英国概况复习题
专八人文知识之英国概况
练习题：1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except _____.英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家，原因有很多.但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的.A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade。
B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power. 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3。
the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。
大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党，主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。
4。
On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament，began。
英美概况英国期末考试复习资料
英美概况英国期末考试复习资料I国家概述1,The Union Jackred cross: Englandwhite saltire: Scotlandred saltire: Northern Ireland2,This is the Welsh flag (Welsh Dragon). It is not represented in the UK Flag becauseWales was ruled directly from London.(before the 1st version of UK flag, Wales had already been conquered and considered to be part of England) 3,Motto of the UKGod and my right. (English)天有上帝,我有权利。
II climate1,Does Britain have a favorable climate？Why？Because a maritime type of climate—winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot;It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;It has a small range of temperature & lack of extremes.2,What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;Britain is mainly influenced by the prevailing south-west winds across theAtlantic, which bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperature moderate;The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.III History of BritainEarly Settlers (5000BC-55BC)1, How about their civilization? (What did they bring with them?)a) The art of pottery makingb) The ability to fashion (ornament with patterns) bronzetoolsc) The custom of individual buriald) The hill forts (堡垒) and small fortified towns (筑堡城镇).The Maiden Castle is one of the finest examples.2, What was their religion?Druidism（德鲁伊德教），the Druids—the wise men,astrologers, soothsayersIV Transition to Modern Age (1455-1688)1,What happened during the 17th century?During the 17th century Puritanism became a political movement: the parliamentarians who fought Charles I and took power under Cromwell were Puritans, and the struggle between the king and parliament is also known as the Puritan Revolution. 2,What else were the Puritans called?After the Restoration of 1660 the Puritans left the Church, and from then on were known as Dissenters or Nonconformists. 3．The consequences of the Civil Wars(1) the English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of feudal rule in Europe.(2) It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.(3) The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, as the King’s opponents were mainly Puritan.4,How did the “Glorious Revolution”break out?A. James II’s revival of Catholicism in Englanda. When Charles II died, his brother succeeded, becoming James II.b. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was aCatholic.c. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views.B. Intolerance of Catholic and dethrone of the Kinga. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic as king in 1688 than 40 years ago.b. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king.C. Co-monarchsa. William of Orange（奥兰治王室）, James’s Dutch nephew and husband of Mary, James’s daughter, was invited to invade and take the English throne.b. William and Mary were invited for joint rule, and they jointly accepted the Bill of Rights.D. the takeover with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, therefore became known as the Glorious Revolution. 5,The Bill of Rights 《权⼒法案》In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly.(1) The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession(2) confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy(3) and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.(4) Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.V.Judiciary(Headed by Lord Chancellor)VI Economy1,Economic declinetwo World Wars—great economic lossthe era of the British Empire was over—decolonization (losses of raw material & market)military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)2,Current British Economythe world's fifth largest economy(after US, Japan, Germany and China)The UK's people are the world's twelfth richest Sterling—performed relatively well against major currencies in recent years 五，福利六，宗教1，Who is the founder of Christianity?Jesus Christ, who was crucified around A.D. 30 in Jerusalem, is the founder of Christianity.2，Who is Jesus Christ?Jesus Christ is the Son of God. He came to earth to teachabout love and fellowship. He represents the person that all Christians must strive to be.Jesus was a Jew who was born about 2000 years ago in Bethlehem(1.伯利恒(耶路撒泠南⽅六英⾥⼀市镇,耶稣诞⽣地)). Jesus lived for 33 years before being crucified by the Romans. 3,What other names is Jesus known by?Son of GodLight of the WorldLamb of GodThe Good Shepherd.4,What do Christians believe?Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God and that:God sent his Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sinsJesus was fully human, and experienced this world in the same way as other human beings of his timeJesus was tortured and gave his life on the Cross (At the Crucifixion)Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his Crucifixion (the Resurrection)Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah promised in theOld TestamentChristians believe that there is only one God, but that this one God consists of 3 "persons"七，教育，假期1，Christmas→the biggest and the most popular British holiday celebrated on December 25th.→to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.→People usually decorate homes with evergreen plants, Christmas trees and ornaments.→They exchange gifts and Christmas cards.⼋，⽣活1，Holidays and Festivals in Britainthe Christmas 'pantomimeBoxing Dayto hear the Queen give her Christmas message九，政治1，What's the role of the Queen or King?The head of everything but ruler of nothing.head of the statean integral part of the legislaturehead of the executivehead of the judiciarythe commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crownthe ‘supreme Governor’of the Church of England.2，The importance of the monarchy:Is found in its effect on public attitudeIs used to represent the continuity and adaptability of the whole political systemIs used as a symbol of the unity of the whole country, an acceptable bound among the peoples who retain many regional and cultural differences.People are convinced that the Queen has no bias towards any nation and exists to help preserve the people's rights, the right to personal property and the right not to be imprisoned without a trial.It is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.3 .What's your idea about UK keeping the monarch?A.Theoretically, the King or Queen is the source of all government powers. He/She is the head of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces.B,In reality, the King or Queen does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister, and his/her role is symbolic, ceremonial, and not political.C,The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a symbol of British unity, representing the continuity of the whole political system. So the stability of the D,British government owes much to the monarchy.E,The monarch can meet the PM on weekly basis at Buckingham Palace, give the Royal Assent to any new law that has been passed by Parliament, act as a final check on a government that is becoming dictatorial.F，As a figurehead to represent the country, the monarch can perform the following ceremonial duties:paying state visits to Commonwealthcountries as head of state and non-Commonwealth countries on behalf of theBritish government, etc.⼗，议会1，What are the main functions of Parliament?to pass lawsto provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of governmentto scrutinise government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditureto debate the major issues of the day2，the House of Lords: the upper house上议院the Lords Spiritual (the senior bishops of the Church of England 神职议员)the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage ⾮神职议员)the members are not elected by the population at large but are appointed by past or current governments.3，the House of Commons: the lower house下议院a democratically elected chamber with elections held at least every 5 yearsMPs comes from 646 constituencies of roughly equal population.4,What Goes on in the House of Commons?Many hours are spent debating issues of national and international importance.Most often a motion is proposed by one or two of theGovernment’s front benchers and then the same number of persons from the Opposition front benches oppose it.The Speaker decides who is allowed to speak and he/she must ensure that each side is given equal opportunity and time to speak.After the debate the MPs vote for or against the motion. MPs vote by going into ‘lobbies’, one for ‘yes’and one for ‘no’votes where they are counted.After the votes are counted the results are announced in the chamber.⼗⼀政体1，2，The Political Parties(1) the Conservative party(2) the Labour party(3) the Liberal Democrats3，The Prime Ministeris appointed by the Queen.is the leader of his party in the House of Commonsis the head of governmenthas the right to select his cabinet, hand out departmental positions, decide the agenda for cabinet meetings which he also chairs.can dismiss ministers if this is requiredkeeps the Queen informed of government decisionshe exercises wide powers of appointments in the civil service, church and judiciary .4,What is the Cabinet?The collective decision-making (executive) body, composed of the Prime Minister and the most senior of the government ministersThe most senior members of the Cabinet are:PM, Deputy PM, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. All Cabinet members are serving MP's or peers.Oppositions have a ‘Shadow Cabinet’.。
英美概况复习题1答案
英美概况复习题1答案
1. 英国的首都是哪里？
答案：伦敦。
2. 美国的独立日是每年的哪一天？
答案：7月4日。
3. 英国的官方语言是什么？
答案：英语。
4. 美国的货币单位是什么？
答案：美元。
5. 英国的国花是什么？
答案：玫瑰。
6. 美国的国土面积在世界上排名第几？
答案：第四。
7. 英国的国王或女王的正式称呼是什么？
答案：君主。
8. 美国的宪法有多少条修正案？
答案：27条。
9. 英国最大的城市是哪一个？
答案：伦敦。
答案：玫瑰。
11. 英国的议会由哪两院组成？
答案：上议院和下议院。
12. 美国的总统任期是多久？
答案：四年。
13. 英国的国歌名是什么？
答案：《天佑女王》。
14. 美国的人口在世界上排名第几？答案：第三。
15. 英国的国旗由哪几种颜色组成？答案：蓝色、白色和红色。
16. 美国的首都是哪个城市？
答案：华盛顿特区。
17. 英国的国教是什么？
答案：英国国教。
18. 美国的官方语言是什么？
答案：英语。
19. 英国的君主制是哪种类型？
答案：立宪君主制。
答案：《星条旗》。
英国概况练习题
英国概况练习题《英国概况》试题(1)I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is _B___.A. ScafellB. Ben NevisC. the CotswoldsD. the Forth2. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB.Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD.the Lake District4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.A. EuropeB. the United StatesC. AfricaD. the West Indies, Indies and Pakistan6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons7. British Recorded history began with _____.A. Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.A. JohnB. James IC. EgbertD. Henry I9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106010. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.A. WindsorB. TudorC. MalcolmD. Plantagenet11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry IIIB. the PopeC. BaronsD. Simon de Montfort12. The H undred Years? war started in ____ and ended in ____, in which the Englishhad lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.A. 1337, 1453, FlandersB. 1337, 1453, CalaisC. 1346, 1453, ArgencourtD. 1346, 1453, Brest13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced byking _____.A. 30, Richard III, Henry TudorB. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorC. 30, Richard I, Henry TudorD. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 1515. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers of America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Newfoundland19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A. 1957B. 1967C. 1973D. 1979英美概况试题(2)21. Soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World WarD. 196022. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintainedthe lowest _____ rate and the highest _____ rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.A. the exhaustion of old minesB. costly extractionC. little money being investedD. the labour shortage24. Britain?s foreign trade is mainly with _____.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. EC25. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are_____ members of Parliaments are elected.A. five, 600B. five, 650C. five, 651D. four, 65127. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she alwayssits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons29. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.A. the judge, the juryB. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the juryD. the Lord Chancellor, the jury31. ____ tries the most serious offences such as murder and robbery.A. Magistrates? courtsB. Youth courtsC. district courtsD. The Crown Court32. London?s Metropolitan Poli ce Force is under the control of_____.A. the England secretariesB. the Scottish SecretariesC. Northern Ireland SecretariesD. the Home Secretary33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights34. The non-contributory social security benefits include thefollowing except _____.A. war pensionB. child benefitC. family creditD. unemployment benefit35. Except that _____ may not be a Roman Catholic, public officesare open without distinction to members of all churchs or of none.A. the lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the SpeakerD. the ministers of all departments36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population inthe UK attend _____.A. independent schoolsB. junior schoolsC. independent schoolsD. primary schools37. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5038. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all答案answers :I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices.1. B2. C3. A4. D5. D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25.A 26. C 27. C 28.D 29. A 30.A 31. D 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. C 38. A英美概况试题(3)II. Fill in the blanks:1. Geographically speaking, the north and west of Britain are highlands_______, while the east and south-east aremostly_lowlands_____.2. Welsh is located in the __west____ of Great Britain.3. The ancestors of the English _ Anglo-Saxons _____, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish the ___ Celts ___.4. In the mid-5th century, three Teuronic tribes ______, _____, and _____ invaded Britain. Among them, the _____ gave their name to English people.5. The battle of _______ witnessed the death of Harold in October, 1066.6. Under William, the ______ system in England was completely established.7. The property record in William?s time is known as ______, which was compiled in _____.8. _____?s grave became a place of pilgrimage in and beyond chaucer?s time after hewas murdered.9. ______ was the deadly bubonic plague, which reduced England?s population from four million to ______ million by the end of the 14th century.10.One of the consequences of the Uprising of 1381 was the emergence of a new class of ______ farmers.11. James I and his son Charles I both believed firmly in ______.12.During the Civil War, the Cavaliers supported ________, while the Roundheadssupported _______.13. After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a ______, later, he became _________.14. In 1707, the Act of _______ united England and ______.15. The two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution were _____ and_______. The former were the forerunners of the ______ Party, the latter were of the ______ party.16. In 1765, the Scottish inventor _____ produced a very efficient _____ that couldbe applied to textile and other machinery.17. After the Industria l Revolution, Britain became the “______” of the world.18. During the Second World War ________ led Britain to final victory in 1945.19. In 1974 and 1977, the two ______ shock caused inflation to rise dramatically.20. Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under _______.21. _______ has Europe?s largest collection of foreign owned chip factories.22. New industries in Britain include______, ______ and other high-tech industries.23. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official______, with its own leader and “______ cabinet”.24.The Prime Minister is appointed by ______, and his/her official residence is_____.25. There are two tiers of local government throughout England and Wales: _____ and ______.26. The criminal law in Britain presumes the _____ of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt.27. The jury usually consists of _______ persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and _____ persons in Scotland.28. The ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the UK is _______.29. In Britain the welfare state applies mainly to _____, national insurance and______.30. The two established churches in Britain are ____ and _____.31. Education in the UK is compulsory for all between the ages of ______ in Northen Ireland) and _____.32. In the past children in Britain were allocated to different secondary schools on the basis of selection tests known as _______, which was replaced by ______.33. Education after 16 in the UK is divided into _____ and ______.34.T he most-known universities in Britain are _____ and _____ which date from the _____ and _____ centuries.答案answers：1. highlands, lowlands2. west3. Anglo-Saxons, Celts4. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Angles5. Hastings6. feudal7. Domesday Book, 1086 8. Thomas Becket 9. Black Death, two10. yeomen 11. the Divine Right of Kings 12. the king, the Parliament13. Commonwealth, Lord Protector 14. Union, Scotland15. Whigs Tories Liberal Conservative 16. James Watt steam engine17. workship 18. Winston Churchill 19. oil 20. the North Sea21. Scotland 22. microprocessors and computer, biotechnology23. Opposition, shadow 24. the Queen, No. 10 Downing25. country councils, district councils 26. innocence27. 12, 15 28. the House of Lords29. the National Health Service, social security30. the Church of England, the Church of Scotland31. 5, 4, 16 32. eleven-plus, comprehensive schools33. further education, high education 34. Oxford, Cambridge, 12th, 13th英国概况试题(4)Explain the following terms.1. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.2. the Hundred Years? WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward IIIclaimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.3. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king?s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.4. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.5. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.英国概况试题(5)Please answer the questions.(前三题请⾃⼰思考)1. Please introduce …cohabitation? of Britain and put forward your opinion on it.2. How would you account for the fact that far fewer women than men are in top positions or have highly paid jobs?3. What are the causes of crimes in Britain today? How do you understand the causes of juvenile crime?4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?——The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which themost important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?——The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It?s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machin es, such as John Ray?s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves? spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright?s waterframe and Samuel Cropton?s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.6. How did the Labour Party come into being?—— As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.7. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?—— A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty?s Government ——a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.8. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?—— The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the a rmed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.9. What are the main functions of Parliament ?—— The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure;(4) to debate the major issues of the day.。
英语国家概况英国`期末
The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical locationThe UK is an island country.The UK is located in the northwestern Europe.The UK is a country of island surrounded by North sea to its east, Atlantic ocean to its north, Irish sea to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland, English Channel英吉利海峡and Strait of Dover多佛尔海峡to its south.2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：上帝保佑女王"god save the queen"男性君主为"god save the king"National Flower：RoseThe Capital: London3、Area and populationArea: 244, 820 sqkmPopulation: million2008The most densely populated area: England 84%The least densely populated area: ScotlandThe least populated area: Northern Ireland less than 3%4、British Commonwealth 1931 P9 expressing in EnglishBritish Commonwealth —Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth Ⅱas their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.英联邦Commonwealth of Nations,是以英国为主导的国家联合体,由英国及其自治领和其他已独立的前殖民地、附属国组成,由54个主权国家含属地所组成,成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国;各自治领地地位平等,彼此的内政和外交完全独立；共同效忠于英王,皆为自由结合的英联邦的成员;该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世,同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首;英联邦成员国及其附属国占据了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口;成员国在许多领域进行商讨和合作,包括贸易、金融、国防、教育、技术、科研、法律、医药和农业;英联邦不是一个国家,而是一个松散的组织;英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织;5、Capital city —LondonLondon is in the Southeast of the nation and is situated on the Thames River near its mouth.London is the largest city and largest port in the UK.The political center: Buckingham palace白金汉宫,英国皇宫, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament 国会大厦, Downing street唐宁街The financial center: One of the three major international financial centers in the world. Paris and New York The heart of arts and culture: The University of London the largest university in the UK, British museum大英博物馆City of Fog雾都London is divided into the City of London 金融城and the County of London includes all the suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 区,自治市镇,城区.6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River泰晤士河Tower Bridge伦敦塔桥Palace of Westminster/House of parliament威斯敏斯特宫/国会大厦威斯敏斯特宫Palace of Westminster,又称国会大厦Houses of Parliament是英国国会包括上议院和下议院的所在地;威斯敏斯特宫是哥德复兴式建筑的代表作之一;Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂Political significance：Royal wedding ceremony & Royal tombCommemoratory significance：Tombs of many famous people “Poet’s corner”诗人之角Who was the first literary figure buried here ----Chaucer father of English historyWho was the last royal family member buried here ---Diana Rose of EnglandIn the right picture, whose tomb is it ---NewtonWho built it ----Edward the confessor忏悔者Swiss Re Tower瑞士再保险塔London Eye伦敦眼Millennium Bridge千禧桥Greenwich observatory格林威治天文台Canary Wharf金丝雀码头Millennium Dome千年穹顶St Paul’s Cathedral圣保罗大教堂London Tower伦敦塔Canary Wharf Tower金丝雀码头塔One Canada Square第一加拿大广场HSBC Tower汇丰银行塔8 Canada Square第八加拿大广场Citigroup Centre 花旗集团中心Buckingham Palace白金汉宫—the residence of the queen女王住处7、Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography地形①Rising in North-West cause highlands there;②Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.9、Filling in the blanks1The British Isles — a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland island, and 5,000 small islands.2Great Britain comprises only England , Scotland and Wales.3Ireland island includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, while southern Ireland became an independent country — Republic of Ireland.4The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.5Three termsBritish Isles不列颠群岛：Two large islands and hundreds of small onesBritain：Great Britain and Northern IrelandGreat Britain：England, Wales and ScotlandThe longest river: the Severn塞汶河The 2nd but most important river: Thames泰晤士河The largest lake in the UK: Lough Neagh内伊湖,英国最大的淡水湖Lough Lomond洛蒙德湖, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & Weather①Changeable ②Mild temperature ③Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate中纬海洋性气候a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal季节性的differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies盛行西风带blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift北大西洋暖流, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs水库have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands苏格兰高地.Step2 History of the United Kingdom13、A brief timeline of British history0. Early history史前~.1. Roman years 罗马人占领时期：55BC~410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格鲁—撒克逊时期Britain与Danish invasion丹麦统治时期：449年~1066年3. Norman Britain 诺曼底王朝1066~11544. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝1154~9 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝9~1461 Britain6. House of York 约克王朝1461~14857. House of Tudors都铎王朝1485~1603 Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝1603~1714 British Bourgeois Revolutionof Hanover汉诺威王朝1714~1917 Industrial revolution Victorian Britain World War One of Windsor温莎王朝1917~ World War Two14、The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberian.英国土着居民是利比亚人15、The Normans were the last invaders in history to conquer the British Isles.诺曼底入侵是历史上最后一次外族入侵16、1.什么是诺曼底征服封建社会的开始When Edward the confessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the throne, but 3 days later, Duke of Normandy, William, crossed the Channel, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. Weeks later, he was crowned as William at Westminster Abbey in London on Christmas Day 1066.2. William, duke of Normandy Northwest of France, close to British Channel位于法国西北部3. The Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.5. SignificanceIt is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.6. In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress 要塞,堡垒which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.17、1. HenryⅡ在位期间三大事件：在位国王: HenryⅡ三大事件：①HenryⅡfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;②The jury of 12 sworn men system12人陪审团制度were introduced;③The royal/common law普遍法replaced the feudal law封建法.2. King John and “The Great Charter”①King John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.②The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215.③This document is known as The Great Charter also named Magna Carta, later regarded as the basis of the modern English constitution.④Contents：略看—no tax should be made without the approval of the council—no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land—If the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals封臣had the right to force the king to obey it.⑤Significance：略看—The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. It had a progress significance.—It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of Parliament①Henry Ⅲson of King John heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes贡品to the Pope罗马教皇to defeat the lords.②Simon de Montfort蒙特福德爵士, defender守护者of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two knights each county郡,县and two representatives each town城镇.It later developed into the House of Lords上议院and the House of Commons下议院.③The Earliest English Parliament All Estates Parliament各等级议会was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture捕获,俘虏of Henry Ⅲ.4. In 1295, King EdwardⅠsummoned the “All Estates Parliament”— more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament模范国会”.18、Hundred Years’ War百年战争①A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually.②It was the longest war in the world. 1337-145319、The Black Death黑死病P21名词解释Black Death —Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing between a third and two-thirds of Europe’s population, including about one-third of England’s population.①1348 -1350/ in mid-14th century②Cause: the deadly bubonic plague鼠疫③Consequence--The lords was in shortage of the labor about one half of the population in England died of this disease.--Wage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.20、Wat Tyler's Uprising 1 瓦特泰勒起义It marked the beginning of the end of Serfdom农奴制in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses 1455—1485玫瑰之战The name "Wars of the Roses" has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York.The Wars of the Roses 1455—1485 were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster feudal landowner and the House of York commercial-minded. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing descent from King Edward Ⅲ.金雀花王朝的两分支兰开斯特&约克为争夺王位,均为爱德华三世的后裔It marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world.22、Religious reformation①Immediate cause: Henry Ⅷ’s divorce Henry Ⅷwas not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.②Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant好斗的Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British historyand the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname "bloody Mary"血腥玛丽.③ElizabethⅠ伊丽莎白一世7 September 1533 –24 March 1603 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death在位时间.She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin QueenThe British colony Virginia was named for her honor.Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history.The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon.④The Golden AgeElizabethⅠ为什么好Under ElizabethⅠ's rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队.During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virginQueen.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: "I see, and say nothing". 我已经嫁给了英格兰;我是妇道人家,但我有囊括四海的帝王胸怀,一个英格兰国王所应该有的胸怀;——伊丽莎白一世23、The “Glorious Revolution” 1688①什么是“光荣革命”The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament.②By that time, the Ca valiers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs保守党和自由党.24、The Industry revolution took place mainly in England.The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry.Advantages for industrial revolution:1. peace at home2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions3. surplus labor4. increasing demand in the market25、Victorian Britain①Queen Victoria reigned 1837 - 1901Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world日不落帝国.②From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberal Party.1900-1906③Charles Darwin's达尔文on the Origin of Species物种起源was published in 1859.④By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.⑤The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.⑥In 1882, incandescent electric lights白炽灯were introduced to London streets.⑦The Opium War started.鸦片战争26、British Empire大英帝国The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland纽芬兰in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.两次世界大战后英受挫,虽为战胜国27、Major events in the two World WarsWomen staged a movement that led to a limited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928.Step3 British Government and PoliticsConstitution features1. No written form2. Changes in constitution can be more easily3. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制4. Parliamentary sovereign议会制5. Representative democracy代表共和制度6. The rule of law29、The monarchy君主制King/ Queen/ Crown①The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;②the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers;③the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;④serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;⑤gives the royal assent御准to bills before they become law;⑥presides over the State Opening of Parliament;⑦has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;⑧regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs;⑨also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.31、The Legislature立法机构The parliament is the Britain's supreme legislature. It has the power to make, unmake, or change any law.Functions of ParliamentThe maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.最长任期五年1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.;2. votes the taxation and expenditures of the gov.;3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration;4. debates the major issues of the day.Head: Lord Chancellor上议院院长/大法官Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.②The House of CommonsHead: The speaker of the Lower house下议院议长Three main functions of the house of commons:⑴to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;⑵to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;⑶to influence the future government policy.35、The Executive立法机构①Components: The Cabinet内阁is composed of the heads of the most important departments. It is the Prime Minister首相who decides which minister will be included.②Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal关键的role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parliament and policies proposed by the Cabinet can often win the approval of Parliament.③Official residence办公地点: The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence, No. 10 Downing street.36、Functions of the Prime Minister & the Cabinet①can select cabinet;②hand out departmental positions, dismiss ministers;③amalgamate合并or split government departments;④decide the agenda for cabinet meetings.37、The Judiciary司法机构了解Head: Lord chancellorProceedings:All criminal trials刑事审判are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubtIn criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.39、Who can vote in the British general election1. Anyone who is a citizen of the UK, the Republic of Ireland, or of a Commonwealth country;2. over the age of 18;3. People who have been convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection within the previous five years;4. People who have to live in a constituency for at least 3 months;5. UK citizens who have moved abroad remain eligible to vote for 15 years thereafter.。
英国国家概况练习题(英国)
8. The Tories were the forerunners of _____, which still bears this nickname today.
A. the Labor Party B. the Conservative Party C. the Liberal Party D. the Social Democratic Party
21.The two important crops in Britain are ____
A barley and corn B wheat and rice
C barley and oats
D. wheat and barley
22.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 ____
A the House Lord and the House of Commons B the House and the Senate C the Queen and the House of Lords D. the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons
17. In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of _____ to _____. A 5, 14 B 6, 17 C. 5, 16 D 6, 14 18. The general election in Britain is held every ____ years. A four B three C six D. five
C. third largest
英国概况复习题1
英国概况复习题1Part I Geography（一）I. Multiple Choice1. The total area of the U.K. is _____.A. 211,440B. 244,110C. 241,752D. 242,5342. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K.A. northernB. easternC. southern3. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain.A. 1707B. 1921C. 18014. Physiographical Britain may be divided into _____ provinces.A. 13B. 12C. 145. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____.A. the Scottish HighlandsB. WalesC. England6. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____.A. north to southB. south to northC. east to west7. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. Vale of Eden8. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. SevernB. ClydeC. Bann9. London is situated on the River of _____.A. ParretB. ThamesC. Spey10. Edinburgh is the capital of _____.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Wales11. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short.A. North SeaB. English ChannelC. Dee estuary12. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. England17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources.A. 50%B. 38%C. 42%18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____.A. ScotlandB. EnglandC. Northern Ireland19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____.A. 1964B. 1946C. 169420. Britain is basically an importer of _____.A. foodB. raw materialsC. manufacturesD. both A and B21. British farmers produce enough food to supply _____ of the needs of the population.A. 2/3B. 4/5C. 1/222. Britain’s main cereal crop is _____.A. oatsB. cornC. barleyD. rye23. The center of the Britain financial system is _____.A. Bank of EnglandB. Bank of BritainC. Bank of U.K.24. The three Germanic tribes that invaded Britain include thefollowing except _____.A. the AnglesB. the SaxonsC. the PictsD. the Jutes25. “Black Country” refers to _____.A. countryside in EnglandB. an area around BirminghamC. a country in Africa26. The second largest port in Britain is _____.A. LondonB. BelfastC. Liverpool27. The capital city of Northern Ireland is _____.A. CardiffB. BelfastC. Leith28.Celtic tribes began to settle in Britain from about _____ B.C.A. 410B. 750C. 30029. The U.K. is rich in the following except _____.A. coalB. ironC. goldD. tin30. The decrease of British population is caused by the following except _____.A. limitation of immigrationB. fall of the birth rateC. fall of death rateD. unemployment31. The proportion of the English in the whole population is _____.A. 60%B. 80%C. 70%32. The Queen’s University is in the city of _____.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. Manchester33. The contribution made by the Normans to Britain is the following except _____.A. final unification of EnglandB. foundation of aristocracyC. great administrative progressD. some peculiarities of dialect34. About _____ percent of the population live in cities or towns.A. 80B. 85C. 9035. The land available for farming in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland does not exceed _____ million acres.A. 30B. 25C. 4036. The highest mountain in England is _____.A. Mt. MourneB. Mt. SnowdonC. Mt. Seafell37. The second largest city in England is _____.A. GlasgowB. BirminghamC. Manchester38. The modern Scots and Irish are the descendants of _____.A. GaelsB. BritonsC. Anglo-Saxons39. Scotland occupies the _____ portion of Great Britain.A. southernB. northernC. western40. By the Act of Union in _____, the name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was adopted.41. _____ has its own national church and its own system of law.A. WalesB. Northern IrelandC. Scotland42. The _____ E nd includes Westminster, St. James’ PalaceA. EastB. WestC. North43. _____ includes London, the centre of government for the whole nation.A. ScotlandB. Northern IrelandC. WalesD. EnglandII. Fill in the Blanks1. The U.K. is situated in _____ Europe.2. The full title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of _____ _____ and _____ _____.3. The U.K. consists of England, _____, _____ and Northern Ireland.4. The largest part of U.K. is _____.5. The capital of England and of Great Britain is _____.6. _____ _____ is composed of six Irish counties that elected to remain in the union with Great Britain.7. The name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was replaced by the present name after the 26 counties of Ireland obtained autonomy in _____.8. The highest mountain in Britain is _____ _____.9. The “Backbone of England” refers to the _____.10. Natural gas was discovered in Britain in the _____ _____.11. The most important river is the River of _____.12. The political centre of the Commonwealth is _____.13. Belfast Lough and Lough Neagh lie in _____ _____.14. The climate of Britain is moderated by the _____ _____ _____ and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude.15. Britain’s Industrial Revolution took place between _____ and _____.16. The Bank of England was founded in _____.17. The population of the U.K. is more than _____ million.18. Britain is basically an exporter of _____.19. The population of the U.K. consists of the English, the Welsh, the Scottish and the _____.20. In Wales many people speak _____.21. People sing the national anthem in _____.22. The earliest invasion is that by the _____-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians.23. The modern _____ and _____ are the descendants of the Gaels of the Celtic tribes.24. The Britons of the Celtic tribes were the forefathers of the modern _____.25. Greater London is made up of 12 _____ London boroughs and _____ Outer London boroughs.26. The International festival of music and the arts is held every year in the city of _____.27. The British national anthem is _____ _____ _____ _____.28. The U.K. lies to the _____ of France.29. Westminster, the area of central government administration is situated in the _____ End.30. River _____ flows through Glasgow.31. Mt. Seafell stands in _____.32. The source of the River _____ is in the Cotswolds.33. The capital city of Wales is _____.34. The United Kingdom is rich in _____, iron, tin, copper, lead and silver.I I I. True or false______ 1.The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”.______2. In Britain, differences in regional characters and speech can hardly been seenand heard.______3.Four political divisions on the island of Great Britain are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.______ 4.England is in the south of Great Britain.______ 5.The largest river of Brtiain is the Thames RiverIV. Answer the Following Questions1.What are the major factors influencing the British weather characterized by a moderate temperature and plenty of rainfall?2. What are the general characteristics of the British economy?。
英美概况面试题及答案高中
英美概况面试题及答案高中问题一：英国的首都是什么？英国的官方语言是什么？答案：英国的首都是伦敦。
英国的官方语言是英语。
问题二：请简述美国的独立日是哪一天，并解释其意义。
答案：美国的独立日是7月4日，这一天是为了纪念1776年《独立宣言》的签署，标志着美国从大不列颠的统治下独立出来。
问题三：英国和美国在政治体制上有何不同？答案：英国是一个君主立宪制国家，拥有女王作为国家元首，而实际政治权力由首相和议会掌握。
美国则是一个联邦制国家，实行总统制，总统既是国家元首也是政府首脑。
问题四：请列举至少三个英国和美国在文化上的不同点。
答案：英国和美国在文化上的不同点包括：1) 饮食习惯，例如英国人喜欢下午茶，而美国人更倾向于快餐文化；2) 教育体系，英国的教育体系较为传统，注重学术研究，而美国的教育体系更注重实践和创新；3) 社会礼仪，英国人通常比较保守和讲究礼仪，而美国人则更加随意和直接。
问题五：英国的“脱欧”对英国和欧盟有什么影响？答案：“脱欧”指的是英国退出欧盟。
这一事件对英国意味着需要重新建立与欧盟的贸易关系，同时也可能影响英国的国际地位和经济。
对欧盟而言，英国的退出可能会削弱其整体经济实力和政治影响力。
问题六：美国历史上有哪些重要的移民潮？这些移民潮对美国的发展有何影响？答案：美国历史上重要的移民潮包括19世纪的爱尔兰和德国移民潮，以及20世纪的拉丁美洲和亚洲移民潮。
这些移民潮极大地丰富了美国的多元文化，促进了社会和经济的发展，同时也带来了一些社会问题，如文化融合和就业竞争。
问题七：请简述英国的工业革命对世界历史的影响。
答案：英国的工业革命是18世纪末到19世纪初的一场重大社会经济变革，它标志着从手工劳动向机械化生产的转变。
工业革命极大地提高了生产效率，促进了城市化，改变了人们的生活方式，并对全球经济和社会发展产生了深远影响。
问题八：美国的文化多元性是如何形成的？答案：美国的文化多元性主要是由其历史上的大规模移民潮形成的。
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英国一概况1.Countries within a CountryThe name United Kingdom refers to the union of what were once four separate countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland ( though most of Ireland is now independant2.Curiously, it was the London coffee houses that wereresponsible for introducing tea to England.3.What is the surname of the British Royal Family?The British Royal Family changed their surname from Saxe-Coburgh-Gotha to Windsor in 1917.4.Why did they change their name?World War One broke out in 1914 and anit-German sentiment was at its height in 1917. In protest, KingGeorge V renounced all the German titles belonging to himand his family and adopted the name of his castle, Windsor.5.What schools do the children of the Royal family attend?All the children attend or did attend private (public) schools. These are the fee paying schools in the UK.6.Why does the Queen have two birthdays?1)The Queen's actual birthday is on 21 April, shewas born on 21 April 1926.2)It has long been customary to celebrate theSovereign’s birthday publicly on a day duringthe summer, when better weather is more likely.7.Great Britain = England, Scotland and Wales8.The UK = Great Britain and Northern Island9.女王有两个生日。
一个是她的真正生日4月21日；另一个是她的宫式生日，定在6月的第二个星期六，这一天女王要参加一个军旗敬礼阅兵式。
二历史•英国的建立-- 罗马人的入侵-- 盎格鲁—撒克逊人和丹麦人的入侵-- 诺曼征服•中世纪的英国-- 诺曼王朝的结束和金雀花王朝的开始-- 英法百年战争(1337--1453)-- 黑死病(1348--1350)•中世纪英国的结束-- 玫瑰战争-- 亨利八世与英国宗教改革-- 伊丽莎白一世的宗教和解与海外贸易1.罗马军团撤离后不久，不列颠又遭到属于日耳曼部族的盎格鲁人(Angles)、撒克逊人(Saxons)和朱特人(Jutes)的入侵.2.基督教在什么时候传入不列颠?约在“七国”时代3.在将近300年的抵抗丹麦人的斗争中，英格兰逐渐成为一个统一的国家。
这里所说的丹麦人指的是威金人(the Vikings，北欧海盗).4.艾尔弗雷德大王是盎格鲁一撒克逊时代最伟大的历史人物.5.亨利二世(HenryⅡ，1133一l 189)是安茹王朝的第一个国王。
因他的纹章以金雀花为图案，又称金雀花王朝。
6.黑死病使英国人口突然减少三分之一，劳动力也随之减少二分之一至三分之一。
7.英国人文主义者、《乌托帮》作者托马斯·莫尔(ThomasMore，1477一1535)，因对亨利八世离婚案持异议并在教会政策问题上与国王意见分歧，于1534牟被诬陷入I 狱，1535年被处死。
8.尽管亨利八世曾设立比较完善的政府机构枢密院并开始实行宗教改革，但是很难说他是个伟大人物。
9.1558年11月玛丽病死，王位由她的同父异母(安妮·博林所生)的妹妹伊丽莎白一世继承.10.一些能长存的美洲殖民地是在17世纪建立的。
雷利把他在美洲所发现的土地命名为弗吉尼亚（Virginia）以纪念从未结婚的女王(Virgin Queen)伊丽莎白一世。
11.特许公司1)在都铎时期，商人和冒险家在海外进行活动的组织通常是特许公司(charteredcompanies)。
国王颁发的特许状授与公司在指定地区进行探险、贸易或移民的垄断性特权。
2)由于这些活动具有很大的危险性并需要大量资本，任何个别商人都无法筹集所需的现金，因此这些公司是新型的股份公司(joint—stock companies)，业务由公司经营，盈利或亏损由股份持有人分摊。
3)最早的特许公司有1 553年创立的俄罗斯公司(The Russia Company)，其中最大的是1600年创立的与远东经商的东印度公司(TheEnglish East India Company).12.溫莎王朝(The House of Windsor)：自1917年統治英國和其海外領地的家族，其前身為薩克森-科堡-哥達王朝，而其家族實際姓氏為韋廷(Wettin)。
13.为什么溫莎王朝改朝換姓?1914年8月4日，英國加入第一次世界大戰。
但由於經歷多年複雜的聯姻，此時歐洲各國的君主，多是表兄弟的關係。
而英國王室帶有德國姓氏，更令英國人覺得不順。
為安撫民心，當時在位的英王喬治五世，在1917年7月17日頒布一道樞密院御令，宣佈將英國王室名和王室父系子裔私人姓氏，改為溫莎。
溫莎一名來自溫莎堡，是英國最古老的王宮之一，遽聞由英王征服者威廉一世選址奠基的。
三英国政治经济70年代的经济滞胀1.英国经济在以缓慢而平稳的步子走完50年代和60年代后，自70年代初开始进入滞胀时期.2.“英国病”的表现: 首先表现在经济发展缓慢，走走停停。
第二表现是危机频繁而且愈演愈烈。
之三是国家过重的财政负担，国内矛盾尖锐，罢工频发。
3.1979年3月28日，英国保守党领袖撒切尔(MargaretThatcher)夫人在竞选中获胜，成为英国历史上第一位女首相。
4.撒切尔上台后摒弃过去几届政府的凯恩斯主义，公开宣称她信奉弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)的货币主义(monetarism)，坚决推行自由竞争的“市场经济”(market—directed economy)，要竭力造成一个适合私人企业发展的社会。
5.撒切尔执政时期的主要经济措施有以下几点：(1)倡导竞争，大力推行私有化(2)紧缩财政和推行货币主义政策3)改革税制，刺激私人投资4)改革工会，推行“人民资本主义”5)调整产业结构，鼓励新科技的应用6.“人民资本主义”---撒切尔政府上台后对调整劳资关系极为重视，提出了一个所谓“人民资本主义”的口号，在对国有化企业股份进行拍卖时，尽量使股权分散，动员广大劳动人民购买，尤其鼓励本企业职工购买.事实上，分散在大众中的股票只是总资产的一小部分，在英国，3％最富有的人占据着国民财富的61％，是真正的统治者。
人民大众虽掌握了一些零星的股票，但并没有权力过问企业的经营，相反，由于股票分散，垄断寡头们就可以以更小比例的股份份额掌握企业的领导权。
7.英国政府机构是世界上最早按照资产阶级的“三权分立”(triumvirate)学说建立起来的。
“三权分立”即将国家权力分为立法(1egislation)、行政(administration)、司法(jurisdiction)三个部分，是资产阶级国家政权组织的一个基本原则。
8.行政工作的机关是内阁(Cabinet), 而内阁的首相(PrimeMinister)和阁员(Cabinet Member)都必须是立法机关即议会的议员(Parliament Member).9.英国是实行君主立宪政体(Constitutional Monarchy)的国家.10.政府被称为“英王陛下的政府”，武装部队是“皇家”部队，所属领地被说成是“英王陛下的领地”，甚至议会中的反对党也被称为“英王陛下忠诚的反对党.11.为什么英王作为国家元首，虽只具有象征性的地位，但能够存在至今?一方面，资产阶级把英王作为一个“超阶级的”偶像，通过英王来实行资产阶级的统治；另一方面，英国国王是英帝国统一的象征，是“联系英联邦各成员国的纽带”。
在法律上，英王不仅是英国的国王，同时也是英联邦一些自治领成员国的国王，以此来表示英帝国是“不可分割的整体”。
12.英国虽然是资产阶级宪政的策源地，但至今没有一部(不成文,成文)的宪法。
13.《自由大宪章》的基本精神是限制王权，把王权臵于封建法律的约束之下，从而迈开了寻求实现“民主”宪政的第一步。
同时创立了“大会议”的组织形式，为后来的议会产生创下了基础。
14.英国议会的产生?1)英国议会是资产阶级议会的鼻祖，号称“议会之母”。
其历史是资产阶级议会中最长的，一般认为始于1264年。
这年，大封建主西门·德·孟福尔(Simon de Monfort)伯爵依靠贵族、骑士和市民的支持战胜了国王，上台摄政。
次年为解决财政困难，他根据《自由大宪章》规定，召集会议，邀请贵族、僧侣和每郡两名骑士、每个城市两名“下民”代表参加，这便是英国“议会，，的雏形。
2)后来，当权者召开这种议会时，贵族和平民不在一起而是分别地召开会议，因而议会由贵族院(上院)和平民院(下院)组成。
3)这便是两院制的由来。
然而当时这种两院制的议会所代表的是封建贵族阶级的利益。
15.按照官方的介绍，议会是由英王、上院和下院三部分组成。
英国国家最高权力就是由这三位一体的“君临议会”来实现的。
16.为什么英国许多人要求取消上院或试图对其进行改革，但其仍就存在?由于享有实权的下院无改革议会本身之意，同时上院具有一些资深的政界和法律界元老，在对某些重大的立法案件的审查中确实能起到补充完善的作用，同时作为最高法院在重大案件的审理中起到主要作用，所以英国至今仍保留具有“政界退休人物养老院”之称的上院。
17.从历史上看，英国内阁是由枢密院(Privy Council)的外交委员会演变而来的。
18.内阁首相(Prime Minister)是在每届议会大选以后，由下院的多数党领袖担任，由英王任命兼财务大臣。