西藏英文导游词

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西藏简介英文作文

西藏简介英文作文

西藏简介英文作文Tibet, also known as the "Roof of the World", is a region located in the southwest of China. It is famous for its stunning landscapes, including the Himalayan mountains, crystal-clear lakes, and vast grasslands.The capital of Tibet is Lhasa, which is home to the famous Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple. These ancient buildings are not only architectural wonders, but also important religious sites for Tibetan Buddhism.Tibetan culture is rich and diverse, with a longhistory of traditional arts, such as thangka painting, Tibetan opera, and butter sculpture. The people of Tibet are known for their warm hospitality and unique customs, such as the annual Shoton Festival and Tibetan New Year celebrations.The region is also home to a variety of wildlife, including the elusive snow leopard, Tibetan antelope, andblack-necked crane. The diverse ecosystem of Tibet makes it a paradise for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts.Tibetan cuisine is also a highlight, with dishes suchas yak meat, momo dumplings, and butter tea being popular among locals and tourists alike. The unique flavors and ingredients of Tibetan food reflect the region's cultural and geographical influences.In recent years, Tibet has become a popular destination for travelers seeking adventure and spiritual enlightenment. Whether it's trekking through the mountains, visiting ancient monasteries, or simply taking in the breathtaking scenery, Tibet offers a truly unforgettable experience for all who visit.。

精选布达拉宫英语导游词

精选布达拉宫英语导游词

布达拉宫英语导游词精选布达拉宫英语导游词导语:布达拉宫(藏文:,藏语拼音:bo da la,威利:po ta la),坐落于于中国西藏自治区的首府拉萨市区西北玛布日山上,是世界上海拔最高,集宫殿、城堡和寺院于一体的宏伟建筑,也是西藏最庞大、最完整的'古代宫堡建筑群。

以下是小编整理布达拉宫导游词作文的资料,欢迎阅读参考。

精选布达拉宫英语导游词1Hi, everybody! I'm the tour guide, my name is ye, and you call me leaf guide. Please follow the order and get on the train. The journey of the potala palace is about to begin.(in the car) please be quiet and let me tell you a story about the potala palace before you come into contact with the potala palace. The potala palace stands on the red mountain in the northwest of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. It is a large palace complex. It was said that songtsen was built to marry princess wencheng, but it was destroyed by the flames of war until the 17th century, and then it became what we see today.The beautiful castle built on the mountain is the potala palace. It is a monument in the history of architecture. The palace wall in the potala palace is amazing, and the wall of the wall of the temple is sharp, and the west wall is smooth and soft.(entering the potala palace) come and buy a ticket with me. Let's touch the wall. Is it special? In the potala palace, there are white horse grass wall, grass wall and cow dung wall. The walls are filled with iron, and they are the strongest steel guardians of the palace, which can keep the palace intact for 1,300 years.Everyone is looking forward to the visit to the Canon. Don't worry, please follow my steps, and take a look at the true shapeof the book. The room was left only a building of the 7th century, is said to be the princess wencheng married sontzen gampo marriage room, the room holds the statue of princess wencheng, although only more than a foot high, but the carver is meticulous, beautiful. Canon and bamboo is by far the most ancient house, also because of this, it is especially precious, ok, you carefully appreciate this precious house more than 1300 years ago, remember can't take pictures!(30 minutes later) after seeing the oldest house, how about we go to the most precious pagoda? As everyone has already guessed, the place we are going to is the lingta. Where is the lingta precious? The tower is said to be worth as much as 110,000 gold, with more than 150,000 diamonds embedded in the tower. Each tower is worth a million dollars. Potala palace, a total of eight lama's spirit, the tower body with all kinds of preserved their precious medicine method, if you are afraid of so many precious things have the thief to patronize, then I can tell you is unnecessary, because there are a lot of the potala palace guards.The potala palace is not only a masterpiece of architectural history, but also a treasure house of knowledge. It is not only a treasure trove of Indian books, but also a collection of gold books, gold seals and jade books of the qing dynasty, which record the collection of human wisdom, each of which is priceless.Well, that's the end of the commentary. Here's the free time. Let's go play on your own. In the process of play, we should pay attention to safety, be a civilized little tourist, can not throw rubbish, can not daub graffiti. Meet at the gate at 3:30 p.m.精选布达拉宫英语导游词2Hello, tourists! I'm your tour guide. My name is CAI yi. You can call me xiao CAI. Today I'm going to take you through theworld heritage site, the potala palace.The potala palace is located in the red mountains in the center of Lhasa in southwest China's Tibet autonomous region. The main building includes the White House and the red palace. Let me introduce you to the following.The White House is a place of political and religious administration for the lamas. The red palace is located in the central part of the potala palace. The complex, with the red palace as the main body, was completed in 1694, with a total of 6 floors. Now, you can walk into the red palace, the White House, and take a photo as a souvenir.Next, I'll take you to the jokhang temple. Standing in the courtyard, we can see the main building of the jokhang temple is the hall of the hall. The main hall is 4 stories high, the building component is han style, the column head and the eaves are typical Tibetan style. Let's walk into the hall. The hall is divided into four tiers. There is a Buddha statue of the Buddha who brought princess wencheng to Tibet. On the second floor, there are statues of songtsung, princess wencheng and princess red. The third floor is a patio, the first roof and skylight. Let's go up to the last level. () it has four gold tops in the middle. The hall inside and outside of the hall is full of painted murals with an area of about 2,600 square meters. You can take a closer look at the murals, the themes of Buddhism, historical relics and stories.Don't worry, there's more to it! Come with me, and I'll take you on a tour of roblinka. Maybe you're not familiar with that, so I'll tell you what. Robrinka is located about 2 kilometers west of the Lhasa river. "Lobulinka" means "baby garden" in Tibetan. You must think there are many valuable plants in it. Yes, it is. Norbulingka has more than 100 kinds of plants, not only has thecommon flowers and trees in the Lhasa area, and there are taken from the Himalayan region south of the flower rare wood, and the rare flower, introduced from abroad a highland botanic garden. Lobulinka is a group of themed buildings with golden chapters, located in the west. Because it was surrounded by the Banks of the river Lhasa, you could sit in the pavilions beside the river and see the scenery. I'm sure you can't wait to go sightseeing. Please notice that you can't walk without seeing the sights.The potala palace has maintained the original status of the history, known as "the pearl of the roof of the world ", please do not litter the paper scraps to harm, destroy her, wish you a happy swimming, enjoy the fun!精选布达拉宫英语导游词3Hello, tourists! I'm luo yuchu. T oday, we are going to visit the potala palace. I hope you will be happy during the visit. Please pay attention to safety and protect the environment when you play.The potala palace is located in the center of the Lhasa cloth on the mountain, because of rock and soil, some moment mountain like red, so the Chinese call it hong shan, it covers an area of 360000 square meters, construction area of 130000 square meters, 119 meters high, a total of 13 layer, the size of the room 2000, 34 big figure of Buddha, the red palace and the White House is an important part of it.Visitors, now we have come to the potala palace, we first multinational flat cuo lang the threshold of the gate, you can see the porch of the west side of "the four heavenly Kings (four major Kings) to protect the" giant murals, they respectively are: the east with the heavenly Kings, wearing a white dress, holding a pipa;Southern growth king, dressed in blue, holding a sword; The king of the west, dressed in red, holding a rope; In the north, the king of heaven, dressed in green, holds a pagoda. Each picture is about 6 meters high and 2.5 meters wide. There are two pictures of the goddess on both sides of the inner door. It used to be a bolt from the trunk of a tree, and many people were astonished at it, but now it's gone.Now we go through the narrow corridor, there is no window, only a few deep hole in the wall, you can see several meters thick wall, the wall is made of stone push system, stone edge, it is worth mentioning in the construction process is very rare in 1300 years ago. Now appears in front of us is from the ground area of 1600 square meters, 60 meters wide square, which is exclusively for lama, the Tibetan opera performance with ornamental TiaoShen, during the festival, TiaoShen is mostly about the content of the dharma of lama legend as well.Did you have a good time at the end of the trip? If you are happy, please remember the beautiful scenery here.。

介绍西藏的作文英语结尾

介绍西藏的作文英语结尾

The Mystic Beauty of TibetNestled amidst the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas, Tibet stands as a symbol of serene beauty and cultural richness. This autonomous region of China is not just a geographical entity; it's a tapestry of ancient traditions, beliefs, and natural wonders that captivate the hearts of travelers from across the globe.One of the most striking features of Tibet is its breathtaking landscape. The soaring mountains, deep valleys, and vast grasslands create a panorama that is both serene and awe-inspiring. The clear, blue skies and the pure air add to the region's allure, making it a paradise foroutdoor enthusiasts and nature lovers.But Tibet's charm is not limited to its natural beauty. The region is also renowned for its rich cultural heritage. Tibetan Buddhism, with its unique temples, monasteries, and religious practices, is a significant aspect of theregion's identity. The monks and nuns who devote theirlives to the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment are an inspiration to many.Moreover, the Tibetan people are known for their warmth, hospitality, and resilience. Despite facing numerous challenges in the past, they have managed to preserve their culture and traditions with pride. Their music, dance, and artforms are expressions of their joy, sorrow, and aspirations.Another fascinating aspect of Tibet is its history, which dates back thousands of years. The region has been a crossroads of civilizations, with trade routes connectingit to other parts of Asia. This has led to a unique blendof cultures and influences that are reflected in Tibet's architecture, art, and literature.However, it's important to note that Tibet faces itsown challenges, such as the balance between preserving its cultural identity and integrating with the modern world. Despite these challenges, the Tibetan people remain committed to safeguarding their heritage and passing it down to future generations.In conclusion, Tibet is a land of mysteries and wonders that offers something unique to every traveler. Its natural beauty, rich culture, and friendly people make it a must-visit destination. As we explore this enchanting region,it's important to respect and appreciate its people, their traditions, and their way of life. After all, Tibet is not just a place; it's a way of life, a spirit, and a journey that stays with us forever.**西藏的神秘之美**西藏,这片坐落于喜马拉雅山脉群峰环抱之中的圣地,不仅是自然美景与文化瑰宝的完美融合,更是全球旅行者心驰神往的梦境之地。

2023年导游科目五面试导游词— 西藏:雅鲁藏布大峡谷

2023年导游科目五面试导游词— 西藏:雅鲁藏布大峡谷

导游科目五面试导游词一-西藏:雅鲁藏布大峡谷西藏导游词(中文+英文)中文类考生景点讲解:人文景点(区)布达拉宫、大昭寺、罗布林卡、帕廓街、甘丹寺、哲蚌寺、色拉寺、桑耶寺、雍布拉康、扎什伦布寺、白居寺、萨迦寺、强巴林寺、古格王朝遗址(14个)自然景点(区)纳木措、羊卓雍措、拉姆拉措、玛旁雍措、巴松措、班公措、珠穆朗玛峰、冈仁波钦峰、南迦巴瓦峰、雅鲁藏布大峡谷、南伊沟、鲁朗林海、林芝巨柏林(13个)外语类考生景点讲解:考试目的:主要考查考生在中文和外语之间口头互译的能力。

考试内容:用所考语种进行景点讲解、导游规范问答、应变能力问答、综合知识问答的“中译外”、“外译中”。

雅鲁藏布大峡谷各位游客朋友,在号称“世界屋脊”的青藏高原,有两个世界之最:一个是世界最高的山峰一珠穆朗玛峰;另一个是世界最深最长的河流峡谷—雅鲁藏布大峡谷。

雅鲁藏布大峡谷的“创始人”是雅鲁藏布江,雅鲁藏布江在古代藏文中的意思是“从最高顶峰上流下来的水”。

在雅鲁藏布江下游,江水绕行南迦巴瓦峰,峰回路转,做巨大马蹄形转弯,形成了一个巨大的大峡谷。

大峡谷北起米林县的大渡卡村,南到墨脱县巴昔卡村,全长504.6千米,平均深度2268米,最深处达6009米,超过曾被列为世界之最的美国科罗拉多大峡谷(长440千米,深1800米)和秘鲁科尔多峡谷(长90千米,深3203米),是不容置疑的世界第一大峡谷。

雅鲁藏布大峡谷怀抱南迦巴瓦峰地区的高山峻岭,冰封雪冻,它劈开青藏高原与印度洋水汽交往的山地屏障,像一条长长的湿舌,向高原内部源源不断输送水汽,使青藏高原东南部由此成为一片绿色世界。

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷里最险峻、最核心的地段,是从白马狗熊往下长约近百千米的河段,峡谷幽深,激流咆哮,至今还无人能够通过,其艰难与危险,堪称“人类最后的秘境、由于雅鲁藏布江大峡谷环境恶劣、灾害频繁,构成人们很难跨越的屏障和鸿沟,其落后与闭塞,使墨脱地区成了高原上的“孤岛”、远离现代社会的“世外桃源。

西藏英文介绍简单

西藏英文介绍简单

西藏英文介绍简单Tibet, located in the southwest of China, is an autonomous region known for its stunning landscapes, rich culture, and deep spiritual significance. Often referred toas the "Roof of the World," Tibet is home to the highestpeaks on earth, including Mount Everest. With its uniqueblend of Buddhism, traditional Tibetan customs, and awe-inspiring natural beauty, Tibet offers visitors a truly unforgettable experience.One of the most iconic symbols of Tibet is the Potala Palace, which was once the winter residence of the Dalai Lama. This magnificent architectural wonder is set against the backdrop of the Himalayas and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Visitors can explore the palace's numerous chapels, tombs,and prayer halls, gaining insight into the region's history and religious traditions.Another must-see destination in Tibet is the Jokhang Temple, an important pilgrimage site for Tibetan Buddhists. Located in the heart of Lhasa, the temple is a vibrant center of religious activity, with locals and monks coming to worship and conduct rituals. Its architectural style, with a mix of Indian, Nepalese, and Han Chinese influences, reflects the cultural diversity of Tibet.For those seeking adventure, Tibet offers a wealth of outdoor activities and unforgettable natural wonders. The region is home to some of the world's most breathtaking landscapes, from soaring mountain peaks to crystal-clear lakes and lush valleys. Trekkers can embark on the world-renowned Everest Base Camp trek, while nature enthusiasts can visit Yamdrok Lake, one of the three largest sacred lakes in Tibet, known for its stunning turquoise waters and surrounding snow-capped mountains.Tibetan cuisine is another highlight of the region, known for its unique flavors and use of local ingredients. Traditional dishes such as yak meat, butter tea, and momos (dumplings) offer visitors a taste of authentic Tibetan culture. Visitors can also explore local markets and handicraft shops to purchase handmade goods, including intricately woven carpets, traditional clothing, and vibrant religious art.In addition to its natural beauty and cultural heritage, Tibet is a place of deep spiritual significance. Tibetan Buddhism permeates every aspect of life in the region, with countless monasteries and temples serving as centers of worship and meditation. One of the most famous of these is the Sera Monastery, where visitors can witness the daily debates among monks and gain insight into the practice of Buddhism.However, traveling to Tibet requires some advance planning due to the region's unique political and geographical challenges. Visitors must obtain a specialtravel permit from the Chinese government in addition to a Chinese tourist visa. It's advisable to book tours through a reputable travel agency that can provide guidance and support throughout the trip.In conclusion, Tibet is a land of unparalleled beauty, spirituality, and cultural richness. From its ancient monasteries and palaces to its stunning landscapes andvibrant traditions, Tibet offers a truly unique and enriching experience for travelers. Whether seeking adventure in the great outdoors or spiritual enlightenment in ancient temples, a journey to Tibet is sure to leave a lasting impression.。

西藏十大旅游景点英文介绍

西藏十大旅游景点英文介绍

西藏十大旅游景点英文介绍Tibet, also known as the roof of the world, is a region with unique scenic spots and cultural traditions. Among them, there are ten must-visit tourist attractions that are worth seeing for any tourist visiting Tibet. Let's explore the top ten tourist attractions in Tibet together.1. The Potala PalaceThe Potala Palace is located in the capital city of Lhasa, and it is a world-renowned symbol of Tibetan Buddhism. The palace is not only one of the world's best-known historical and cultural hotspots, but it is also a grand building that showcases Tibetan architectural aesthetics.2. The Jokhang TempleThe Jokhang Temple is located in the center of Lhasa's old town and is often considered Tibet's spiritual heart. The temple combines distinctive Tibetan architecture with Chinese and Indian influences, making it a must-see for anyonevisiting the city.3. The Namtso LakeLocated on the Tibetan Plateau, the Namtso Lake is renowned for its breathtaking beauty and turquoise blue waters. It's often referred to as the "heavenly lake" and offers visitorsa peaceful retreat amidst surrounding mountains.4. Mount Everest Base CampMount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is located on the border of Tibet and Nepal. Visitors can trek to the base camp on the Tibetan side and marvel at the awe-inspiring mountain views.5. The Barkhor StreetThe Barkhor Street is a street encircling the Jokhang Temple in the old town of Lhasa. Visitors can experience traditional Tibetan culture and buy souvenirs. It's also an excellent place to mingle with the locals and learn more about their unique customs.6. The Norbulingka PalaceThe Norbulingka Palace, also known as the Summer Palace in Lhasa, provides an insight into Tibet's cultural heritage with its splendid architecture and beautiful gardens. It's an ideal place to experience traditional Tibetan architectures and traditions.7. The Samye MonasteryThe Samye Monastery is one of the oldest monasteries in Tibet and the first built according to Tibetan architecture. Visiting this unique spiritual site will allow you to experience traditional Tibetan religion and culture.8. The Yamdrok LakeThe Yamdrok Lake is considered one of Tibet's three sacred lakes and is known for its crystal-clear water and stunning scenery. Visitors can enjoy the lake's pure beauty and take part in various outdoor activities.9. The Tashilhunpo MonasteryThe Tashilhunpo Monastery is located in Shigatse, the second-largest city in Tibet. The Monastery is a significant sitefor Tibetan Buddhism and one of the largest functioning monasteries in Tibet.10. The Ganden MonasteryThe Ganden Monastery is located in Lhatse County and is one of the three largest monasteries in Tibet. It is famous for its stunning architectural design and beautiful naturalsurroundings.In conclusion, Tibet has many beautiful tourist attractions, and these top ten attractions are a must-visit for anyone visiting the region. They provide visitors with a glimpse into Tibet's unique culture, religion, and breathtaking natural scenery.。

旅游英语西藏介绍

旅游英语西藏介绍
Tibet
பைடு நூலகம்
Roof of the world
Where is Tibet?
Tibet lies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest border of China. The average height of the whole region is more than 4,000 meters above sea level, for which Tibet is known as "Roof of the World".
Jokhang Temple
The willow in front of the temple.
Jokhang Temple, located on Barkhor Square in Lhasa, is Tibet"s first Buddhist temple and is part of the Potala Palace. It is the ultimate pilgrimage destination for Tibetan pilgrims.
barley wine(青稞酒)
butter tea(酥油茶)
Tibet noddles(藏面)
zanba (糌粑) beef jerky (牛肉 干)
咖喱牛肉饭
bean jelly(凉粉)
yogurt(酸奶)
yak tongue(牦牛舌)
雪域圣地,人间天堂!
Shrine in snowland, heaven on earth!
The highest peak in the world
As the supreme point of the world, the mountain top is covered with snow all the year round, and when the glaring sun comes out, the peak becomes very pure and beautiful.

西藏风景英语作文

西藏风景英语作文

西藏:高原上的天堂Nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, Tibet is a land of breathtaking natural beauty and profound cultural heritage. From its snow-capped mountains to its vast grasslands, this autonomous region of China offers a unique and unforgettable experience to visitors from all over the world.The first thing that catches the eye in Tibet is its majestic mountains. The Himalayas, the world's highest mountain range, dominate the horizon, with peaks like Mount Everest towering above the clouds. These mountains are not just beautiful; they are also sacred to the Tibetan people, who believe that they are the abode of the gods.Another stunning feature of Tibet is its lakes. These crystal-clear bodies of water dot the landscape, reflecting the surrounding snow-capped peaks and sky. Lakes like Namtso and Yamdrok Tso are particularly beautiful, with their serene and peaceful atmospheres providing a welcome break from the rigors of travel.The grasslands of Tibet are also worth mentioning. These vast, open spaces are home to a diverse array of wildlife, including antelopes, yaks, and even the endangered snow leopard. The Tibetan people have a deep connection with these grasslands, and their nomadic way of life is a testament to this.In addition to its natural beauty, Tibet also boasts a rich cultural heritage. The Tibetan language, script, and religion are all unique to this region, and are a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the Tibetan people. Visitors to Tibet are often struck by the deep religiosity of the people, who manifest their faith through prayer flags, monasteries, and chortens (stupas).The Tibetan capital of Lhasa is a particularly fascinating place. This ancient city is home to the Potala Palace, a magnificent structure that was once the winter residence of the Dalai Lama. The palace is a testament to the grandeur and sophistication of Tibetan architecture, and its intricate carvings and paintings are a treat for the eyes.Overall, Tibet is a land that defies description. Its beauty is so vast and overwhelming that it can only befully appreciated by visiting it yourself. From its snow-capped mountains to its serene lakes, vast grasslands, and rich cultural heritage, Tibet offers something for everyone. It is truly a paradise on earth.**西藏:高原上的天堂**西藏,这个坐落于喜马拉雅山脉心脏的地方,是一个风景如画、文化丰富的美丽之地。

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in tantric buddhist iconography, the battle axe is held by ferocious deilies to symbolize severance of this worldly attachment.在佛教金铸文法本图解中,战斗斧是由凶残的神灵拿来象征阻隔世俗的依恋的。

lesson sixteen tibetan art 第十六课西藏艺术the land of snow is known as the“ocean of songs and dances”and indeed singing and dancing are greatly enjoyed by tibetans.这块被雪覆盖的土地作为歌舞的海洋被人们所知晓。

却是这样,唱歌和跳舞是西藏人民非常喜欢的。

during holidays and festivals,everyone joins in dancing,gaily singing hand in hand.在节假日里,每个人都参加到舞蹈中,手牵着手愉快的唱着歌。

religious dance is called cham in tibetan.宗教舞蹈在西藏被叫做羌姆(跳神)。

it was initiated by padmasambhave in the samye monastery in the eighth century.它是在公元八世纪由padmasambhave 在samye 修道院发起的。

according to an account in the chapterwomen drum.这是一个充满活力的舞蹈,表演者围成一个圈步伐灵动,男人敲锣,女人打鼓。

at the height of the performance,the men perform pirouettes on one leg while the women beat their drums high above their heads as they twirl.在表演的高潮,男人单脚站立旋转,女人在旋转的同时把鼓举在头顶击打。

the gor-shae is a round dance popular in the three major regions and the tibet:lhasa,lhoka and shigatse. gor-shae是圆舞的一种在三个的三个主要地区流行:拉萨,山南,日喀则。

this kind of round dance is performed by both men and women who form two concentric circles around a bonfire,and holding hands,shoulders touching,sing in alternate choruses of men and women.这种圆舞有男的女的围绕着一炉篝火形成两个同心圆,手牵着手,肩并着肩交替合唱。

the dance may continue throughout the night until daybreak.舞蹈可能贯穿整个晚上直到黎明。

ballad is popular in tibet to transmit the history of nation,myths of buddhism and folk tales down the generations by describing them with simple and short songs or poems.民谣用于传达西藏民族历史很是流行,佛教传说和民间故事通过描写他们的简短歌曲和诗传递给下一代。

art and literature are deeply rooted in the history of tibet,and in the splendid isolation of the tibetan plateau folk tales,songs,and dances and opera have developed their own unique form and local flavour.艺术和文化深深地根植于西藏的历史,孤立的青藏高原的民间故事,歌曲,舞蹈和戏曲通过他们自己独特的方式和风格发展的非常辉煌。

篇二:14、嘉雍群培——西藏死亡艺术西藏死亡藝術嘉雍群培中央民族大學音樂學院教授內容摘要:佛教從7世紀傳入西藏以來,與本土文化相結合,形成了獨具特色的藏傳佛教。

它影響著藏族人生活的方方面面,成為藏族文化的重要組成部分和藏族人的重要信仰。

這可以從藏族人的死亡儀式中看出,同時,藏傳佛教通過各種藝術形式反映其信條。

在死亡儀式中運用的音樂及其深奧,展示出它與佛教教義的和諧與完美一致。

關鍵詞:藏傳佛教生死輪回因果報應中陰救度現實人類的恐懼莫過於死亡,而藏族人對死亡的認識與眾不同,他們所舉行的死亡儀式,仿佛是在舉行一種特殊的藝術休習,並認為死亡不是生命的終點,要進入中陰1,是新生的開始,是生命中最尊貴和最光榮的時刻。

人們從小就開始接受死亡的教育和修行,在死亡儀式的整個過程中,藝術創作與實踐與佛教思想完美結合,《西藏度亡經》2將其稱為“死亡的藝術”。

藏傳佛教對死亡的修習藏傳佛教的教育是從因果報應3,生死輪回4,諸行無常,更漏皆苦開始的,因此,藏族人對來世和死亡的重視往往超過了對誕生和現實的重視,追求生命的解脫為一生最高的理想。

早期在西藏沒更人去慶祝生日,而對死亡的重視和教育是從生開始,孩子在嬰兒時期,就由母親背著朝佛轉經,並教唱六字真言歌“俺嘛呢叭咪哄”。

藏傳佛教認為,六字真言是一切佛教教義的根本和精髓,能破除六種煩惱,修六種般若行,獲得六種12 中阴:人从死到生之间的时间,为七七四十九天。

莲华生著徐进夫译:《西藏度亡经》宗教文化出版社 1995年出版,第9页。

3 藏传佛教教义认为万事万物都在因果轮回之中,不能改变。

4 藏传佛教认为,由于“我执”,人们会有消极的情绪,那是因为他们对真相的无知,从而陷入生死轮回。

- 122 -佛身,生出六種智慧。

在藏區真言調很豐富,更長調也更短調,不同的地方或不同的供養唱不同的曲調。

藏傳佛教的“空”、“苦”思想,成為真言曲調的基本風格,因此,真言調的旋律以五聲小調式為主,其中羽調式用的最多,色彩暗淡。

人生多難,為了避免以外的死亡和劫難,父母又要教你頌唱金剛上師咒:“俺阿洪班雜咕嚕叭嘛悉地哄”據說這十二個字母帶著佛陀說法十二部的整個加持,十二部教法能使人解脫“十二因緣”,脫離六道輪回,當你高唱它時,所聞者皆獲巨大利益和功德。

之外,還要教你皈依經和皈依曲,即皈依上師、皈依佛、皈依法和皈依僧。

這些誦唱的咒語歌,旋律平穩、柔和、情切,仿佛聆聽上師的告誡,瞻仰大悲的尊容,滋生心性的智慧。

臨終中陰中的心性顯露在藏區,對臨終的人要舉行一系列煩瑣的宗教活動,首先要祈請四方神靈給予加持、護佑,所以在一些宗教活動和祭祀的地方,經常聽到祈請上師的長調,用優美的詞藻,悅耳的歌生去感化和達通神靈,祈求他們給危難者力量和勇氣,擺脫病魔的纏繞,不受邪魔的拖曳。

暗淡、柔和的旋律中透露出一絲迷茫、彷徨。

祈禱後進入禪定狀態,為了臨終者不因死亡而恐懼,上師開始輕輕的,更節奏的敲打臨終者,設法使意念遷移,從鎖骨敲到頭頂,用情切、柔和、慈祥的語調念唱。

上師繼續敲打,聲音逐漸放慢,放弱,不斷重複,直到臨終者拋開生命進入實相之境。

最終得到上師的指導,放下恐懼的心,用平靜、自然、喜悅的心情迎接死亡的到來,把死當成迎接新生必須經過的短暫的幻影,是很重要的,是進入涅磐或往生善趣的重要環節。

法性中陰的明光境界由於業力的牽引,大多數人不能頓入根本明光,就要進入法性中陰的- 123 -明光境界,這時枕前上師開始為亡者念唱遷識法,指導亡靈走上往生的旅程。

遷識法的念唱方式各地略更不同,但大致可分為三種形式:(一)念誦段以韻白的形式進行,節奏富於變化,變化中又講究韻律的統一。

(二)部分段落具更較強的旋律性,旋律流暢,具更吟唱調的特點。

(三)在一定時間的平穩念唱後,突然擊掌高唱。

這種一靜一乍更規律地多次反復,據稱是為了不讓亡者的心識依附於肉體,而不肯離去,因此以擊掌高唱催促之。

家人還要為臨終者請寺院念誦“救度大法”。

屍體停放3天,期間晝夜不停地請喇嘛誦經,家人在院中煨桑供奉眾神靈,高唱六字真言歌。

天葬天葬,把藏傳佛教的宇宙觀、人生觀和捨身精神體現的最為透徹,最為徹底,既顯露出原始遺留的野蠻喪習,又蘊涵著無比虔誠的信仰和殊勝的睿智。

天葬,是亡者最後的施捨,也是最後的奉獻,整個儀式過程充滿了音樂。

例如,僧侶們念唱一段度亡經後,解釋生命緣起和因果輪回,這樣,對死亡的恐懼就會減輕。

如果靈魂在中因的最初狀態能夠意識到明光——這個中間階段,他的靈魂就能解脫。

天葬師用長刀把屍體剝離分解,眾鷹守候在四周,最初更一隻體積最大的領頭鷹搖搖擺擺上前啄食,之後,其餘的鷹蜂擁而上,不一會兒就把肉吃得一乾二淨,只剩一堆骨頭,天葬師們用錘把骨架、顱骨等砸碎,拌上糍粑,扔給鷹,直到吃盡。

投生中陰的再生意識到投生中陰,亡者意生身具更一切知覺作用,渴望得到肉身,重返色界,遺族以各種方式進行祈禱供養,來配合亡者,如:磕頭、轉經和誦唱明言- 124 -磕頭,轉經和誦唱咒言是一項殊勝的供養,是要終身修持,對亡者而言,此時的修持更為及時、迫切,是對亡者最大的幫助和支持。

此時的六字真言長調,由於遺族失去情人的悲痛,顯得倍感淒涼,在空曠的原野、山谷回蕩,像是在哭訴,又像是在懺悔。

放飛風馬、懸掛經幡和進行煨桑為了避免再掉入無明的悲劇和輪回痛苦的生死中,遺族要放飛風馬、懸掛經幡和煨桑,這是與靈界溝通的重要方式,在煨桑的同時一遍遍地高唱迎請眾神靈長調。

寺院樂舞的救度法藏傳佛教所更的教派和寺院每年都要舉行盛大的法會,法會中樂舞的表演是密宗儀式中很重要的一部分,目的是為了淨壇祈福,施展佛威,降伏惡魔(阻礙佛法的外敵和困難),摧毀敵人(摧毀煩惱業障),使眾生從無明解脫出來。

其中還更一個目的,那就是對死亡的教育和對亡魂的救度。

如桑耶寺表演的樂舞中就更這樣的:1、多處達波,即屍陀林樂舞,多處達波原為西藏苯教一厲神,後被蓮花生收為佛教神靈中的底層護法神和指點迷津引入善道的精靈,令其守護天葬台。

更些書上說他是天葬的執行者。

更4人表演,身穿繪更嶙嶙骨架的服,頭戴骷髏面具,在大鼓大鈸樂曲中狂舞,表示對那些危害佛法的惡魔將嚴厲懲治,對因無明而妄念遮蔽的“罪惡之心”,轉生為光明無礙的佛心。

2、冬阿,即超度者樂舞,13人表演,頭戴大黑帽,身穿黑色大袍,腰圍鑲更人眼、口的圍裙,揮舞著邊達(綴更穗邊的人頭骨)和刀,踏著鼓點起舞,意把多處達波解送來的惡魔用利刀肢解,把靈魂送上天堂,表現出佛教的遷識法,讓靈魂拋開肉體,進入中陰境相,也意為擺脫無明的蔽障,進入法心的世界。

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