英语论文-隐喻与翻译
隐喻与翻译-Metaphor and Translation[Abstract] Translation, as a tool for the communication of cultures, transfers the cognition of the source language into the target language, and translation of metaphor has became a controversy receiving more and more attentions. This paper introduces the English and the Chinese metaphorin details. In the beginning, different definitions of English metaphor are quoted from authorities. Then the construction of English metaphor and three basic components, the tenor, the vehic le and the ground, are introduced, followed by the four basic structure patterns. Different classifications of metaphor are appreciated and studied at the different levels. From the angle of rhetoric effect, the live metaphor and the dead metaphor are cla ssified in the first type, and from Newmark‟s view, four categories are classified, and finally four categories can be sorted out according to the emergence of metaphor‟s three components. At the level of cognition three categories are introduced form Lako ff‟s classification. Then Chinese metaphor is analyzed in the same way, so the contrast and comparison are apparently made. Based on that, the obstacles which may exist in the translation of metaphor are probed into, that is, the study of the origin of theobstacles----culture clash, including the differences of the living environment and history, tradition and custom, classical tales and literary works, religion and so on. At last, the standard and the skills of the translation of metaphor are discussed.[Key words]: metaphor; translation; the source language; the target language; culture clash【摘要】：翻译是将一种文化中的语言所表现的认知方式用目的语传递到目的语的文化中去，而隐喻的翻译已经开始成为研究翻译方向里的重点和难点之一。
本文详细介绍英语隐喻和汉语隐喻，首先在概念上引用权威的定义和诠释，接着从结构特征上下手分析英语隐喻的基本构成成分，即：本体、喻体、喻底。
由此引出英语隐喻的三大基本句型。
在分类上, 首先从修辞效果的角度进行论证，①将其分成活隐喻和死隐喻两大类；②引用Mark的观点分成四类进行分析特点；③根据隐喻的三大成分之间的关系，隐喻又可分成四种情况。
接着，从认知层面上，总结分析Lakoff的观点中有利于理解隐喻特点的结构隐喻，实体隐喻，方位隐喻。
接着本文对汉语隐喻和英语隐喻形作一比较，指出在语言上的目标和功能作用成为英语隐喻和汉语隐喻最大的共同点。
在此基础之上，分析了在隐喻翻译过程中会遇上的…拦路虎‟，并深入到产生翻译障碍的根本原因----文化差异，包括地理和历史，传统习俗因，宗教信仰，经典传说和文学作品等其它因素。
最后，探述了隐喻翻译的标准和基本原则，综合英、汉隐喻的特点和文化因素，讨论了几种隐喻翻译的技巧和方法。
【关键词】隐喻；翻译；原语；目的语；文化冲突1. IntroductionMetaphor, mentioned by Lakoff G & Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, is pervasive in our daily life, happens not only in human‟s language but also in human‟s thinking and behavior.[1]P1 The utilization of metaphors is very frequent, and practically it is highly valuable to study linguistic metaphor. In resent years, metaphors in translation are studied mostly in the field of poetry, literature and rhetoric. For the differences between Chinese, which is regarded as a contextuallanguage, and English that has its advantages, it is very important to find ways to achieve the equivalent effect of source language when they are translated into the target language. There are some examples.(1) Were I in her place, it seems to me I should wish the earth to open and swallow me up. ( Jane Eyre Chapter5 )我若是她，会恨不得立刻在地上挖个洞，钻进去(2) He did not win the first prize; he is just pulling your leg.他并没有获得第一名，只不过和你开个玩笑罢了.(3) 孩子是张大妈从小一把屎一把尿待弄出来的,像亲生儿子一样,孩子也把张大妈当作亲妈,冷丁一下子把娘俩拆开,孩子能受得了吗?She had nursed him ever since he was a small baby and loved him as her own; and the child, too, regarded her as his own mother. What would happen to him if he was taken away from her.[2]P19 (4) 每个人生活都有苦有甜.Every life has its roses and thorns.The above four examples show the metaphorical expressions in the two languages and the beauties in translation. Comparison between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor will help to strengthen our understanding of the essence of language, and the culture differences which could be traced back behind the phenomenon of language, both of which serve to probe into the art of translation; Therefore, in one sense, it is highly valuable to combine the study of comparison and contrast between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor, the culture differences and translation skills into a whole2. English metaphorMetaphor is a figurative phenomenon, an important tool in language communication; what‟s more, it has a closed relationship with many subjects,[3]P1 such as Literature, Aesthetics, Sociology, Philosophy, Logic and so on, for metaphor can p ermeate into one‟s subjective thinking and concept of aesthetic. One‟s personality, including philosophy, culture, standard of aesthetics and so on, will be reflected through the metaphor one uses. Therefore, metaphor should be studied from a more profound and higher level.2.1 Authoritative DefinitionVarious definition of metaphor have been proposed and some of them are quoted below.i ) metaphor: (example of the) use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from (thought related in some way t o) the literal meaning, as in …I‟ll make him eat his words‟ or …she has a heart of stone‟.( Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English-Chinese Diction the fourth edition ) ii) metaphor: a way of describing something by comparing it to something else that has similar qualities, without using the words …like‟ or …as‟, …the sunshine of her simile‟ is a metaphor.( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary 1995 )iii) metaphor:隐喻(一种修辞手段如drowning in money, food for thought 之类). ( The English-Chinese Dictionary 1993 )iv) “By metaphor .I mean any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical word; the personification of an abstraction; the application of a word or collocation to what does not literally denote, i.e, to describe one thing in terms of another”. Pet er New Mark [4]P123v) metaphor: a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. ( Web‟s Now World Dictionary ) 2.2 Structure in English metaphorMetaphor com es from the ancient Greece words …meta‟ and …pherein‟ …meta‟ means …across‟, …pherein‟ means …change‟; Therefore the basic function of metaphor is to transform something from one place to another.[5]P1 From semantic view, there are three basic factors composing a metaphors: the tenor, the vehicle, the ground, not all of which need to be presented in a metaphor, that is, some of them may be hidden. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish three factors from each other when facing a metaphor.(5) All the world is a stage, and all the men and women are merely players. (Shakespere)(6) I have seen the mermaids riding seawards on the wave. (T.S.Eliot)In example (1) …stage‟ is the vehicle, its literal meaning is the raised floor on which plays are perfo rmed in a theatre which exit in our real life, while …world‟ is the tenor, and the ground of this metaphor is that both are full of illusion and absurdity. In (6) …riding‟ is the vehicle, which literally means an action to travel long controlling and sitting on a horse, and the ground is the situation that the mermaids floating on the waves lightly. However, not all vehic les and tenors in metaphors refer to the reality in our life just as example (5) and (6) do, they may refer to the abstract concept implied in the context, and also they may refer to some kinds of quality or condition qualities. There are some examples.(7) The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. (Tomas Jefferson)(8) Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.(9) His reply was smooth.In (7) the vehicle, …liberty‟, refers to an abstractive concept, which the tenor, …tree‟ is a material object, and the ground implies that liberty cannot be achieved or defeated without the shading of the blood of both the defenders and oppressors of the liberty in a violent struggle. On the other hand, blood (manure) nurtures liberty. Words in example (8) as …tasted‟, …swallowed‟, …chew ed‟, …digested‟ literally means different ways of eating foods, which are the vehicle, and the tenor is …reading books‟, so obviously the ground is the condition that books could be read in various ways as foods could be eaten in different method. …smooth‟ in example (9) means have an even surface without points, lumps, pump; not rough; which is the vehicle, and the tenor is …reply‟. So the ground is that her reply is tactful and shrewd just as the same satisfactory character or condition of smooth.From syntactic view, the application of metaphor is always flexible and multiple, for in the sentence structure, the vehicle may be implied in the subject, the predicate, the object, the predicative, the attribute or the adverbial modifier; What‟s more, the vehic le can be a single word, a phrase, a sentence, or even a paragraph. However, three basic structure patterns are commonly used in English metaphor.Pattern I: the tenor and the vehicle are connected by the words such as: be, become, turn into, ect., and the vehicle mostly acts as the predicative.(10) Jane‟s Uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils.(11) Hollywood, California, was the film capital, a magnet for the talented, the greedy, thebeautiful, the hopeful and the weird.(12) After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart.In example (10)(11)(12), the tenors are respectively …Jane‟s Uncle‟, …Holly wood‟, …Jim‟, the vehicle, …an old fox‟, …a magnet‟, …the sun‟, which are the predicative in the sentences. This pattern is the most basic type.Pattern II: the preposition …of‟ is used to connect the tenor and the vehicle, indicating the appositive relationship, such as,(13) Mirage is the bloom or blight of all men‟s happiness.(14) But in a country where rice farmers have spent nearly 50 years in a comfortable cocoon of government protection.In the example (14)(15) the metaphor is in a phrase consisting of the tenors and the vehicle and the preposition …of‟. On the other hand, the vehicle and the tenor are the appositive, that is, …happiness i s the bloom or blight; government protection is a comfortable cocoon‟.Patten III: verbs and adjectives are applied to transfer the metaphor, that is, words used to describe the special quality of one thing are adopted to describe the other thing to which the special quality are transferred. There are still many cases in this pattern.(15) From the burning look in his eye, I knew he was angry with me.(16) Toby‟s fears had evaporated.The word …burning‟ actually is used to describe the state of the fire, while in example (15) it is transfer to describe …look‟. Reader could immediately experience such situation. …evaporate‟ is a Verb which expresses the particular quality of the gas, while it is used in the case (16), the abstractive concept …fear‟ are tr ansferred to a concrete image likes the gas. This pattern is greatly used in the press and the literature as rhetoric devices to strengthen the author‟s opinion and to impress readers deeply.2.3 The categories of English metaphorSince the study on metaphor can be traced back to Aristotle, the first one who studied metaphors systematically. There has been a history of more than two thousand years study on metaphor, up till now numerous people make their great efforts to research on metaphor from various angles; therefore, metaphor can be classified in many ways according to the angles it was studied from.2.3.1 Classifications at the rhetoric levelI ) The dead metaphor and the live metaphorFrom its rhetoric effect, metaphor can be sorted into two categories: one is the genuine metaphor or the live metaphor, and the other is the trite metaphor or dead metaphor. As we know, the basic function of metaphor mentioned before is to transfer a special quality from one thing to the other to make much more concrete, impressive, profound images. However those which were used from time to time with its rhetoric effect declining gradually to zero would be regarded as the common expression, melting into the language, and then they would become out-of-date expressions, which is what we called the dead metaphor, such as …the bonnet of a car‟, …a coat of pain‟, …the teeth of a saw‟, …the apple of one‟s eyes‟, …rain cats and dogs‟. On the other hand, the live metaphor refers to those with freshness and originality and effect. However, the disadvantage of this kind of classification is that it is too vague and difficult to define the boundary between the live metaphor and the dead metaphor. For example it is hard to decide to sort …the heart of China, Beijing‟ intothe dead metaphor or the live metaphor.II) Peter Newmark‟s classificationFrom Peter Newmark‟s view A Textbook of Translation, …I have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original‟. [6]P46From the beginning, the fossilized, the name itself is a metaphor. It literally means to become a fossil; actually it means the trite, our-of-date, merely used. In a sense, it is just the same as the dead metaphor in the first classification. Take …rain casts and dogs‟ a s an example. Nowadays those who used this metaphor are regarded as the people who live in the generation before the grandfather. The stock refers to the metaphors that have been taken in the dictionaries for the usage of metaphorical meanings and are still frequently used in daily life. Here are some examples of the stock about the metaphorical usage of the word …flood‟.(17) She was in a flood of tears.(18) The corridors were flooded with girls.(19) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down(20) Beer flooded from the glassThere are the recently created metaphors which have not yet been adopted in the dictionary but can be accepted the common people with a feeling of refreshness. In Hamiton‟s Rescue of A Newborn there are sentences [7]P47 as follows.(21) I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks.(22) I suddenly came upon a wall of feeling elephants.(23)…grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legsIn the above three sentences, …columns‟ and …wall‟, …stockade‟, have double functions. They function as the measure words with the metaphorical meanings, which has not yet been adopted in any dictionary. However, three metaphors have a common characteristic -- they belong to the structure Pa ttern II (the preposition …of‟ links between the tenor and the vehicle which has been recorded in the dictionary, such as …a hand of bananas‟).The last one, the original are regarded as the product from the inspired thought of the men full of wits and knowledge, and can hardly be seen before, let along have been recorded in dictionary. A Promise of Spring by American modern writer Jeff. Rennike begins in this way:(24) Nothing, no tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birc h bark, that fell during the night, no flittering shadows in the trees, not a silver of bird song in the air. [8]P47The word …stitch‟ belongs to those that are rarely used in English, and its most impressive usage is in the idiom …A stitch in time save night‟. While floated out of the pen of Jeff Rennike, it was shining with the beauty of the original metaphor.In some senses, Peter Newmark‟s classification, the fossilized, the stock, the recently created, the original can be seen to be the small branches deriving from the categories of the dead metaphor and the live metaphor.III) Classification according to the emergence of the tenor, the vehicle, and the ground According to the three basic components in metaphor structure, four categories could be sorted out. The first type is both the tenor and the vehicle emerge in the metaphor, such as,(25) If the father lard is sound, my personal troubles are only a flea bite.This type is the most common one, for the ground of metaphor is easy to understand. Factually Patten I mentioned above belongs to this type.Second type is the metaphor in which the tenor is implied, such as,(26) Investments in restructuring companies involve substantial risks, and deciphering the details of a company‟s finances and plans for r e-emergence is akin to penetrating a legal jungle.The third type is the metaphors in which the vehicle is implied, and sometimes the ground is also implied, leaving the tenor alone. This category together with the second type construct the Patten Ⅲin metaphor structure. There are lots of typical examples such as,(27) She wished she could stop time and freeze this day so that it would never end. Moreover, example (8)and (9) belong to this categories.The last type is that the tenor, the vehicle and the ground all emerge in the metaphor, which are common to see. There is a typical example.(28) My life is one long curve, full of turning points.Obviously …my life‟ is the tenor, …curve‟ is the vehicle, and the shared common is …full of turning points‟, which is the ground.2.3.2 Classification at the cognitive levelFrom Lakoff‟s view in Metaphors We Live By, metaphors are classified according to different concepts about metaphors. Only three of them will be mentioned for they helps the cognition of metaphor: structural metaphor, ontological metaphor and orientational metaphor.[9]P96The structural metaphor refers to metaphors in which one concept was adopted to illustrate or compose the other concept. What‟s more, there are two components and two conditions that are essential to compose a structure metaphor. The tenor and the vehicle are the two components that must be two different concepts, which satisfies the first condition. The second condition requires that the two unlike concepts should have something in common which the structural metaphor adopts from the vehicle to illustrate and comprehend the concept of the tenor. For example,(29) Anger is heat→a) Try to simmer downb) She is stewingc) Tom was reading the boiling point(30) Anger is free→a) She was burning with wrathb) That caused me to breathe fireActually, in example (29) a) b) c) are basing on …Anger is heat‟ and in example (30) a) b) on …Anger is free‟. Words like …simmer‟ ‟stew‟ do not have anything in common with …Anger‟ from semantic view. However, the metaphorical thinking and the language ability link them together. Experience teaches us that when one was in anger, the body temperature and the blood pressure turn up, the mode of fidget and anxious and other physiological reactions will be shown, which were associated with the phenomenon and the state when the fluid was heated to boiling. As a result, many metaphorical expressions come into the present, such as …He blew up‟, …That really set me off‟.The ontological metaphor is another evidence to show that metaphor is not only a phenomenon of language but also a means of thinking and behavior, which is pervasive in our daily life. The vehicle in ontological metaphor always refers to those familiar things or objects in our world,which can be seen and touched easily, so we can know its function and qualities at the first sight, then it contributes to the comprehension and cognition of the tenor which are regarded asnon-material or supernatural experience. Take the following sentence as an example.(31) Arguments are buildingsObviously, buildings are the most familiar thing that we see and have direct contact with everyday, so that their special qualities are known to every one, such as the appearance, the foundation, the thickness the possibility of construction, repairment, destroy, collapse and so on. Therefore, Arguments is compared to buildings, implying that the necessity of the firm foundation of thesis and the perfect way for argument. And it will, otherwise, be defeated. Based on this ontological metaphor, there are many expressions as follows.(32) a) We need some facts or the argument will fail apartb) We need to construct a strong argument for that.c) This is an argument, and it needs more foundation.d) If you don‟t support yo ur argument with solid facts the whole thing will collapse.The orientational metaphors, also called the spatialization metaphor, means metaphors related to the spatialization or orientation (such as up-down, in-out, front-back, left-right ect.) which are used to illustrate or describe the object of the tenor, such as,(33) Happy is up, sad is down(34) I‟m feeling up/down(35) My spirits rose(36) You are in high spirits(37) He is really low these daysThe specialty of the ontological metaphors is that they are not used in arbitrary way but in a fixed way according to people‟s experience.Different ways of classification help to analyzing a metaphor from various angles, so that our comprehension would be deep and impressive when we facie with it, which serves a lot during the translation3. Comparison and contrast between English metaphor and Chinese metaphorMetaphor , in Chinese is always named …隐喻‟ or …暗喻‟. It‟s better to distinguish metaphor and …隐喻‟ from each other.3.1 Authoritative Definition About Chinese Metaphori ) 隐喻：比喻的一种不用“如”、“像”、“似”、“好像”等比喻词，而用“是”、“成”、“就成为”、“变为”等词，把某事物比拟成和它有相似关系的另一种事物，如：“少年儿童是祖国的花朵”,“荷叶成了一把把撑开的小伞”也叫“暗喻”。
认知语言学论文从认知语言学视角下看隐喻的翻译英语论文
认知语言学论文从认知语言学视角下看隐喻的翻译英语论文【摘要】从认知语言学视角下来看,隐喻是从源域向目的域的映射。
隐喻是语言的一种普遍现象,体现了语言与文化的紧密联系。
不同语言在隐喻使用上有很大的差异,这给隐喻的翻译带来困难。
本文拟从认知语言学角度,来探讨隐喻的认知性、可翻译性及其翻译策略。
【关键词】隐喻认知翻译1、引言人们大量的使用隐喻来表达自己的情感。
近年来,随着隐喻研究的不断活跃,许多学者都试图从不同的角度从理论到具体的策略全面探讨隐喻的翻译。
随着对隐喻研究的深入,人们越来越认识到隐喻的认知功能在翻译当中起到了不容忽视的作用。
本文拟在认知语言学的理论框架下,从认知的角度,来探讨隐喻的翻译策略。
2、隐喻的认知性真正确立了隐喻在认知中的地位的着作是Lakoff & Johnson在1980年出版的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》。
这本书开辟了一条从认知角度研究隐喻的新途径。
认知隐喻理论认为, 隐喻是一种认知现象,是人类抽象思维的最重要的特征,也使得人类对大部分抽象思维的解释成为可能。
隐喻包含两个域:源域和目标域, 前者往往是已知或熟悉的具体事物, 后者是陌生或不太熟悉的抽象事物。
通过将源域映射到目标域上,目标域从而得到理解。
隐喻是中介,它帮助我们在来源于我们切身的经历和体验形成的概念的基础上获取新知识,理解和经历新事物。
我们知道隐喻的基础就是概念,人们常用隐喻将许多抽象的概念用具体或者熟悉的形象组织起来。
许多重要的概念多来源于我们对周围世界的认知。
人们使用隐喻一是由于思维能力的限制或语言中缺乏现成的词语或表达方式,而不得不用另一种事物来谈论某一事物;二是为了更好地传达意思,获得更好的交际效果, 人们选择另一种事物来谈论某一事物。
3、隐喻的可翻译性以认知科学为依托的认知语言学是以语义为中心的语言学流派,其论点是:语义是概念化的,是人们关于世界的经验和认知事物的反应,是与人认识事物的方式和规律相吻合的。
论文：英语隐喻及其汉译
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英语隐喻的理解与翻译
英语隐喻的理解与翻译英语隐喻的理解与翻译：一、英语隐喻的定义及构成英语隐喻（metaphor）为英语辞格（figure of speech）用法之一。
与明喻（simile）不同的是，隐喻不用诸如like或as之类的功能词，是一种广为使用、普遍存在的将一物比作另一物的一种表达方法。
西方研究者对隐喻做了深入探讨，将其大致界定如下：隐喻：希腊语的“转换”（meta意为“跨越”，phor意为“运送”），将某物转运过去。
故隐喻将某物视为另一物。
1隐喻：一种蕴含的类比（an implied analogy），它以想象方式，将某物等同于另一物，并将前者的特性施加于后者或将后者的相关情感与想象因素赋予前者。
2英语隐喻的构成要素是：本体tenor、喻体vehicle和喻底ground。
所谓本体the tenor，亦即被表述的概念或者被比较的主体，the idea being expressed or the subject of the comparison；所谓喻体，亦即此概念传递的意象或者此主体传达的意象，the image of which this idea is conveyed or the subject communicated。
3而本体和喻体之间的类似及/或类比之处则是喻底ground，亦即the similarities and/or analogies involved are the Grounds。
41. 本体和喻体同时出现：Mr. Wangle has an angel of a wife. 王先生有位天使般的妻子。
隐喻的本体是wife，喻体是angel，同时出现。
2. 本体未现，喻体出现：He pitied the plumage and forgot the dying bird. 他哀怜鸟儿的翅膀，却忘记了濒死的鸟儿。
隐喻的本体和喻体，各有两个。
第一个本体是法国贵族，喻体是plumage；第二个本体是受苦受难的大众，喻体是the dying bird。
英语论文-从中英文化差异谈英语隐喻的汉译
从中英文化差异谈英语隐喻的汉译[Abstract] In recent years, more and more scholars have made researches on metaphor and an “upsurge of metaphor” has been formed gradually in modern society. The studies on metaphor in foreign countries have developed a complete system, which is typically represented by George Lakeoff and Mark Johnson. And the studies on metaphor in China are also influenced by the two. However, if surveying these research achievements, we will easily find that few of them study the translation of metaphor from English into Chinese. Moreover, most traditional theorists believe that metaphor is only a figure of speech and belongs to the category of linguistics. But in fact, metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cultural and cognitive phenomenon. This thesis breaks these restrictions and try to research into the translation of metaphor from English into Chinese from the perspective of cultural differences between Chinese and English. The whole thesis is divided into five parts. The first part is an introduction. Based on the new belief that metaphor is a cultural and cognitive phenomenon, this part states the significance of studying metaphor from the cultural perspective. The second part focuses on the analysis of the close interrelations between language, culture and translation. The third part introduces some major factors about metaphor, such as its definitions, characteristics and classification. The fourth part emphatically illustrates the approaches to the translation of metaphor from English into Chinese in terms of different corresponding relations between Chinese and English. The last part summarizes the main points of this thesis.[Key Words] metaphor; translation; cultural differences; cultural connotations; corresponding relation【摘要】近年来，越来越多的学者对隐喻进行了研究，在现代社会逐渐形成了一股“隐喻热”。
文化隐喻翻译英语作文
文化隐喻翻译英语作文Cultural Metaphors in Translation。
Ah, the beauty of cultural metaphors! They're like a rainbow bridge connecting languages and cultures, but sometimes the colors can fade when translated. Remember the Chinese saying "画龙点睛"? Literally, it's "adding the eyes to the dragon," but in English, it's often translated as "the finishing touch" — capturing the essence but losing the dragon!Talk about "hitting the nail on the head" — that's a universal metaphor, right? But in Japan, they say "to hit the mosquito on the forehead," which sounds so specific yet humorous. Translating that directly would be odd, but the intent is clear: precise and spot-on.In India, when someone's being too stubborn, you might hear "he's like a camel's back." It's a nod to the camel's ability to carry heavy loads, but in English, we might say"he's as stubborn as a mule." Different animals, same stubborn spirit!Latin American cultures often refer to "el pulpo" —the octopus — when describing someone who's sneaky or has lots of arms and。
隐喻与翻译
隐喻与翻译-Metaphor and Translation[Abstract] Translation, as a tool for the communication of cultures, transfers the cognition of the source language into the target language, and translation of metaphor has became a controversy receiving more and more attentions. This paper introduces the English and the Chinese metaphor in details. In the beginning, different definitions of English metaphor are quoted from authorities. Then the construction of English metaphor and three basic components, the tenor, the vehicle and the ground, are introduced, followed by the four basic structurepatterns. Different classifications of metaphor are appreciated and studied at the different levels. From the angle of rhetoric effect, the live metaphor and the dead metaphor are classified in the first type, and from Newmark’s view, four categories are classified, and finally four categories can be sorted out according to the emergence of metaphor’s three components. At the level of cognition three categories are introduced form Lakoff’s classification. Then Chinese metaphor is analyzed in the same way, so the contrast and comparison are apparently made. Based on that, the obstacles which may exist in the translation of metaphor are probed into, that is, the study of the origin of the obstacles----culture clash, including the differences of the living environment and history, tradition and custom, classical tales and literary works, religion and so on. At last, the standard and the skills of the translation of metaphor are discussed.[Key words]: metaphor; translation; the source language; the target language; culture clash【摘要】：翻译是将一种文化中的语言所表现的认知方式用目的语传递到目的语的文化中去，而隐喻的翻译已经开始成为研究翻译方向里的重点和难点之一。
隐喻汉英翻译原则研究
隐喻汉英翻译原则研究隐喻汉英翻译原则研究隐喻，作为一种运用普遍而且重要的修辞手段，在文学、生活和语言交流中起着不可忽视的作用。
翻译隐喻是一项复杂而困难的任务，因为它涉及到文化的差异、语言的特点以及隐喻的本质。
本文旨在探讨隐喻汉英翻译的原则，并提出一些应对的方法。
首先，理解隐喻的本质至关重要。
隐喻作为一种文化现象，是通过将一个概念与另一个概念进行比较来传递信息或表达意义的。
因此，在翻译时，应该理解隐喻的寓意和意义，以便准确传达原文中所表达的信息。
例如，中国文化中常用的“红颜知己”隐喻，译成英文时可能会用“bosom friend”或者“soul mate”等词组来表达，以体现密切而深厚的情感。
其次，考虑到文化差异是隐喻翻译中的主要挑战之一。
不同的文化背景具有不同的隐喻理解方式和表达方式，因此在翻译时需要考虑到目标语言的文化特点和读者的文化背景。
例如，汉语中使用“肝胆相照”形容深交好友，但在英文中可能会使用类似于“liver and gall are accompanied with each other”这样的形式，以使得读者能够理解“深交”的含义。
此外，还应该关注语言表达的特点。
不同的语言具有不同的特点和表达方式，因此在翻译隐喻时需要选择合适的表达方式。
例如，英文中使用“rose-colored glasses”来形容过分乐观的人，而在汉语中则可能使用“有玫瑰色的眼镜”来传达类似的意思。
针对以上原则，可以采取一些策略来提高隐喻翻译的准确性和流畅性。
首先，要进行广泛的背景研究，了解源文化和目标文化的差异和隐喻表达方式，以便更好地理解和转换隐喻。
其次，可以采用意译和注释的方式来传达原文的隐喻意义，以使得读者能够更好地理解。
另外，还可以结合上下文和语境信息来确定最合适的翻译方式。
总之，隐喻汉英翻译是一项具有挑战性但又重要的任务。
理解隐喻的本质，考虑文化差异和语言表达的特点是翻译隐喻的基本原则。
通过背景研究、意译和注释以及结合上下文和语境信息等策略，我们可以更好地保持隐喻翻译的准确性和流畅性In conclusion, translating metaphors from Chinese to English requires careful consideration of cultural differences and language expressions. The choice of appropriate expressions in the target language is crucial to convey the intended metaphorical meaning effectively. Strategies such as conducting thorough background research, using paraphrasing and annotations, and considering contextual information can enhance the accuracy and fluency of metaphor translation. Translating metaphors is a challenging yet important task that necessitates understanding the essence of metaphors and the characteristics of language expression. By implementing these strategies, translators can ensure the accuracy and fluency of metaphor translation。
从跨文化视角下探讨隐喻汉英互译
摘要：隐喻是语言的一种普遍现象，是语言与文化联系最紧密的部分。
不同文化背景下的隐喻蕴涵着各民族特有的文化内涵和思维方式。
隐喻的翻译尤其复杂，在隐喻翻译过程中为了保持隐喻特征，并成功传递文化内涵，本文提出了直译法，转换喻体法和解译法三种翻译策略。
论文关键词：隐喻,文化,翻译,策略隐喻自古希腊学者亚里士多德研究至今，已有2400余年的历史了，关于隐喻的研究和认知也经历了不同的阶段，在隐喻研究的初级阶段，传统修辞学的类比理论占了主导地位，认为隐喻仅仅是一个修辞手段，是按照类比的原则进行的隐性比较。
到20世纪后半期，随着认知语言学的发展，隐喻研究的核心和方向发生了巨大的变化，不仅仅是对语词的修饰或者美化，而且是思维和认知现象，是人用甲事物来理解和经历乙事物的一种手段。
隐喻的实质就是通过另一事物来理解和经历某一事物(Lakoff&Johnson)。
这样，隐喻的范围或领域大大扩大了，不但普遍存在于各种文体的文本(如诗歌、小说)中，而且大量使用在人们的日常生活中，借以表达自己的情感和思想。
语言是隐喻的载体，隐喻要通过语言表达出来，许多具有普遍意义的主题，如理智、情感、人生意义等，都是用隐喻的语言表达出来的。
可以说，语言本身就是一个大隐喻。
英国著名语言学家和翻译家Newmark曾指出：英语语言中有3／4是使用隐喻语言。
汉语中使用隐喻的情况也比比皆是，特别是在习语和谚语中。
中国学者刘振前、霍兴花在其论文中也提及：人一生大约使用470万个新颖的隐喻，2140万个定型化的隐喻。
隐喻的频繁使用无疑提高了其在语言学界的地位，引来一波隐喻研究热潮。
语言作为文化的载体，包含着重要的文化信息，是跨文化交际的主要手段。
英语和汉语作为两种截然不同的语言，二者有着不同的文化背景和社会基础，在隐喻使用上也有较大的差异。
这种差异就是隐喻汉英翻译中遇到的难点和重点。
隐喻翻译的关键在于我们能否把汉语隐喻的喻体根据相似点在我们思维中创新，在译文中建立起与原文一致的喻体寓意相似点。
关于隐喻的英语作文
关于隐喻的英语作文The Power of Metaphors in Language and Thought.Metaphors are not just literary devices used to enhance the beauty of language; they are powerful tools that shape our understanding of the world. They allow us to compareand contrast abstract concepts with familiar, tangible ideas, bridging the gap between the intangible realm of thoughts and the tangible world of experiences. The role of metaphors in our daily lives is immense, and their impacton our cognition, communication, and creativity cannot be overstated.The essence of a metaphor lies in its ability to create new meanings by associating two seemingly unrelatedentities. For instance, when we say, "He is a lion among men," we are not literally comparing the person to a lion, but rather using the lion's attributes of strength, courage, and leadership to describe the individual's qualities. Such comparisons allow us to communicate complex ideas in asimple and memorable way.The power of metaphors extends beyond mere communication. They influence the way we think about and interact with the world. Our understanding of abstract concepts like love, freedom, or justice is often shaped by the metaphors we use to describe them. For instance, the metaphor of "love as a journey" suggests that love involves growth, challenges, and destination, while the metaphor of "love as a battle" emphasizes the conflicts and sacrifices involved. These metaphors influence our expectations, behaviors, and even our emotional responses.Moreover, metaphors play a crucial role in creative thinking. They encourage us to view familiar things from a new perspective, sparking creativity and innovation. By associating unlikely elements, metaphors challenge our常规思维, leading to the generation of unique ideas and solutions. The famous quote by Albert Einstein, "Imagination is more important than knowledge," itself is a metaphor that encourages us to think beyond the limits of our current knowledge.In addition, metaphors are often cultural reflections, reflecting the values, beliefs, and experiences of a particular society or era. Different cultures may use different metaphors to describe the same concept,reflecting their unique perspectives and experiences. For example, the Chinese phrase "狼烟四起" (lángyān sìqǐ), which means "war is brewing," compares the smoke of burning wolf's Fur to the signs of impending conflict, reflecting the ancient Chinese experience of warfare.However, the use of metaphors can also be problematic. Sometimes, they can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, especially when the receiver of the message does not share the same cultural background or understanding of the metaphor. This is why it is important to be aware of the context and intended meaning behind a metaphor when communicating with others.In conclusion, metaphors are not just figurative language; they are powerful cognitive tools that shape our understanding of the world. They allow us to communicatecomplex ideas simply, influence our thinking and behaviors, and spark creativity and innovation. However, their use should be mindful and considerate of the context and intended meaning, to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. As we continue to explore the vast realm of human thought and communication, the role of metaphors in shaping our understanding of the world will remain paramount.。
英语习语翻译中的隐喻应用论文
英语习语翻译中的隐喻应用论文•相关推荐英语习语翻译中的隐喻应用论文【内容摘要】英语习语是英汉翻译中经常遇到的一只拦路虎，因为英语习语在翻译时往往涉及到的并不是它们的字面意思，如果直译，就是按字面意思逐字翻译，那么容易让母语是英语的人感到不知所云。
而倘若按外国人的同义说法，中国人又感到难以理解。
这其中就常常涉及到隐喻的运用。
本文主要以语言学中的隐喻认知功能为理论框架，以典型的英语习语为实例，重点分析英语习语翻译过程中隐喻应用的机制及其效果。
【关键词】英语习语翻译隐喻应用一、理论综述习语是英语中一块重要而又特殊的组成部分。
说其重要，是因为其历史悠久，有的习语可以追溯到莎士比亚时代，还有的甚至可以追溯到古希腊或古罗马的时代。
再者，它的内容包罗万象，英语中随处可见，使用范围极其广泛。
因此，无论从历时的角度看，还是从共时的角度看，习语都是英语不可或缺的部分。
而之所以说它特殊是因为对于英语为非母语的人很难理解或容易犯错，往往字面意思和它们的实际意义大相径庭，似是而非。
而要突破理解和运用的瓶颈，有个环节引起人们的重视，这就是隐喻。
正如束定芳所说，隐喻无处不在，我们日常的口头交际中平均每三句话就会出现一个隐喻(束定芳，2000：1)。
译者(认知主体)首先要面对源语符号，而这个符号是以隐喻方式生成的，具有特定的媒介域或对象域，认知主体必须对此进行确认。
确认过程也是理解过程，因为两者都是自主结构，认知主体必须寻求语符的常规所指和隐喻所指。
对一个对象域的描写，既可以用常规概念网络投射到对象域，也可以用非常规方式。
但是由于常规关系是凭借隐喻关系建立的，在一个民族看来是常规的，在另一个民族看来却是非常规的或新颖的隐喻，如“milky way”和“银河”。
(谢之君，2001：3-4)隐喻使用如此之广泛，如此之频繁，而出现习语理解困难的原因是中国人和母语为英语的人在观察或描述事物时的角度不同，正如小学课本中提到的一个普通鸡蛋，达芬奇却画出了美轮美奂，形态各异的素描，原因就在于视角即角度不同。