑皮肤。
文献综述-论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度
On the Different Attitudes of Pecola and Cholly Towards Black Culturein The Bluest Eyes论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度Literature ReviewAbstract:Toni Morrison is a renowned black woman writer in America. Most of her works are about the miserable life of black people in America.As Toni Morrison’s first and most famous novel, The Bluest Eye established her literary reputation in America black literature. During many years, people outside and inside have made many researches on The Bluest Eye from different aspects, such as such as the tragedy of Pecola, the reasons of her tragedy, the meaning of black community,the contrast of Pecola’s and Claudia’s fate, and so on. This article tries to analyze the author, work and others’comments and points out this paper’s significance.摘要：托尼·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家。
她的大部分作品是关于美国黑人的痛苦命运的。
论托尼-莫里森小说叙事艺术——关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读
苏州大学硕士学位论文论托尼?莫里森小说叙事艺术－－关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：***201105摘要托尼·莫里森（１９３１一）是２０世纪最为杰出的非裔美国女作家，因其卓越的创作才华于１９９３年获诺贝尔文学奖，是第一位也是唯一一位获此殊荣的美国黑人女性。
作为一名才华横溢的作家，莫里森是一位叙事艺术的大师。
在其创作的小说中，她总能成功地选择并运用最恰当的写作手法来服务小说的主题。
本论文选择莫里森的三部小说《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》来研究该作家如何运用不同的叙事技巧来深化小说的主题。
本论文分五章。
第一章简要介绍莫里森生平成就以及其三部作品，即《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》。
第二章主要分析莫里森在《最蓝的眼睛》中运用的多重叙述声音及人物故事对比等手法，说明小说家如何通过特定的叙事手法表明审美标准本应是多元的一少部分黑人内化白人标准是极其有害的。
第三章讨论莫里森在《宠儿》中运用的哥特式叙事以及内心独白等手法，说明小说如何运用这些手法揭示黑人在惨绝人寰的奴隶制下扭曲的心灵，并且指出只有当黑人相互袒露心灵才能治愈伤害。
第四章讨论小说《秀拉》中运用环形叙述和反讽等手法，说明小说家如何运用这些手法叙述一个叛逆的黑人女性成为黑人社区不可或缺的关键人物的故事。
最后一章为结论，对以上章节所讨论的写作手法进行总结，说明在莫里森自己的小说中总能通过将叙述手法与小说主题有机结合起来，使叙事艺术很好地服务于小说的主题。
关键词：托尼·莫罩森，《最蓝的眼睛》，《宠儿》，《苏拉》，叙事艺术。
叙事策略ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ（１９３１－）ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔａｎｄｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｗｒｉｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．ＳｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｔｈｅＮｏｂｅｌＰｒｉｚｅｆｏｒｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎ１９９３ｆｏｒｈｅｒｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ，ａｎｄｈａｓｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔａｎｄｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｔｏｗｉｎｔｈｉｓａｗａｒｄ．Ａｓａｇｉｆｔｅｄｗｆｉｔｅｒ’Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｍａｓｔｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｓｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｌｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｔｈａｔｂｅｓｔｓｅｒｖｅｈｅｒｍｅｓｓａｇｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓ，Ｉｔａｋｅａｌｏｏｋａｔｔｈｒｅｅｏｆｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｎａｍｅｌｙ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＢｅｌｏｖｅｄａｎｄＳｕｌａ，ａｎｄｅｘａｍｉｎｅｔｈｅｗａｙｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎＵＳｅＳｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｄｅｖｉｃｅｓｔｏｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｔｈｅｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｆｉｖｅｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓａｂｒｉｅｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｃａｒｅｅｒａｎｄｈｅｒｔｈｒｅｅｂｏｏｋｓ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＳｕｌａａｎｄＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｗｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｕｓｅｄｉｎＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｎｇｌｉｆｅｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈｅｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｏｆｂｅａｕｔｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｏｐｌｅ’Ｓｅｙｅｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｈａｒｍｆｕｌｆｏｒｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚｅｗｈｉｔｅｂｅａｕｔｙａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｈｒｅｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｉｎＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＢｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅＧｏｔｈｉｃｍｏｄｅｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｍｏｎｏｌｏｇｕｅ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓｒｅａｄｅｒｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｏｒｔｅｄｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｚｅｄｈｅａｒｔｓｏｆｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｂｙｓｌａｖｅｒｙ．ＡｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｏｎｌｙｗｈｅｎｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｉｒｈｅａｒｔｓｔｏｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒＣａｎｔｈｅｙｆｉｎｄｔｒｕｅｌｏｖｅａｎｄｈａｖｅｔｈｅｉｒｓｐｉｒｉｔ＂ｓａｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＦｏｕｒｇｉｖｅｓａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｔｈｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄｉｎＳｕｌａ，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｒｏｎｙ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓＵＳｔｈａｔａｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｏｕｓｂｌａｃｋｗｏｍａｎｃａｎｂｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｔｏｈｅｒｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｔｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｉｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｉｒｏｎｙ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓ：ａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｓｃａｌｌｂｅｄｅｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ．ＴｈｅｌａｓｔｃｈａｐｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＩｃｏｎｔｅｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅａｒｔｉｓｔｗｈｏｓｅｎｏｖｅｌｓｓｔａｎｄｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｌｙａｓａｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ．ＡｎｄＩｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｉｌｌｈｅｌｐｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｄｅｅｐｅｎｏｕｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｏｓｕｇｇｅｓｔａｎｅｗｗａｙｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ．Ｗｏｒｄｓ：ＴｏｌｌｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，Ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ，Ｓｕｌａ，ａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅＫｅｙｓｔｒａｔｉｇｉｅｓＡｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔｓＩｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｍｅｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｍｙｓｔｕｄｙａｓａｎＭＡｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅａｔＳｏｏｃｈｏｗＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｈｅｌｐｏｆｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅ．ＷａｎｇＬａｂａｏ，ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｍｙｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ，Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｎｅ．Ｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄｍｅｉｎｍｙｓｔｕｄｙ．Ｈｉｓｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅａｃｈｓｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈａｖｅｈｏｎｅｄｍｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｋｉｌｌｓ·Ａｓａｓｔｒｉｃｔｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｒａｎｄｄｅｖｏｔｅｄｓｃｈｏｌａｒ，ｈｅｈａｓｓｅｔａｇｏｏｄｅｘａｍｐｌｅｆｏｒｍｅａｎｄｔａｕｇｈｔｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｓｎｏｔｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｔｏｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎｌｙ．１ｗｉｓｈｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｄｍｙｓｉｎｃｅｒｅｔｈａｎｋｓｔｏｈｉｍｆｏｒａｌｌｔｈａｔｈｅｈａｓｄｏｎｅｆｏｒｍｅ．ＭｙｇｒａｔｉｔｕｄｅａｌｓｏｇｏｅｓｔＯＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｆｕ，ＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＸｕＱｉｎｇｇｅｎａｎｄＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｍｅｗｉｔｈａｃｌｅａｒａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃＨｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｆｕｗｈｏｈａｖｅｈｅｌｐｅｄｂｙｅｑｕｉｐｐｉｎｇｉｔｉｓｔｏｓｔｕｄｙＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．ＰｒｅｃｉｏｕｓａｄｖｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｗｈａｔｆｒｏｍＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｇｆｕｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｓｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｅｄｍｅｉｍｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｙ．ＡｎｄＩａｍｍｅｓｏｍｕｃｈｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌｔｏＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＳｏｎｇＹａｎｆａｎｇｗｈｏｓｅｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ－ｐｒｏｖｏｋｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓｔａｕｇｈｔａｂｏｕｔｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｔｈｅｏｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｍｏｒｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇｈａｄｉｔｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｍｙｇｏｏｄｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ．ＡｎｄＩａｌｓｏｗｉｓｈｔｏｔｈａｎｋｍｙｆａｍｉｌｙｆｏｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｉｒｕｎｓｗｅｒｖｉｎｇｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅｉｎｍｅａｎｄｕｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｏｖｅ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｈｌｏｅＡｎｔｈｏｎｙＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ，ｌａｔｅｒｋｎｏｗｎａｓＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗａｓｂｏｒｎｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｏｎＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ１８，１９３１．Ｓｈｅｗａｓｔｈｅｄａｕｇｈｔｅｒｏｆａｓｈｉｐｙａｒｄｗｅｌｄｅｒａｎｄａｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓｗｏｍａｎｗｈｏｓａｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｃｈｏｋ．ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄａｓｉｓｔｅｒＬｏｉｓａｎｄｔｗｏｙｏｕｎｇｅｒｂｒｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ＧｅｏｒｇｅａｎｄＲａｙｍｏｎｄ．ＨｅｒｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ｈｏｐｉｎｇｔｏｒａｉｓｅｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｉｎａｌｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｉｅｒｔｏｂｌａｃｋｓ．ＤｅｓｐｉｔｅｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｔｏｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈ，ｔｈｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｗａｓｓｔｅｅｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎａｎｄｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｏｆＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄｕｎｄｏｕｂｔｅｄｌｙｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｏｎｇｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｈｅｒｌａｔｅｒｗｏｒｋ；ｉｎｄｅｅｄ，ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’ＳｏｅｕｖｒｅｄｒａｗｓｈｅａｖｉｌｙｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌａｒｔｆｏｒｍｓｏｆＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ．ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｉｓｎｏｔａｕｔｏｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ，ｓｈｅｆｏｎｄｌｙａｌｌｕｄｅｓｔｏｈｅｒｐａｓｔ，”Ｍｙｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｓａｒｅａｌｗａｙｓｔｈｅｒｅ…Ｎｏｍａｔｔｅｒｗｈａｔ１ｗｒｉｔｅ，Ｉｂｅｇｉｎｔｈｅｒｅ…．Ｉｔ’Ｓｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘｆｏｒｍｅ…．Ｏｈｉｏａｌｓｏｏｆｆｅｒｓａｎｅｓｃａｐｅｆｒｏｍｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｄｂｌａｃｋｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｎｏｒｇｈｅｔｔｏ．＂（Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓ，１９９４：２０）ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｗａｓａｌｓｏｇｒｅａｔｌｙｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｈｅｒｆａｍｉｌｙ．ＨｅｒｇｒａｎｄｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｂｌａｃｋｓｏｕｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｋｎｏｗｎａｓｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＭｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ，ＡｒｅｄｅｌｉａａｎｄＪｏｈｎＳｏｌｏｍｏｎＷｉｌｌｉｓ，ａｆｔｅｒｌｅａｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｆａｒｍｉｎＡｌａｂａｍａ，ｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＫｅｎｔｕｃｋｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｏＯｈｉｏ．Ｔｈｅｙｐｌａｃｅｄｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｖａｌｕｅｉｎｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｎｄｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ．ＪｏｈｎＷｉｌｌｉｓｍｕｇｈｔｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｔｏｒｅａｄａｎｄｈｉｓｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｂｅｃａｍｅｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓ跖愕ｏｆＳｏｌｏｍａｎ（１９７７）．ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｗａｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｇｉｆｔｅｄｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ，ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｏｒｅａｄａｔａｌｌｅａｒｌｙａｇｅａｎｄｄｏｉｎｇｗｅｌｌａｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｉｅｓａｔａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｓｃｈ００１．Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗｈｏａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅＥｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ｗａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｉｎｈｅｒ１ｓｔｇｒａｄｅｃｌａｓｓｒｏｏｍ．Ｓｈｅｗａｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｗｈｏｂｅｇａｎｓｃｈｏｏｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｒｅａｄ．ＢｅｃａｕｓｅｓｈｅｗａｓＳＯａｓｋｅｄｔｏｈｅｌｐｏｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓｌｅａｒｎｔｏｒｅａｄ．Ｓｈｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｗｏｒｋｅｄｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ，ｓｈｅｗａｓｏｆｔｅｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｏｆｎｅｗｉｍｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓｔｏＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．１ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ’ｄｅｓｉｒｅｔＯｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｒａｃｉｓｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｓ：ｒａｃｉａｌｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅｗａｓｌｅｓｓｏｆａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｔｈａｎｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｉｎｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ａｎｄＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｐｌａｙｅｄｗｉｔｈａｒａｃｉａｌｌｙｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｗａｓｙｏｕｎｇ．Ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｈｅｂｅｇａｎｔｏｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｒａｃｉａｌｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｓｈｅａｎｄｈｅｒｐｅｅｒｓｇｒｅｗｏｌｄｅｒ．Ｓｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｏｎｏｒｓｉｎ１９４９ａｎｄｗｅｎｔｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎＤ．Ｃ．ＡｔＨｏｗａｒｄ，ｓｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｄｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄｍｉｎｏｒｅｄｉｎｃｌａｓｓｉｃｓ，ａｎｄｗａｓａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｔｈｅａｔｅｒａｒｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＰｌａｙｅｒｓ．ＳｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＨｏｗａｒｄｉｎ１９５３ｗｉｔｈａＢ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄａｎｅｗｎａｍｅ：ＴｏｎｉＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ（Ｔｏｎｉｂｅｉｎｇａｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｍｉｄｄｌｅｎａｍｅ）．ＳｈｅｗｅｎｔｏｎｔｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｈｅｒＭ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｒｏｍＣｏｒｎｅｌｌｉｎ１９５５．ＡｆｔｅｒｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅａｔＴｅｘａｓＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ｓｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙａｎｄｍｅｔＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｙｍａｒｒｉｅｄ，ａｎｄｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅｉｒｄｉｖｏｒｃｅｉｎ１９６４，ＴｏｎｉａｎｄＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄｔｗｏｓｏｉｌｓ．Ｉｔｗａｓａｌｓｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｔｉｍｅｔｈａｔｓｈｅｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｓｔｏｒｙｔｈａｔｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｋ：ｏｍｅｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｈｅｒｆｉｒｓｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｉｎ１９６４，ｓｈｅｔｏｏｋａｊｏｂｉｎＳｙｒａｃｕｓｅ，ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ，ａｓａｎａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｅｄｉｔｏｒａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｈｅｒａｉｓｅｄｈｅｒｓｏｎｓａｓａｓｉｎｇｌｅｍｏｍ，ａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔＯｗｒｉｔｅｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎ１９６７，ｓｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｔｏｓｅｎｉｏｒｅｄｉｔｏｒａｎｄｇｏｔａｍｕｃｈ－ｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｔＯＮｅｗＹｏｒｋＣｉｔｙ．ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔＥｙｅｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７０．Ｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙｏｆａｙｏｕｎｇｇｉｒｌｗｈｏｌｏｓｅｓｈｅｒｍｉｎｄ，ｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗａｓｗｅｌｌｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｂｙｃｒｉｔｉｃｓｂｕｔｆａｉｌｅｄｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙ．Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１９７１ａｎｄ１９７２，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｅｄａｓａｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｏｒｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＮｅｗＹｏｒｋａｔＰｕｒｃｈａｓｅｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇｈｅｒｊｏｂａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎＳｕｌａ，ａｎｏｖｅｌａｂｏｕｔａｄｅｆｉａｎｔｗｏｍａｎａｎｄｈｅｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｂｌａｃｋｆｅｍａｌｅｓ．Ｓｕｌａｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７３．Ｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓ１９７６ａｎｄ１９７７ｓａｗＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｉｎｇａｓａｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｒａｔＹａｌｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎｈｅｒｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌｄｅａｌｔｍｏｒｅｆｕｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｂｌａｃｋｍａｌｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ．ＡｓｗｉｔｈＳｕｌａ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇａｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇｈｅｒｗｏｒｋａｓａｎｅｄｉｔｏｒｆｏｒＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ，ａｎｄｒａｉｓｉｎｇｈｅｒｔｗｏｓｏｎｓ．ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７７ａｎｄｅｎｊｏｙｅｄｂｏｔｈｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌａｎｄｃｒｉｔｉｃ，．ａｌ。
最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
5、论文提纲
本文主要研究小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象及其产生的原因和其对黑人社会造成的影响。首先，本文要对作者托尼·莫里森及其作品《最蓝的眼睛》做简要介绍，向读者展示当时美国社会的文化背景及他者的悲剧命运的具体体现。其次，本文主要从以下几个方面分析他这形象：一、利用拉康的镜像理论介绍他者的概念；二、分析小说中波琳、佩科拉两位“他者”形象。再次，分析他者形象产生的原因：白人文化的冲击、黑人的自我蔑视。最后，对本论文进行总结，阐述文章的主旨及意义。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：学 号：Βιβλιοθήκη 指导教师：教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
最蓝的眼睛-莫里森
Toni Morrison and 《The Bluest Eye》I、Toni MorrisonToni Morrison (born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931), is a Nobel Prize-winning American author, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters; among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, and Beloved, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. In 2001 she was named one of the "30 Most Powerful Women in America" by Ladies' Home Journal.1、Early life and careerToni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, the second of four children in a working-class family. As a child, Morrison read constantly; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrison's father, George Wofford, a welder by trade, told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University to study English. While there she began going by the nickname of "Toni," which derives from her middle name, Anthony. Morrison received a B.A. in English from Howard in 1953, then earned a Master of Arts degree, also in English, from Cornell University in 1955, for which she wrote a thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf. After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University inHouston, Texas (from 1955-57) then returned to Howard to teach English. She became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.In 1958 she married Harold Morrison. They had two children, Harold and Slade, and divorced in 1964. After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. Eighteen months later she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House.As an editor, Morrison played an important role in bringing African American literature into the mainstream. She edited books by such black authors as Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis and Gayl Jones.2、Writing careerMorrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She went to one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. The story later evolved into her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), which she wrote while raising two children and teaching at Howard. In 2000 it was chosen as a selection for Oprah's Book Club.In 1973 her novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award.In 1988 Morrison's novel Beloved became a critical success. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award, a number of writers protested the omission. Shortly afterward, it won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in an opera, Margaret Garner, with music by Richard Danielpour. In May 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty five years.In 1993 Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first black woman to win it. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." Shortly afterwards, a fire destroyed her Rockland County, New York home. Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist. She has stated that she thinks "it's off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things. In addition to her novels, Morrison has also co-written books for children with her youngest son, Slade Morrison, who works as a painter and musician.3、Later lifeMorrison taught English at two branches of the State University of New York. In 1984 she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison heldthe Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.Though based in the Creative Writing Program, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation. At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded her its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. Oxford University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in June 2005.In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre Museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home."She currently holds a place on the editorial board of The Nation magazine.PoliticsMorrison caused a stir when she called Bill Clinton "the first Black President;" saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas." This opinion was both adopted by Clinton supporters like the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and ridiculed by critics. It should be noted that, in the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, during which Clinton made some remarks that were construed as unsympathetic to African-Americans, Morrison revisited her statement. Morrison stated to Salon magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race." However, in the 2008 presidential race, Morrison has endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton.II、The Bluest EyeThe Bluest Eye is 1970 novel by American author Nobel Prize recipient Toni Morrison. Morrison's first novel, which was written while Morrison taught at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own, the story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as the Great Depression. The Bluest Eye is told from five perspectives: Pecola's, her mother's, her father's, her friend Claudia's, and Soaphead Church's. Because of the controversial nature of the book, which deals with racism, incest, and child molestation, there have been numerous attempts to ban it from schools and libraries. In 2000, the novel became a selection for Oprah's Book Club.1、Plot summaryThe narrator advises the reader not to look at the "why" of the story but at the "how." The novel, with child sex, irresponsible adults, and corrupt society seeks to show the misery of black people living in a white society. When she indirectly refers to Pecola as "dirt" and to the Breedloves as animals, she is exposing the ills to which they are submitted. Soaphead Church's letter to God is a summary of the insanity of the world around him, as the novel could be for the author. The Bluest Eye is the story of eleven-year-old Pecola Breedlove--a black girl who is regarded “ugly” by everyone, including her parents--who prays for her eyes to turn blue: so that she will be beautiful, so that people will look at her, so that her world will be different. She is raped by her drunk father and get pregnant, later she gives birth to a stillborn（夭折的）child. Finally Pecola lose her mind and spend the rest of her life as a madwoman thinking she has the bluest eyes of the world…Pecola's parents' history is examined throughout the novel, showing who they are in three main parts: her father Cholly's background, her mother Pauline's past life, and the couple's conflicted marriage. Cholly was deserted by both his parents, and was rebuked when he tried to contact his father. His son seems to do the same thing later on, running away repeatedly.In the afterword, Morrison explains that she is attempting to humanize all the characters that attack Pecola or cause her to be the way she is; that it is not a matter where one person can be pointed out as being the cause of all this pain.Ideas of beauty, particularly those that relate to racial characteristics, are a majortheme in this book. The title refers to Pecola's wish that her eyes would turn blue. Claudia is given a white baby doll to play with and is constantly told how lovely it is. Insults to the appearance are often given in racial terms. A light-skinned schoolmate is favored by the teachers.There is a contrast between the world shown in the cinema, the one in which Pauline is a servant, the WASP society, and the existence the main characters live in. Most chapters' titles are extracts from a Dick and Jane reading book, presenting a happy white family. This family is contrasted with Pecola's existence.ThemeSource of the tragedy: black people accepted and internalized white values and developed self-contempt and self-hatred for themselves or other black people, making some of their own people victims and scapegoats .The impact of mainstream white culture upon black people, which make them victim of the circumstances.2、CharactersPecola Breedlove - The protagonist of the novel, a poor black girl who believes she is ugly because she and her community base their ideals of beauty on "whiteness". The title The Bluest Eye is based on Pecola's fervent wishes for beautiful blue eyes. She is rarely developed during the story, which is purposely done to underscore the actions of the other characters. Her insanity at the end of the novel is her only way to escape the world where she cannot be beautiful and to get those blue eyes she wanted to get since the beginning of the novel.Cholly Breedlove - Pecola's abusive father, an alcoholic man who rapes his daughter at the end of the novel. Rejected by his father and discarded by his mother as a four day old baby, Cholly was raised by his Great Aunt Jimmy. After she dies, Cholly runs away and pursues the life of a "free man", yet he is never able to escape his painful past, nor can he live with the mistakes of his present. Tragically, he rapes his daughter in a gesture of madness mingled with affection. He realizes he loves her, but the only way he can express it is to rape her.Pauline Breedlove - Pecola's mother. Mrs. Breedlove is married to Cholly and lives the self-righteous life of a martyr, enduring her drunk husband and raising her two awkward children as best she can. Mrs. Breedlove is a bit of an outcast herself with her shriveled foot and Southern background. Mrs. Breedlove lives the life of a lonely and isolated character who escapes into a world of dreams, hopes and fantasy that turns into the motion pictures she enjoys viewing.Sam Breedlove - Pecola's older brother. Sammy is Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove's one son. Sam's part in this novel is relatively low key. Like his sister Pecola, he is affected by the disharmony in their home and deals with his anger by running away from home.Claudia MacTeer - Much of the novel is told from the perspective of Claudia. She is the primary narrator in the book. Claudia is Pecola's friend and the younger sister of Frieda MacTeer. The MacTeer family serves as a foil for the Breedloves, and althoughboth families are poor, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer are strict but loving parents towards their children - a sharp contrast to the dysfunctional home of the Breedloves.Frieda MacTeer - Claudia's older sister and close companion. The two MacTeer girls are often seen together and while most of the story is told through Claudia's eyes, her sister Frieda plays a large role in the novel.Henry Washington - a man who comes to live with the MacTeer family and is subsequently thrown out by Claudia's father when he inappropriately touches Frieda. Soaphead Church - a pedophile and mystic fortune teller who "grants" Pecola her wish for blue eyes. The character is somewhat based on Morrison's Jamaican ex-husband.Great Aunt Jimmy - Cholly's aunt who takes him in to raise after his parents abandon him. She dies when he is a young boy.Maureen Peal - A light-skinned, wealthy mulatto girl who is new at the local school. She accepts everyone else’s assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. She changes her attitude throughout the novel towards Pecola.3、AdaptationThe Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois commissioned Lydia R. Diamond to adapt the novel into a full-length stage production. The play was developed through the Steppenwolf for Young Adults and the New Plays Initiative where it received its world premiere in February, 2005. The play was reprised in Chicago at the Steppenwolf Theatre in October, 2006 by popular demand. The Bluest Eye received its off-Broadway premiere at the New Victory Theater in New York in November, 2006.The Bluest Eye written by African American writer Toni Morrison narrates a tragic story about a black girl who longs for a pair of blue eyes owned exclusively by white people. Strongly influenced by white dominated culture, many other black women are also lost in the myth of white beauty. However, in addition to the description of this negative impact, Morrison, in her novel, also explores effective approaches to demystify the myth of white beauty and maintain the real-self of the black people through the voice of a rebellious narrator.4、MotifsMotifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.The Dick-and-Jane NarrativeThe novel opens with a narrative from a Dick-and-Jane reading primer, a narrative that is distorted when Morrison runs its sentences and then its words together. The gap between the idealized, sanitized, upper-middle-class world of Dick and Jane (who we assume to be white, though we are never told so) and the often dark and ugly world of the novel is emphasized by the chapter headings excerpted from the primer. But Morrison does not mean for us to think that the Dick-and-Jane world is better—in fact, it is largely because the black characters have internalized white Dick-and-Jane values that they are unhappy. In this way, the Dick and Jane narrative and the novel provide ironic commentary on each other.The Seasons and NatureThe novel is divided into the four seasons, but it pointedly refuses to meet the expectations of these seasons. For example, spring, the traditional time of rebirth and renewal, reminds Claudia of being whipped with new switches, and it is the season when Pecola’s is raped. Pecola’s baby dies in autumn, the season of harvesting. Morrison uses natural cycles to underline the unnaturalness and misery of her characters’ ex periences. To some degree, she also questions the benevolence of nature, as when Claudia wonders whether “the earth itself might have been unyielding” to someone like Pecola.Whiteness and ColorIn the novel, whiteness is associated with beauty and cleanliness (particularly according to Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove), but also with sterility. In contrast, color is associated with happiness, most clearly in the rainbow of yellow, green, and purple memories Pauline Breedlove sees when making love with Cholly. Morrison uses this imagery to emphasize the destructiveness of the black community’s privileging of whiteness and to suggest that vibrant color, rather than the pure absence of color, is a stronger image of happiness and freedom.Eyes and VisionPecola is obsessed with having blue eyes because she believes that this mark of conventional, white beauty will change the way that she is seen and therefore the way that she sees the world. There are continual references to other characters’ eyes as well—for example, Mr. Yacobowski’s hostility to Pecola resides in the blankness in his own eyes, as well as in his inability to see a black girl. This motif underlines the novel’s repeated concern for the difference between how we see and how we are seen, and the difference between superficial sight and true insight.Dirtiness and CleanlinessThe black characters in the novel who have internalized white, -middle-class values are obsessed with cleanliness. Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove are excessively concerned with housecleaning—though Mrs. Breedlove cleans only the house of her white employers, as if the Breedlove apartment is beyond her help. This fixation on cleanliness extends into the women’s moral and emotional quests for purity, but the obsession with domestic and moral sanitation leads them to cruel coldness. In contrast, one mark of Claudia’s strength of character is her pleasure in her own dirt, a pleasure that represents self-confidence and a correct understanding of the nature of happiness.5、SymbolsSymbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.The HouseThe novel begins with a sentence from a Dick-and-Jane narrative: “Here is thehouse.” Homes not only indicate socioeconomic status in this novel,but they also symbolize the emotional situations and values of the characters who inhabit them. The Breedlove -apartment is miserable and decrepit, suffering from Mrs. Breedlove’s preference for her employer’s home over her own and symbolizing the misery of the Breedlove family. The MacTeer house is drafty and dark, but it is carefully tended by Mrs. MacTeer and, according to Claudia, filled with love, symbolizing that family’s comparative cohesion.Bluest Eye(s)To Pecola, blue eyes symbolize the beauty and happiness that she associates with the white, middle-class world. They also come to symbolize her own blindness, for she gains blue eyes only at the cost of her sanity. The “bluest” eye could also mean the saddest eye. Furthermore, eye puns on I, in t he sense that the novel’s title uses the singular form of the noun (instead of The Bluest Eyes) to express many of the characters’ sad isolation.The MarigoldsClaudia and Frieda associate marigolds with the safety and well-being of Pecola’s baby. Their ceremonial offering of money and the remaining unsold marigold seeds represents an honest sacrifice on their part. They believe that if the marigolds they have planted grow, then Pecola’s baby will be all right. More generally, marigolds represent the constant renewal of nature. In Pecola’s case, this cycle of renewal is perverted by her father’s rape of her.。
歧视酿悲剧《最蓝的眼睛》悲剧根源分析
歧视酿悲剧《最蓝的眼睛》悲剧根源分析摘要：在托尼·莫里森笔下的《最蓝的眼睛》中存在许多悲剧，如佩克拉的悲剧，佩克拉的母亲保琳的悲剧，佩克拉的父亲查理的悲剧，黑人民族的悲剧等。
本文从种族歧视、文化歧视和性别歧视等三重歧视的角度对这些悲剧进行分析，意在指出美国社会中的三重歧视是诱发各种悲剧的根源。
关键词：悲剧；种族歧视；文化歧视；性别歧视托尼莫里森和《最蓝的眼睛》托尼莫里森，美国著名黑人女作家，1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖。
其主要作品有《最蓝的眼睛》《秀拉》《所罗门之歌》《柏油娃娃》《宠儿》《爵士乐》等。
《最蓝的眼睛》是莫里森第一部作品，描写的是11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉的悲惨遭遇。
故事以第三人称视角描写，由佩科拉的同龄人克罗蒂亚讲述。
佩科拉出生于一个穷苦的黑人家庭，由于肤色比其他的黑人女孩更深，她遭到了同学和老师的嘲笑和奚落，周围邻居的冷漠和忽视。
更为悲惨的是，她的父亲在一次醉酒后将其强暴。
佩科拉将所有的不幸和痛苦都归咎于她的丑陋。
因此，她对白种人漂亮的蓝眼睛有着强烈的渴望，最终走向疯狂。
小说在围绕佩科拉的悲剧人生进行叙述时，同时也诉说着发生在其他人(如其母保林，其父查理)身上的悲剧故事。
11岁黑人小女孩佩科拉的悲剧，从另一角度上来说映射的是整个黑人民族的悲剧。
这些悲剧的背后隐藏着各种各样的危机，而种族歧视，文化歧视，性别歧视等使这些危机一触即发。
种族歧视种族歧视是指根据种族将人们分割成不同的社会阶层从而加以区别对待的行为。
小说中主要体现的是白种人对黑种人的歧视。
种族歧视体现在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，弥散在整个黑人社区，很大程度上酿成了整个黑人民族的悲剧。
小说中，当保琳在医院生产时，白人医生当着她的面谈论道：“像她们这种黑人，你根本用不着费心，她们很快就生完的，就像马一样，一点痛苦都没有。
”小说中，黑人处处遭到白人的歧视，白人把自己视为生来就比黑人优越的民族。
托尼莫里森在小说中引用了这样一个假说：“所有的文明都有白人一手创造，没有白人一切将不复存在。
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害一、本文概述《论<最蓝的眼睛>中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害》一文旨在探讨美国小说《最蓝的眼睛》中所呈现的白人文化价值观对黑人的影响以及这种影响的危害。
本文将分析这些价值观在小说中的具体表现，并阐述其如何对黑人产生负面影响，揭示白人文化对黑人的压迫和歧视。
《最蓝的眼睛》是一部具有深远社会意义的文学作品，它通过描绘一个黑人女孩的视角，揭示了美国历史上种族歧视和不平等的本质。
小说中呈现的白人文化价值观，如种族优越论、种族隔离制度等，对黑人产生了深远的影响，并对他们的生活和命运造成了严重的伤害。
白人文化价值观：指美国主流社会的意识形态和行为准则，包括种族优越论、种族隔离制度等。
这些价值观在小说中被广泛提及和展示。
黑人：代表整个黑人群体，他们在历史和社会背景下遭受了长期的种族歧视和不平等对待。
影响：指白人文化价值观对黑人所造成的负面影响，包括剥夺权利、排斥、压迫等。
这些影响贯穿于小说的始终，是本文的研究重点之一。
戕害：指白人文化对黑人的摧残和伤害，包括精神上的虐待、心理创伤等。
这些戕害不仅存在于小说所描绘的时代，也具有普遍性，是对黑人的长期而广泛的侵害。
本文将采用文献资料分析和文本细读的方法进行研究。
通过对小说的深入研究和分析，揭示白人文化价值观对黑人的影响和戕害，并探讨其根源和危害。
同时，也将结合其他相关研究成果和理论进行综合分析，以深化对这一问题的认识。
二、白人文化价值观对黑人的影响压迫与歧视：在历史上，白人文化曾对黑人实施过严重的压迫和歧视。
这种歧视不仅体现在经济、社会和文化层面，还渗透到黑人的思想、情感和日常生活中。
这种歧视影响了黑人的生存和发展环境，使他们在社会中处于劣势地位。
排斥与隔离：由于种族差异的存在，白人和黑人在许多方面都存在明显的界限。
这导致了黑人被排斥在主流文化之外，无法充分参与和融入其中。
这种隔离使得黑人难以获得平等的机会和资源，限制了他们的发展和成长。
《最蓝的眼睛》黑人妇女悲剧的立体性透视
摘要：《最蓝的眼睛》以小说主人公佩科拉的悲惨遭遇在声讨种族歧视的同时，更暴露了黑人内部的矛盾。
黑人女性的悲剧引人深思，追溯到非裔文化的根源，传统宗教中由对上帝的敬畏而引发的与女人有关的神话以及历史悠久的成年仪式又揭示了美国黑人女性悲剧的必然性。
关键词：《最蓝的眼睛》；黑人女性；悲剧；传统文化；必然性美国黑人女性首先是黑人，其次是女人，最后才是美国人，但要想真正成为美国人则是一个漫长复杂的过程。
黑人女性是个特殊的弱势群体，即承受着白人种族歧视的摧残，同时还要在男人面前忍气吞声，成为性别歧视的牺牲品。
小说《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉母女的悲剧便是适例。
她们的命运谱写了一曲催人泪下，更是意味深长的悲歌，展示了黑人女性悲剧的多维性，呈现出立体感，成为一个可以从不同角度审视的“多面体”。
一、本是同根生，相煎何太急：黑人种族内部的歧视佩科拉在家中得不到温暖和关爱，反而成为父母发泄的对象。
家人尚且如此待她，外人的态度便可想而知。
买糖果时杂货店老板用一种莫名其妙的眼神好像要将她看穿，周围的男孩总是嘲弄她，她新交的朋友不但没有真心实意地去安慰她受伤的心灵，反而以种种方式来讽刺她。
黑人社区将所有的污垢倒在了佩科拉身上，因为她是社区里最适合被当作替罪羊的人。
社区成员内心恐惧的黑皮肤和丑陋外表如今都成了佩科拉一个人的缺点。
种族内部的压迫进一步加强了佩科拉对蓝眼睛的渴望，这种不能实现的愿望更加强了主人公的悲剧性，让我们看到了黑人对自己同胞的残酷。
具有讽刺意味的是，佩科拉神志不清后的身影始终萦绕在人们心头，时刻提醒着他们自己的丑陋和心中难以抑制的仇恨，所以她的痛苦其实象征了整个黑人社区挥之不去的苦恼。
莫里森籍此表明，这种在内部转嫁痛苦的做法之愚蠢和残忍，黑人在法律上取得平等之后所面临的新的问题。
当种族歧视与迫害被明令禁止后，黑人所遭受的伤害更直接的来自黑人内部，从黑人自身来看，其主观上的原因是难以抹煞的。
二、黑人的自我异化：微妙的白人种族歧视《最蓝的眼睛》是一部关于种族歧视的小说，但是书中却很少提到黑人受到白人直接压迫的事情，而主要是通过黑人之间的矛盾以及黑人内心的自我否定，自我憎恨的描述间接地反映了“白人至上”的种族审美观长期以来对黑人的影响。
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Racial Discrimination and Surging Desire in the Bluest Eye Abstract: As one of the most outstanding black writers in contemporary American literature，Toni Morrison is the first African American woman winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. The Bluest Eye is her first novel, which establishes her literary reputation as a renowned black writer. Her works always explore and reflect the black’s destiny. This easy focuses on internalized racism which leads to deep hurt on the black. And in this environment, the undercurrent of desire popples fiercely.Key words: Toni Morrison; The black; Racial discrimination; Surging desire摘要：作为美国文坛中一位杰出的黑人作家，托尼.莫里森是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。
《最蓝的眼睛》是她的第一本小说，奠定了她在文坛上的地位，使她成为一个有名的黑人作家。
她的作品都以探索和反映黑人命运为主题。
本文主要讨论的是内化的种族主义对黑人造成的心灵创伤，并且在这种环境下，欲望的横流汹涌澎湃。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；黑人；种族歧视；欲望横流1. BackgroundThe Bluest Eye is a 1970 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It is Morrison's first novel, written while Morrison was teaching at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own. The story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as in the years following the Great Depression. At that time, although slave system had been cancelled, the black had been unable to get rid of racial discrimination that exists in every corner of American society. The Bluest Eye is told from the perspective of Claudia MacTeer as a child and an adult, as well as from a third person omniscient viewpoint. Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Ohio with their parents. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Mr. Henry and Pecola. The protagonist of the novel, Pecola is a troubled young girl with a hard life. Her parents are constantly fighting, both physically and verbally. Pecola is continually being told and reminded of what an “ugly” girl she is, thus fueling her desire to be a Caucasian girl with blue eyes. Throughout the novel it is revealed that not only has Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pecola’s mother, Pauline only feels alive and happy when she is working for a rich white family. Her father, Cholly, is a drunk who was left with his aunt when he was young and ran away to find his father, who wanted nothing to do with him. Both Pauline and Cholly eventually lost the love they once had for one another. While Pecola is doing dishes, her father rapes her. His motives are unclear and confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. Cholly flees after the second time he rapes Pecola, leaving her pregnant. The entire town of Lorain turns against her, except Claudia and Frieda. In the end Pecola’s child is born prematurely and dies. Claudia and Frieda give up the money they had been saving and plant flower seeds in hopes that if the flowers bloom, Pecola's baby will live; the marigolds never bloom. Pecola always eagers to have a pair of blue eyes and hope this pair of eyes gets her out of the pain of life. However, atthe end of the story, tortured Pecola goes mad, believing that her cherished wish has been fulfilled and that she has the bluest eyes.2. The reason of racial discriminationWhite people have strong racial discrimination to the black. We easily find the reason in the history. First, there is the existence of an institutionalized racism. Although it had ben legally cancelled. But it showed us that before the policy the United States government has defined the black culture, behavior and morality of completely negative. This determines the black cannot escape the influence of racism. Second, there exists the performance of black discrimination in the provision of an excuse. Black people have their own reasons, many black people themselves for the performance of the Government to implement its policies of racial discrimination in the provision of a pretext.In addition, there are black people, in particular, a number of black women, who used to rely on government relief of life, nothing.3. Influence of racial discriminationA. Imperceptible change on aestheticsThroughout the novel, the concept that whiteness is superior is everywhere. White people think their skin is more beautiful than the black. Sadly, the black people have accepted white standards of beauty, thinking Maureen’s light skin to be attractive and Pecola’s dark skin to be ugly. The adoration of the Shirley Temple doll given to Claudia also proved it. And we can see that Pauline Breedlove’s preference for the little white girl she cares for. The person who suffers most from white beauty standards is Pecola. She believes that if she has a pair of blue eyes her life will full of respect and love, instead of bias and abuse. In her mind, it’s the simple of having a bright happy future. However, strong desire just destroys her. It’s one of the most vital facts which lead to the tragedy.B.Profound damage on everyone’s lifeIn the novel, the Chollys are always victims of racial discrimination. They suffer from the loneliness, humiliation, prejudice and the violence. Even one’s life has been changed because of this. It can’t be hard to find that all of these terrible things extend from generation to generation. And Pecola is the most obvious candidate for our sympathy because she undergoes a shocking amount of abuse. Thomas Merton said, “ the truth that many people never understand, is that the more you try to avoid suffering, the more you suffer, because smaller and more insignificant things begin to torture you." At school, school boys humiliate her by making fun of her father and want her to absorb their self-hatred. A group of boys circle around her and scream, “Black e mo. Black a mo., Yadaddy sleeps necked”, defensively ignoring the color of their own skins. They forget that they are black, too. What they do is just an admittance of the insecurity that they have about their own identities. What’s more, Pecola sits alone. And teachers ignore her. Worse, even at home, Pecola can’t get a little love and care. Her mother thinks she is ugly and prefers the white baby who she looks after as a baby-sitting in a white family. Continuingly, she is forced to witness her parent’s quarrels, she is tormented by Junior, she is raped by her father, and she is used by Soaphead Church.Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pauline,her mother, has a lame foot and has always felt isolated. She loses herself in movies, which reaffirm her belief that she is ugly and that romantic love is reserved for the beautiful. She encourages her husband’s violent behavior in order to reinforce her own role as a martyr. She feels most alive when she is at work, cleaning a white woman’s home. She loves this home and despises her own. Cholly, Pecola’s father, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his great aunt, who died when he was a young teenager. He was humiliated by two white men who found him having sex for the first time and made him continue while they watched. He ran away to find his father but was rebuffed by him. By the time he met Pauline, he was a wild and rootless man. He feels trapped in his marriage and has lost interest in life. Later, he rapes Pecola with the mixed emotions of love and hatred. After Pecola miscarries of her pregnancy, Cholly rapes her again. What happens in Pauline and Cholly make them sensible. They can’t take good care of themselves. Their values still haven’t shape well. So how can Pecola have a happy life? We can imagine that good parents will have good children. But their family obviously has no fortune.4.Surging DesireA number of characters seem always hide their desires; maybe are the normal bodily needs or some abnormal desires. Geraldine prefers cleanness and order. She can’t tolerate anything about messiness of sex. It makes she becomes indifferent as a result. Similarly, Pauline indulged in leaning and organizing the house of a while family and even had little care of her family. She forgets to show her affection to her husband and daughter. Lacking of mother love leads Pecola tragic ending of life. What’s more, Soaphead Church is very disgusted to human body. And such peculiarity not only leads to preference for objects but also makes he had special affection to little girls. In the book, there is much distortion of human nature. Owing to the denial of the desire, people become another one and lost themselves.We shouldn’t suppress our needs. Of course, neither can we pour the desire casually. However in the book, Cholly can’t control himself. It embodied in Cholly rapes her daughter this thing. One Saturday afternoon, drunken Cholly returnes home and see the daughter Pecola is washing dishes in the kitchen. Disgust, guilt, pity and love all of these are mixed in Cholly’s heart. Scene that Pecola scratches by the thumb of foot reminds Cholly the past he spent happily with Pauline. Gradually, it leads to the initiation of sexual desire. On the other hand, Pecola does not revolt eventually leads to the tragedy. Precisely because of his irreversible mistake, his daughter has a miserable life. It’s a mistake that has no doubt presented darkness of human nature. In contrast, Frieda’s experience is less painful than Pecola’s because her parents immediately come to her rescue, playing the appropriate role of protector. How important the parents mean to their children. Considering Cholly’s childhood and adolescent, we may be more forgiving to him. Cholly is abandoned by his parents. The lack of love nutrition afflicts little Cholly’s heart. In the process of growth, he suffers whites insult; it can be said to him buried violence. With the fall of the deep-rooted bad habits Cholly became another one. It is not difficult to explain the possibility of tragedy and will Nature. This tragedy is not isolated cases, but such as four seasons cycle kike occurs in each generation of black body.No matter how messy and sometimes violent human desire is, it is also the origin of happiness. Read carefully, it is clear that many characters are getting happiness by reliving their desire. These experiences satisfy their body needs and know more about sexuality. Claudia prefers to have her sense indulged by wonderful scents, sounds, and tastes than to be given a hard white doll. Cholly’s greatest happiness is eating the best part of a watermelon and touching a girl for the first time. Pauline’s happiest memory is of sexual fulfillment with her husband. To a large degree, The Bluest Eye is about the pleasures and dangers of sexual initiation. At that time, parents wouldn’t teach the children what is sex. At the age of right time, they explore the difference of man and women. It’s the nature of human being. Only follow the nature people develop smoothly.5. ConclusionToni Morrison said, “I wrote the Bluest Eye because someone would actually be apologetic about the fact that their skin was so dark…so the book was about to taking it in, before we all decide that we are all beautiful, and have always been beautiful; I wanted to speak on the behalf of those who didn’t catch this right away. I was deeply concerned about the feeling of being ugly.” Through the tragedy of Pecola, Morrison strives to expose the damages caused by the racial discrimination and strong condemns the oppression of the blacks by white mainstream culture. More importantly, the book shows us different perspectives towards such difficult dilemma. Claudia’s brave and kind, Cholly’s cruelty, Pauline’s cold and carelessness and Pecola’s innocence, all of these rich the level of theme. In addition, the undercurrent of desire flows and flows. The people who depress their desire get their heart distorted. The people who expose the body needs causally results the bitter life of the victim and himself. Only the people who relive their needs appropriately get happiness. We can explore many more themes from different ways .In a word; it’s really a meaningful book.。