托福阅读真题 详解 2104-05-24 02 Impacts and Mass Extinctions
Paragraph 2 While collecting geological samples in Italy in 1978, the father-son team of Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered a thin layer of dark sediment that had apparently been deposited 65 million years ago—at about the same time that the dinosaurs and many other organisms suddenly became extinct. Subsequent studies found similar sediment deposited at the same time at many sites around the world. Careful analysis showed this worldwide sediment layer to be rich in iridium, and element that is rare on Earth’s surface. But iridium is common in primitive meteorites, which led the Alvarezes to a stunning conclusion: the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by the impact of an asteroid or comet. This conclusion was not immediately accepted and still generates some controversy, but it now seems clear that a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs. While the dinosaurs were the most famous victims of this mass extinction, it seems that up to 99 percent of all living things were killed and that 75 percent of all species living on Earth were wiped out at that time. 2. The word ”Subsequent” in the passage is closet in meaning to Detailed Later Recent Additional 选 B 接下来的
3. The phrase ”coincided with” in the passage is closet in meaning to
occurred before happened at the same time as speeded up caused 选 B 与此同时
4. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the presence of iridium in the sediment layer discovered by the Alvarezes because it supported their claim that toxic levels of iridium could have killed the dinosaurs it led some scientists to question the validity of the Alvarezes’ study it led the Alvarezes to conclude that a space impactor killed the dinosaurs it showed that new discoveries were still being made about the extinction of the Dinosaurs 细节题：
also been mass extinctions that wiped out most of Earth’s other species.
Paragraph 3 ○1 How could an impact lead to mass extinction?○2 The amount of iridium deposited worldwide suggests that the impactor must have been about 10 kilometers across. After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event. Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago.○3 Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact eject a solidified as it rained back to Earth. More of these glassy spheres are found in regions near the crater, and careful study of their distribution suggests that the impactor crashed to Earth at a slight angle. These pieces of once molten rock are evidence of an explosion powerful enough to instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin. The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland. Many North American species thus may have been wiped out shortly after impact. For the rest of the world, death may have come more slowly. Heat from the impact and returning ejecta probably ignited wildfires in forests around the world. Evidence of wildfires is found in the large amount of soot (a black powdery form of carbon produced when coal, wood, or oil is burned) that is also present in the indium-rich sediment from 65 million years ago. The impact also sent huge quantities of dust high into the stratosphere, where it remained for several years, blocking out sunlight, cooling the surface, and affecting atmospheric chemistry. Plants died for lack of sunlight, and effects propagated throughout the food chain.
托福考试阅读理解历年真题详解2024版
托福考试阅读理解历年真题详解2024版近年来，随着全球化的推进，托福考试在许多国家的大学入学要求中占据了重要地位。
阅读理解部分是托福考试中最具挑战性的一项，考察学生的阅读能力和理解能力。
本文将针对2024年托福考试阅读理解部分的历年真题进行详细解析，帮助考生更好地备考。
第一篇文章：科学研究的价值题目：文章内容：2008年Nobel得主比较了科学研究与其他领域的价值。
解析：本篇文章主要介绍了科学研究相对于其他领域的独特价值。
根据文章内容，科学研究可以帮助人们更好地理解和掌握自然规律，推动人类社会的发展。
在文章中，我们可以找到以下几个关键观点：1. 科学研究的目标是追求真理和知识，这种探寻的过程本身就具有重要意义。
2. 科学研究可以促使社会进步，改善人们的生活质量。
3. 科学研究对于解决当前全球性问题具有重要作用。
4. 科学研究需要长期投入，但其收益是长远的。
本文可以按如下结构进行分析和解析：1.引言- 简要介绍科学研究的重要性，提出论点：科学研究在各个领域中具有独特价值。
2.段落一- 阐述科学研究的目标是追求真理和知识，这种探寻的过程本身就具有重要意义。
- 举例说明科学研究如何帮助人们更好地理解自然规律。
3.段落二- 阐述科学研究的社会价值，如推动技术进步、改善生活质量等。
- 举例说明科学研究如何改善医疗技术、提升能源利用效率等。
4.段落三- 强调科学研究在解决全球性问题上的重要作用。
- 举例说明科学研究如何帮助解决气候变化、传染病控制等全球性问题。
5.段落四- 指出科学研究需要长期投入，但其收益是长远的。
- 举例说明科学研究如何推动社会进步和经济发展。
6.结论- 总结全文内容，重申科学研究的独特价值。
通过以上结构以及适当的衔接词、过渡句，可以使文章内容更加连贯，逻辑清晰。
同时，注意使用恰当的语言表达，使文章更加流畅自然。
在解析真题时，考生需要用合适的格式进行回答，例如按照题目要求的真题形式进行回答，清晰地标注每个观点和例子。
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析托福TPO真题阅读答案解析只有愚者才等待机会，而智者则造就机会。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福TPO真题阅读答案解析，希望大家能有所收获，l 答案及题目解析Key:1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C 11.D 12.B 13-14.125题目解析：1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?(Factual Information Question)A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.相关原句：Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence ofa fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.(Paragraph 1)本题解析：cannot disguise…意为“不能掩盖…”，因此“the presence of blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实：鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;B选项中cannot concea(不能隐藏)l恰好与 cannot disguise相吻合，并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，因此选择B。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionBird SongP1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualities. But to scientists, bird song is also of interest because it represents an evolutionary flowering of vocal learning. Hereditary information and environment have a crucial role to play in the behavioral patterns of voca learning. Since the pioneering work of W. H. Thorpe on chaffinches (a common European bird), many species of bird have been studied yielding a bountiful harvest of insights into both the learning process and the constraints on what they are able to learn.P2: To determine how much learning was affected by various factors, Thorpe devised a series of experiments. He hand-reared a group of young chaffinches together in the same cage, keeping them isolated from their parents and any other audio role models. Thorpe found that the song they produced was about the right length and in the correct frequency range, and even structured similarly to those raised in the wild. And yet, the quality of the songs they produced was very poor. They were crude versions of the wild chaffinch’s song, lacking the refinement and detail characteristic of the typical wild adult song, and the song was not split up into distinct phrases as it usually is. In later experiments, researchers played recordings of songs to the chicks and discovered that many of them would learn the exact pattern of the acoustic source. This was particularly remarkable, as juveniles were able to copy the songs that they were only exposed to over the first few weeks of life with extreme precision, though they would not sing themselves until about eight months old. After that brief period, however, the windows of opportunity for the song-learning process apparently shut down for the rest of the birds’lives.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species.Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, thereis no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.P4: However, not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches. There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf, so that they are restricted from the auditory feedback of their own efforts, much less copy those of others. In other cases, such as parrots and hill mynahs, birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds. The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn more readily from live tutors, though those calls are highly varied in structure. The ability to master them has led the birds, incidentally, to be capable of mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. ■Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. ■The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. ■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. ■In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.1．The word “pioneering” in the passage is closest in meaning toA．recentB．famousC．originalD．controversial正确答案：C解析：【词汇题】pioneering意为“首创的，先驱的”。
托福阅读真题及答案解析分享整理
托福阅读真题及答案解析分享整理托福阅读如何进行备考?除了大量的托福词汇储备以外，大家可能最需要的就是托福阅读真题的练习。
那么除了官方真题Official你还有哪些托福阅读真题进行练习呢?今日我就为大家整理了托福阅读真题及答案解析共享，盼望可以关心到大家。
托福阅读真题练习：声音的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance(B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles(D) The production of speech2. What does the author mean by stating that, At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas andfeelings over and above the words chosen (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.(C)A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.3. The word Here in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions(B) the tone(C) ideas and feelings(D) words chosen4. The word derived in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed(B) prepared(C) registered(D) obtained5. Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 17?(A)As examples of public performance(B)As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing(D) To introduce the idea of self-image6.According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a persons(A) general physical health(B) personality(C) ability to communicate(D) vocal quality7.According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility(B) shyness(C) friendliness(D) strength8. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently(B) exactly(C) severely(D) easily9. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned(B) repeated(C) indicated(D) exaggerated10.According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) lethargy(B) depression(C) boredom(D) anger托福（阅读答案）：BBADABBCCD托福阅读真题练习：（水彩画）的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The societys activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the Industry of All Nations section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconers studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850s long out of print.In 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.托福阅读题目：1. This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800s(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800s(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800s(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during themid-1800s2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published3. The word securing in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiring4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting inWatercolor EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting inWatercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.(C) It was the first important exhibition of the societys work.(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.6. The word it in line 15 refers to(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studio7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850s?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lackof exhibition space.(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in WaterColors.(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds ofartists.8. Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction(D) attracted the interest of art collectors9. The word considerable in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) planned10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for whichof the following reasons?(A) Elements of GraphicArt was republished.(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.11. The word prominent in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organized托福阅读答案：BADCC BACBD C托福阅读真题练习：霍霍坎的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives andcultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The hole at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.Because of its location in the shelters roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelters wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) observations of the stars by ancient people(B) rock formations of Arizona(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word obtained in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) acquired(B) transported(C) covered(D) removed3. The word attributes in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) changes(B) characteristics(C) locations(D) dimensions4. The word its in line 10 refers to(A) roof(B) beam(C) hole(D) spot5. The word establish in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) create(B) locate(C) consult(D) choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south(D) The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word roughly in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) finally(B) harshly(C) uneasily(D) approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT(A) a calendar(B) a home(C) a clock(D) an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.(C)After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.托福阅读答案：CABCA BCDBA托福阅读真题及答案解析共享文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
托福阅读真题第123篇HumanImpactsonBiogeography（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第123篇HumanImpactsonBiogeography（答案文章最后）Biologists, who commonly study the distribution of plant and animal species in different environments—their biogeography—strive to develop interpretations or explanations of the patterns of species distribution, but these may be incorrect if the effects of human beings are not taken into consideration. In some cases, these effects may be accidental; for example, some species of rat were unintentionally transported aboard ships from Europe to the islands of the South Pacific. In other cases, species distributions may have been deliberately modified by human beings. The Polynesians in the South Pacific intentionally moved the kumara (sweet potato) to islands in that region to provide the population with a new food crop.The relocation of species by humans (and more recently the imposition of restrictions on movement by way of national controls and world conventions) has been primarily for economic reasons and for environmental protection. For example, humans introduced Sitka spruce trees into Scotland and England from North America to use them as a timber crop. Similarly, the Monterey pine tree was introduced into New Zealand in the nineteenth century from California and has become the most widely used species in the timber production industry in that country. The potato has been carried from its native home in the high Andes of South America, modified and developed into many varieties, and transported around the world because it can be used as a food crop. The plant formerly known as the Chinese gooseberry was relocated from its native China to New Zealand where an industry was established around therenamed kiwifruit.We have extended the distribution of some species because of certain useful traits that make the species desirable beyond their former known range. For example, willows have extensive root systems, can grow relatively quickly, and are now used in several countries worldwide to stabilize river margins as a flood protection measure. The distribution of willows has therefore been influenced considerably by human use in river bank management.The effects of introduced species can be many and varied and can include effects on the distribution of other species. For example, the North American gray squirrel was introduced into England and has now largely displaced the native red squirrel.The accidental introduction of organisms to new areas may have major pest implications. The South African bronze butterfly, the larva (immature insect forms) of which feed on buds and other parts of geraniums and similar flowers, was accidentally introduced into the Balearic Islands via imported geraniums. In its native South Africa, the distribution and abundance of the butterfly are affected in part by a native wasp that parasitizes (feeds on) the larvae. In the absence of the parasite wasp on the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain, the butterfly has now spread to mainland Spain where its rapid spread has been accentuated by trade in garden plants and modern transport. The species has become a major pest due to the lack of a natural predator and is now causing great problems for the horticultural industry in Spain.Human-driven changes in the distribution of some species may result in hybridization (interbreeding) with other species and so have a genetic effect. For example, the North American cordgrass was accidentally introduced to the south coast of England in the early nineteenth century. It hybridized with the European cord grass and resulted in the production of a new species, which in this case is also a major pest plant of estuaries in England where it became dominant and extensive.Information about a species distribution (prior to human modification) maybe applied in pest control programs for the introduced species. Studies of the species in its native habitat may yield information about the factors that limit or influence its distribution and population dynamics. That information may then be applied in the development of strategies to contain and control the spread of pest species. For example, information about the role of the parasitic wasp in the ecology of the bronze butterfly may be utilized in the process of finding control strategies for that species on mainland Spain.【Paragraph 1】Biologists, who commonly study the distribution of plant and animal species in different environments -- their biogeography -- strive to develop interpretations or explanations of the patterns of species distribution, but these may be incorrect if the effects of human beings are not taken into consideration. In some cases, these effects may be accidental; for example, some species of rat were unintentionally transported aboard ships from Europe to the islands of the South Pacific. In other cases, species distributions may have been deliberately modified by human beings. The Polynesiansin the South Pacific intentionally moved the kumara (sweet potato) to islands in that region to provide the population with a new food crop.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. In biogeography it is common to consider and study the effects of plant and animal species as they are distributed within environments where humans live.B. Biologists who study environments in which plants and animals are distributed have arrived at interpretations or explanations for how species succeed, but these may not be correct.C. To understand plant and animal distribution patterns correctly, biologists must consider the role of hum an beings in the biogeography of speciesD. It is common for biologists who try to understand the effects of humans on their environments to be incorrect in their explanations of certain distribution patterns of plants and animals.2. In paragraph 1, the author makes the point that the relocations of rats and the kumara to new environments differed inA. whether or not humans planned to transfer these species to a new environmentB. how far these species had to be transported to arrive at the new environmentC. how difficult it was for these species to become established in the new environmentD. whether or not these species succeeded in the new environment【Paragraph 2】The relocation of species by humans (and more recently the imposition of restrictions on movement by way of national controls and world conventions) has been primarily for economic reasons and for environmental protection. For example, humans introduced Sitka spruce trees into Scotland and England from North America to use them as a timber crop. Similarly, the Monterey pine tree was introduced into New Zealand in the nineteenth century from California and has become the most widely used species in the timber production industry in that country. The potato has been carried from its native home in the high Andes of South America, modified and developed into many varieties, and transported around the world because it can be used as a food crop. The plant formerly known as the Chinese gooseberry was relocated from its native China to New Zealand where an industry was established around the renamed kiwifruit.3. In paragraph 2, the author mentions Chinese gooseberries and the Monterey pine in order toA. contrast two plant species transplanted for different reasonsB. demonstrate how two extremely different species adapt to a similar environment in New ZealandC. offer evidence that newly introduced species can have unintended positive effects on the environmentD. provide examples of species moved for economic purposes【Paragraph 3】We have extended the distribution of some species because of certain useful traits that make the species desirable beyond their former known range. For example, willows have extensiveroot systems, can grow relatively quickly, and are now used in several countries worldwide to stabilize river margins as a flood protection measure. The distribution ofwillows has therefore been influenced considerably by human use in river bank management.4. According to paragraph 3. why are willows a species that are now found in different countries worldwide?A. They adapt easily to a variety of environments.B. They have characteristics that make them useful in preserving river banks during floods.C. They have a root system that allows them to reproduce easily and live long.D. They require little care or management from humans.【Paragraph 4】The effects of introduced species can be many and varied and can include effects on the distribution of other species. For example, the North American gray squirrel was introduced into England and has now largely displaced the native red squirrel. The accidental introduction of organisms to new areas may have major pest implications. The South African bronze butterfly, the larva (immature insect forms) of which feed on buds and other parts of geraniums and similar flowers, was accidentally introduced into the Balearic Islands via imported geraniums. In its native South Africa, the distribution andabundance of the butterfly are affected in part by a native wasp that parasitizes (feeds on) the larvae. In the absence of the parasite wasp on the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain, the butterfly has now spread to mainland Spain where its rapid spread has been accentuated by trade in garden plants and modern transport. The species has become a major pest due tothe lack of a natural predator and is now causing great problems for the horticultural industry in Spain.5. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about geraniums in South Africa as compared to geraniums in Spain and the Balearic Islands?A. The structural parts and buds of geraniums in South Africa differ from those of geraniums in Spain and the Balearic Islands.B. Compared to the geraniums in Spain, the ones in South Africa are less likely to have bronze butterfly larvae as a pest.C. Geraniums are less important to the horticulture industry in South Africa than they are to the horticultural industries tries of Spain and the Balearic Islands.D. Geraniums in South Africa are traded more than the geraniums in Spain and the Balearic Islands are.6. According to paragraph 4, why did the South African bronze butterfly become a major pest in Spain?A. Spain has a greater number of flowers for the butterflies to feed onB. The butterfly's larvae reach maturity more quickly in Spain than they do elsewhere.C. There are no natural predators of bronze butterfly larvae in SpainD. The species of geranium that is found in Spain is a more delicate garden plant and easier for pests to consume7. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statement about the South African bronze butterfly?A. It was deliberately introduced into two new environments at the same time.B. Its spread on mainland Spain had a significant economic impact.C. It changed its parasitizing behavior when it adapted to new environments.D. Its presence on mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands caused other insect populations to increase.【Paragraph 6】Information about a species distribution (prior to human modification) maybe applied in pest control programs for the introduced species. Studies of the species in its native habitat may yield information about the factors that limit or influence its distribution and population dynamics. That information may then be applied in the development of strategies to contain and control the spread of pest species. For example, information about the role of the parasitic wasp in the ecology of the bronze butterfly may be utilized in the process of finding control strategies for that species on mainland Spain.8. Paragraph 6 returns to a discussion of the bronze buttery in order toA. demonstrate that information about species in their native habitat can be applied to controlling their spread in new habitatsB. emphasize the negative effects of parasitic wasps on butterflies in generalC. further support the claim that the bronze butterfly was accidentally introduced to mainland SpainD. conclude by recommending the development of careful pest control strategies so that the ecology is not damaged 【Paragraph 2】The effects of introduced species can be many and varied and can include effects on the distribution of other species. For example, the North American gray squirrel was introduced into England and has now largely displaced the native red squirrel.The accidental introduction of organisms to new areas may have major pest implications. ■The South African bronze butterfly, the larva (immature insect forms) of which feed on buds and other parts of geraniums and similar flowers, was accidentally introduced into the Balearic Islands via imported geraniums. ■In its native South Africa, the distribution and abundance of the butterfly are affected in part by a native wasp that parasitizes (feed s on) the larvae.■ In the absence of the parasite wasp on the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain, the butterfly has now spread to mainland Spain where its rapidspread has been accentuated by trade in garden plants and modem transport. ■The species has become a major pest due to the lack of a natural predator and is now causing great problems for the horticultural industry in Spain.9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Its presence there helps control the bronze butterfly population.Where would the sentence best fit?10.【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A variety of factors, including human activity, can affect the distribution of species.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Research has shown that the biogeography of species can change even without human interference as can be seen in the wide distribution of willows along a wide range of river banks.B. Introducing a species to a new environment can have unintended consequences such as those that occurred when a butterfly was relocated to an environment that lacked its natural predator.C. The success of relocating two species together depends on how they help each other survive in a new environment as demonstrated by the South African bronze butterfly and geraniums.D. The study of the relocations of certain species to new habitats has been difficult because it is not always clear if the relocations were natural or caused by humans.E. Humans have relocated species for a variety of reasons, including obtaining new food sources, creating new industries, and taking advantage of the characteristics of certain species.F. Understanding the distribution of a species in its native habitat can be useful in controlling Its spread as a pest in Its new habitat.。
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 24 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 24试题及答案PASSAGE 24The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere,a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines offorce with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in thepolar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth'smagnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles(C) The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras2. The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) ideas(B) stars(C) events(D) colors3. The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) frame(B) imagine(C) describe(D) explain4. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere(C) it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind(D) it is strongest in the polar regions5. The word "them" in line 16 refers to(A) polar regions(B) electrons(C) atoms and molecules(D) aurora radiations6. According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?(A) greenish-white(B) crimson(C) blue(D) violet7. The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) change from(B) connect with(C) add to(D) give off8. The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) shining(B) moving(C) charging(D) hanging9. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth(B) solar flares are very intense(C) the speed of the solar wind is reduced(D) the excitation of atoms is low10. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras?(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.(C) Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "magnetosphere" (line 6)(B) "electrons" (line 15)(C) "ionize" (line 15)(D) "fusion" (line 29).ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A。
2021年托福阅读回忆和解析参考答案
新托福阅读真题全解析最新3篇
新托福阅读真题全解析最新3篇新托福阅读真题全解析篇一文章内容小结题这是托福阅读考试中经常出现的题目。
顾名思义，是对全文内容的总结，考察的是对文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。
正确选项是一些总结性的选项，错误选项的特点是：与原文不符，原文没有提到，或者是次要信息。
次要信息也就是文中提到的某个细节性的信息，次要信息的选项具有极大的干扰，在做题时应注意识别。
句子简化题这种题型的主要考查目的是：考查理解文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。
因此，语法水平在解题过程中就显得尤为重要。
这种题目在托福阅读中的具体表现是题目中有“high sentence”。
修辞目的题这是托福阅读题型中比较难得分的题目，这种题目注重考察单词，短语或句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，这就要求平时阅读时，在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。
事实否定题在解答这种题目的时候首先要注意的是避免惯性思维的影响。
平时在做题习惯当中，看到与原文相符或者和原文一样的选项就选，但是到了这个题目，需要选择不属于题干内容或者与原文相反的选项，这是需要注意的一点。
插空题这些题目中的一些较为复杂的逻辑关系会可能会造成失分。
在解答托福阅读插空题，首要任务就是要找到线索词。
也就是能够让了解句子之间逻辑或者语法联系的词，线索词亦是解题的关键。
如何快速完成托福阅读插句题：1. 在段落之前的空，99%错误率！因为每段的中心容易出现在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了。
但同时请注意【两段式的插句题】，第二个段落前面或第一个段落后面的空反而容易是正确的！2. 空后有代词this, these, that, those, he, she, they, it, such, each, other, one, another, both, each, anybody, none, some, any….的，一般来说是不对的，缘由是【代词不能跨距！】，如果在代词前面加了一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。
往年托福阅读真题及答案
往年托福阅读真题及答案托福(TOEFL)历年真题的重要性不言而喻，这是目前托福考试出题思路的唯一参考资料，因此现今每场托福考试中都会出现大量的旧题，那么能拿到最高效的真题资料就尤为关键了。
下面给大家带来托福阅读真题，希望对你们有所帮助。
往年托福阅读真题及答案In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s.While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the excepti on. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movementof the 1890s changed “urban planning.”B.For the most part, there was no “urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.C.oncerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.D.The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”首先我们先明确题目的要求，其实题目中一共应该是3个核心重点要求：(1)best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(2)Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways(3)or leave out essential information.通过对题目的分析我们不难发现，essential这个单词出现了2次，换言之，题目要求大家做的是“找出句子的核心含义”，那么什么算是“核心含义”呢?要明白这个问题就要深刻理解一个概念：英语句内逻辑结构比如although A, B 中 AB两部分为让步转折关系，核心点是转折后的B句，because A, B中AB两部分为因果关系，核心点是结论B句。
2024托福考试阅读理解历年考题详解
2024托福考试阅读理解历年考题详解托福考试是一个用以测试英语非母语者英语能力的国际化标准化考试，而阅读理解是其中的一项内容。
在考试中，阅读理解占据了重要的分值比例。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对2024年过去几年托福考试中的阅读理解历年考题进行详解，以期对考生提供更准确的备考指导。
考题一：Passage 1Para 1: Introduction to the topic.Para 2: Historical background.Para 3: Theory X.Para 4: Theory Y.Para 5: Summary of the passage.考题二：Passage 1Para 1: Introduction to the topic.Para 2: Background information.Para 3: First theory.Para 4: Second theory.Para 5: Third theory.Para 6: Evaluation and conclusion.考题三：Passage 1Para 1: Introduction to the topic. Para 2: Background information. Para 3: Experiment design.Para 4: Experiment results.Para 5: Discussion and analysis. Para 6: Conclusion.考题四：Passage 1Para 1: Introduction to the topic. Para 2: Background information. Para 3: First viewpoint.Para 4: Second viewpoint.Para 5: Third viewpoint.Para 6: Evaluation and conclusion.考题五：Passage 1Para 1: Introduction to the topic.Para 2: Historical background.Para 3: First example.Para 4: Second example.Para 5: Third example.Para 6: Summary and conclusion.通过以上的历年考题详解，我们可以清楚地看到托福阅读理解的一般结构和写作模式。