噪声系数测量手册part1
噪声系数测量手册Part 1. 噪声系数定义及测试方法安捷伦科技:顾宏亮一.噪声系数定义最常见的噪声系数定义是:输入信噪比/ 输出信噪比。
它是衡量设备本身噪声品质的重要参数,它反映的是信号经过系统后信噪比恶化的程度。
噪声系数是一个大于1的数,也就是说信号经过系统后信噪比是恶化了。
噪声系数是射频电路的关键指标之一,它决定了接收机的灵敏度,影响着模拟通信系统的信噪比和数字通信系统的误码率。
无线通信和卫星通信的快速发展对器件、子系统和系统的噪声性能要求越来越高。
输入信噪比SNR input=P i/N i输出信噪比SNR output=P o/N o噪声系数F =SNR input/SNR output通常用dB来表示NF= 10Log(F)假设放大器是理想的线性网络,内部不产生任何噪声。
那么对于该放大器来说,输出的功率Po以及输出的噪声No 分别等于Pi * Gain以及Ni*Gain。
这样噪声系数=(Pi/Ni)/(Po/No)=1。
但是现实中,任何放大器的噪声功率输出不仅仅有输入端噪声的放大输出,还有内部自身的噪声(Na)输出,下图为线性双端口网络的图示。
双端口网络噪声系数分析框图Vs: 信号源电动势Rs: 信号源内阻Ri: 双端口网络输入阻抗R L: 负载阻抗Ni: 输入噪声功率Pi: 输入信号功率No: 输出噪声功率Po: 输出信号功率Vn: 该信号源内阻Rs的等效噪声电压Ro: 双端口网络输出阻抗输出噪声功率: N o = N i * Gain + N a ; P o=P i * Gain噪声系数= (P i * N o)/(N i* P o) = (N i * Gain + N a) /(N i * Gain)= 1 + Na/(N i * Gain) > 1根据IEEE的噪声系数定义:The noise factor, at a specified input frequency, is defined as the ratio of (1) the total noise power per unit bandwidth available at the output port when noise temperature of the input termination is standard (290 K) to (2) that portion of (1) engendered at the input frequency by the input termination.”a.输入噪声被定义成负载在温度为290K下产生的噪声。
b.输入噪声功率为资用功率,也就是该负载(termination)能产生的最大功率。
c.假定了被测件和负载阻抗互为共轭关系. 如果被测件是放大器,并且噪声源阻抗为50ohm,那么假定了该放大器的输入阻抗为50ohm。
综合上述的结论,我们可以这样理解噪声系数的定义:当输入噪声功率为290K温度下的负载所产生的最大功率情况下,输入信噪比和输出信噪比的比值。
资用功率指的是信号源能输出的最大功率,也可以称为额定功率。
信号源输出框图只有当源的内阻和负载相等(复数互为共轭),源输出最大功率.P available= [V S/(R S+ R L)]2 * R L当R S= R L时候P available= V S2/(4*R S)由此可见,资用功率是源的本身参数,它只和内阻以及电动势有关,和负载没有关系。
那如果输入是一个负载的噪声,该噪声大小是如何计算的呢?根据噪声系数的定义,输入端的噪声是温度为290K的电阻所产生的热噪声功率,我们假定电阻为R,那么根据JB Johson 以及Nyquist对噪声功率的推导可得电阻产生的噪声资用功率为功率为: N i= e2/(4*R)e2=4KTBRK= 玻尔兹曼常数(1.3806505 * 10 -23 J/K)T = 开尔文温度(K)B = 带宽(Hz)因此输入端额定的噪声功率N i= 4KTBR/4R=KTB。
由上述可知,无论信号源的内阻大小如何,它所产生的额定噪声功率都是相同的。
它的大小只和该电阻所处的温度以及带宽有关。
当T=T0=290K时,N i=KT0B。
噪声温度: 通常为了简化计算可以使用噪声温度来表示噪声功率。
它等于一个电阻在与这个噪声源相同的带宽内输出相同的功率时所具有的绝对温度。
因此放大器的内部自身噪声输出N a可以等效为当输入端为T E温度的电阻时的输出噪声N a= KT E BG。
线性双端口网络噪声这样噪声系数可以简化为: NF = 1+ N a/(N i*Gain) = 1 + KT E BGain/KT0BGain=1+T E/T0 NF = 1 + T E/ T0可推得T E = T0 (NF-1)NF(dB) =10Log(1 + T E/T0)其中T0 = 290 K对于下图的级联噪声系数噪声系数级联框图很容易证明级联以后的噪声系数为: NF = NF1+ (NF2-1)/G1对于n级的系统,可以证明噪声系数为:NF(1..n)=NF1+(NF2-1)/G1+(NF3-1)/G1G2+(NF4-1)/G1G2G3……(NFn-1)/G1G2G3..Gn二.噪声系数测试方法噪声系数的精确测量对于产品的研发和制造都非常关键。
在研发领域,高测试精度可以保证设计仿真和真实测量之间的可复验性很高,并有助于发现在仿真过程中未予以考虑的噪声来源。
在生产和制造领域,更高的测试精度意味着在设定和验证器件的技术指标时可以把指标的余量设定得更小。
在噪声系数的测量过程中,必须在器件的线性区进行。
如果被测件是放大器并且带有自动增益控制,那么必须关闭AGC功能。
2.1 Y系数法在Y系数测试方法中,需要用到的仪表为噪声系数分析仪或者是频谱分析仪带有噪声系数选件,另外还需要一个噪声源。
通常噪声源采用雪崩二极管制作而成,可以在一定的频带内产生冷态噪声以及热态噪声,分别称之为T C以及T H。
放大器噪声系数测量框图当噪声源产生T C的噪声时候,放大器总得输出噪声为T C+T E当噪声源产生T H的噪声时候,放大器总得输出噪声为T H+T EY= (T H+T E)/(T C+T E)加上T E = T0 (NF-1)联立方程式后可以解得NF = [(T H-T0)+(T0-T C)Y]/[(Y-1)*T0]对于噪声源来说T C=T0=290K ,因此NF可以简化为NF=(T H-T0)/[(Y-1)*T0]求对数后得到NF(dB) = 10Log[(T H-T0)/T0] - 10Log(Y-1) 其中Log[(T H-T0)/T0] 称之为噪声源的超噪比ENR(ExcessiveNoise Ration),单位为dB。
NF(dB) = ENR - 10Log(Y-1)这个结果NF并不是真正的放大器的噪声系数,而是放大器以及测量仪表的噪声系数,根据噪声系数级联运算可以知道F meas = F DUT + (F NFA– 1)/G DUT放大器噪声系数测量框图因此只要知道G DUT以及F NFA就可以算得F DUT,首先来看F NFA如何获得。
在测量之前,都需要对仪表进行校准,如下图所示Y系数法校准框图在校准时候,只需要将噪声源直接连接到仪表。
在这个过程中,仪表会测量自身的噪声系数,并且会在不同的仪表前端输入衰减器下进行测量。
因为在测量的时候,针对不同增益的放大器需要仪表选择不同的前端衰减器。
当改变了仪表的前端衰减器后,仪表自身的噪声系数F NFA 也会相应的变化。
所以在校准的过程中,仪表会在不同的衰减器下进行校准, 你可以听到步进衰减器的切换声音。
再来看看放大器的增益是如何获得的。
我们知道在测量以及校准过程中,噪声源会输出冷态噪声以及热态噪声,如下图所示Y系数法校准以及测量框图在校准的时候,仪表在T C以及T H测量得到的噪声分别为:T C时候: N NFA + KT C BG NFA ○1 T H时候: N NFA + KT H BG NFA ○2在测量的时候,仪表在T C以及T H测量得到的噪声分别为:T C时候: N NFA + N DUT G NFA+KT C BG NFA G DUT ○3 T H时候: N NFA + N DUT G NFA+KT H BG NFA G DUT ○4其中NDUT用(○4–○3)/(○2- ○1)= (KT H BG NFA G DUT - KT C BG NFA G DUT)/( KT H BG NFA - KT C BG NFA)= G DUT * (KT H BG NFA - KT C BG NFA) /( KT H BG NFA - KT C BG NFA)= G DUTAgilent 支持Y系数法测量的仪表主要如下所示N897xA10MHzN9030A10MHzN9020A10MHzN9010A10MHzN9000A 10MHz2.2 直接测试法直接测试法就是根据噪声系数的定义直接进行测试NF(dB)= (P i * N o )/(N i * P o )根据噪声系数定义Ni = KT0B = -174 dBm/Hz , P0/P i=Gain, N0为总的输出噪声NF(dB)= N o (dBm/Hz) + 174 (dBm/Hz) - Gain因此在测量的时候只需要在放大器的输入端接上50ohm负载,利用频谱分析仪测量输出的噪声谱密度直接测试法框图N9030A3.6GHz/8.4GHz/13.6GHz/26.5GHz/50GHzN9020A3.6GHz/8.4GHz/13.6GHz/26.5GHzE444xA6.7GHz/13.2GHz/26.5GHz/42.98GHz/50GHz2.3 冷态噪声源法在使用Y系数法或者直接测试法中,都假设源是匹配的。
但是事实上,噪声源的输出和放大器的输入都存在这失配,并且源端的失配会最终影响到测量的噪声系数。
源阻抗对噪声系数的影响可以通过噪声参数来表征,那首先来看看什么是噪声参数。
放大器的噪声参数是描述噪声系数vs源阻抗Γs发生变化的参量,在史密斯图上,噪声参数通常被画成一些等噪声系数的圆。
在这个圆上,Γs虽然不同但是噪声系数是相同的。
对任何一种放大器,在某个源阻抗值可以对应一个最小的噪声系数,我们把这个源阻抗的反射系数叫做Γopt。
源阻抗偏离这个阻抗的值越远,放大器的噪声系数就会变得越大。
放大器的噪声参数是晶体管内偏置电流以及放大器的工作频率有关的。
其中F min最小噪声系数,R n 噪声电阻,Γs源反射系数,Γopt最佳源反射系数,Z0系统阻抗。
噪声系数和源阻抗以及频率的关系噪声参数的概念直接关系到我们精确测量50ohm噪声系数的能力。
噪声系数的计算及测量方法
噪声系数的计算及测量方法(一)时间:2012-10-25 14:32:49 来源:作者:噪声系数(NF)是RF系统设计师常用的一个参数,它用于表征RF放大器、混频器等器件的噪声,并且被广泛用作无线电接收机设计的一个工具。
许多优秀的通信和接收机设计教材都对噪声系数进行了详细的说明.现在,RF应用中会用到许多宽带运算放大器和ADC,这些器件的噪声系数因而变得重要起来。
讨论了确定运算放大器噪声系数的适用方法。
我们不仅必须知道运算放大器的电压和电流噪声,而且应当知道确切的电路条件:闭环增益、增益设置电阻值、源电阻、带宽等。
计算ADC的噪声系数则更具挑战性,大家很快就会明白此言不虚。
公式表示为:噪声系数NF=输入端信噪比/输出端信噪比,单位常用“dB”。
该系数并不是越大越好,它的值越大,说明在传输过程中掺入的噪声也就越大,反应了器件或者信道特性的不理想。
在放大器的噪声系数比较低的情况下,通常放大器的噪声系数用噪声温度(T)来表示。
噪声系数与噪声温度的关系为:T=(NF-1)T0 或NF=T/T0+1 其中:T0-绝对温度(290K)噪声系数计算方法研究噪声的目的在于如何减少它对信号的影响。
因此,离开信号谈噪声是无意义的。
从噪声对信号影响的效果看,不在于噪声电平绝对值的大小,而在于信号功率与噪声功率的相对值,即信噪比,记为S/N(信号功率与噪声功率比)。
即便噪声电平绝对值很高,但只要信噪比达到一定要求,噪声影响就可以忽略。
否则即便噪声绝对电平低,由于信号电平更低,即信噪比低于1,则信号仍然会淹没在噪声中而无法辨别。
因此信噪比是描述信号抗噪声质量的一个物理量。
1 噪声系数的定义要描述放大系统的固有噪声的大小,就要用噪声系数,其定义为设Pi为信号源的输入信号功率,Pni为信号源内阻RS产生的噪声功率,Po和Pno 分别为信号和信号源内阻在负载上所产生的输出功率和输出噪声功率,Pna表示线性电路内部附加噪声功率在输出端的输出。
《噪声系数和测量》课件
设置测量参数:频率、功率、温度等
记录数据:记录测量得到的噪声系数、频率、功率等数据
连接测量仪器:将信号源、功率计、噪声系数分析仪等连接起来
分析数据:分析噪声系数与频率、功率的关系,得出结论
测量结果分析
噪声系数:衡量信号传输过程中噪声的影响程度
测量方法:使用噪声系数测量仪,测量信号的输入和输出噪声
测量结果:噪声系值,表示信号传输过程中噪声的影响程度
噪声系数的应用:在通信、电子、声学等领域都有广泛的应用
噪声系数的计算公式:噪声系数=输出信号功率/输入信号功率
噪声系数的测量
测量原理
噪声系数的定义:描述信号传输过程中噪声增加的程度
测量步骤:首先设置测量参数,然后输入信号,最后读取输出信号并计算噪声系数
注意事项:测量过程中要保证信号的稳定性和准确性,避免干扰因素影响测量结果
添加标题
添加标题
噪声系数测量设备的智能化和自动化
噪声系数测量技术的不断发展和完善
噪声系数测量标准的不断提高和统一
噪声系数测量技术的应用领域不断扩展,如航空航天、电子通信等
展望
噪声系数测量技术的发展:更加精确、快速、便捷
噪声系数测量设备的发展趋势:智能化、小型化、便携化
噪声系数测量在环保领域的应用:更加广泛,更加重要
测量方法:使用噪声系数测量仪,通过测量输入信号和输出信号的功率比来计算噪声系数
测量设备
声级计:测量噪声的强度和频率
频谱分析仪:分析噪声的频率成分
噪声源定位仪:确定噪声源的位置
噪声剂量计:测量噪声暴露剂量
测量步骤
准备测量仪器:噪声系数分析仪、信号源、功率计等
启动测量:启动信号源,调整功率,观察噪声系数分析仪的读数
噪声系数噪声参数测量-essun
噪声系数/噪声参数测量引言噪声自然地发生在任何有源器件或者电路中,并且限制了有用信号的最低水平。
例如,对于手机,它可以干扰比较微弱的信号,导致通话中断。
因此,设计一个降低噪声影响的电路是非常重要的。
要做到这一点,必须量化噪声和测量噪声参数,包括Fmin、Gmma、Γopt(幅度和相位)和Rn。
请注意,噪声系数是一个在讨论LNA时经常使用的参数,并且通常情况下指的是器件在50Ω情况下产生的。
超高速噪声参数一个新的超高速噪声参数测量方法能以100X-400X的因子提高整体校准和测量时间,使得一次需要几十甚至上百小时的测量只需几十分钟就能完成。
这个新方法有两个有助于突破速度提高的主要特点:1)调谐器有一组状态(物理调谐器的位置),可以在整个感兴趣的频带内选择合适的阻抗;2)噪声功率测量可在每一个状态下进行整个频带扫描,所以调谐器只需移动到每个状态一次。
这利用的是现代仪器的快速扫描能力,同时可通过减少调谐器的移动来节约时间。
这种新的噪声参数测量方法在速度上有两个数量级的提高。
它产生的数据也比传统方法更光滑且分散更少。
快速测量减少了温度漂移,使用VNA 和内部噪声接收机简化了安装且更加稳定和一致。
这种超高速的实用性在于能一直做原位校准来减少错误和通过测量更多频率来更好地观察分散和循环错误,以及更灵活的运用平滑。
这种更高的频率密度还可以通过减少图象失真带来的漂移来提高准确性。
器件的50Ω噪声系数可以用噪声参数系统直接测量或者从噪声系数等高线中推算出来。
直接测量是使用阻抗调谐器来对DUT准确地呈现出50Ω,然后测量出相关噪声系数(注意,该调谐器可以修正通常没有调谐器时呈现出的非50Ω系统阻抗)。
噪声系数推算是一个噪声参数测量系统下的标准函数并使用数学上确定的等高线,在50Ω时来计算预期的噪声系数。
利用新方法测量的73个频点的噪声参数数据,没有应用平滑,显示了Fmin(红色)、Rn(蓝色)和Gain(紫色)利用Maury的MT7553B01噪声接收机模块和MT984AU01自动调谐器结合Agilent的PNA-X的典型的8-50GHz的单次扫描测试利用Maury的MT982BU01自动调谐器结合Agilent PNA-X的0.8-18GHz的噪声参数测量的典型配置利用Maury的MT7553B01噪声接收机模块和MT984AU01自动调谐器结合Agilent PNA-X的8-50GHz的噪声参数测量的典型配置。
噪声系数测量
What is Noise Figure?
Small Signal
Imperfect Amplifier Agitation of Electrons adds noise to the signal Signal larger But Noisier
In this example, a perfect amplifier would add no noise, and the signal would be an amplified replica. However, in practice, noise is present, and can mask the wanted signal. The noise floor, as seen in a given bandwidth, limits the detection of weak signals. All electronic systems are subject to noise. Receiver systems have to process very weak signals and any noise added by the system will obscure these weak ise concepts
What is Noise Figure ?
Noise Out Noise in
Measurement bandwidth=25MHz
a) C/N at amplifier input
b) C/N at amplifier output
Nin Nout
Thermal noise is a function of the kinetic energy of a body of particles. The noise power available is equal to kTB and is the maximum rate at which energy can be removed from the body. Boltzmann's constant is defined as the average energy per particle that can be coupled out by electrical means per degree of temperature. The power is related to temperature and that makes intuitive sense. Thermal noise is evenly distributed across the frequency spectrum (1% variation up to 100GHz) and therefore B specifies how much of the spectrum power is available. Shot noise occurs in active devices and is caused by the randomness of current flow. Shot noise is flat with frequency and a function of the current level. Flicker noise is a function of frequency and is a low frequency phenomenon. The value of alpha is close to unity.
Agilent 噪声系数测量手册
噪音系数测量
Technical data is subject to change. Copyright@2004 AgilentFundamentalnoise conceptsHow do wemakemeasurements?What DUTscan wemeasure?What influencesthe measurementuncertainty?What is Noise Figure ?NoiseOutNoise inMeasurement bandwidth=25MHza) C/N at amplifier input b) C/N at amplifier outputNinNoutGa RsTwo examples of Noise FigureExample 1: In a receiver, the LNA is connected to an antenna which points to earth’s atmosphere (290K) and the LNA has 3dB NF and 10dB gain. Noise power at LNA output is: -174+10+3=-161dBm/Hz Example 2: In a transmitter the modulator noise floor is -140dBm/Hz. The modulator output is amplifier by a linear amp with 3dB NF and 10dB gain. Noise power at amplifier output is: -140+10+3=-127dBm/Hz-140dBm corresponds to a noise source with a temperature 700 million K, i.e. DUT input is not Standard Temperature and Example 2 is wrongJust to emphasize this point, noise figure only represents the noise added to the input noise referred to the DUT output when the noise into the device is thermal noise at the standard temperature. So the first example here is correct. In the second example, the noise going into the device is much higher and therefore the noise figure of the amplifier cannot be added to the noise out of the DUT from the modulator. In reality if the noise of the amplifier is only 3dB then it will add practically no noise to that generated by the modulator.11An Alternative Way to Describe Noise Figure: Effective Input Noise TemperatureNinNout = Na + kTB GaRsOutput PowerGa , NaSlope=kBGac isti ter c arais NoC ree eFhNa -Te Te Source Temperature (K)Let’s now plot the output noise power as a function of the temperature of the noise source. In the equation for Nout I have substituted Nin for kTB where T now varies from absolute zero upwards. It’s a linear curve as we are dealing with very low power levels so all devices are operating in their linear regions. Actually the line is a very standard ‘y=mx+C’. M is the gradient in this case kBGa and c is the point at which the curve intersects the y axis. C is equal to Na. What you can say at T=0 is that no power at the device output comes from the noise source. All the output power at this point is generated within the DUT. This gives us another figure of merit for describing the noise performance of active devices. If you look at the graph I have drawn the characteristic of a noise free device. If you transpose the added noise Na through this line on to the x axis you arrive at Te, the effective input noise temperature. When you multiply Te by the gain bandwidth product of the device you get the amount of noise added. It’s a useful figure of merit because it is independent of the device gain (unlike Na).12Effective Noise Temperature relation to NFNa + kToBG F= kToBG = Therefore Te = (F-1) . To Na Assume Na = 0 Ts Te kGBTe + kGBTo kBGTo = Te + To ToTsGain GGain GWhat is Te if the NF is 3dB?13Te or NF: which should I use?•Use either - they are completely interchangeable •typically NF for terrestrial and Te for space •NF referenced to 290K - not appropriate in space •If Te used in terrestrial systems and the temperatures can be large (10dB=2610K) •Te is easier to characterize graphically14Friis Cascade FormulaGa1Ga2F1 F2-1 Ga1F2Σ FN+1 = Σ Fn + Fn+1 - 1 ΣGNF12 = F1 +Where Σ Fn is cumulative NF up to nth stage and Σ FN+1 is cumulative NF up to (n+1)th stageNoise figure can be used for much more than just characterizing a single stage. If you know the noise figure and gain of each stage you can calculate the noise figure of a cascade of devices. This equation is known as the cascade formula or Friis formula. F12 is the noise figure of the 2 stage system. G1 is the gain of the first stage, F1 is the NF of the first stage and F2 is the NF of the second stage. The formula clearly shows why you must put your best noise figure devices at the front of the chain. Also the higher the gain of the first stage, the less the noise figure contribution from subsequent stages.15Receiver Modelling using Excelstage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 TOTAL NF AMP1 2.00 14.00 2.00 14.00 AMP1 2.00 9.00 AMP2 4.00 16.00 2.00 9.00 AMP2 4.00 16.00 2.16 30.00 AMP3 5.00 20.00 2.49 25.00 AMP3 5.00 20.00 2.17 50.00 AMP4 10.00 30.00 2.51 45.00 AMP4 10.00 30.00 2.171NF gain cummulative NF cummulative gain1 22 3 4NF gain cummulative NF cummulative gainstage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4TOTAL NF 2.51NF gain cummulative NF cummulative gainAMP1 4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00 LOSS1 4.00 -4.00 4.00 -4.00AMP2 2.00 14.00 4.03 30.00 AMP1 2.00 14.00 6.00 10.00AMP3 5.00 20.00 4.03 50.00 AMP2 4.00 16.00 6.16 26.00AMP4 10.00 30.00 4.03NF gain cummulative NF cummulative gainAMP3 5.00 20.00 6.1710*LOG((10^(F22/10))+(10^(G20/10)-1)/10^(F23/10))Here is an example of how useful the cascade formula is in the estimation of receiver sensitivity. I’ve used EXCEL to illustrate the example as EXCEL is a very simple and powerful way of performing linear calculations. Both examples have four system components. In the first one I have my low noise amplifier at the front followed by a linear gain block followed by 2 further gain stages. My best noise figure device is placed first as it will dominate the noise figure performance of the system. You can see that the overall noise figure performance is little more than the noise figure of the first stage. The second example is identical, except for the fact that the LNA has lower gain. This mean that the noise contribution of the following stages is more noticeable. The point to make here is that the noise figure of a device is important - but so is its gain. In the third one I have swapped the first two amplifiers around and you can see the difference his has made to the overall noise figure - although the cumulative gain is the same the noise figure is dominated by the first - and now poorer - noise figure performance. The last example is similar to the very fist one except that now4 dB of loss have been introduced. This is common in receiver systems and could represent the cabling between an antenna and the LNA or a front end duplexer. The noise figure of a passive lossy device is equal to its loss. Overall you just add front end losses to the system noise figure to get the overall noise figure The noise figure of a passive device can be seen to be same the magnitude of the insertion gain. For example, a 6dB attenuator will have a noise figure of +6dB, but an insertion gain of -6dB. This can also be seen from standard calculation as well. As an example : if Noise Factor = N out / Gain x N in, and if Noise_out = Noise_in for this case, and Gain = 1/4 then Noise Factor is 4 and the noise figure is the log of this at + 6dB I’ve shown the cascade equation in slightly modified form. This is what you would type into excel. Fn is the cumulative noise figure up to the nth stage and sigma Ga1 is the cumlative gain.16Why do we measure Noise Figure? Example...Transmitter: ERP Path Losses Rx Ant. Gain Power to Rx Receiver: Noise Floor@290K Noise in 100 MHz BW Receiver NF Rx Sensitivity -174 dBm/Hz +80 dB +5 dB -89 dBm + 55 dBm -200 dB 60 dB -85 dBmERP = +55 dBmPatC/N= 4 dB:sses h Lo200dBChoices to increase Margin by 3dB 1. Double transmitter power 2. Increase gain of antennas by 3dB 3. Lower the receiver noise figure by 3dBReceiver NF: 5dB Bandwidth: 100MHz Antenna Gain: +60dBPower to Antenna: +40dBm Frequency: 12GHz Antenna Gain: +15dBHere is an example of why we need to know the noise figure of a device. In this example, we have a satellite that transmits with an effective radiated power of +55dBm, and is transmitted through a path loss, of +200dB, to a receive antenna with gain of 60dB. The signal power to the receiver is -85dBm. The receiver sensitivity is calculated here using kTB is at -174dBm /Hz and the noise power in a 100 MHz bandwidth you add 80dB. The noise figure of the complete receiver is +5dB. So the receiver noise floor is at -89dBm. S we currently have a 4dB carrier to noise ratio in our 100MHz channel. If we wanted to double the link margin to get improved receiver reliability, then we could double the transmitter power. This would cost millions of dollars in terms of increased payload and /or higher rated, more expensive components and more challenging engineering issues. Another way is to increase the gain of the receiver. This would cost millions in terms of size and mechanical engineering, and the debates over local environmental issues and planning permissions. While lowering the Noise Figure of the front end would be a fraction of this, and is the more attractive economically. Noise figure is a $$$ figure.17What Noise Figure is Not…•Not a figure of merit for different modulation techniques use BER instead •Not a quality factor for one port networks e.g. synthesizers, power supplies •Not a useful quality factor for high power stages use transmitter testerWe have discussed what noise figure is. It is maybe usefully to briefly describe what noise figure is not. It does not give any indication of the efficiency of the modulation scheme chosen. In digital receivers this is done by BER. BER and noise figure have a nonlinear relationship where as you gradually decrease the signal to noise ratio you will suddenly see a rise in BER as 1’s and 0’s become confused. Noise figure is a two port figure of merit. It does not describe one port networks such as terminations or oscillators. Oscillators do generate noise and will affect the sensitivity of receivers but noise figure is not a means of measuring oscillator quality. Here phase noise measurements would be more appropriate. High power stages imply nonlinearity and noise figure is a function of strictly linear systems. Also high power stages implies high levels of input noise, so the added noise of the of the high power stage is likely to be very small - remember noise figure is defined where the input power has an effective temperature of 290K.18Summary of Noise Fundamentals•The Origins of Noise •Signal to Noise ratio •Definition of Noise Figure •Effective Noise Temperature •Friis Cascade Formula •Using Excel in Rx modeling •System Sensitivity Calculation19How do we make measurements?Fundamental noise conceptsHow do we make measurements?What DUTs can we measure?What influences the measurement uncertainty?Now that we have seen the basic concepts of noise, let’ now look at how we make those measurements.20Nout = Na + kTBGaGa , NaRsNout = Nh or Nc RsXXX YYY ZZZ AAABBBCCC......ENR dBFrequency Excess Noise Ratio, ENR (dB) = 10 Log 10( T h -290)290Fundamentalnoise conceptsHow do wemakemeasurements?What DUTscan wemeasure?What influencesthe measurementuncertainty?Fundamentalnoise conceptsHow do wemakemeasurements?What DUTscan wemeasure?What influencesthe measurementuncertainty?ResultsN8970 Series Noise Figure Analyzers•Fast, accurate and repeatable noise figure measurements up to 26.5 GHz (higher frequency also possible)•Simultaneous noise figure and gain measurements.•Compact and portablePSA Series Spectrum Analyzers •Industry’s highest performance spectrum analyer•Now with Noise Figure personality.Noise Sources•Up to 26.5 GHz and 15dB ENR •Calibration data is automatically down-loaded from the SNS series sources to noise figure analyzer.Technical data is subject to change. Copyright@2004 Agilent。
噪声系数测量操作指导
• 13、对于测试较低的噪声系数,Device菜单中的 “RF Att”须设置为0dB。当测试高电平时,也可 增大“RF Att”设置值。 • 14、如需在频谱仪输入口串接二个衰减器时,需 将额定功率大的衰减器接在外面(保证待测产品 输出信号先经过大功率衰减器)。 • 15、执行 “2 nd stage Corr ON”校准后,数据并 不一定为零,若校准有效,选择框内颜色变为绿 色,否则校准为无效。校准后测试的产品必须有 5dB以上的增益,否则测试不准确。
• 5、设置Graphic: • 在FS-K3测试软件界面 上选择“Graphic”菜单, Graphic 出现“Graphic Setting”对话框:
• Y1 AXIS位于测试图形的左边,此项为噪声 系数显示刻度设置,本例设置Max输入框为 20dB,并选中auto scaling。 • Y2 AXIS位于测试图形的右边,此项为 DUT的增益显示刻度设置,一般设置Max输 入框内数值稍大于DUT最大增益,本例设 置为90dB,并选中auto scaling。 其它项设 置为缺省值。
噪声系数测量操作指导
利用频谱分析仪FSP进行测试
1、测试前准备工作:
• 1、仪器操作人员配带防静电腕带,穿防静 电服和防静电鞋。 • 2、使用三芯电源线,并确保FSP频谱仪良 好接地。 • 3、使用GPIB电缆将FSP频谱仪与测试电脑 的GPIB接口连接起来。
2、开机并进入噪声系数测试软件 FS-K3:
12、注意事项 、
• 1、必须在打开仪器前接上鼠标、键盘、打印机和 GPIB电缆,不可带电插拔打印机、GPIB电缆。 • 2、在测试整机(双工)产品时,测试上行(或下 行)噪声系数时,必须先断开下行(或上行)链 路,或在噪声源前串接2个相应频段的隔离器。 • 3、在测试模块产品噪声系数时,必须在噪声源 NC346B前接上相应频段的隔离器。 • 4、RBW设置不能大于待测产品的带宽,测试载 波选频产品时尤其注意。
噪声系数测量
6.1 噪声系数测量
(1) 3dB 法
① 测量框图如图8A 所示。
图8A 噪声系数3dB 法测量方框图
② 噪声发生器不输出时,被测直放机直接接至功率计(如图8A )虚线所示,被测直放
机增益调至最大并保证其工作于线性状态,记录功率计读数P 。
③ 被测直放机和功率计之间接入3dB 衰减器,让噪声发生器有输出并调节其输出,使
功率计读数仍为P,则从噪声发生器直接读出被测直放机的噪声系数。
(2) 自动测量法
① 测量框图如图8B 所示。
直放机工作于线性状态,增益调至最大,噪声系数测量仪
电源输出连接到噪声发生器对其驱动和调制,噪声发生器输出连接到噪声系数测量仪输入(如图8B 虚线所示),对噪声系数测量仪进行校准。
② 噪声发生器和噪声系数测量仪之间接入被测直放机,从噪声系数测量仪上直接读
出被测直放机的噪声系数NF 。
图8B 噪声系数自动测量法测量方框图
(3) 有条件时优先采用自动测量法。
噪声 发生器 被测 直放机 功率计 3dB 衰减器 噪声 发生器 噪声系数 测量仪 被测 直放机。
噪声系数测量手册part1
噪声系数测量手册Part 1. 噪声系数定义及测试方法安捷伦科技:顾宏亮一.噪声系数定义最常见的噪声系数定义是:输入信噪比/ 输出信噪比。
它是衡量设备本身噪声品质的重要参数,它反映的是信号经过系统后信噪比恶化的程度。
噪声系数是一个大于1的数,也就是说信号经过系统后信噪比是恶化了。
噪声系数是射频电路的关键指标之一,它决定了接收机的灵敏度,影响着模拟通信系统的信噪比和数字通信系统的误码率。
无线通信和卫星通信的快速发展对器件、子系统和系统的噪声性能要求越来越高。
输入信噪比SNR input=P i/N i输出信噪比SNR output=P o/N o噪声系数F =SNR input/SNR output通常用dB来表示NF= 10Log(F)假设放大器是理想的线性网络,内部不产生任何噪声。
那么对于该放大器来说,输出的功率Po以及输出的噪声No 分别等于Pi * Gain以及Ni*Gain。
这样噪声系数=(Pi/Ni)/(Po/No)=1。
但是现实中,任何放大器的噪声功率输出不仅仅有输入端噪声的放大输出,还有内部自身的噪声(Na)输出,下图为线性双端口网络的图示。
双端口网络噪声系数分析框图Vs: 信号源电动势Rs: 信号源内阻Ri: 双端口网络输入阻抗R L: 负载阻抗Ni: 输入噪声功率Pi: 输入信号功率No: 输出噪声功率Po: 输出信号功率Vn: 该信号源内阻Rs的等效噪声电压Ro: 双端口网络输出阻抗输出噪声功率: N o = N i * Gain + N a ; P o=P i * Gain噪声系数= (P i * N o)/(N i* P o) = (N i * Gain + N a) /(N i * Gain)= 1 + Na/(N i * Gain) > 1根据IEEE的噪声系数定义:The noise factor, at a specified input frequency, is defined as the ratio of (1) the total noise power per unit bandwidth available at the output port when noise temperature of the input termination is standard (290 K) to (2) that portion of (1) engendered at the input frequency by the input termination.”a.输入噪声被定义成负载在温度为290K下产生的噪声。
噪声系数测量
Fsys
?
Pgen KT0 B
பைடு நூலகம்GPg ? GN IN ? N ? 2GN IN ? 2N
GPg ? GN IN ? N
F ? GN IN ? N GN IN
F ? GPg ? Pg GN IN N IN
代入
信号源
F ? Pg KT0 B
DUT 功率计
? (ENR ? F ) 1 ? ENR ? 1 FF
Y ? 1 ? ENR F
F ? ENR Y ?1
测出Y,已知ENR就算出噪声系数F。 NF=10LogF。
Y=N2/N1
未加电 : N1=GKT0B+Na
加电: N2=GTHNaKB+N a
N2=YN1=Y(GKT0B+Na)
GTHKB+N a=Y(GKT0B+Na)
0
ENR/(Y-I)
4.信号发生器测量法
当被测系统噪声系数较大时,可采用信号发生器测量方法。
在被测系统输入端加入负载(环境温度约290K),测量输出噪声
功率P1。然后在输入端加入信号发生器,使信号发生器输出频率在
测量范围内。调整信号发生器输出功率,使被测系统输出功率P2比
P1高3dB。可得出噪声系数:
测试结果
频谱分 析仪
-50dBm -70dBm
RBW=100KHz
噪声密度PND=-70dBm-10Log(100000Hz)=-120dBm 计算结果:NF=-120dBm+174-(-50dBm-(-100dBm)=4dB
(3) Y因子法
图 5-5Y 因子法测试噪声系数
超噪比 : ENR ? TH ? 290 290
