跨文化交际中身势语的运用对比分析
探讨大学生跨文化交际中身势语使用
探讨大学生跨文化交际中身势语使用20世纪以来,中国和世界联系日趋紧密中国出现大批的外国公司和教育培训机构,相应的就需要大批具有能用英语进行良好沟通和交际能力的人才。
中国英语教师在这种情况下,为了适应这种新形式,教学中必须将跨文化交际交流作为主要内容。
提高学生和以英语为母语的人在工作和学习中交流的能力。
英语教学面临新的挑战,教学中将不是以教会学生语法为主,而是使学生和英语为母语的人能自信平等地就学习和工作中所发生的事情进行进行磋商和探讨。
因为高效而有针对性的谈话中成功的信息交流对解决问题至关重要,因此学生必须具有良好的非语言知识技能以确保成功的跨文化交流。
本文通过对大学二年级学生对非语言因素的使用的调查,对非言语因素在交际中的影响尤其对教学产生的影响进行了讨论,强调了教学中恰当的体态语的教学在外语教学中的重要性。
期待本研究能够有助于进一步深入了解和认识非语言因素的本质和在跨文化交流中的功能,对未来的教学方法和学习策略产生心得启示,以便促进和提高大学生跨文化交流的能力。
1 对大学生非语言因素使用的调查鉴于非语言因素在语言交流中的重要作用,对于学习者的非语言因素使用情况的调查研究至关重要,我们可以从中得出一些关于教学方法和学习策略得启示来指导我们的英语教学和英语学习。
目前大多数对非语言因素的研究局限语理论探讨,而以实证对理论加以研究的极少。
现有的研究大多数是针对不同文化的非语言因素的对比展开的,对大学生非语言因素的使用情况的调查还处于起步阶段。
本研究作为依次试探性的尝试着眼于调查分析大学英语非语言因素的使用特点,目的是为了揭示中国大学生在跨文化交流中运用身势语的实际情况。
本研究对大学二年级学生在演讲中的非言语因素进行比较性分析。
10名大学二年级学生自愿报名做演讲,然后请5名外教和5名中国教师对他们的演讲录像中的非语言因素进行分析。
分析中提出三个问题:(1)演讲者的什么表情和动作你认为很恰当？(2)演讲者的什么表情和动作你不理解？(3)演讲者的什么表情和动作使你不愉快或生气？我们对中外教师的分析结果通过手动计算和使用统计软件进行比较和分析。
浅谈非语言交际中的身势语
浅谈非语言交际中的身势语摘要“身势语”同语言一样,都是文化的一部分。
在不同文化中,身势语的意义并不完全相同。
各民族有不同的非语言交际方式.例如：不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法；谈话双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异；在目光接触这一方面也有许多规定：看不看对方,什么时候看,看多久,什么人可以看,什么人不可以看；在某些场合下,在中国和讲英语的国家无论微笑还是大笑,通常表示友好﹑赞同﹑满意﹑高兴﹑愉快,但是在某些场合,中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感；打手势时动作稍有不同,就会与原来的意图有所区别,对某种手势理解错了,也会引起意外的反应等等。
因此,要用外语进行有效的交际,在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势,动作,举止等所表示的意思。
而有些权威人士认为两者相互依存。
在大多数情况下这是对的。
在某些情况下,人体动作与所说的话不一致,口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。
这时要借助其他信息或从整个情况中猜测说话人的意思,从某种意义上说,一切身势语都要放在一定的情景下去理解；忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。
而通过中美身势语对比研究表明,两者有相似的地方,也有差异的地方,说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。
可见,真正掌握两种语言的人在? 挥昧硪恢钟镅运祷笆币惨挥昧硪恢稚硎朴铩Ｕ庋拍艽锏礁玫慕患市Ч?/P>关键词:非语言交际身势语不同文化不同方式Body Language on Nonverbal CommunicationAbstract“Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look;when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughte r usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a forEign language, one should&nb sp;know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situations body action contradicts what is bEIng said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what body language communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a sense, all body language should be interpreted ;within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading. A comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of body language. It shows the importance of knowing the specific gestures that go with a language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages. This makes communication easier and better.Key words:nonverbal communication body language different culture different waysContents1. Introduction (1)2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication (2)3. The concrete types and application of the body language (3)3.1 Types of body language (3)3.1.1 Distance between people conversing ...... 33.1.3 Eye contact (4)3.1.4 Smiles and laughter (6)3.1.5 Gestures (6)3.2 Application of the body language (6)3.2.1 Greetings (6)3.2.2 Signs of affection (8)3.2.3 Physical contact in life (8)3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language……94. Conclusion (12)<!--。
英汉跨文化非言语交际身势语语用特征及文化差异
英汉跨文化非言语交际身势语语用特征及文化差异1 引言人类交际是语言交际和非语言交际的结合，非语言交际是整个交际中不可缺少的组成部分。
非语言交际指不用词语的交际，有无声和有声之分。
但一般说来，非语言交际多指无声。
我们的面部表情，头部动作，坐立姿势，手势和身体某一部位的移动，身体的接触，对话时的位置和距离，都在有意识无意识的发出某种信息，表达某种意识。
人们就把这种非语言交际方式成为身势语。
身势语主要包括手势，姿态，面部表情，嗓子的音质，交谈者之间的距离，谈话者选择衣着打扮的方法所传递的信息，说话人判断接话时机的方法等。
2 身势语的语用特征作为符号概念的身势是交际和传递信息的符号单位，它用于传递信息，早已未人们所熟悉，并能自如的运用各自群体中所通用的符号势进行交际。
从话语意义的研究角度看，身势语的语用特征主要体现在以下几个方面。
2.1 辅助，替代功能身势语伴随话语，对话语起着补充，强调或者确定的辅助功能，他们相互依附，相互支持以取得预期良好的交际效果。
身势语与话语同时或先后进行，它能使语言表达更生动，更形象，语义信息量更大，更清楚。
由于各种原因，在许多场合人们用身势语来替代话语，并给交际增加了特殊的表现力。
例如：” Pardon me，sir ，will you do mea favor ？Let mepurchase you one of these puddings. It would give mesuch pleasure. ”He jumped back as if he had been stung ，and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.“请原谅，先生，能赏我个脸吗？让我为您买一只布丁吧，如果您肯收下，我将不胜感激。
”他往后一跳，仿佛被什么东西蛰了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨的通红。
2.2 表情功能主要是通过面部表情表露感情或者情绪，当然，身体其他部分也可显露这类情绪。
跨文化商务交际中身势语差异分析
IntroductionNowadays, contact between nations is becoming closer and closer so that international communication is also becoming more and more frequent and comprehensive. The contact goes beyond not only national boundaries but also different cultures. In our contact with foreign nations, we do business with them and we need to exchange our views and feelings with people from them. Thus, we are often involved in cross-cultural business exchanges with foreign people. It is obvious that we take verbal communication as the primary means in our cross-cultural business exchanges with foreign people, but we cannot neglect the important role of nonverbal communication in these exchanges. On one hand, it is impossible for all of us to know all human languages in the world. We cannot communicate with people all over the world only by language. On the other hand, nonverbal communication is an integral part of human communication and the means of nonverbal communication provides alternative effective ways of human communication. As the most important means of nonverbal communication, body language stands out and plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication. Body language will make our verbal communication more vivid and easier to understand. Without the help of body language, our verbal communication will meet with barriers and misunderstandings. For example, when you say “you are happy” yet with a sad facial expression, your audience will surely feel puzzled. As there are obvious differences in culture and custom between China and western countries, there are differences concerning body language between China and western countries, because body language is regarded as a solid expression of a culture. If we are not familiar with their body language when we are communicating with western foreigners, we are likely to misunderstand them and our conversation will break down. So in order to avoid the communicative failures or barriers in our cross-cultural business exchanges with people from westerncountries, we must understand the differences of body language between China and western countries.Therefore, the study on body language in cross-cultural business exchanges between China and Western countries is of definite theoretical and practical significance, an d of high academic research value. In this paper, I’ll first introduce definition and importance of body language, then present the differences of body language used in cross-cultural business exchanges between China and western countries, illustrate reasons for the differences, and finally give some useful suggestions to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts in our cross-cultural business exchanges with people from western countries.1 .The Definition and Importance of Body LanguageMany definitions of body language have been given by experts. Some scholars simply define body language as language without words or all communicative symbols except oral speech. Samovar and Porter have made some attempts to give a more specific definition to body language: Body language is the socially, biologically, psychologically or culturally framed exchange of valuable messages which are not verbally spoken out but conveyed by the body, gesture, symbols or relevant context and surrounding environment etc.1According to Knapp, body language includes gesture, body movement, extremities movement, hand movement, head movement, facial expression, eye management, posture, and so on. 2We agree that body language refers to a set of symbols, including the person’s facial expression, body posture, body movements and body position changes and it is a major means of human communication. By a more simple expression, body language refers to the body motion which has a very important communicational meaning in both verbal and non-verbal communication. Basically, body language is always concomitant with audio language and it is a complementary means of communication.1Samovar, L. et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication [M]. California: Wadsworth, 1981:38-42.2Knapp, M. Nonverbal communication in Human Interaction [M]. Winston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1978:12-20.We can not use language to communicate with others all the time. Body language is the necessary complement for any language. It is used to express some rational information as well as feeling. Body language can strengthen and reinforce the expression of audio language and make the language more concrete. The experimental results of Birdwhistell show that 65% of the information we get is expressed by body language.3Psychologists also find that only 11% of the information is obtained by ear, while 83% of the information is obtained by vision. This is enough to explain how important the factors of body language are in daily communications. If somebody still cannot understand the importance of body language, just recall how many times we use gestures in our communications with others everyday, how many times we change our body position and facial expressions to show our politeness or anger, or just imagine what would happen if we only used a verbal language like Chinese or English in our communication motionlessly without any gesture or facial expression.Nowadays international communication is becoming more and more popular and the importance of body language in international business communications has been attracting more and more public and academic attention. As we all know, verbal languages can not be the only way of business exchange and it is impossible for us to know every fo reign language, but we can guess the meaning of a foreigner’s body language in our imagination. By using body language, we can also express our business purposes more clearly and forcefully so that we can exert more influence on the other side of the business communication. On the other hand, we should notice that international business communication is typically cross-cultural and body language also involves cultural elements. In different cultural backgrounds, a gesture or a facial expression may be understood differently. When using body language in international business exchanges, we should be clear and alert about different cultural understandings of body language. Otherwise misunderstandings will result and our business will suffer.3Birdwhistell, R. S. Kinesics and Context [M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970:34.2. Body Language in Sino-western Cross-cultural Business exchangesWith Sino-western business communication becoming wider and deeper, the cross-cultural communication is attracting more and more attention, which means that body language, is at the same time becoming increasingly important. Therefore, if we want to have a successful inter-cultural business communication, it is very necessary for us to understand the similarities and differences of body language in different countries. There are many aspects which can show the differences of body language between China and Western countries and this article mainly takes some typical ones to explain the differences.2.1 GesturesIn our daily life, every one makes gestures, but many gestures have distinctive regional and cultural features. For example, Americans often express somebody’s cleverness by touching their temples. But this action means that someone is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full, since it is a suicide action to Chinese, who want to express fullness by patting their stomachs.4There are many gestures only existing in one culture. For example, American people would like to express “No, don’t do that” by moving the index finger from side to side with forefinger up and others closed. However, this gesture is not used in China. To express doubt or helplessness, westerners often shrug their shoulders. However, this gesture is seldom used in China. In western countries, the gesture, thumb against the tip of the nose, other four fingers wave from side to side together, indicates challenge; putting middle finger on the back of forefinger indicates “bless success”, which has a relevant phrase—cross one’s fingers. And people are very4李育卫.英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究[M].云南师范大学学报,2004:54-56.familiar with another phrase, that is “thumb a ride” (standing on the side of the rode, closing hand with thumb up) which means a request for ride. Now, as the Western media cultures such as Western films penetrate into China, such kinds of gestures have been used by more and more Chinese young people. There are also many gestures only existing in China. In Chinese culture, to express respect, people must take something with two hands to their guests or others. And when others pour tea or wine for them, they must hold t he cup with both hands to express “Thank you” or tap the tabletop with forefinger to indicate “It’s enough”. Touching or pointing to tip of one’s own nose with raised forefinger means “It’s me.” “I’m the one.” Upraised forefinger of each hand coming together in front of the body until the two touches, means a good match. These gestures are particular to China.From above examples, people can come to a conclusion, that is, if they want to learn a language well, they must not only learn the verbal language, but also study the gestures of that country.2.2 Facial ExpressionsWe often compare face to the mirror of soul, which can provide a supplement for verbal communication. This can make their behavior known to others and make business communication easily.Take Chinese and American for example: In a business conversation, Americans will require the person who they are talking with to look at them directly during a conversation. They regard eye contact as a sign of honesty; otherwise, it will be considered as a sign of untruthfulness, fear, indifference, guilt or absence of mind. And Americans are told “not to trust anyone who won’t look you in the eye”. Americans like direct eye contact. They think direct eye contact is the indication of confidence and politeness, and shifty eye contact implies impoliteness. But Chinese tend to avoid direct eye contact during the business conversation to show respect, or obedience, or politeness.55车英君. 文化相对论视角下的中美身势语的比较研究[D].辽宁: 辽宁师范大学, 2009:13-20.2.3 Head MovementsHead movements are used very frequently in the cross-cultural business communication. Knowing the meaning of the head movement of other countries can help us avoid a lot of troubles in the conversation.Though there are many head movements which show differences in meanings, most of the head movements have the same meaning in different countries. This situation shows that it is not the only rule that every body language is different among different countries. And as it has been explained before, the body language is one part of culture; the culture also has the same points in different nations.2.4 PosturesPosture refers to the general way people carry their body, especially the back, shoulders and head while standing, lying, etc. It offers insight into a culture’s deep structure and often reflects a person’s attitud e toward people he/she is with. Posture is a common way in Sino-western business communication, which can be divided into three kinds: lying，standing, bent-knee positions. In most countries, standing with folded arms means indifference. However, each country has its own distinctive meaning about different postures.Posture can demonstrate that culture is connected with social position. Americans tend to stand and chat on most social cases. As a result，the person who stand in the party will become attractive to others and like to control the communication. On the contrary, Chinese juniors often tend to stand when they are speaking with their leader or people who are higher in position than them with the purpose of showing their esteem and attention. Seniors usually choose to have a sitting posture. It is the phenomenon that Chinese school students stand before their teachers or their parents with head down when they have made mistakes. Students are required to stand up when they answer the teachers’ question.All these examples suggest that postures are quite different from country tocountry. The same behavior that has different cultural meaning in different countries is easy for us to make mistakes. In order to behave better and better, people not only need to know the cultural meanings of the posture, but also need to be accustomed to them in different cultural situations．0nly in this way can people understand each other better.2.5 Body DistanceDifferent people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing. According to Hall, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. Intimate distance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters;this is between people with the most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example. Personal distance is about 45-80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse. Social distance may be any distance from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who work together or people doing business, as well as most of those at social gatherings tend to keep a distance of about 1.30-2 meters.China is a country with little contact. In China, when people meet each other or say hello to others they show their friendship just by nodding, raising their hands or shacking hands. In western countries, both homosexual and heterosexual people have the habit of hugging and kissing each other which can not be accept by Chinese people, because these actions are just be done between lovers and couples in China. But it may be regarded as gays in westerns if the same-sex friends walk in the street arm in arm. In western countries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. It may cause an unpleasant reaction if someone touch him too much. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, I’m sorry, Excuse me.” But in China, people will not do so, because they think this situation is just a piece of cakeand they have been used to the crowding in public places. This has become one habit of Chinese people.3. Reasons for the Differences of Body Language in Sino-western cross-cultural business exchangesFrom all these differences of body language in Sino-western cross-cultural business exchanges, we know that specific traditions and national customs decide specific signification of body language and we can learn that the reasons cause these differences and similarities are various, such as the difference of education background, the difference of characters, the difference of view, and so on.3.1 Different Traditional CulturesDifferent traditional cultures have caused various characteristics. It is considered that culture is the entire form of the movements of a nation. China and Western countries have their own different social and cultural atmosphere; for they have their own history of independent development and special space, and each of them has its own distinct ethnic characteristics. Body language reflects a nation’s characteristics, it not on and lateral extension, going out of the world is the only way for their survival and development. Therefore, occidental pursue a kind of outward “on the road” spirit. This cultural difference has been clearly reflected in their body language between China and the West. For example, western people can’t accept that they have to sit in the crowded space, they will use “special skills”----they will never see the people who sit too closed to them.66李育卫. 英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究[M].云南师范大学学报,2004:54-56.3.2 Different Ethnic Character TraitsIn the process of a long history of cultural development forms the nation’s character. This characteristic is like a famous brand, which makes each nation have its own want to say when you just talk about something unimportant. So people don’t need to speak out all their intentions when they express their feelings. However, people in the west respond differently. They must express clearly what they think and want. Only by this way can the others understand them very well. So westerns must speak out what they want to say.3.3 Religious DifferencesAs Havilland notes: “The social functions of religion are no less important than the psychological functions. A traditional religion reinforces group norms, provides moral sanctions for individual conduct.” Thus w e can see the significance of religion to both China and Western countries.It is believed that Buddhism has deeply influenced China’s culture. Buddhists in China advocate the cultivation of mind to go beyond the falseness of the world and the suffering due to worldly concerns. Buddhism believes that the clear and accurate logic languag confrontation-oriented communication style.The formation of western culture is closely bound up to the western religion—Christianity. Their adoration to the God fiercely exerts a great influence on their attention to words. The westerners have their faith in that the God created the world by means of words and released the order by means of words. In accord with “The New Testament”—Language coexists with God, and words are God; therefore, the western culture regards language as something great or spiritual, and Judaism and Christianity are considered as “religion of langue”. Thus we can see that the significance of Christianity to westerners and its low-context culture. 77蒋易. 中美非言语交际的比较与探索[D].山东: 山东师范大学, 2009:27.Christian believes that the world is real and meaningful since God had created it. Individual is significant because God created it in his image. In a culture that attaches great importance to individualism, the concept of “self” is important. Therefore, fac ts described by words or language are more reliable and dependable than those described through feelings and intuition, which contrasts with Buddhism obviously.4. Advice for the Application of Body Language in Cross-cultural Business exchangesBody language is an important component of nonverbal language, so the differences of body language in Sino-western business exchanges will affect their business communication, if people want to reduce the bad influence; they need to follow these advices.4.1 Acknowledging Cultural DifferenceTo be aware of the existence of discrepancy between cultures is the first step to walk into the door of successful intercultural communication. Since the existence of cultural diffeWhen negotiating with Americans，Chinese negotiators should be prepared for differences in concerns about punctuality, logical process and legal issues．Bear in mind the cultural differences in these areas and do not impose them on the American counterparts．When in doubt，discuss cultural differences and decide how to proceed based on what is learned．And don’t neglect organizational cultural differences．They may prove crucial to the selection of effective strategies．8While we read books, attend a lecture, watch English movies, communicate with foreigners, we can learn a lot about body language. In our daily lives, we can learn body language through various ways. These are the basic ways to learn body language; also they are the most efficient ways. The more we accumulate, the better we can8米阳. 中美跨文化商务谈判中非语言交际的对比研究[D].山东:山东师范大学，2009:16-204.2 Avoiding Stereotype and EthnocentrismStereotypes were a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple categor from then．As a matter of fact，they are actually resulted from both indolent and mistaken understanding．When thinking about things in terms of nature，we find that we human beings don’t like the unfamiliar, tend to get close to what is familiar and always try to keep away things that become foreign and exotic．The instinctive reaction towards those foreign things and people is discrimination．And when discrimination replaces communication，we find either overt or covert inhospitality, anger and hatred among people，which seriously restrict free and open communications．Culture makes society unique. All the people are molded and shaped by the experiences of their cultures unconsciously and they may develop the habit of evaluating all other cultures by these experiences. This tendency to judge people unconsciously by the standard of our group and their own customs is called ethnocentrism. In intercultural communication, people should realize that culture in every nation is equal and they shouldn’t have the attitude that one culture is superior to another. Otherwise, they will feel it difficult to be open and tolerant of the customs, be4.3 Intercultural Sensitivity and Intercultural AwarenessBefore improving intercultural sensitivity, we had better have an profound understanding of our native culture. Only when we take the opinion of respecting ourselves，monitoring ourselves，empathy, and being open-minded，can we take an impartial opinion．Our intercultural consciousness is in fact our intercultural competence based on cognitive aspect．It is connected with the ability to recognize similarities and differences among different cultures．According to the understanding of value system，cultural standard，and personal philosophy, it is even harder to distinguish these differences．It’s true that we all have intuitive sensitivity．However,een cultures by learning about a culture’s value to overcome our bias．We should be other-oriented to overcome ethnocentrism and to develop empathy, we should be careful of cultural differences for cultural adjustments，and keep away subject judgments about other cultures to overcome stereotype，make contrast between groups and use multiple dimensions to compare cultures．4.4 Learning to be TolerantPeople should be tolerant to cultural differences, keeping in mind that they are both alike and different. They should grant similarities and recognize differences. By accepting and appreciating, they can better assess the potential consequences of their acts and be more tolerant of those others. It is important to know cultural difference of different nations and learn that people share a series of crucial characteristics that link them together. The similarities are important in helping them look for common ground as a way of deciding how to treat other people regardless of their culture. The similarities unite the people, and in a very real sense make them one community, rysanthemum to the patient. But French people never do this. Because they think chrysanthemum is used in funerals.9But we should pay attention to two points, when we apply this principle. Firstly, we should not worship and imitate the whole body language blindly. Secondly, we should not be trapped in the fixed mode of cultures. For example, People think Americans behave informally in any situation and Englishmen are always conservative. In fact, all communicative modes change with the differences of time, situation and contents. So in the business communication, we can make full use of these principles, exclude fixed mode of culture and keep an open attitude towards cultural differences.9景花.跨文化交际中的中西身势语解析[M].毕节学院学报, 2009:87-90.ConclusionWe can know from this article that body language is really an important part in the cross-cultural business communication. Body language has close relations with cultures, which is also the carrier of cultures, like verbal language. It varies from culture to culture. Therefore, the aim of studying nonverbal communication is to help foreign language learners and communicators exclude the interference of cultural differences.We have discussed the differences of body language in cross-cultural business communication between Chinese and Western, and advices of reducing barriers inAcknowledgementsI would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to my tutor Then, I would like to appreciate the help of other classmates, who give me useful advice on finishing this paper.Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.Bibliography[1]Andersen and Peter, Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions[M]. London: Waveland Press, 2007:45-48.[2]Birdwhistell, R. S. Kinesics and Context[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970:34[3] Knapp, M. Nonverbal communication in Human Interaction [M]. Winston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978:12-20.[4] Samovar, L. et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication[M]. California: Wadsworth, 1981:38-42.[5]艾军. 论中美商务谈判的跨文化交际[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2003:22-25.[6]毕继万. 跨文化非语言交际[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999:6.[7]车英君.文化相对论视角下的中美身势语的比较研究[D],辽宁:辽宁师范大学，2009:13-20.[16]徐德凯.中西文化视域下的非言语交际[D].山东：山东大学, 2008:67-71.[17]杨平. 非语言交际述评[J]. 外语教学与研究, 1994(03):1-6.。
跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异
跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异姓名：XX 学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级：2009级学号：XXXXXX摘要肢体语言(body language)又称身势语言，是表示使用身体运动或动作来代替或辅助声音、口头言语或其他交流方式进行交流的一种方式的一个术语。
其之所以能够被称之为语言,主要在于它的信息通报性。
肢体语言和我们所学习的语言一样，它作为一种特殊的语言也是不可被忽视的文化的一部分。
它之所以具有着不可忽视的作用是因为它能够在学习和运用语言的过程中通过肢体的不同动作把我们想要表达出的话语以及内部实质意义更为深刻鲜明的表现出来，肢体语言能够更好地促进语言的交流，我们都知道，不论是以中国为代表的东方国家还是以欧美为代表的西方国家都有着肢体语言的存在，除了一些世界公认的肢体语言以外，不同的国家肢体语言还有着其不同的语言内涵，了解东西方不同的肢体语言有助于我们更为深入地了解西方文化，更好的增进我们语言的进修。
目录肢体语言的定义，重要性Ⅱ肢体语言的分类A ：表情语言B ：动作语言C : 体态语言Ⅲ影响跨文化交流中肢体语言的因素A：语言习惯B: 风俗习惯C：价值观Ⅳ正确理解中西方肢体语言的区别和运用A:动作一样，意义不同B:意义相同，动作有差异C：只存在于美国文化中的动作D：只存在于中国文化中的动作E：对一些常见的肢体语言的理解关键词：肢体语言、跨文化交际、如何运用正文Ⅰ肢体语言的定义，重要性肢体语言 (body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。
运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能，因为它简便、迅捷、直观，在现实生活中的使用极其广泛，而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。
Ⅱ肢体语言的分类1.面部表情语言（facial expression language）在跨文化交流中，面部表情语言指的是在交流的过程中通过面部的一系列动作，来传达出我们内心的真实想法，不同国家的人民之间存在着语言障碍，但是通过面部的千变万化的表情我们可以相互了解对方的意愿，他的喜、怒、哀、乐，悲、恐、惊。
跨文化交际中的中日身势语对比研究
跨文化交际中的中日身势语对比研究作者：邹维来源：《青年时代》2016年第03期摘要：身势语又称“体态语”，是指有声语言外的眼神、表情、手势及身体各个部位的姿态动作，即非语言性的身体信号，包括目光与面部表情、身体运动与触摸、身体姿势与外表、身体之间的空间距离等等，它是在教学过程中用来传递信息、表达感情、表示态度的非语言的特定身体态势。
但在不同文化背景下，身势语所代表的意义并不完全相同。
所以在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景下，就会产生不解或误解，从而使交际失败。
因此本研究从跨文化交际目的出发，为了避免这些不必要麻烦的产生，进而对中日身势语的对比作了详细介绍，论述了身势语在跨文化交际中的重要性。
其实研究身势语的目的就是为了更好得理解和运用它，以求达到理想的交际效果。
关键词：身势语；中日对比；跨文化交际；体态语身势语是指语言或非语言交际中具有交际意义的身势动作。
如手势动作和面部表情等来表达说话人的意图和思想感情，它的交际作用是不可忽视的，所以我们应当了解和探索关于身势语的一些由来和发展。
通过进一步分析身势语在交际中的重要性和必要性，以求它更能突出在交际中的地位。
我们可以只通过身体的姿势，手势，或者是面部表情等身势语来传达出我们所要表达的意思，也可以伴随着这些身势说出内心那刻的感受，或激动，或悔恨，或气愤等的一些话语。
值得注意的是，所说的话和当时的身势语一定要一致，否则将令对方迷惑，误解或者是使谈话没有任何意义。
人的姿势、态度等身势语传递了更多被掩饰的信息。
由于后天习得的许多形体语言具有可控性，因此，一个人可能成功控制自己的面部表情，从而显得平静和克制，然而他却没有意识到，紧张和急切的迹象正从他的身体姿势中泄露出来。
不同国度的姿势是有差异的。
英国人将两臂交叉放在胸前表示旁观或不准介入，恰似中国的“袖手旁观”；美国人着重随意与潇洒的个性，常常大大咧咧地坐下来或是站着时一幅松松散散的样子，而在中国，人们讲求站有站相、坐有坐相，人际交往中举止得当才会显出对别人的尊重汉语身势语中华文化历史悠久，我们汉语的身势语也极为丰富。
跨文化交际中肢体身势语言差异研究
□肢体身勢语言差异
1.1眼神 眼神是内心世界的反应，也是交流的重要组成部 分。在美剧Lie to Me中，剧作者就提出瞳孔放大表示愤 怒、害怕；如果笑的时候在眼角没有皱纹则表示为假笑。 对眼神的细致观察能够让人们获得更加丰富的信息。尤 其对眼神的观察可以让你了解对方的内心世界，从而对 其喜怒哀乐等有清晰的认知。而肢体身势语言在眼神运 用中也存在差异性。比如，在西方国家，许多人都是通 过对眼神的观察来实现沟通。如果在沟通中眼神不集中, 则表示对谈话不重视，容易让对方生气，进而导致谈话 的失败。 1.2手势、身势动作 谈话中，手势、身势动作就是运用人体的手、脚以 及身体其他部位表达自我内心情感，进而实现交流的过 程。例如在跨文化交际中，日本人经常会点头，通过点 头表示他在认真倾听，不过这并不代表他已经理解内容。 不过就点头这一动作，在西方则是表示在倾听中已经懂 得了对方的意思。同样地点头动作，在不同的国家或区
目肢体身势语言差异产生的后果及对策
3.1肢体身势语言误读的后果 肢体身势语言在运用中因为表达意思的差异会有不 同的解读，错误的解读对肢体身势语言的运用很不利， 甚至会带来不良后果。 3.1.1交流上形成障碍 肢体身势语言的运用主要是弥补言语交际的不足。 目前经济在快速发展，人们之间的交流也日益密切，肢 体身势语言在国际之间的交流也就显得更加重要。 3.1.2容易产生误会 肢体身势语言在运用上的差异性还容易导致误会的 形成。例如，东方国家认为摇头表示否定，而点头则表
跨文化交际中的肢体语言
跨文化交际中的肢体语言跨文化交际中的肢体语言来源：英语毕业论文/ 肢体语言是人类进行非语言信息交流的重要手段,其内涵也随着文化环境、生活方式和思维习惯的不同而呈现出一定的差异。
要用外语进行有效的、成功的跨文化交际就必须学习和了解肢体语言在不同民族文化中的交际功能。
肢体语言跨文化交际文化差异肢体语言又称身体语言,是指经身体的各种动作(包括面部表情和身体各部位的动作等)来进行传递信息、交流思想的现象。
作为一种独特的交际方式,肢体语言在人们的交际过程中起着不可替代的作用。
有研究表明,一个人要向外界传达完整的信息,55%的信息都需要肢体语言来传达。
在人际交往中,有的肢体语言非常具体,有的则十分概括;有的旨在交流,有的仅为表达;有的提供感情信息,有的则表现人物的性格和态度。
肢体语言个人发出,有社会共知含义,并有可能对交际对象产生影响和发生作用。
但是,不同的国家有着不同的文化,肢体语言的内涵也随着文化的不同而呈现出一定的差异。
因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的肢体语言所表示的含义有所了解。
体距语的文化差异在人类的人际交往中,个人往往会不自觉地与别人保持相当距离,以保持其心理上的安全感受。
美国人类学教授爱德华·T·霍尔博士认为,在人际交往中存在四种空间距离:亲密距离(0～45cm,适合于夫妻关系及情侣之间)、个人距离(45～120cm,存在于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间)、社交距离(120～360cm,多用于洽谈业务和接待陌生客人时)和公共距离(360cm～750cm,多用于非正式的聚会。
) 从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的空间距离,关系越远,亲密程度越小,并且这个空间距离的大小还会受到文化背景、环境、行业、个性等的影响。
一般说来,西方文化注重个人隐私,而中国人则不太讲究个人空间。
多数英语国家的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。
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原创Q 799 75 79 3811 美国俚语中所折射出的美国亚文化现象12 An Analysis on Shear's Personality in The Bridge on the River Kwai13 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因14 Childhood PTSD in Anne of Green Gables15 从概念隐喻看寓言的语篇连贯16 中美商务礼仪的文化差异－－以餐桌礼仪为例17 试析杰克伦敦的《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义18 功能对等理论视角下的英文歌曲汉译探究19 A Comparison of the English Color Terms20 《祝福》两个英译本翻译中文化缺失现象的对比研究21 英汉习语中的文化差异及翻译研究22 中美服饰的文化差异分析23 诠释《儿子与情人》中儿子、母亲、情人之间的关系24 《荒原》中的死亡与重生25 从中西方文化差异的角度浅谈吉祥语的翻译26 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观和中国后婚姻观的比较研究27 解析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的性格特征及其成因28 浅谈自有品牌在中国零售企业的发展29 《简爱》的特征—一位独立的女性30 论《野性的呼唤》中对人和自然和谐的呼唤31 商务英语和普通英语对比浅析32 卡勒德·胡赛尼《追风筝的人》阿米尔的救赎分析33 如何激发和培养初中生学习英语的兴趣34 论《傲慢与偏见》中的妇女地位问题35 A Study on the Motivations of Korean Students in China: Impacts of Internationalization on Korean Higher Education36 从道德角度分析简•奥斯丁《劝导》中的女主人公安妮•艾略特37 从《劝导》主人公形象看奥斯丁创作思想新特点38 论英语口语教学中存在的问题及对策39 拜伦式人物—艾米莉•勃朗特——《呼啸山庄》的弗洛伊德解读40 高中英语新课标在xx中实施情况调查与分析41 论《红字》中海丝特的女性身份重构42 艺术与现实之间的冲突－－解读毛姆的《月亮和六便士》43 一首平凡女性成长的赞歌—用“成长小说”理论来解读《简爱》44 由福克纳短篇小说中的女性看南方身份没落45 A Comparison of the English Color Terms46 男权制度下的悲剧——论《德伯家的苔丝》47 A Comparison of the English Color Terms48 中西方饮食文化的差异49 英汉社交称呼语礼貌规范和语用失误研究50 中学生英语阅读语义障碍和其教学应对策略51 清代以来中西文化交流对中国婚俗的影响52 目的论视角下新闻标题汉译英研究53 从女性主义角度解读惠特曼的《草叶集》54 合作原则在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用55 英汉语篇中的省略衔接手段对比及其翻译方法——以《雪》译文为例56 中西方对＂死亡教育＂之态度的对比研究57 系统功能语法理论在BB电子商务网站中的应用与实例分析58 论《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中的环境描写－－－－从视觉和听学的角度59 网络英文用语的特点分析60 中美大学生道歉策略对比研究61 The Influences of Electronic Commerce on International Trade62 解析《简爱》的帝国主义意识63 中式英语的潜在价值64 从翻译美学视角探析文学作品翻译——以《了不起的盖茨比》为例65 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》的写作技巧剖析66 浅论英文原声电影在英语教学中的应用67 应对写作逻辑乱象的对策68 嘉莉妹妹三个梦的心理需求分析69 奇幻作品中所反映的欧洲民族神话—以《指环王》为例70 英语中的性别歧视71 合作学习模式在高中英语口语教学中的应用72 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language and Its Implications to English Language Learners73 外贸英文函电中委婉语的特点及应用研究74 从电影作品分析英语外来口音的现象75 现代信息技术与英语学科教学的有效整合76 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异77 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》78 从《红楼梦》两个译本论归化翻译和异化翻译79 从清教理想主义角度解读《红字》中的和谐思想80 尼斯湖和西湖—中西方旅游性格差异研究81 On Differences between Western and Chinese Advertising Copies82 从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看女性的社会地位83 英语学习中的跨文化语用失误及其对策84 合作学习在英语口语教学中的应用85 A Comparison of the English Color Terms86 从礼貌原则角度分析电影《暮光之城》中的对白87 女孩与玫瑰—《秘密花园》中生态女性主义解读88 从电影《这个杀手不太冷》中看中西方文化差异89 An Analysis of the Female Characters in Moment in Peking90 浅谈《鲁滨逊漂流记》中现实主义元素91 如何有效做好交替传译笔记92 礼貌原则在口译中的应用93 提高初中生阅读能力的研究94 从西方讽刺剧看品特的威胁喜剧95 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“盖茨比”人物象征主义的运用96 欧•亨利《警察与赞美诗》中的黑色幽默97 从生态女性主义视角解读《永别了,武器》98 关联理论关照下文化缺省现象及其翻译应对策略99 二语习得理论对初中英语教学的启示刍议100 A Comparison of the English Color Terms101 《紫色》中黑人女性意识的觉醒和成长102 解析威廉布莱克《老虎》中的修辞运用及其对英语写作的启示103 从市场营销的角度论哈利•波特的成功104 On Paul’s Self-development in Sons and Lovers105 A Comparison of the English Color Terms106 论《少奶奶的扇子》中的扇子107 英汉颜色词的文化差异及其翻译108 《日用家当》中的黑人文化意象分析109 从保罗死因的分析看劳伦斯眼中的西方文明110 A Brief Analysis of the Main Female Characters in Golden Notebook111 A Comparative Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Chinese Renditions in Different Periods112 国际商务谈判中的礼貌原则113 A Discussion of the Gothic Style as Applied in “A Rose for Emily”（开题报告+论文+文献综述）114 英语委婉语的构成与应用115 商务英语中的缩略词研究116 沃尔特•惠特曼《草叶集》与郭沫若《女神》对比研究117 On the Techniques and Principles in English-Chinese Translation of Movie Titles118 从产品说明书的英译错误分析探讨其翻译策略119 论礼貌原则在国际商务信函的应用120 试析《珍妮姑娘》中女主人公的悲剧根源121 An Analysis of the Main Characters in Twilight-eclipse122 跨文化交际在宝洁公司营销战略中的应用123 跨国企业广告语在中国本土化体现的文化价值观差异124 旅游英语翻译的研究125 Naturalism in Sister Carrie126 An Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetic Fairy Tale －The Happy Prince127 An Analysis of Symbols in Young Goodman Brown128 情景教学法在初中英语词汇教学中的应用129 由《红楼梦》中人名的英译看中西文化差异130 论《红字》的模糊性131 从审美视角分析中国古典诗词的英译132 浅谈英语习语中动物名称及翻译133 论“迷惘的一代”告别“美国梦”——浅谈《永别了，武器》和《了不起的盖茨比》134 英汉语广告的词汇比较研究135 初中英语听力水平调查研究－－-以钢城十二中为例的个案调查136 浅议商标品牌的翻译137 爱默生超验主义对世纪美国人生观的影响——以《论自助》为例138 浅析《老人与海》中人对自然的态度139 浅析中西方宗教习俗展现出的文化差异140 “美国梦”的再探讨—以《推销员之死》为例141 英语中常用修辞格142 《宠儿》中的女性形象分析143 汤姆叔叔的小屋中汤姆形象分析144 中式英语特点及发展趋势145 英语语言中性别歧视的社会语言学视角146 美国牛仔形象演变和西部电影发展的研究147 从中国传统民居乔家大院和西方哥特式教堂看中西文化差异148 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征艺术149 从桑提亚哥看海明威的奋斗人生150 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的创伤和治愈151 On the Translation of Psychological Description in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence152 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征手法153 Advertising Translation from a German Functionalist Approach154 论《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂•康普生的悲剧155 托马斯•哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中注定的女性悲剧命运156 An Analysis of Mulan's Character in Moment in Peking157 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异158 论中美家庭教育的差异159 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义160 如何提高中学生的词汇学习能力161 中英广告中的双关语探析162 剖析《所罗门之歌》中的黑人意识163 十九世纪英国唯美主义的生成语境与基本特征164 分析《永别了，武器》中Henry的硬汉形象165 论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想166 The Postmodern Story In the Victorian Age－－The French Lieutenant's Woman167 从生态女性主义视角解读《野草在歌唱》中的女性角色168 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析169 中西方酒类广告的文化互文性研究170 论中西方思维方式的差异171 《紫色》中黑人男性形象研究172 《喧哗与骚动》之现代主义写作技巧分析173 《高级英语》中某些修辞手法赏析174 扼杀在萌芽中的期许—“一小时里故事”中的女权渴望175 非限制性定语从句的汉译176 从《奥兰多》看伍尔夫的双性同体177 析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的人生选择178 文化适应性原则在食品商标翻译中的应用179 《远大前程》中皮普的心路历程180 分析《土生子》中的种族主义的恶性影响181 影响大学生英语自主学习的因素研究182 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象的解构与重建183 论《呼啸山庄》中的叙述技巧184 浅谈英语科技文献汉译时应注意的几个方面185 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征手法186 迷惘一代的英雄：厄内斯特海明威与弗雷德里克亨利187 论有效开展小学英语对话教学的策略188 跨文化交际中身势语的运用对比分析189 简析狄更斯《远大前程》中的浪漫主义特征190 试比较《汤姆索亚历险记》与《哈克贝利芬历险记》中主人公性格异同点191 《绯闻少女》中的话语标记词研究192 文化差异对商标翻译的影响及翻译策略193 诀别武器之缘由——再读《永别了，武器》194 试析《旅游巴士》中的犹太文化内涵195 从语用学角度看广告英语中的模糊表达196 从美国电影中透视个人主义：以《当幸福来敲门》为例197 The Tragedies of Meggie and Fee in The Thorn Birds198 商务英语中的冗余现象及语用功能199 非言语交际对演讲的影响200 《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的人物性格分析。