广东省高考英语 阅读理解指导Ⅲ(精讲精析)(1)

阅读理解中推理判断及语义猜测题的解题技巧

一、推理判断题

推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，要求学生对文章信息由表及里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从特殊到一般。通过分析、综合、判断等方法，对某些相关信息进行推断。解答此类试题时，要注意以下几点：

1. 体会文章的言外之意，挖掘文章隐含的意义；

2. 要做到有根有据，从已知获得未知，而不是凭空臆断；

3. 要学会运用已有的经验或常识进行推理判断。

如：例1：

[2013年广东高考阅读理解A篇]

Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein, in his book If I Make It to Five, tells a story he heard from one of his friends about Tom, a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.

Tom loved to pretend, and he particularly loved to play superheroes. Dr. Epstein explained that it was actually a brilliant way for his young mind to handle the terrifying and painful life he led.

The day before his third trip to the operating room, Tom was terrib ly afraid. “Maybe I could go as Superman,” he whispered to his mom. Hearing this, the mother hesitated for a while. She had avoided buying the expensive costume (戏装), but finally she agreed.

The next day Tom appeared as the powerful Superman, showing off through the hospital halls and coolly waving his hand to the people greeting him along the way. And Tom, with the strength of his fantasy, successfully made it through the operation. The power of imagination need not be reserved for children only. We all have the power to use our fantasies to attempt things we never thought possible, to go through those things that seem impossible, and to achieve what we never belie ved we could. Just as Dr. Epstein puts it, “If you can dream it, you can do it.”

It doesn’t mean that you should dress as a superhero for your next job interview. But, next time you are tested in a way that seems impossible, imagine what it would take to overcome it. Become the person you need to become to win over your challenge and do it in your mind first. So, let your imagination run wild, and dare to dream.

27. What can be inferred about Tom’s mother?

A. She was a rich lady.

B. She refused Tom’s request.

C. She wanted Tom to be a superhero.

D. She wanted to get Tom through the pain.

解析：D。根据文章前两段的陈述可知，Tom因为身患癌症，要多次做手术，经历了许多的痛苦。根据第三段可知，Tom的母亲平时是不会购买昂贵的戏装的（她并不富裕），但这次却同意了儿子的要求。从常理来推测可知，作为母亲，这样的转变最可能的原因就是为了帮助儿子熬过痛苦。

30. What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To tell us an interesting story.

B. To help us make right decisions.

C. To advise us to care about children.

D. To encourage us to use our imagination.

解析：D。本题要求推测作者的写作目的。通读全文，我们可知本文的主旨是想象可以帮助我们克服胆怯。作者还在本文的末尾号召读者展开想像的翅膀，去迎接所面临的挑战。因此，我们可以推测，作者写作本文的目的是鼓励大家运用自己的想象力。

例2：

[2013年广东高考阅读理解B篇]

When you see people exhibiting some great skills or having achieved great success, you know that they have put in a huge part of their life to get there at a huge cost. It’s sometimes easy to think they got lucky or they were born w ith some rare talent, but thinking that way does you no good, and there’s a huge chance that you’re wrong anyway.

…

34. What can we infer from Paragraph 4?

A. Successful people like to show their great skills.

B. People sometimes succeed without luck or talent.

C. People need to achieve success at the cost of life.

D. It helps to think that luck or talent leads to success.

解析：B。综合本段内容可知，本段主要讲述的是，一些人成功了，他们为此付出了许多。如果认为他们的成功是因为他们的运气或他们的天分，那就错了。由此，我们可以推测，作者在本段所要表达的意思实际上是要说“人们有时候成功并非是因为运气或天分”。

二、语义猜测题

语义猜测题就是要求考生对划线部分的单词、短语、指示代词、句子等，根据上下文语境和逻辑推测其大致含义。在阅读过程中，可以利用上下文的语境对划线部分含义作合理的猜测。阅读文章尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，常在其后有对该词进行解释说明的短语或句子；为了说明或证实前面已述事实，文章中经常会举一些例子，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词含义；有时可以结合上下文的因果、递进、对比、转折等关系来猜测语义。

如：例1：

[2013年广东高考阅读理解B篇]

However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practising. To become great at certain things, it’ll require even more time, time that most people won’t put in.

…

32. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word that refers to .

A. being good at something

B. setting a practical goal

C. putting in more time

D. succeeding in life

解析：B。代词that通常代指上文出现的人或物。该段中划线单词前面提到的一件事情就是“树立一个合理可行的目标”。

例2：

[2013年福建高考阅读理解A篇]

When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet (图章) ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my mum gave me a signet ring with my initials (姓名首字母) carved into it. I was in heaven.

56. The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means “”.

A. fashionable

B. available

C. practical

D. renewable

解析：A. 本题要求推测划线单词in的含义。根据本段内容可知，当时每个女孩都有一枚图章戒指，只有作者没有。在生日那天，作者得到一枚图章戒指后，她非常高兴（in heaven）。由此，我们可以推测，图章在那个时候是非常流行、时尚的东西。

【跟踪训练】

Ⅰ

Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn’t become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.

●What might explain why transport wheels didn’t become popular for some time?

A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.

B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.

C. Animals were a good means of transport.

D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.

Ⅱ

Last night’s meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.

“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby. “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”

Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.

● What do the astronomers complain about?

A. Meteor showers occur less often than before.

B. Their observation equipment is in poor repair.

C. Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.

D. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting.

Ⅲ

Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.”

● Which of the following can be learned from the passage?

A. The robotic fly er is designed to learn about insects.

B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.

C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.

D. Wood’s design can repla ce animals in some experiments.

Ⅳ

While there are no plans to take Lampbrella into production, Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department, and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies (伞篷) to provide shelter.

● What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The designer will open a company to promote his p roduct.

B. The Lampbrella could be put into immediate production.

C. The designer is confident that his creation is practical.

D. The Lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow.

Ⅴ

To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner (扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.

“We h ave found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.

●Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism”?

A. Order.

B. System.

C. Machine.

D. Treatment.

Ⅵ

Listening well also requires total concentration upon som eone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and des ires, to experi ence as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.

●The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” probably means .

A. preparing a topic list first

B. focusing on one’s own mind

C. directing the talk to the desired results

D. experiencing the speaker’s inside world

Ⅶ

The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented (增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets(平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.

●The underlined phrase “pop up” probably means “”.

A. develop rapidly

B. get round quickly

C. appear immediately

D. go over automatically

参考答案及解析：

Ⅰ

C。题干关键词为didn’t become popular。根据第二段This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around可知，由于当时动物作为运输工具使用的方便，轮子没能够普及。

Ⅱ

C。根据第三段have been complaining about this problem for decades和They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the sky可推断，灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这正是天文学家们抱怨的事情。

Ⅲ

D。根据本文的关键信息to study biology in ways that would be difficult with animals, but using these robots instead可知，这些机器人可以替代动物，故D项正确。需要注意的是，说明文中带有转折关系的词语（如本文中的but）往往是题眼所在。

Ⅳ

C。根据文中introduced his creation to和insists his creation could be installed 都说明，设计者觉得自己的设计具有可操作性，非常实用。故C项正确。

Ⅴ

B。根据划线单词所在句子结构可知，划线单词后面内容就是答案。通过这个mechanism，心脏和大脑可以相互“交流”，从而改变我们的感觉，减少恐惧。因此，mechanism表示心脏与大脑交流的一个完整系统，而不是命令、机器或者治疗。

Ⅵ

D。划线部分前面的内容就是这个短语意思的最好诠释。根据the temporary giving up or

setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside可知，我们要暂时放弃或不顾自己的成见与心愿，尽可能深远地体验他人的内心世界。

Ⅶ

C。根据划线短语后面的内容可知，在你沿着马路走的时候，眼镜上立刻会有指示出现，迅速地为你显示最近的咖啡店。由此，我们可以判断出划线短语的意思为“突然出现”。