成本与管理会计第13版 英文版课件
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成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA07
A static-budget variance is : (Actual result - Budgeted amount in the static budget).
A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
2019/10/10
14
14
Static-Budget Variance
Level 0 analysis compares actual operating profit with budgeted operating profit.
$120 × 10,000 = $1,200,000
2019/10/10
23
23
Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets
Step 3: Determine the flexible budget for costs
based on budgeted variable costs per output unit,
Step 1: Determine the actual output. In April 2008, 10,000 suits were produced and
sold.
Step 2: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual output.
A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
2019/10/10
14
14
Static-Budget Variance
Level 0 analysis compares actual operating profit with budgeted operating profit.
$120 × 10,000 = $1,200,000
2019/10/10
23
23
Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets
Step 3: Determine the flexible budget for costs
based on budgeted variable costs per output unit,
Step 1: Determine the actual output. In April 2008, 10,000 suits were produced and
sold.
Step 2: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual output.
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA07
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS)
BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Level 1 analysis provides more detailed information on the operating profit static- budget variance.
Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance.
Actual Vs Standard
2019/12/27
Variance
2
2
Basic Concepts
Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount
Purpose of variance
Management by exception Performance evaluation Motivate managers Prompt strategy change
of the budget period. The master budget is an example of a static budget.
Flexible budget
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS)
BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Level 1 analysis provides more detailed information on the operating profit static- budget variance.
Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance.
Actual Vs Standard
2019/12/27
Variance
2
2
Basic Concepts
Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount
Purpose of variance
Management by exception Performance evaluation Motivate managers Prompt strategy change
of the budget period. The master budget is an example of a static budget.
Flexible budget
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA06
Operating budgets include budgets reflecting the planned operational aspects of the business, including revenues, production, manufacturing costs, and other expenses for the period. It culminates in a budgeted income statement.
The master budget is actually a series of budgets including a set of budgeted financial statements (sometimes called pro forma statements).
2021/8/5
9
Advantages of Budgets
Despite the fact that budgets are advantageous, there are a number of challenges in properly administering budgets.
It is a time consuming process that involves all levels of management.
The path to effective strategies include asking questions such as:
What are our objectives? How do we create value for the customer while
distinguishing ourselves from our competitors?
The master budget is actually a series of budgets including a set of budgeted financial statements (sometimes called pro forma statements).
2021/8/5
9
Advantages of Budgets
Despite the fact that budgets are advantageous, there are a number of challenges in properly administering budgets.
It is a time consuming process that involves all levels of management.
The path to effective strategies include asking questions such as:
What are our objectives? How do we create value for the customer while
distinguishing ourselves from our competitors?
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA
The development of management accounting emerged in the 1920s, when the focus shifted from mere cost measurement to cost analysis and control, emphasizing the role of accounting in decision-making and management control.
It involves the identification, measurement, and allocation of costs, as well as the preparation of cost reports and other management information to assist management in making decisions about product pricing, production, and resource allocation.
Direct and indirect costs
Activity Identification
The first step in the activity-based costing method involves identifying the various activities that take place within the organization.
Cost allocation and collection
Cost Allocation
Allocating costs to specific departments, projects, or products is essential for accurate financial reporting and decision-making.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA07共75页文档
2020/6/8
10
Static Budget
What was the actual operating profit?
Revenues (10,000 × $125) $1,250,000
Less Expenses:
Variable (10,000 × $95.01)
950,100
Fixed
285,000
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS) BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Purpose of variance
➢ Management by exception ➢ Performance evaluation ➢ Motivate managers ➢ Prompt strategy change
2020/6/8
2
Basic Concepts
Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted)
2020/6/8
$276 000 $120/JACKET 12 000JACKETS 10 000JACKETS
6
2020/6/8
7
Static Budget
es and sells jackets.
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA18PPT课件
CHAPTER 18
Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap
Terminology
Spoilage, rework, and scrap have distinctive definitions in cost accounting that may not be the definition commonly used. P510（639） It is important that these terms be used properly, as each receives a different accounting treatment.
Normal spoilage is spoilage inherent in the production process.
It is viewed arising even in an efficient manufacturing process.
Typically, normal spoilage is included as a part of the cost of good units manufactured.
Scrap is residual material that results from manufacturing a product.
It has low or zero sales value.
Spoilage
Different types of Spoilage P511（639）
Spoilage is divided into two types: normal spoilage and abnormal spoilage.
the remaining 100 units are spoiled because of machine breakdown and operation errors.
Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap
Terminology
Spoilage, rework, and scrap have distinctive definitions in cost accounting that may not be the definition commonly used. P510（639） It is important that these terms be used properly, as each receives a different accounting treatment.
Normal spoilage is spoilage inherent in the production process.
It is viewed arising even in an efficient manufacturing process.
Typically, normal spoilage is included as a part of the cost of good units manufactured.
Scrap is residual material that results from manufacturing a product.
It has low or zero sales value.
Spoilage
Different types of Spoilage P511（639）
Spoilage is divided into two types: normal spoilage and abnormal spoilage.
the remaining 100 units are spoiled because of machine breakdown and operation errors.
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA05
8
2012-10-5
Broad Averaging and Cross-subsidization,conts.
When a company has a situation in which
undercosting or overcosting of products occurs, this is referred to as product-cost cross-subsidization. P110
costing system
2012-10-5
11
Rationale for Refining Costing System
Increase in product diversity •Customized products
•Differentiate from competitors
Guidelines for Refining
2012-10-5
4
Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs
Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be allocated with estimates.
Recall that Factory Overhead is applied to production in a
rational and systematic manner, using some type of averaging. There are a variety of methods to accomplish this goal.
Simple Methods Unrealistic
2012-10-5
Broad Averaging and Cross-subsidization,conts.
When a company has a situation in which
undercosting or overcosting of products occurs, this is referred to as product-cost cross-subsidization. P110
costing system
2012-10-5
11
Rationale for Refining Costing System
Increase in product diversity •Customized products
•Differentiate from competitors
Guidelines for Refining
2012-10-5
4
Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs
Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be allocated with estimates.
Recall that Factory Overhead is applied to production in a
rational and systematic manner, using some type of averaging. There are a variety of methods to accomplish this goal.
Simple Methods Unrealistic
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08_图文_图文
Commit more resources to develop appropriate standards
15
Variable overhead spending variance
=($29/machine hour－$30 /machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =(-1machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =$4 500F
=1 728 000/57 600=30/hour
Budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit
5
=0.4hour/unit×30=12/jacket
Variable overhead cost variances（P208 ）
6
Flexible-budget analysis
The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the efficiency with which the costallocation base is used.
11
Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Variable Overhead Incurred
Step 3:
Identify the variable overhead costs associated with each costallocation base.
Step 4:
Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate variable overhead costs to output produced.
15
Variable overhead spending variance
=($29/machine hour－$30 /machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =(-1machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =$4 500F
=1 728 000/57 600=30/hour
Budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit
5
=0.4hour/unit×30=12/jacket
Variable overhead cost variances（P208 ）
6
Flexible-budget analysis
The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the efficiency with which the costallocation base is used.
11
Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Variable Overhead Incurred
Step 3:
Identify the variable overhead costs associated with each costallocation base.
Step 4:
Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate variable overhead costs to output produced.
成本和管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA04
Distinguish job costing from process costing
2018/11/21
6
Basic Costing Terminology,conts.
Cost Assignment
Direct Costs Indirect Costs
Cost Tracing
materials and labor
Cost Allocation
overhead
Cost Object
items. A cost-allocation base is the driver or activity that is used to allocate indirect costs from the cost pool to the cost object.
2018/11/21
8
Learning objective 2
tracing and cost allocation. Two new terms related to costing systems are introduced in this chapter p78
A cost pool is a grouping of individual indirect cost
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value inventory and to compute cost of goods sold.
2018/11/21 2
Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision making.
2018/11/21
6
Basic Costing Terminology,conts.
Cost Assignment
Direct Costs Indirect Costs
Cost Tracing
materials and labor
Cost Allocation
overhead
Cost Object
items. A cost-allocation base is the driver or activity that is used to allocate indirect costs from the cost pool to the cost object.
2018/11/21
8
Learning objective 2
tracing and cost allocation. Two new terms related to costing systems are introduced in this chapter p78
A cost pool is a grouping of individual indirect cost
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value inventory and to compute cost of goods sold.
2018/11/21 2
Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision making.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at Actual Hours
AH × SVR
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at
Standard Hours
SH × SVR
Spending Variance
Efficiency Variance
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines?
Webb spend more on variable overhead costs , such as maintenance?
8
2019/10/7
Variable Overhead Variances
=$15 000U
14
2019/10/7
4500 HOURS VS 4000 HOURS
Possible causes for exceeding budget
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines
Production scheduler inefficiently scheduled jobs ,resulting in more machinehours used than budgeted
overhead cost
Efficiency
cost-alocation base alocation based alowed
per unit of
Variance
used for actual output for actual output
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different purposes Describe a framework for cost accounting and cost management
2
Learning objective 1 Define and illustrate a cost object
2-3
3
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology
2-4
4
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology Actual Cost
➢ A cost that has occurred, (a historical cost)
Budgeted Cost
➢ A predicted cost
Opportunity Cost
➢ The next best choice foregone.
companies, and service-sector companies Describe the three categories of inventories commonly found in
manufacturing companies Distinguish inventoriable costs from period costs Explain why product costs are computed in different ways for
Cost Object
Cost Object
Tracing
Allocating
2-7
7
BASIC COST TERMINOLOGY,CONTS.
Cost Accumulation describes the process of accumulating costs in some organized manner through the accounting system.
Activity Department
Setting up production machines Environmental, Health & Safety
6
Cost And Cost Terminology
Cost Accumulation
Cost Assignment via
Cost Object
2-5Cost Object
➢ Anything for which a separate measurement of costsbject Examples at BMW
Cost Object Product Service Project
Customer
Illustration BMW X 5 sports activity vehicle Dealer-support telephone hotline R&D project on DVD system enhancement Herb Chambers Motors, a dealer that purchases a broad range of BMW vehicles
2-9
9
Ⅱ Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
Direct costs of a cost object are those that are related to a given cost object (product, department, etc.) and that can be traced to it in an economically feasible way.
Includes: ➢Parts ➢Assembly line wages
Cost-Tracing describes the assignment of direct costs to the particular cost object.
10
Indirect Costs
Indirect Costs
✓ Allocating：accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to the cost object
8
Learning objective 2
Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs
Following accumulation, costs are assigned to the chosen cost object. involves tracing and allocating costs
✓ Tracing：accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object
CHAPTER 2
An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define and illustrate a cost object Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs Explain variable costs and fixed costs Interpret unit costs cautiously Distinguish among manufacturing companies, merchandising
➢ Cannot be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner
Cost
➢ Sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objective ➢ It is usually measured as the monetary amount that must
be paid to acquire goods and services.
2
Learning objective 1 Define and illustrate a cost object
2-3
3
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology
2-4
4
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology Actual Cost
➢ A cost that has occurred, (a historical cost)
Budgeted Cost
➢ A predicted cost
Opportunity Cost
➢ The next best choice foregone.
companies, and service-sector companies Describe the three categories of inventories commonly found in
manufacturing companies Distinguish inventoriable costs from period costs Explain why product costs are computed in different ways for
Cost Object
Cost Object
Tracing
Allocating
2-7
7
BASIC COST TERMINOLOGY,CONTS.
Cost Accumulation describes the process of accumulating costs in some organized manner through the accounting system.
Activity Department
Setting up production machines Environmental, Health & Safety
6
Cost And Cost Terminology
Cost Accumulation
Cost Assignment via
Cost Object
2-5Cost Object
➢ Anything for which a separate measurement of costsbject Examples at BMW
Cost Object Product Service Project
Customer
Illustration BMW X 5 sports activity vehicle Dealer-support telephone hotline R&D project on DVD system enhancement Herb Chambers Motors, a dealer that purchases a broad range of BMW vehicles
2-9
9
Ⅱ Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
Direct costs of a cost object are those that are related to a given cost object (product, department, etc.) and that can be traced to it in an economically feasible way.
Includes: ➢Parts ➢Assembly line wages
Cost-Tracing describes the assignment of direct costs to the particular cost object.
10
Indirect Costs
Indirect Costs
✓ Allocating：accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to the cost object
8
Learning objective 2
Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs
Following accumulation, costs are assigned to the chosen cost object. involves tracing and allocating costs
✓ Tracing：accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object
CHAPTER 2
An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define and illustrate a cost object Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs Explain variable costs and fixed costs Interpret unit costs cautiously Distinguish among manufacturing companies, merchandising
➢ Cannot be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner
Cost
➢ Sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objective ➢ It is usually measured as the monetary amount that must
be paid to acquire goods and services.