What is Poetry 英国文学简介
What is Poetry?• A condensed piece of writing about a specific theme, topic or scenario•Often creates strong emotion or feeling•Often uses sound and rhythmRHYTHM(韵律)•The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem•Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, and refrainMETER（格律）A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.iambus (iambic) – a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllablelight heavye.g.delay, before, againsttrochee (trochaic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllableheavy lighte.g.midnight drearyanapest (anapestic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed onelight light heavye.g.understanddactyl (dactylic)—a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by one stressedsyllable followed by two unstressed syllablesheavy light lighte.g.wonderfulTo ―scan‖ a poem, we mark each stressed and each unstressed syllable with a mark.Here, we’ll use －for stressed and ∨for unstressed.Aunt Jennifer’s tigers prance across the screen∨－∨∨－∨－∨－∨－Aunt Jennifer’s t igers prance across the screenBright topaz denizens of a world of green.∨－∨－∨∨－∨－∨－Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.Then we count the stressed syllables in a single line.Here there are 5 stressed syllables in each line.FOOT（音步）FOOT - unit of meter.A foot can have two or three syllables.Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.e.g.Shall I compare thee to a summer’s Day?Shall I/ compare/ thee to/ a sum/mer’s Day?TYPES OF FEETThe types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.monometer = one foot on a linedimeter = two feet on a linetrimeter = three feet on a linetetrameter = four feet on a linepentameter = five feet on a linehexameter = six feet on a lineheptameter = seven feet on a lineoctameter = eight feet on a lineRhyme（韵脚）•Rhyme/Rhyming Scheme--- The pattern made by placing words which end in similar sounds at the ends of lines.•To mark out a rhyme scheme, letters, starting with a, are assigned to the first occurrence of a sound, such that line 1 is always a and the first occurrence of the next sound is always b and so on. ”(每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。
第一个韵律是a,第一个韵律是b,以次类推。
遇到和前面重复的韵律就用和前面相同的字母标记。
)Stanza ( 诗节)Stanza--- The combination of rhythm(that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme(for example, “ab c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poeticconventions.(一个rhyme scheme 就可以当作一个stanza诗节{A stanza of a poem equals to a paragraph of an essay, without the indentation.} )KINDS OF STANZAS•Couplet = a two line stanza•Triplet = a three line stanza•Quatrain = a four line stanza•Quintet = a five line stanza•Sestet = a six line stanza•Septet = a seven line stanza•Octave = an eight line stanzaRefrainThe word 'Refrain' derives from the Old French word refraindre meaning to repeat. Refrain is a phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after each stanza.RefrainThe air is dark, the night is sad,I lie sleepless and I groan.Nobody cares when a man goes mad:He is sorry, God is glad.Shadow changes into bone.Every shadow has a name;When I think of mine I moan,I hear rumors of such fame.Not for pride, but only shame,Shadow changes into bone.When I blush I weep for joy,And laughter drops from me like a stone:The aging laughter of the boyTo see the ageless dead so coy.Shadow changes into bone.---by Allen GinsbergPoetic dictionthou=you（主格）thee=you（宾格）thy=yourart=arewert=werehath=hassometime=sometimeso’er=overe’er=ever。
Book 6 p 6 Unit 1 What is poetry p. 6
a painting that speaks 会说话的画面 the best words in the best order 最佳语序里的最佳词语 supreme fiction 至高无上的小说 a criticism of life 生活评论 •
What is poetry? Define the true nature of poetry the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge 一切知识的气息和更美好的精神 a little leaf in the drawer of a sublet room 一间转租房子抽屉里一片小树叶 a way of taking life by the throat 一种捏喉致死的方法 Poetry is the sum of its attributes. 诗歌是其属性的总和。 诗歌是其属性的总和。
poetry？ What is poetry？
A language that tells us something which cannot be said. • △ 告诉我们无法言传的东西的一种语言。 告诉我们无法言传的东西的一种语言。 • A search for syllables to shoot at the barriers of the unknown and the unknowable. • △ 寻找音节 ， 射向未知和不可知事物的障碍 。 寻找音节， 射向未知和不可知事物的障碍。 • The impish attempt to paint the color of the wind. • △ 想要画出风的颜色的淘气的企图。 想要画出风的颜色的淘气的企图。 •
Basic definition of poetry 诗歌的基本定义
英国文学poetry
2.Blank verse is a type of poetry having regular
meter but no rhyme
3.Free verse is a type of poetry written without
the use of strict meter or rhyme, but that is still recognizable as 'poetry'
Reverse rhyme
Pararhyme Rhyme
CVgrazed
great/groat great/bait
send/sell
send/sound send/bend
I B M L o t u s S o f t w a r e | M o b i l i t y
or Verse
What is Poetry?
• • • • • • • Types of Poetry Genres of Poetry Form of Poetry Foot Meter Metrical Pattern Rhyme
What is Poetry?
• Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of Contemporary English (LED): the art of a poet • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language — such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre — to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
what_is_poetry
本质在于“给人快感” 英国浪漫主义诗人Coleridge认为 诗林斯基指出诗歌与科学的本质区别 “科学家用三段论法说话，诗人用形象和图画说话，然而他们 说的都是同一件事”
诗歌的特征
●情感强烈
想象丰富
感情是艺术内在的生命力
●语言精练
鲜明 生动 语言是唯一载体 最精炼最优美的语言可以产生 不寻常的感染力 节奏鲜明
●韵律和谐
●诗歌的构思与意境
只有强烈的激情，没有适当的构思和一定的形式 来巧妙表现就不会有诗意 更不会有余味不尽的意境 王国维“词以境界为最上。有境界则自成高格， 自有名句。”
“境非独谓景物也，喜怒哀乐亦人心中之一境界， 故能写真景物 真感情者，谓之有境界， 否则谓之无境界。”
●高度集中地反映生活
诗歌是文学的灵魂，最精炼的艺术形式，在有限 的诗行里包含着深刻而丰富的思想内容
WHAT IS POETRY
What is poetry? Who knows? Not a rose, but the scent of rose; Not the sky, but the light in the sky; Not the fly, but the gleam of the fly; Not the sea, but the sound of the sea Not myself, but what makes me See,hear, and feel something that prose Cannot: and what it is, who knows? Eleanor Farjeon
诗的本质
● 中国最早的文献记载是《今文尚书· 尧典》：“诗言志，
英国文学第七讲(诗歌)
What is Poetry? Who knows? Not a rose, but the scent of the rose; Not the sky, but the light in the sky; Not the fly, but the gleams of the fly; Not the sea, but the sound of the sea; Not myself, but what makes me See, hears, and feel something that prose Cannot; and what it is, who knows -----Eleanor Farjeon
POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY
POET The poet is the author of the poem. SPEAKER The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem.
POETRY FORM
FORM - the appearance
METER cont.
TYPES OF FEET (cont.)
Iambic - unstressed, stressed （e.g. adore, excite, above, around, appear,
besides, attack, supply, believe, return ）
Trochaic - stressed, unstressed (e.g. Happy, many, holy, yonder,
BLANK VERSE POETRY
from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.
What is Poetry
What is PoetryCONTENTS Introduction (1)Chapter One Literary review (1)Chapter Two Poetry—A derivation of disillusion (3)Chapter Three Poetry—Poets’ emotional expression (5)Chapter Four Poetry—A device of inspiration (7)Conclusion (8)Bibliography (9)摘要本文就广义上的诗的概念，从历史上名家的各种不同观点入手，运用很多例证侧重在主体意蕴方面作了文本分析，并结合自身的理解对其进行了进一步的阐述和展开。
关键词幻想破灭情感激励Abstract<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><!--[endif]-->As to the definition of poetry, there’re numerous different arguments. According to var ious ideas of famous writers and poets, author of this article gives textual analysis and evidences as to the definition of poetry, and made a further presentation from an original point of view.Key words: disillusion emotion inspirationIntroductionWordsworth once had said: “People who did not wear fine clothes but could feel deeply.” This was the subject of many poems in which he judged as true humanity, a quality found in every station in life. Poem helps readers to understand and interpret life. When we see through the eyes of a good poet we can make sense of our experiences, understand our world more fully and see more possibilities for living in it. Through it we can contact with the essential truths of human existence. As to the definition of poetry, there're numerous different arguments. Even the most famous writers and poets, their opinions are various, sometimes widely divergent, even opposite. I just choose several important figures. Let's have a look at what brilliant expositions they have before we form our own opinions.Chapter One Literary review“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”.---William Wordsworth“If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that ispoetry;”--- Emily Dickinson“Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing.”--- Dylan ThomasPoetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.---T.S. EliotHe beginneth not with obscure definitions, which must blur the margin with interpretations, and load the memory with doubtfulness, but he cometh to you with words set in delightful proportion, either accompanied with, or prepared for, the sweet enchanting skill of music; and with a tale forsooth he cometh unto you, with a tale which holdeth children from play, and old men from the chimney corner. And, pretending no more, doth intend the winning of the mind from wickedness to virtue"--- Sir Philip Sidney “Defense of Poesy”“metrical composition; the art or practice of writing poems”---Samuel Johnson“An art, which “brings the whole soul of man into activity.”---Coleridge“emotion put into measure”---Thomas Hardy“What is poetry? The suggestion by the imaginations, of noble grounds for the noble emotions.”---John Ruskin “ Lectures on Art”(1870)"Poetry is to hold judgment on your soul."- Henrik IbsenIt may become a problem when you first read these lines, for all these expressions are reasonable. No wonder that Samuel Johnson expressed the most accurate definition. Mr. Hardy also displayed his concise style. Eliot and Sidney, their concepts were beyond my understanding. Among these ideas, I found I more agreed with Wordsworth, Dickinson, Dylan Thomas, Coleridge and Ruskin.Chapter Two Poetry—A derivation of disillusionYou'll find that Dickinson had a pessimistic view of poetry. “it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me” suggested that she saw dreadful scene by read ing a poem. Some poems are really very gloomy, frustrated or desperate. In our textbook, you'll find "Aubade" by louis Maeneice: Aubade"Having bitten on life like a sharp appleOr, playing it like a fish, been happy,Having felt with fingers that the sky is blue,What have we after that to look forward to?Not the twilight of the gods but a precise dawnOf sallow and grey bricks, and newsboys crying war.Its literary comments said, " Here is an expression of how the best of human desires for beauty is often frustrated by reality: instead of an eternal skyblueness and divine twilight, we discover a dull, gray reality of buildings and news of human conflict. The expression of the contrast is sharp." After a night of love, dawn brought them fearful things. People couldn't help feeling despair if morning brings horror.There're many poems of this kind, such as Marge Pieray's "Barbie Doll"; Etheridge Knight's "Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane"; William Blake's "London" and Diane Wakoski's "The Photos". All these poems were dismal and pessimistic, illustrating speaker's desperation. At certain times, poems were a derivation of poet's disillusion.From this perspective, poem must be a vivid record of the time. They keep down with events and lives of their times. In the past the poet has often been the spokesman of his society. Sometimes, because of political reasons, poets couldn't explicitly declare their attitudes, so they used lots of rhetorical approaches, which at the same time added the charm of the poems. That is, the art of using simple words to represent other meanings. Every good poem cries out the voices of the time and the people. Following was a poem of this kind:Robert Frost Us. 1946 King's XHaving invented a new HolocaustAnd been the first with it to win a war,How they make haste to cry with fingers crossed,King's X--no fairs to use it any more!This poem was very short, but its four lines vividly expressed the child's fear of war. It was written not long after American exploded two atomic bombs on Japan and showed us the effect of this nuclear war: spread-out pessimism and hatred of war. It revealed another strongpoint of poem. In order to talk about same theme, literary masters such as Hemingway had to write a novel with several chapters, whereas poets used only four condensed lines. Similar type your can find Richard Armour's "Hiding Place" in which was the same kind of children's fear towards war. Without being considered their attitudes towards certain historical events, poets sometimes record "a particular moment or event". Except for wars, poets try to describe various themes, like materialism and money worship in W. D. Snodgrass' "Here in the scuffled Dust". W. H. Auden's "The unknown Citizen" depicted government's aspiration of everyone being a tamed standard citizen. Langston Hough's "Harlem" portrayed the black's disillusion of getting equal civil rights in America. William Blake's "The Garden of Love" showed the church and central government's actual indifference to ordinary people and did nothing of help and salvation as expected in their roles. Thomas Hardy’s “The Ruined Maid” gave us a clear picture of a modern prostitute and her thought and feeling. Jonathan Swift’s “A Description of the Morning” told us how lords maltreated their servants and common people’s miserable lives. All these served as examples of poet’s keen observation of social life.Chapter Three Poetry—Poets’ emotional expressionIf poem is just a record of time, poets will be doing the same jobs as reporters. However, poems also have other features. Since they’re written by poets, they more or less carried poets’ emotions like Wordsworth’s statement. Poems of this kind were numerous, inc luding very famous ones. Among these love was a usual theme. “Western Wind” written by an anonymous poet in 15th century vividly depicted a wife’s long for her husband to return, proving that this tradition dated back to very ancient time. Critics said, “This is only the expression of the emotion itself.”Looking at Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “How do I love thee?” everyone will be moved from the beginning line till the end:“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways,I love thee to the depth and breath and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sight… …… …I shall but love thee better after death.”This directly uttered the speaker’s love to his spouse or lover, and was really a typical example for one to follow when he wants to say some words to his sweetheart. “It suggests a wide range of things that love can mean and notices a variety of emotions.” In this book there’re many good similar poems. Jarold Ramsay’s “The Tally Stick” used an ordinary object the coupled have operated together for many years to indirectly depict their love. This object might seem less romantic, but more real and touching. “Both poems are powerful statements of feelings, each in its own way”. Shakespeare’s “Let me Not to the Marriage of True Minds” emphasized the impor tance of the unity of tow minds beyond body contacting. He refined the connotation of love, elevating it to a higher level. Claude Mckay’s “America” expressed the speaker’s love of his motherland. There’re also poems for memorizing and missing of their pas t beloved, such as Howard Nemerov’s “The Vacuum”; Dorothy Livesay’s “Green Rain” and Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”. Sometimes, poems don’t always like Ruskin’s “noble grounds for the noble emotions”, they could also transfer negative feelings. For example, Robert Browning’s “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” vividly pictured the speaker’s intense hatred towards a fellow monk.Chapter Four Poetry—A device of inspirationPoems are not only for appreciation and entertainments, it also have practical significances. As we all know, a poem can be read differently by different person and aims. People tend to use certain poems to inspire and encourage themselves. It’s “an art which brings the whole man into activity” and “the suggestion by the imaginations, of noble grounds for the noble emotions.” Take Yvor Winter’s “At the San Francisco Airport” as an example.“This is the terminal: the lightGives perfect vision, false and hard… ….… …And I remain in light and stare—In light, and no thing else, awake.”In its literal sense, it was the departing scene of father and daughter. It’s the father’s monologue when he saw her daughter off. However, this poem can be dig out deeper significance. The father was sending his daughter to fly to the unknown future. At his point his feelings were mixed. He was worried about her, but at the same time he must perform his responsibility to urge her to seek her life by her own. Readers will get resonance at this point. Everyone must at a certain time break from the protection of his family and have to face his difficulties. We all have to solve problems by ourselves when we get mature. This poem made readers thinking deeper.This kind of positive function can also be seen in John Donne’s “Death Be Not Proud”; Lucille Cifton’s “Daddy”, Sylvia Plaths’s “Point Shirley”, Donald Justice’s “Here in Katmandu” and many other.ConclusionAs stated before, although poem is a literary form, it has social significances as good novel and prose. It can be interpreted in its literal sense. In another word, we can just read it loudly and recite it to get its beauty. That’s the aesthetic appreciation. However, we can also use it as a weapon, a device or a lamp to lead us in our lives.Although this article is trying to find out what poem is, at the beginning of this searching process the result is definite. Poetry can not be limited into any fixed extent. Each definition is reasonable, but each is not complete. It’s also difficult to say we fully have it if we put all t he definition s into one. Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people.Poem’s a special genre of literature, for all their meanings were buried in economical lines. It was its condensed lines that founded poem’s forever-lasting charms. Therefore, good poems demand good readers. Sometimes a poem is really difficult when you read it the first time. It requires readers to read and read, until its implications gradually disclosed. Readers must be patient. Once you understand it, you’ll really suck the honey.BIBIOGRAPHYStrachen, John, and Richard Terry, Poetry, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2000. Thompson, Denys, The Use of Poetry, Cambridge: Cambridge Up, 1978.。
英语诗歌简介English Poetry
b. To induce the reader a kind of attitude to something or coalition with something else. Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just Ourselves— And Immortality.
2
1. The genealogical level
2. The typographical level
3
《亲爱的傻瓜》
天下武功第一的欧阳锋
竟然被郭靖用计活捉
他百思不得其解 对郭靖说了这样两句话： “你知道我平生最恨什么吗？ 我最恨落在傻瓜手里”
4
《一个人来到田纳西》
毫无疑问
“是一种用美的文字……音律的绘画的文字…… 表 写人的情绪中的意境。” －宗白华，《美学散步》 “画者，天地无声之诗；诗者，天地无色之画。” －叶燮 “Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is a speaking picture.”----Simonides (556 BC - 468 BC) （画是无声的诗，诗是有声的画。） Painting (spatial art) presents points in space while poetry, as temporal art ,presents points in succession. 黑格尔认为，作为语言艺术的诗歌是第三种艺术。 绘画提供明确的外在形象（form)，但在表现内心生 活方面还有欠缺，于是才有了音乐(melody)；音乐在 表现内心生活的特殊具体方面欠明确，于是才有了 诗歌(language)。 8
英美诗歌 introduction
-Internal rhyme is rhyme within a single line of verse When a word from the middle of a line is rhymed with a word at the end of the line.
-Masculine rhyme describes those rhymes ending in a stressed
Sound of Poetry(Meter and rhyme)
Images and Symbolism
Diction / tone/mood/
Forms of Poetry
Types of poetry
Kinds of Poetry
In terms of content :
1) Lyrical Poems（抒情诗） Songs（韵文) odes （颂诗） Elegy（挽诗）
--William Wordsworth.
What is poetry ?
“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.”
Kinds of Poetry
In terms of metre:
1) Metrical Poems（格律诗）
英国文学之诗歌
meaning/definition of a word.
Connotation:
associations a word gathered through its
history or in a given setting.
Imagery
It
is the effect created by stimulation of the
• Trochaic foot: one stressed syllable followed by a unstressed syllable. e.g. There they | are, my |fifty| men and| women Naming | me the| fifty| poems| finished!
e.g. Touch her not scornfully;
Think of her mournfully.
Scansion
Scansion:
to mark stressed and unstressed syllables and then divide the line into feet. The number of feet will normally coincide with the number of stresses terms used for line lengths: 4. tetrameter 5.pentameter 6. hexameter 1.monometer 2.dimeter 3.trimeter
e.g. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free;
Assonance: when the writer varies the surrounding consonant sounds, but repeats vowel sounds, the device is known as assonance.
What is Poetry 英国文学简介
What is Poetry?• A condensed piece of writing about a specific theme, topic or scenario•Often creates strong emotion or feeling•Often uses sound and rhythmRHYTHM(韵律)•The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem•Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, and refrainMETER（格律）A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.iambus (iambic) – a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllablelight heavye.g.delay, before, againsttrochee (trochaic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllableheavy lighte.g.midnight drearyanapest (anapestic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed onelight light heavye.g.understanddactyl (dactylic)—a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by one stressedsyllable followed by two unstressed syllablesheavy light lighte.g.wonderfulTo ―scan‖ a poem, we mark each stressed and each unstressed syllable with a mark.Here, we’ll use －for stressed and ∨for unstressed.Aunt Jennifer’s tigers prance across the screen∨－∨∨－∨－∨－∨－Aunt Jennifer’s t igers prance across the screenBright topaz denizens of a world of green.∨－∨－∨∨－∨－∨－Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.Then we count the stressed syllables in a single line.Here there are 5 stressed syllables in each line.FOOT（音步）FOOT - unit of meter.A foot can have two or three syllables.Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.e.g.Shall I compare thee to a summer’s Day?Shall I/ compare/ thee to/ a sum/mer’s Day?TYPES OF FEETThe types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.monometer = one foot on a linedimeter = two feet on a linetrimeter = three feet on a linetetrameter = four feet on a linepentameter = five feet on a linehexameter = six feet on a lineheptameter = seven feet on a lineoctameter = eight feet on a lineRhyme（韵脚）•Rhyme/Rhyming Scheme--- The pattern made by placing words which end in similar sounds at the ends of lines.•To mark out a rhyme scheme, letters, starting with a, are assigned to the first occurrence of a sound, such that line 1 is always a and the first occurrence of the next sound is always b and so on. ”(每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。
AnIntroductiontoEnglishPoetry
My tender age in sorrow did beginne: And still with sicknesses and shame Thou didst so punish sinne, That I became Most thinne. With thee Let me combine And fell this day thy victorie: For, if I imp my wing on thine
Her little work-table was spread With work to finish. For the glare Made by her candle, she had care
To work some distance from the bed.
Without, there was a cold moon up, Of winter radiance sheer and thin; The hollow halo it was in
literary form, choice of words, rich imagery, beautiful harmony, specific atmosphere, artistic appeal
sound beauty & picturesque beauty & beauty of artistic conception
Twelve struck. That sound, by dwindling years Heard in each hour, crept off; and then The ruffled silence spread again,