专题4：特殊句式

专题4 特殊句式

◆主谓一致的核心考点

1．就近一致原则

(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.

(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.

2．意义一致原则

(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况

①表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。

Politics is his favorite subject.

②表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。

Do you know when the United Nations was set up?

(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况

表示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

The police are searching for the murderer.

(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定

①集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.

②“the＋形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。

The poor were looked down upon in the old days.

3．语法一致原则

(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语

①“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。

The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.

②“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋a/the＋名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。

The teacher and the poet have just arrived.

③“every＋名词单数＋and＋every＋名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。

Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.

④通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Bread and butter is not to his taste.

(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

Is fifty pounds enough?

(3)“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。

Two-thirds of the books are about science.

Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.

◆倒装句的核心考点

1．全部倒装

(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。

Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.

(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out 等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。

There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.

(3)such作表语置于句首时。

Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th ce ntury’s greatest scientist.

(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。

“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.

(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。

In the center of the square stands a monument.

(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

2．部分倒装

在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。

(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。

Little does he care about what others think.

(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。

Neither does he drink nor smoke.

(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。

Only then did I find I had made a mistake.

(4)在so/such...that...从句中，当so＋形容词/副词或such＋名词位于句首时。

So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.

(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/as＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是……”。

Times have changed and so have I.

(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/nor ＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也不……”。

They coul dn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.

(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把助动词were，had，should提到主语前面。