莎士比亚英文介绍

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616), English poet, player and playwright, was baptized in the parish church of Stratford upon-Avon in Warwickshire on the 26th of April 1564. The exact date of his birth is not known. Two. 18th-century antiquaries, William Oldys and Joseph Greene, gave it as April 23, but without quoting authority for their statements, and the fact that April 23 was the day of Shakespeare's death in 1616 suggests a possible source of error. In any case his birthday cannot have been later than April 23, since the inscription upon his monument is evidence that on April 23, 1616, he had already begun his fifty-third year. His father, John Shakespeare, was a burgess of the recently constituted corporation of Stratford, and had already filled certain minor municipal offices. From 1561 to 1563 he had been one of the two chamberlains to whom the finance of the town was entrusted. By occupation he was a glover, but he also appears to have dealt from time to time in various kinds of agricultural produce, such as barley, timber and wool. Aubrey (Lives, 1680) spoke of him as a butcher, and it is quite possible that he bred and even killed the calves whose skins he manipulated. He is sometimes described in formal documents as a yeoman, and it is highly probable that he combined a certain amount of farming with the practice of his trade. He was living in Stratford as early as 1552, in which year he was fined for having a dunghill in Henley Street, but he does not appear to have been a native of the town, in whose records the name is not found before his time; and he may reasonably be identified with the John Shakespeare of Snitterfield, who administered the goods of his father, Richard Shakespeare, in 1561. Snitterfield is a village in the immediate neighbourhood of Stratford, and here Richard Shakespeare had been settled as a farmer since 1529. It is possible that John Shakespeare carried on the farm for some time after his father's death, and that by 1570 he had also acquired a small holding called Ingon in Hampton Lucy, the next village to Snitterfield. But both of these seem to have passed subsequently to his brother Henry, who was buried at Snitterfield in 1596. There was also at Snitterfield a Thomas Shakespeare and an Anthony Shakespeare, who afterwards moved to Hampton Corley; and these may have been of the same family. A John Shakespeare, who dwelt at Clifford Chambers, another village close to Stratford, is clearly distinct. Strenuous efforts have been made to trace Shakespeare's genealogy beyond Richard of Snitterfield, but so far without success. Certain drafts of heraldic exemplifications of the Shakespeare arms speak, in one case of John Shakespeare's grandfather, in another of his great-grandfather, as having been rewarded with lands and tenements in Warwickshire for service to Henry VII. No such grants, however, have been traced, and even in the

16th-century statements as to " antiquity and service " in heraldic preambles were looked upon with suspicion.

威廉·莎士比亚(1564 - 1616),英国诗人,队员和剧作家在教区的教堂受洗的upon-Avon在斯特拉特福德瓦立克夏郡队在1564年4月的26th。他出生的确切日期还不为人所知。两个。18th antiquaries世纪中叶,威廉Oldys约瑟·格林,将其作为4月23日,但没有引用当局发表声明,而事实上,4月23日是莎士比亚去世的日子在1616年提出了一个可能的误差来源。在任何情况下他的生日不能已经迟于年4月23日,在他的纪念碑上的题字以来表明1616年4月23日,他已经开始了他的fifty-third年。他的父亲,约翰莎士比亚是一个伯吉斯最近设立公司的斯特拉特福德,已经充满了某些小市政办公室。从1561年到1563年,他的两个太监所镇财政模范。他是一位格的职业,但他似乎也涉及从时间,以时间,各种农产品,如大麦、木材和羊毛。奥布里(生活,1680)说他是一个屠夫,但是很有可能他甚至被杀死繁殖幼体皮他的操控。他有时被描述为一个yeoman正式文件,它极有可能就是他结合一定的农业与实践的贸易。他住在斯特拉特福德早在1552年,他被罚款哪一年在粪堆在亨利街,但他似乎没有是一个土生土长的小镇,在记录的名字是没有找到他的日期未到之先,他可以合理的认同了约翰莎士比亚的Snitterfield,谁给他父亲的商品,理查德莎士比亚,

在1561年。在一个村庄里Snitterfield立即地区的斯特拉特福德,这里理查德·莎士比亚已经解决了作为一个农民,自1529年以来。它可能是约翰莎士比亚进行农场有一段时间在他父亲过世后,到1570年,他als

The name Shakespeare is extremely widespread, and is spelt in an astonishing variety of ways. That of John Shakespeare occurs 166 times in the Council Book of the Stratford corporation, and appears to take 16 different forms. The verdict, not altogether unanimous, of competent palaeographers is to the effect that Shakespeare himself, in the extant examples of his signature, always wrote " Shakspere." In the printed signatures to the dedications of his poems, on the title-pages of nearly all the contemporary editions of his plays that bear his name, and in many formal documents it appears as Shakespeare.

莎士比亚的名字是非常广泛的,是在一个惊人的各种各样的拼写方式。约翰莎士比亚发生了166次会议记录的斯特拉福德公司,并表现出不同的形式,采取16这一判决,不完全一致,主管palaeographers是效果,莎士比亚本人,在他的签名现存实例,总是写“视角。“在印刷上签名证书自己的诗作,画上的几乎所有的现代版本,他的剧作担当他的名字,并且在许多正式文件的形式看来是莎士比亚。

This may be in part due to the martial derivation which the poet's literary contemporaries were fond of assigning to his name, and which is acknowledged in the arms that he bore. The forms in use at Stratford, however, such as Shaxpeare, by far the commonest, suggest a short pronunciation of the first syllable, and thus tend to support Dr Henry Bradley's derivation from the Anglo-Saxon personal name, Seaxberht. It is interesting, and even amusing, to record that in 1487 Hugh Shakspere of Merton College, Oxford, changed his name to Sawndare, because his former name vile reputatum est. The earliest record of a Shakespeare that has yet been traced is in 12 4 8 at Clapton in Gloucestershire, about seven miles from Stratford. The name also occurs during the 13th century in Kent, Essex and Surrey, and during the 14th in Cumberland, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Essex, Warwickshire and as far away as Youghal in Ireland. Thereafter it is found in London and most of the English counties, particularly those of the midlands; and nowhere more freely than in Warwickshire. There were Shakespeares in Warwick and in Coventry, as well as around Stratford; and the clan appears to have been very numerous in a group of villages about twelve miles north of Stratford, which includes Baddesley Clinton, Wroxall, Rowington, Haseley, Hatton, Lapworth, Packwood, Balsall and Knowle. William was in common use as a personal name, and Williams from more than one other family have from time to time been confounded with the dramatist. Many Shakespeares are upon the register of the gild of St Anne at Knowle from about 1457 to about 1526. Amongst these were Isabella Shakespeare, prioress of the Benedictine convent of Wroxall, and Jane Shakespeare, a nun of the same convent. Shakespeares are also found as tenants on the manors belonging to the convent, and at the time of the Dissolution in 1534 one Richard Shakespeare was its bailiff and collector of rents. Conjectural attempts have been made on the one hand to connect the ancestors of this Richard Shakespeare with a family of the same name who held land by m ilitary tenure at Baddesley Clinton in the 14th and 15th centuries, and on the other to identify him with the poet's grandfather, Richard Shakespeare of Snitterfield. But Shakespeares are to be traced at Wroxall nearly as far back as at Baddesley Clinton, and there is no reason to suppose that Richard the bailiff, who was certainly still a tenant of Wroxall in 1556, had also since 1529 been farming land ten miles off at Snitterfield.

这可能部分由于推导的戒严令诗人的文学同时代的人喜欢给他的名字,是认识到他所受的手臂。在使用形式斯特拉特福德,然而例如Shaxpeare,到目前为止最常见的,建议一个短的第一个音节

的发音,从而更倾向于支持亨利·布拉德利的推导博士从盎格鲁-撒克逊个人的名字,Seaxberht。有趣的是,甚至有趣,记录,1487年的莫顿大学休视角,牛津布,改了他的名字以便Sawndare,因为他的原名卑贱的reputatum开盘。莎士比亚最早的记录,而且在12追溯到四8克莱普顿在格洛斯特郡,大约七英里,从斯特拉特福德。这个名字也出现在13th世纪(肯特、埃塞克斯和萨里郡,在14th 在兰,约克郡,Nottinghamshire、威塞克斯、瓦立克夏郡队和遥远的Youghal在爱尔兰。从那以后,它被发现在伦敦和大多数的英语县,特别是其中的中部,没有比在瓦立克夏郡队更自由。有莎士比亚和考文垂的概况,以及在斯特拉特福德;与宗族似乎已经被众多一群大约12英里以北村庄斯特

拉特福德,包括Baddesley克林顿,Wroxall,Rowington,Haseley,哈

顿,Lapworth,Packwood,Balsall和Knowle。威廉被常用作为一个个人的名字,和威廉姆斯来自一个以上的其他家庭从一次又一次的被蒙羞的剧作家。许多莎士比亚在登记的圣安妮得到在Knowle 从大约1457到1526。在这些被伊莎贝拉莎士比亚、prioress Wroxall班尼克的修道院,简莎士比亚,修女相同的修道院里去。莎士比亚作为房客也发现了在庄园属于修道院,在当时的溶解在1534年理查德莎士比亚是其围攻和收藏家的租金。推测一直尝试在一个

With the breaking of this link, the hope of giving Shakespeare anything more than a grandfather on the father's side must be laid aside for the present. On the mother's side he was connected with a family of some distinction. Part at least of Richard Shakespeare's land at Snitterfield was held from Robert Arden of Wilmcote in the adjoining parish of Aston Cantlow, a cadet of the Ardens of Parkhall, who counted amongst the leading gentry of Warwickshire. Robert Arden married his second wife, Agnes Hill, formerly Webbe, in 1548, and had then no less than eight daughters by his first wife. To the youngest of these, Mary Arden, he left in 1556 a freehold in Aston Cantlow consisting of a farm of about fifty or sixty acres in extent, known as Asbies. At some date later than November 1556, and probably before the end of 1557, Mary Arden became the wife of John Shakespeare. In October 1556 John Shakespeare had bought two freehold houses, one in Greenhill Street, the other in Henley Street. The latter, known as the wool shop, was the easternmost of the two tenements now combined in the so-called Shakespeare's birthplace. The western tenement, the birthplace proper, was probably already in John Shakespeare's hands, as he seems to have been living in Henley Street in 1552. It has sometimes been thought to have been one of two houses which formed a later purchase in 1575, but there is no evidence that these were in Henley Street at all.

以打破这一环节,希望给予的任何比一个祖父莎士比亚的父亲一方必须搁置的礼物。在母亲的旁边,他与一个家庭的一些区别。至少部分理查德莎士比亚的土地举行Snitterfield罗伯特·阿迪的教区的Wilmcote邻近的阿斯顿Cantlow,下等人的Ardens Parkhall的,在主要的计算劣绅瓦立

克夏郡队。罗伯特·阿迪娶了他的第二任妻子,艾格尼丝希尔,以前Webbe,在1548年,当时不少于八女儿被他的第一个妻子。这些长幼,玛丽·阿迪,他1556年离开阿斯顿Cantlow在一个不动产组成的一个农场的50或60英亩在程度上,被称为Asbies。在某个日期迟于1556年11月,并且很有可能在1557年年底之前,玛丽·阿迪成为约翰莎士比亚的妻子。1556年10月约翰莎士比亚已经买了两个不动产的房屋,一个在Greenhill街道,另一个在亨利街。后者,称为羊毛店,位于两个住宅单位现在的组合在所谓的“莎士比亚的出生地。西方租户、适当的发祥地,很可能已经在约翰莎士比亚的手,因为他似乎一直都生活在亨利街在1552年。它有时被认为有两种房子,后来在1575年形成的

购买,但是没有证据表明这些在亨利街。

William Shakespeare was not the first child. A Joan was baptized in 1558 and a Margaret in 1562. The latter was buried in 1563 and the former must also have died young, although her burial is not recorded, as a second Joan was baptized in 1569. A Gilbert was baptized in 1566, an Anne in 1571, a Richard in 1 574 and an Edmund in 1580. Anne died in 1579; Edmund, who like his brother became an actor, in 2607; Richard in 1613. Tradition has it that one of Shakespeare's brothers used to visit London in the 17th century as quite an old man. If so, this can only have been Gilbert.

威廉·莎士比亚是不是第一个孩子。在1558年一个琼受洗和玛格丽特在1562年。后者葬在1563年和这位前还必须有英年早逝,虽然她没有记录的曲风,作为第二琼受洗于1569年。洗一个吉尔伯特在1566年,一个安在1571年,一个在1 574)与理查德·埃德蒙在1580年。安妮于1579年去世,爱德蒙,谁像他哥哥成了一个演员,在2607年,理查德在1613年。传统观点认为,莎士比亚的一首弟兄们常去17th世纪伦敦作为相当一个老男人。如果是这样的话,这只会被吉尔伯特先生。”

During the years that followed his marriage, John Shakespeare became prominent in Stratford life. In 1565 he was chosen as an alderman, and in 1568 he held the chief municipal office, that of high bailiff. This carried with it the dignity of justice of the peace. John Shakespeare seems to have assumed arms, and thenceforward was always entered in corporation documents as " Mr " Shakespeare, whereby he may be distinguished from another John Shakespeare, a " corviser " or shoemaker, who dwelt in Stratford about 1584-1592. In 1571 as an ex-bailiff he began another year of office as chief alderman.

在随后的几年里他的婚姻,约翰莎士比亚在斯特拉特福德成了著名的生活。1565年,他被选为议员,并在1568年举办了首席市政办公无耻的围攻。这种携带有正义的尊严的和平。约翰莎士比亚似乎假设了手臂,thenceforward总是进入公司文件”,“莎士比亚初出茅庐的他的攻击,让另一个约翰

莎士比亚,“corviser”或鞋匠,谁住在斯特拉特福德约1584 - 1592。在1571年能够顶住事业初期的首席议员的办公室。

One may think, therefore, of Shakespeare in his boyhood as the son of one of the leading citizens of a not unimportant. provincial market-town, with a vigorous life of its own, which in spite of the dunghills was probably not much unlike the life of a similar town to-day, and with constant reminders of its past in the shape of the stately buildings formerly belonging to its college and its gild, both of which had been suppressed at the Reformation. Stratford stands on the Avon, in the midst of an agricultural country, throughout which in those days enclosed orchards and meadows alternated with open fields for tillage, and not far from the wilder and wooded district known as the Forest of Arden. The middle ages had left it an heritage in the shape of a free grammar-school, and here it is natural to suppose that William Shakespeare obtained a sound enough education,' with a working knowledge of " Mantuan "2 and Ovid in the original, even though to such a thorough scholar as Ben Jonson it might seem no more than " small Latin and less Greek." In 1577, when Shakespeare was about thirteen, his father's fortunes began to take a turn for the worse. He became irregular in his contributions to town levies, and had to give a mortgage on his wife's property of Asbies as security for a loan from her brother-in-law, Edmund Lambert. Money

was raised to pay this off, partly by the sale of a small interest in land at Snitterfield which had come to Mary Shakespeare from her sisters, partly perhaps by that of the Greenhill Street house and other property in Stratford outside Henley Street, none of which seems to have ever come into William Shakespeare's hands. Lambert, however, refused to surrender the mortgage on the plea of older debts, and an attempt to recover Asbies by litigation proved ineffectual. John Shakespeare's difficulties increased. An action for debt was sustained against him in the local court, but no personal property could be found on which to distrain. He had long ceased to attend the meetings of the corporation, and as a consequence he was removed in 1586 from the list of aldermen. In this state of domestic affairs it is not likely that Shakespeare's school life was unduly prolonged. The chances are that he was apprenticed to some local trade. Aubrey says that he killed calves for his father, and " would do it in a high style, and make a speech." Whatever his circumstances, they did not deter him at the early age of eighteen from the adventure of marriage. Rowe. recorded the name of Shakespeare's wife as Hathaway, and Joseph Greene succeeded in tracing her to a family of that name dwelling in Shottery, one of the hamlets of Stratford. Her monument gives her first name as Anne, and her age as sixty-seven in 1623. She must, therefore, have been about eight years older than Shakespeare. Various small trains of evidence point to her identification with the daughter Agnes mentioned in the will of a Richard Hathaway of Shottery, who died in 1581, being then in possession of the farm-house now known as " Anne Hathaway's Cottage." Agnes was legally a distinct name from Anne, but there can be no doubt that ordinary custom treated them as identical. The principal record of the It is worth noting that Walter Roche, who in 1558 became fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was master of the school in 1570-1572, so that its standard must have been good.

你也许会想,因此,莎士比亚的作品在他的童年的儿子的一个主要的公民不重要。省级

market-town,它自己的生命活力,尽管dunghills可能是不太像一个类似的城镇生活的今天,和不断的提醒它的过去的样子原属于庄严的建筑学院及其贴金,都曾被查禁的改革。斯特拉特福德站在雅芳,处在一个农业国家,在那些日子在封闭的果园和野外草地相间为耕作,而不是远离怀尔德和树木繁茂的森林地区称为阿迪。中世纪业已经离开了它的形状grammar-school自由,这是很自然的假设,威廉·莎士比亚获得足够的教育良好的工作知识的“Mantuan“2和奥维德在原来的,即使这样一个彻底的学者本·琼森似乎不超过“小拉丁语和希腊语。少“在1577年,当莎士比亚大约13,他父亲的财富开始转弯变得更糟糕了。他成为他的贡献在城镇不规则征税,并给他妻子的财产抵押担保的贷款Asbies从她的姐夫,埃德蒙?兰伯特问道。募集到的资金支付了,部分是由于销售的一个小的兴趣Snitterfield所遭遇的土地上,从她的妹妹玛丽莎士比亚,部分原因可能是由Greenhill街的房子和其它财产亨利街斯特拉特福德外,没有一个似乎已经能够进入威廉·莎士比亚的手。兰伯特,然而,拒绝交出抵押债务的祈求,年长,而且试图恢复Asbies通过诉讼证明无效。约翰莎士比亚的困难增加。提出了在他的债务持续地方法院,但没有个人财产可以被发现,扣押。他长期