跨文化交际中的肢体语言 On Body Language in Intercultural Communication

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跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异姓名：XX 学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级：2009级学号：XXXXXX摘要肢体语言(body language)又称身势语言，是表示使用身体运动或动作来代替或辅助声音、口头言语或其他交流方式进行交流的一种方式的一个术语。

其之所以能够被称之为语言,主要在于它的信息通报性。

肢体语言和我们所学习的语言一样，它作为一种特殊的语言也是不可被忽视的文化的一部分。

它之所以具有着不可忽视的作用是因为它能够在学习和运用语言的过程中通过肢体的不同动作把我们想要表达出的话语以及内部实质意义更为深刻鲜明的表现出来，肢体语言能够更好地促进语言的交流，我们都知道，不论是以中国为代表的东方国家还是以欧美为代表的西方国家都有着肢体语言的存在，除了一些世界公认的肢体语言以外，不同的国家肢体语言还有着其不同的语言内涵，了解东西方不同的肢体语言有助于我们更为深入地了解西方文化，更好的增进我们语言的进修。

目录肢体语言的定义，重要性Ⅱ肢体语言的分类A ：表情语言B ：动作语言C : 体态语言Ⅲ影响跨文化交流中肢体语言的因素A：语言习惯B: 风俗习惯C：价值观Ⅳ正确理解中西方肢体语言的区别和运用A:动作一样，意义不同B:意义相同，动作有差异C：只存在于美国文化中的动作D：只存在于中国文化中的动作E：对一些常见的肢体语言的理解关键词：肢体语言、跨文化交际、如何运用正文Ⅰ肢体语言的定义，重要性肢体语言(body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。

运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能，因为它简便、迅捷、直观，在现实生活中的使用极其广泛，而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。

Ⅱ肢体语言的分类1.面部表情语言（facial expression language）在跨文化交流中，面部表情语言指的是在交流的过程中通过面部的一系列动作，来传达出我们内心的真实想法，不同国家的人民之间存在着语言障碍，但是通过面部的千变万化的表情我们可以相互了解对方的意愿，他的喜、怒、哀、乐，悲、恐、惊。

跨文化交际中的肢体语言_On_Body_Language_in_Intercultural_Communication

跨文化交际中的肢体语言On Body Language in Intercultural Communication摘要：肢体语言与学外语一样，都是文化的一部分。

除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。

跨文化交际时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。

本文简单对比中美肢体语言的差别，并介绍了一些国外常用的肢体语言，以此来说明在学习外语的同时，多了解一些国外常用的肢体语言是会有帮助作用的。

关键词：肢体语言;跨文化交际;外语学习Abstract :Body language，like verbal language, is also a part of culture .Different culture shave different body languages except some world known ones. And in intercultural communication, the same body language may mean different things. This paper，on the basis of some examples，emphasizes the significance of body languages in intercultural communication by comparing the body languages in the United States and China, and briefly introducing some body languages often used in foreign countries. The author reaches the conclusion that while learning foreign languages, it is also important as well to know some body languages in foreign countries.Key words: body language; intercultural communication; foreign languages earning肢体语言(body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。

跨文化交际学期论文--中美肢体语言异同的对比

The Comparison of Different Body Languages between American and ChinaWritten by Weng Pei Ji(2010212747)From College of Law,Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsJune 2012Outline1. Introduction2. Classifications of body language2.1 facial expression and eye language2.2 gestures2.3 Postures3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American culture3.1 facial expressions3.2 Sign language3.3 Postures4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American culture4.1 Eye language and facial expressions4. 2 gestures4. 3 Postures5. ConclusionReference摘要：交流不是只有口语，还可以通过肢体语言。

肢体语言也可以表达情感，交流思想和交换信息。

然而，在过去很久时间里，人们只注重口语的重要性而忽略了肢体语言和它的独一性。

本文致力于中美肢体语言的对比，来减少交流中的麻烦，进行更有效的交际。

Abstract : The communication between people can not only through the spoken language, but also through the body language. As spoken language, body language can express feelings, exchange ideas and communicate informations. However, in a long past time, people only pay attention to the importance of the spoken language, and ignore body language and it’s unique cultural connotation. This paper focus on the comparison of different and similar body language between China and American so that people can reduce the communication obstacles and promote efficient communication.Keywords :body language , cultural difference , China , American, communications1. IntroductionBody language is a means to use the body movements or actions to replace or assist the sound, oral language, or other means of communication to communicate with others. A nd through people’s body language we can get some information about their own culture. Psychologists believed that the information delivered by a person’s appearance and actions is much more than t hat of a person’s words.Albert Mebrabian, after a long-time study, concluded that body language can help verbal-express achieve more effective communication. Body language can reveal people’s hidden mind and emotion, Bird Whistell who is the leader in study of body language in the west. He believes that among all means of expressing emotion and attitude, more than sixty percent is finished by facial expression, gestures, postures.2. Classifications of body languagePsychologists believe that body language includes the following aspects:2.1 facial expression and eye languageThe face has been called an ”organ of emotion”. Compare with words, facial expression is a natural way to reveal person’s emotion. The face is the most simple and important broadcaster of emotion. For example , Eye behavior is an important part of facial expression. People often say that eyes are the window of soul, because eyes can give us a lot of real information. We can know whether people like us or not from the way they look at us .And through one’s eyes we can know whether the pay attention to our topics or not.2.2 gesturesEverybody uses their hands to communicate with other people .People can convey ideas, information and message by using the movement and style of hands and fingers. What’s most directly, we use our thumb to praise other and use our middle finger to despise someone. When expressing doubt or helplessness, westerners like to shrug their shoulders and spread out hands, but Chinese people only wave their hands simply.2.3 PosturesPosture can give others many messages. which is a matter of how people sit, stand, walk and move. From people’s posture, we can conclude something.For instance, when we see a person doesn’t stand up and tall, we say the person is not energetic, competent and unconfident. On the other hand, we can conclude that a person is not concentrated in what they are discussing if he standing lazily, and so on.3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American cultureFirst ,we discuss the similarities of body language in china andAmerica .For instance:3.1 facial expressions(1) Knit one's brows said he is unhappy ,you shouldn’t talk to him too long.(2) Shrugged his nose means he don't like what he see or what you do. Gnash his teeth means he is angry or make up his mind.3.2 Sign language(1) The signal “V” means “victory” .When someone succeed or overcomesome difficulties , someone usually do this gesture.(2) “OK” means “consent”. we often use it to show our positive ideas. And when someone don’t like your idea ,he just shaking his head and say “No”.3.3 Postures(1) When a man meet another man ,they generally shake hands to express their friendly.(2) Waved hands means goodbye,Shrug one’s shoulders means negative, uninteresting. we use it to show that we don’t know when asked by others in our daily life.4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American cultureDon’t understand body languages from different culture will bring about a lot of misunderstanding and conflicts. Therefore, it is of great importance for us to understand the body language in intercultural communication. For instance:4.1 Eye language and facial expressionsAmerican people have an old proverb: Never trust a person who can't look you in the eyes. While the Chinese people in conversation, the two sides are not necessarily time to time to look at each other, some people have also deliberately avoided continued eye contact to show humility, obedience or respect. This may be one of the reasons that the American people in China think Chinese are not warm and friendly; but also explain why the American people like to talk face to face, and the Chinese people tend to have a heart-to-heart talk. It is a habit of American people that the two sides look ateach other while they are talking, but they hate staring, because in their view this is a very rude behavior. American people find that they are as statues of rare animal camel being looked up and down, and the stare at them makes them feel very angry. However, to gaze at people in China, sometimes means only a curiosity and surprise, not rude.4. 2 gesturesThe implication of gestures is diversity, especially in cultural differences. Here we will take some gestures for example.(1) American people with the thumb and index finger to form a circle, means “OK”, but in China the “O”gesture is often used to represent the “zero”.(2) Indicate the number “3”, the Chinese people have thumb and index finger form a circle fingertips phase, the other three fingers stretched open; the American people straight index finger, middle finger and ring finger, little finger to thumb catch.(3) The “V” gesture, In America, it means victory but not the number. In China, sometimes, people think that this gesture means the number “2”.(4) American require a lift, the gesture is thumb-up when facing a coming traffic; in China, facing a vehicle, riders stretch one arm to the side, palm forward, make a “stop” gesture, or holding the right hand or both hands, say hello to the driver.4. 3 Postures(1) In intercultural communication, the presentation of posture also reflects the differences between Chinese and American, such as, according tothe Chinese tradition, the seated person is the dominator, so the young generations always give up their seat to the old. However, in America, it is quite opposite. Western culture emphasizes the “Ladies first”, so it is a courtesy that Ms. seated before the men pulled out a chair obligation to help them, and this is also a cultured, civilized performance.(2) Moreover, in the classroom, the Chinese teacher questions, students usually stand up and answer the questions; in the U.S., students generally sit to answer the United States teachers.(3) American people stood stamping their feet, means impatient; Chinese stomping, shows angry, angry, frustrated, and regret.(4) American people are standing and walking with the posture of athletes and military, standing up tall, swaggering, big strides forward; in the eyes of Americans, Chinese with standard posture of scholars and civilians.5. ConclusionFrom the above, we have studied the differences and similarities of body language used by Chinese and American. We can see that body language cannot be separated from culture. In intercultural communication, we not only pay attention to the verbal language study, but also emphasize the study of body language. Body language is the signal and tool of human communication and human being has the same ancestors, so In order to make a successful intercultural communication, we should know the body language of different cultures.Reference1.张爱琳，（2010），《跨文化交际》，重庆大学出版社；2.陈邦玲,(2004)，非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用，安徽农业大学学报；3.贾玉新，(1997)，跨文化交际学.上海外语教育出版社；4.刘慧，(2008)，身体语言的魅力。

英语论文跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通

英语论文跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通IntroductionAs the trend of globalization is strengthened step by step, international communication is frequent and important day by day. Thus, the significance of body language in intercultural communication has been greatly realized. “ Research sh ows that when people meet someone for the first time, only 7% of their initial impact on others is determined by the content of what they say; the other 93% of their message is made up of body language (55%) and the tone of their voice （38%）.”Body language helps us to manage and guard against these tendencies, and also - significantly especially in flirting/dating/mating rituals - body language often helps people to communicate and resolve relationship issues when conscious behaviour and speech fails to do so.Body language has evolved in spite of human awareness and conscious intelligence: rather like a guardian angel, body language can help take care of us, connecting us to kindred souls, and protecting us from threats. While the importance of body language in communications and management, etc., has become a popular interest and science in the last few decades, human beings have relied on body language instinctively in many ways for many thousands of years.And thus this paper intends to present its meaning and classification, cultural differences and analyze the factors that influence body that influence our communication of body language so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well.2 Body Language2.1 Definition of Body LanguageBody language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. In addition body language can also incorporate the use of facial expressions.Western scholars have made a lot of definitions about it, the most vivid and specific definition is that body language is the non-verbal language which can express information that language cannot express and the actions most people can understand.To get good at reading body language, go out and do the “R” over and over. Open your eyes and ears. Turn off your biased,over-analytical brain and observe the way a child observes.A toddler sees objects and actions in a more stand-alone way than adults, who go to extraordinary means to make connections. He has no preexisting framework to overlay his observations onto, so he’s a much better collector of pure body language than older, well socialized people. If you place a wrapped box on the table in front of a young child capable of speech, the questions are endless. As you get older, you answer the questions for yourself, assuming you know what everything means.2.2 The Classification of Body LanguageBody language can be divided into eye contract language, body touches language, posture and gesture, manner, facial expression, flavor language, proxemics and clothes language.And in this paper just introduce four of them:eye contract, body distance,facial expression and gesture.2.2.1 Eye contractA 16th century proverb calls the eyes the windows to the soul. More than 500 yearslater, the proverb has assumed the stature of gospel. When you really understand the eyes, you'll see how close the proverb is to the mark.Some of the following words used to describe a person's eyes are heard daily:direct, sensual, sardonic, expressive, intelligent, penetrating, sad, cheerful, worldly, hard, trusting, and suspicious. Most students, as well as your personal observations, tell you that culture modifies the amount of eye contact in which you engage and who is the recipient of the eye contact.If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. Japanese often look at the other communicator’s neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye cont act is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze.2.2.2 GestureGesture action language is a highly expressive body language, it is not only rich in diversity, but also simple and intuitive, so I use a wide range, high frequency, effective good. Agood example is the award in 2005 CCTV Spring Festival Gala's most popular dance audience show special award category of 'Avalokitesvara', 21 live in the silent girl in the world of sign language with their hundreds of millions to the nation transmission of information the audience to express New Year's blessing.In a very general sense, we all use gestures to reinforce an idea or to help describe something. When we say, “That’s an English book”, at the same time we are pointing to the book. If someone asks us the way to the library, we point to the right, adding a little information about it, which will be more clear and concrete. We like to use our hands toindicate the dimensions when someone asks us to describe the size or shape of something.Americans often touch their temples to express somebody’s cleverness. But this acti on means there is something wrong with one’s mind or one is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full. Because it is an suicide action to Chinese, who used to express fullness by patting their stomachs. And another example,2.2.3 Facial expressionFace is the organ of expression. Morris conjectured that it is the easiest to control because it is the closest to the brain. When it comes to the face, I think we’re dealing with a paradox: T he face is both the easiest and the hardest area of the body to control. There are many things we do with our faces that we aren't even aware of because they are second nature.A lot of emotion comes out through the brow in both voluntary and involuntary expressions. We use the forehead muscles when wenormally interact with people, even on the phone, and we develop wrinkles as a result. If Morris were right and we can control the muscles in the face more easily than others, then we wouldn't be using so much Botox. We could voluntarily stop using the muscles that create the problem, and even voluntarily reverse the process of wrinkling by exercising them.In addition, if the face were under our control, more facial movements would be cultural, not universal.Facial movements become practiced behavior over time, because we learn how to present an even smile when meeting someone and an arched eyebrow when our kid drops mustard on the floor. But the plethora of muscles in our faces makes it hard for us to keep track of them. We often do not even realize the range of emotions and physiological reactions we express with our faces.What does that upturned brow mean? Is there a difference if the person sending the message is male or female? If the receiver is male or female? The head is the workhorse of communication. And although much of what it conveys is intentional, we still leak messages that are impossible to cover.2.2.4 Body distancePsychologists discover any person needs personal space, yet skins are not the boundary of personal space, their personal spaces are encircled by bubbles and other people can’t break in at will.People always carry personal space with them no matter how far they will go, and they always have a kind of instinctive common sense of self-guard. So the speakers talking with him need to keep a distance during conversation to avoid offence. The anthropologist and socialist Doctor Hall advanced 4 kinds of definitions for it. 1. Intimate distance (0-45cm)—proper forspouse and lovers; 2.personal distance(5-120cm)—Proper for friends, acquaintances, and relatives; 3.social distance (120-360cm)—proper for dealing with impersonal thing;4,public distance(360-750cm)—proper for informal party."Take Britain and Italian for example, there would be a very interesting sense when people from the two countries are talking to each other. It seems that the Italian would always be the aggressor while the English be the defender. However, in their own condition, they just want to hold the communication space they used to." A person's use of space is directly linked to the value system of their culture. For example, oriental people could bear the physical touch in a crowd bus, while western people may find it unable to endure. As to personal space, Chinese, Japanese, even most of Asian people have fewer requirements than western people. For westerners value more on individualism.2.3 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication, like verbal communication is also a part of culture and the carrier of a certain culture. The function of nonverbal communication in the whole communication can’t be overlooked. “In the daily communication, we can see people can’t communicate efficiently by verbal language alone. And nonverbal communication will express clear meanings in a certain context. And a certain nonverbal communication should be connected with verbal communication or the other nonverbal communication to p rovide correct information.”So in communicative activities, nonverbal communication also plays a great role. Of course, we should pay close attention to the functions ofnonverbal communication. “In any case, when verbal communication conflicts with nonverbal communication, peopleare willing to accept the information nonverbal communication delivers. Because nonverbal communication sounds more natural, more instinctive and it is hard to pretend.”Obviously, we should make full use of nonverbal communication to achieve efficient communication. Now, we will discuss the functions of nonverbal communication.Repetition. For example, when we tell people how to get to the nearest hospital, we are not only telling them the direction but also pointing to the direction with hands. Supplement. For instance, we greet people with a smile. Smile functions as a supplement to the pleasure of meeting people. Replacement. When we communicate with others, we will frown instead of asking directly to hint that we don’t under stand and expect repetition or explanation. Emphasis. When we are talking or making a speech, we often raise our voice to stress the content. And sometimes, we say, “It is my fault” while hung down our heads. We smile and say, “Welcome”. We shout out to th e people while waving our fists. All the nonverbal communication here emphasizes what we say. Adjustment. We often suggest that our talk is over by our tone, eyes, head nodding and other nonverbal communicative behaviors. For example, the manager stands up to show the end of the interview.3 The Commonly Used of Body LanguageBody language is the most important behavior of nonverbal communication. For example, Chinese Tibetans stretch out their tongues when meeting people, this is the way to express their politeness and respect, but when Americans doing this, they want to express despite to others. So body language may cause difficulties and misunderstanding, lead to failure in intercultural communication. Following are some examples of use some of thenonverbal messages in intercultural communication which frequently appear in the course of communication and might easily cause misunderstanding.Following are some examples of use some of the nonverbal messages in intercultural communication which frequently appear in the course of communication and might easily cause misunderstanding.3.1 GreetingIn Asian countries, there are some common greeting gestures, they are handshaking, bowing, avoid eye contact. In China , the western custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often a nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient. Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon. Business cards are often exchanged, and yours should be printed in your own language and in Chinese. Also, it is more respectful to present your card (or a gift or any other article) using both hands. The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders. You may be greeted with group clapping, even by small children. When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for that person to return the applause or a "thank you." When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in the larger cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.In Japan, the graceful act of bowing is the traditional greeting. However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, albeit with a light grip and perhaps with。

【学校】跨文化交流中的肢体语言商务英语毕业论文

【关键字】学校中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：跨文化交流中的肢体语言姓名：00000班级、学号：系(部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：开题时间：完成时间：31 日目录课题跨文化交流中的肢体语言一、课题(论文)提纲三、参照文献Body language in intercultural communication0000摘要:肢体语言是文化交流的一部分。

肢体语言，众所周知，是指能够传递某种特定信息的面部表情、手势语,以及其他身体部位动作。

像动作，脸部表情，眼神交流等等。

用肢体语言来表达感情几乎是人类的本能。

因为它简单方便，所以被广泛的运用于生活中。

除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。

在进行跨文化交流时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。

本文比较了不同文化的肢体语言的差别并简单阐述了肢体语言，以便于我们更好的提升沟通技巧和理解能力。

AbstractBody language is a part of intercultural communication. Body language, as is universally known, means elements in nonverbal communication produced by body. Such as movement, facial expressions, eye contact and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is a instincts of human itself. It is widely used in reality life Because of its simple、fast、directly. except some admittedly body languages, different cultures have different body languages. When you process an intercultural communication, the same body language form probably shows different meaning. This article intends to compare the difference of body language with different culture，present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it wellKeywords:body language;interculturcommunication;applicationIntroduction:Intercultural communication , means the interaction between people from different background.In nowadays, economy globlization trends becoming obvious day by day, intercultural communication is no longer a rare thing to us. With the fast development and popularity of the internet,it is very convenient for people to carry on intercultural communication. A basic content of intercultural communication is body communication, if the message can not handle well, misunderstanding will caused in intercultural communication sometimes. Therefore, when you carry on intercultural communication, you should understand some common body language in international communication.The necessity and importance of language in intercultural communicationBody language plays a significant role which complete language in intercultural communication. Why do language have such a essential effects on communication？Because sometimes, body language be able to express meaning or contents more profound than verbal language，they can express what the verbal language cannot express directly.People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contact, shrugging and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is ainstincts of human itself. It is widely used in dai ly life Because it i s simple,fast,directly.Like all of other nonverbal communication behaviors, body language serves a variety of purposes. Body language sometime repeats or takes place of verbal communication with the use of gestures. Moreover, body language can regulate social interaction, and finally it conveys our attitude toward ourselves and toward others in communication. In addition, it express information masterly and leave a better imagine space on others.As an unique way of communication, body language plays an irreplaceable role in people's munication is mainly depend on verbal language or written word, but as a matter of fact, body language is regard as a widely method to express emotion, attitude or advice. And have affect on communication deeply.According to the relevant statistics, the percentage of body language communication is about 65% in social occasion. A psychologist give up a formula:Transmit of information= 7%language+38%voice+55%body languageAlthough the aboved data need a further discussion, while it is more emphasis on the role of body language in interpersonal communication. Non-verbal action, majority is unconsciously reveal, and it often reflects his real feelings. It is more easier for people to disguise words when using language, In the process of communication, meanwhile, the non-verbal behavior is not so easy to conceal. As Freud said “understanding people's deep psychological idea, language is not reliable, the body languages are more true than human’s emotion and desires.”In the process of information communication, not only the expression and movement appears with the disseminator’s verbal language, but also the recipients are receiving information while showing a series of expressions. It is an important feedback, it is a recipient psychological feedback, it is more important than the language.2.The classification of body language2.1Facial expression languageExpression refers to the person's facial expressions. How many people's facial expressions it is, I’m afraid it is impossible to work out, there are some common facial expressions like:"happiness, anger, sadness and joy, others such as fear, disappointment,it is called as changing. No wonder Roman Rolland said, “facial expressions is the language which nurturedcenturies and thousands of times more complex than the mouth talking. ”The eyes are the windows of the soul, eye contact is the main source of confidence in nonverbal communication. Besides, we convey ideas by eyes,the eyebrow and mouth movements also can not be ignored.2.2 Hand languageThe use of hand and arm movements, is the most powerful method to convey his ideas in body language.In a general sense, we have to use hand gestures to help strengthen the ideas or describe things. Therefore, it is used everywhere. Even in a social situation. Gesture language is the most important part of the body language, is the most important silent language, is the most useful language. No matter the past, now and the future, its still an indispensable tool of people contacts. In the different nationality or ethnic groups, the meaning of same kind of sign language expression may be roughly the same or similar, also may be quite the opposite. The following are several common sign language:V-gesture: It has become Esperanto for long time, and it is come from the because the V word in English on behalf of Victory, so V express the joy and sense of victory to people. When you use this gesture, you need turn your finger’s back to your face. It is said that this gesture become popular after the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill use during the Second World War in English-speaking countries. Be careful when using this gesture, you must put palm out, otherwise, means stigma, neglect to other.OK gesture: There is no doubt that it is also a Esperanto which composed of english letters O and K, its means no problem, everything is ready , also shows i’m fine, all right, thank you for your attention.However, in the south of , OK gesture means that something he disapproved is not worth mentioning.In the Middle East and , this gesture symbolizes holes, which have a clear meaning of homosexuality. If in the bar and other public places, someone show you this gesture is probably looking for a partner, and do not return a thumb gestures, you also do not think he told you OK,so you are politely return a ok.In addition, leg movements can also reveal personal potential consciousness.At a meeting, a staff suddenly received a call from his wife who said that her mother had acar accident and went to the hospital, asked him to the hospital immediately. After the call, of course, he was very anxious and want to ask for leave. But at that time, his manager is giving a speech and hate to be interrupted. If his action left a bad impression on the manager, it will directly affect his promotion prospects. He was quitely worried, but can not take any action, so he frequently look at the door, and also turn his toes towards the door. At this moment, the manager just find his movement and ask the reason, then let him leave immediately.2.3 Poseture languageBody language includes human’s standing posture, walking posture and sit, squat, stoop, sleep and so on.Psychologists have pointed out that a man’s legs are close together when he standing,it generally make a stable and reliable impression on people, and it will also left a difficult communication impression ;while a man stand with his legs apart, his legs have a little toe out of people, then it gives a bold, aggressive proactive attitude to people;A mans legs close together, one after another, which reflects he has ambitious targets, haste temper but very brave and full of adventurous spirit; There is also a kind of person, when he stand focus on one foot, the other foots toes touch the ground behind gravity legs, these people would mostly like to change, willing to face challenge. Of course, standing posture not entirely representative of a person, because well-trained professionals could change body posture, but it at least can make it clear that standing posture is an important language, it has the ability to convey his ideas.Person's walking posture can express a variety of feelings, such as pleasure,frustration,passion, or lazy, slack and so on. psychologists found that: the person whose pace is large and elastic, their hands swinging force, are usually more self-confident, optimistic, objectives; walking pace inertia and variable of the speed ,that kind of person are more hesitant, pessimistic, insight view; People who like to dominate others usually like walk a high kick backwards ;When a women walking , the higher her arm swing, the more t she is energetic; On the contrary, women who walked less by arm swinging, most of them are in the thoughts confusion or frustration.What the“ real” secret of the Body Language exhibited is that all verbal languages can not cover. In the process of intercultural communication, especially those regarding the interests and rights of negotiation, consultation, communication. experienced people who able to master“secretBody language”, often through analyse other's instantaneous exposed body movements or posture, grasp each other's mood swings, real inner intentions quickly.and thereby get the initiative and advantage position. So familiar with “Secret Body Language”as important as English proficiency, even more important.2.The factors influence body language in intercultural communication .Because of different nationalities in which the ecological, physical, social and religious environment is different, each language environment have given rise to a different language habits, socio-cultural, folklore and customs of various contextual factors, and therefore in different cultures, the meaning of body language is not exactly the same, all ethnic groups of communication have different non-discursive way.The probable reasons that cause these diofference are as follow：3.1Different sense of valueIt should be recognized that the values of Eastern and Western cultures have lot of difference, due to the acceleration of world economic globlization process, the international cultural exchanges and cooperation become more frequent.The cultural mutual penetration of different levels in different countries and regions is more obvious, but some deep-rooted values of each are unique. For example, the United States as the representative of Western culture, in terms of value mainly showed as utility, efficiency, emphasize individualism and privacy, have a strong sense of competition and adventure spirit.Besides, westerners havent thoughts of hierarchy, humble, and expensive, cheapdistinction.Of course, many Westerners, is also have double standard in the values. Such as privacy, some U.S. companies prevail to steal employee's privacy, the company let security person look up the file folders, notebooks, open the phone calls, browsing phone automatically record card, or even open the computer, copy file on hard drive when the employees are go outside.Therefore, in the process of intercultural communication, both sides want to achieve understanding and respect, we must first understand and respect each other's values.3.2 Different customsIn the human experience and belief, custom play the dominant role, therefore, there is an old saying“when you in rome, do as romans do”.And if we Chinese people visit others,the host usually offer tea or drinks for guest, the guests will repeatedly refuse and say “no”, or “don't bother”even if the guest is very thirsty, extremely desire to drink tea. While most of the foreigners, often require host if they can offer something to drink, or the host ask guests what would they like to drink, guests is very delight to tell the host what to drink. And there are lot of things sounds like a joke, but that is the true. A Chinese meet his foreign friends outside,then he askl “Mr, have you eaten”? Then, say goodbye to the foreigner, m ove forward .H owever,the foreigners think Chinese friend treat him a dinner today. Another thing, but also because of the customs of the gap, and raises the below jokes.A foreigner visit his Chinese friend’s home, according western manners, foreign friends praised host “Your wife is beautiful” According to Chinese custom, the host hurriedly reply “where , where”? foreign friends think the host ask him which party is beautiful ? He added “everywhere”.3.3 Language hibitsChinese people usually tend to explain the reason fisrt, and then get down to the business, on the other way around, westerners, such as Americans answer the phone, introduce themselves first“this is xx company, can I help you?” when the Other party explain clearly whom he want speak to ,then ask: may I know who is this ? But we often “hey, who is this? Or who do you speak to”?4 . Understand and use body language correctlyA Chinese man talks to an American or Canadian woman, is it impolite to look at each other?In various cultural background , whether nod head means “yes”, shock head means “no”?4.1 Correctly understand different meaning of different body languageIt is necessary to understand that body languages have different meaning in the same situation, and the same body language have diffrent meaning in the diffrent occasion.It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How to interpret body language, it depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can help each other to understand meaning clearly or strengthen the meaning of what we express.For example, shaking head at sometimes does not absolutely means disapproval, also it is possible means “unbelievable” or “do nothing” or even a think highly of praise --- “fantastic”. For example, when you see a football player shoot a ball into the goal, you probably will shake you heads to praise. Similarly, in the process of interaction, we must correctly identify the meaning of each other’s same sortof action, which is very important.Due to body language behavior is often comparatively obscure, you have to identify each other's true colors through this hazy “veil”, without a certain social experience and sometimes its not really easy to distinguish. For example you ask someone to help, the other can say “OK” or “no” to you, but some people often can not express in his face resolutely “do it or not”, it is a subtle meaning.4.2 Understand the meaning of others’eye contacts correctlyIt is necessary to understand the meaning of each other's eyes, but also learn how to use eye contact to communicate.A personal eye expression plays an important role in interpersonal communication. The eye contact foremost serve as enhancing human interaction, For speakers, its better for them to control, regulate themselves. Warning , points out other's role so that they could adjust their conversation or manner timely. For listening people, different eye contacts can tell other whether you listen or not, or absent-minded. You can also look at each others to encourage them to go on, indicate others end the conversation.The way of using eyes contact is different in differentcountries and communities. Westerners, Americans, the Israelis, when they are talking to someone, their eye contacts is relatively strong, so both sides take the measure that they through the information launch of eyes contacts, enhancing the penetration power of the audio language. Asians, their eye contact are more softer,and they would not look others intently as westerners. But generally speaking, when you are talking with others, the scope of eye contacts activities should be natural circulate at each other's eyes, head, shoulder, take soft spots policy.4.3 Correct application of gesture and posture languageIn social occasions, or when dealing with people, we need to learn how to correctly use gestures and posture to convey your feelings and hopes to each others, at the same time, you should understand other's gestures and posture message.In the cultural exchanges, there are lots of common sign languages.A mans hands twisted tightly, it shows that he is nervous; rubbing his hands that shows he is eager; his hands spread out, that means there is no reservation; cover his mouth with hand, shows surprise.And then, due to different cultural backgrounds, the same gesture would have a totally different meaning, for example,the American put the palm inside means peace or victory, but in the United Kingdom it might convey the opposite message. ConclusionBody language is a important method of human communication,its connotation is also different with the difference of cultural inviroment, life style,thinking habbits. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, we should learn and understand the meaning of body language in different countries and regions, by using it properly to reduce conflict, improve communication quality, only the two sides will master a variety of body language communication forms of different meanings, place them in the appropriate cultural context so that achieve communicative purposes.参考文献：[1]许静.非语言交际的跨文化差异与外语教学[A].上海外语出版社,2005[2]顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1997.[3]贾雨新.跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语出版社，1997[4]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。

中西方文化交际中的体态语

中西方文化交际中的体态语魏万德，明虹（武汉理工大学外国语学院，湖北武汉 430070）摘要：本文对非言语行为中最重要的组成部分——体态语进行了初步研究，介绍了体态语的基本含义，五种主要功能。

由于体态语属于文化的一部分，所以不同的文化背景赋予了体态语不同的涵义，通过分析英汉常用体态语意义的差异，可帮助英语学习者更好地掌握英语国家的文化背景，从而避免交际时的文化误解和冲突。

关键词：体态语；言语行为；非言语行为；跨文化交际1. 序言在日常生活交际中，人类主要通过两种方式进行交际：言语行为（verbal behavior）和非言语行为（nonverbal behavior）。

非言语行为主要指的是体态语（body language），胡文仲在《英美文化辞典》中说：“体态语指的是传递交际信息的表情和动作”（胡文仲，1990）。

如面部表情、眼神、手势、姿势等通过人体各部位传递情感和文化信息。

体态语是表达一个人内心真实世界的语言，是孕育在一个民族的文化中的，有着强烈的民族性，可反映出多重文化内涵。

美国宾夕法尼亚大学的教授Birdwhistell曾对同一文化的人在对话中言语和非言语行为做了一个量的估计，认为语言交际最多只占整个交际行为的30%左右；Samovar 则更为肯定地认为：“在面对面的交际中信息的社交内容只有35%左右是言语行为，其他都是通过非言语行为传递的；美国有的研究还表明，在表达感情和态度时，言语只占交际行为的7%，而声调和面部表情的信息多达93%。

不管上述统计是如何进行的，它表明交际过程是言语和非言语行为的结合（毕继方，1999）。

体态语随着不同的国度不同的文化而不同，不了解这一点则会影响双方的交流，甚至产生误会，因此了解和学习常用的体态语，对真正掌握和理解跨文化交际中的各种差异及提高交际能力有着重要意义。

2. 体态语的功能体态语在交际中有5种基本功能：重复、补充、替代言语行为、调节和否认交际事件的真实性（Samovar，1991）。

英语专业毕业生跨文化方向选题汇总

2011届英语专业毕业生论文跨文化方向选题汇总1.Culture Awareness in English Learning英语学习中的文化意识2.Features of Tourism English and Its Translation旅游英语的特点及其翻译3.Making Use of Resources on the Internet in English Study英语学习中网络资源的利用4.Body Language in English Teaching英语教学中的肢体语言5.On Translation of English Idioms英语习语的翻译6.Body Language and Nonverbal Communication肢体语言与非言语交际7.Interaction in Oral English Teaching and Learning英语口语教学中的互动8.On Developing English Reading Skills论英语阅读技能的培养9.Extracurricular Activities and English Learning课外活动与英语学习10.C ommunicative Approach and English Grammar Teaching交际法与英语语法教学11.C ulture Lead-in in Middle School English Teaching中学英语教学中的文化导入12.P sychological Factors in English Teaching at Middle School中学英语教学中的心理因素13.T he Differences of Family Values Between Chinese and Western Cultures中西文化间家庭价值观的差异14.T he Comparison of Chinese and Western Interpersonal Relationships中西人际关系的比较15.A View on the Differences Between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard toTaboos (or Etiquette)中英文化中关于禁忌语（或礼节）方面的差异之我见16.O n Bilingual Teaching in College Classroom试论大学课堂上的双语教学17.A Survey on Students’ Motivation of English Learning学生英语学习动机的调查报告18.C omparison of Euphemism in Wording of Sino-Western letters中西书信用语的委婉语比较19.中英电视广告中的非言语文化对比A Comparison of the Nonverbal Languagein English and Chinese Television Advertisement20.中英平面广告中的非言语文化对比A Comparison of the Nonverbal Languagein English and Chinese Print Advertisement21.非言语交际在中英商务谈判中的体现The Application of Nonverbal Languagein Sino-U.S. Business Negotiation22.中美价值观对商务谈判方式的影响The Influence of Different Values onSino-U.S. Business Negotiation23.浅析中英问候语的差异A Study on the Difference of Greeting Words in Englishand Chinese24.英文服饰广告在中国全球本土化可行性研究Feasibility of Glocalizing EnglishClothing and Accessories Advertisement in China25.英文奢侈品广告在中国全球本土化可行性研究Feasibility of GlocalizingEnglish Luxury Goods Advertisement in China26.英文化妆品广告在中国全球本土化可行性研究Feasibility of GlocalizingEnglish Cosmetics Advertisement in China27.从情景喜剧看中西青少年价值观的异同之处A Study on the Similarities andDifferences between Western and Chinese Teenagers from Sitcoms28.英文情景喜剧中幽默方式研究A Study on the Humor Style in English Sitcom29.从英文综艺节目看美国人的价值观A Study on the American Values in EnglishVariety Shows30.中英成语中的不同动物形象研究Similarities and differences in the CulturalConnotation of Animal Words in English and Chinese Idioms31.中英习语中的数字文化对比研究Similarities and Differences in the CulturalConnotation of Numbers in English and Chinese Idioms32.浅谈思维定势对英语学习的影响The Impact of Stereotype on English Learning33.中国学生在英语课堂上的小组活动的表现研究A Study on the Group WorkPerformance of Chinese Student in English class34.浅谈如何在英语课堂上提高中国学生的跨文化交际能力The Improvement ofChinese S tudents’ Cross-Cultural Communication Ability in English Class35.全球化背景下对中国大学生价值观取向的探讨The Value Orientation ofChinese College Student Under the Circumstances of Globalization36.从饮食文化看中西价值观的异同之处Similarities and Differences in theCultural Connotation of English and Chinese Food Culture37.从中国食物的英译看中国文化对英语国家的影响The Influence of ChineseCulture on English-speaking Countries from the Translation of Chinese Food38.文化差异与英语写作Cultural Difference and English Writing39.英语习语中的人名浅探Tentative analysis on names from English Idioms40.汉英回应赞美语策略差异及原因分析An Analysis on the Different ResponsiveStrategies Used by the Chinese and Westerners and the Reasons Concerned41.从文化差异看合作原则与礼貌原则On Cooperative Principle and PolitenessPrinciple on the Basis of Cultural Difference42.称赞语及其应答语的跨文化对比研究Contrastive Cross-Cultural Study ofCompliments and Compliment Responses43.谈跨文化交际中的文化现象Cultural Phenomena in Inter-cultureCommunications44.中西体态语差异的文化透析An analysis on body language conflict betweenChina and Western countries45.跨文化商务沟通中身势语的文化解读On Body Language in InterculturalBusiness Communication from a Cultural Perspective46.跨文化交际的有效策略Effective strategies for intercultural communication47.跨文化交际障碍产生的主要原因及对策On the Cause of InterculturalCommunicative Obstacles and Counter Measures48.跨文化交际中的中美价值观比较——小议集体主义与个人主义Comparison of Values between China and American in Cross-cultural Communication: Discussion on Collectivism and Individualism49.中英婚俗文化及差异Comparative Study of the Marriage Custom Differencebetween Chinese and British Culture50.身份和跨文化交际Identity in Cross-cultural Communication51.口译与跨文化意识Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpretation52.中西节日文化之比较The Comparison of Festival Cultures between China andWestern Countries53.论李安电影的中西文化认同On the Cultural Identity between Chinese andWestern in Ang Lee’s movies54.A Study on Culture Inputs in Integrated English Class 综合英语课堂上文化信息植入研究55.A Study on Culture Input in Listening Class for English Majors英语专业听力课上文化信息植入研究56.T he Fostering of Intercultural Awareness in Integrated English Class 综合英语教学中跨文化意识的培养57.T he Fostering of Intercultural Awareness in Oral Class for English Majors英语专业口语教学中跨文化意识的培养58.A n Analysis on the Presentation and Usage of Culture-related Information inIntegrated English Textbooks 综合英语课本文化信息表现方式与使用探讨59.A n Analysis on the Presentation and Usage of Culture-related Information inBusiness Textbooks商业类型课本文化信息表现方式与使用探讨60.A n Analysis on the Opening Paragraph of English Compositions Written byChinese Students 中国学生英语作文开篇手段分析61.A n Analysis on the Concluding Paragraph of English Compositions Written byChinese Students中国学生英语作文结尾手段分析62.A n Analysis on the Cultural Value Orientation Concerning Textbooks for EnglishMajors 英语专业课程教材中的文化价值取向63.A n Analysis on the Cultural Value Orientation Concerning TEM8 ReadingComprehension 英语专业八级考试中阅读理解题目的文化价值取向64.A n Exploration on English Majors Interpretation of Culture Presentation inEnglish Poems 英语专业学生对英语诗歌文化表象的解读探讨65.A n Exploration on English Majors Interpretation of Culture Presentation inEnglish Texts英语专业学生对英语课文中文化表象的解读探讨66.T he Comparison between the Reporting Strategies in Chinese Media and EnglishMedia中西新闻报道策略的比较67.T he Comparison on the Diction in Chinese News Repots and English NewsReport---A Case Study中英新闻中措词方式的个案研究68.T he Comparison on the Diction in Chinese News Headlines and EnglishHeadlines中英新闻中标题措词方式的研究69.A Discussion on the Presentation and Function of Chinese Elements in HollyFilms 好莱坞电影中的中国元素呈现与功能探讨70.A Discussion on the Presentation and Function of Chinese Characters in AmericanMovies 美国电影中的中国角色的呈现与功能探讨71.论中美日商务谈判中的跨文化交际因素A Study on the Intercultural FactorsAmong Chinese, American and Japanese Negotiation72.论跨文化广告翻译On Cross-cultural communication on AdvertisementTranslation73.从跨文化角度看中西广告特征及翻译Features and Translation of Western andChinese Ads from the Perspective of Cross-cultural Theory74.中英商务信函格式对比A comparative study on the format of Chinese andEnglish business letters75.中美广告的价值观对比A comparison on Ads between China and America values76.从《刮痧》看中西价值观差异On the Difference between Chinese and WesternValues in Guasha77.从《刮痧》看中西文化中的孝顺On the Cultural Difference about Filial Piety inGuasha78.论身势语在跨国企业的语用功能On the Pragmatic Function of Body Languagein Multinational Companies79.空间语言在商务谈判中的应用On the Application of Spatial Language inBusiness Negotiation80.英汉文化差异与误译Chinese and English Cultural Difference and Mistranslation81.英汉数字“一”的文化对比与翻译The Comparison and Translation of “One” inChinese and Western Culture82.中英文化差异对国际商务礼仪的影响The Influences of Chinese-BritishCultural Differences on International Business Protocol83.从集体主义和个人主义看国际商务谈判的文化差异Cultural Differences inInternational Business Negotiations: from the perspective of Collectivism and Individualism84.国际商务交流的文化障碍Cultural Barriers in International BusinessCommunication85.商务沟通中的文化休克现象：问题与对策Cultural Shock in BusinessCommunications and Its Countermeasures86.汉英称谓语中的文化差异Cultural Differences in Chinese and EnglishAddress Forms87.从跨文化角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异 A Cross-cultural Study onThinking Patterns and Expressing Modes of Chinese and English88.跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子 A Study On Politeness and “Face”inCross-cultural Communications89.商务信函中委婉语的跨文化研究 A Cross-cultural Study of Euphemisms inEnglish and Chinese Business Correspondence90.商务沟通中非言语交际的跨文化研究 A Cross-cultural Study of NonverbalCommunication in Business Context91.从广告用语看中西文化价值观的差异Chinese and Western Culture Values inAdvertising Language92.中美商务谈判中的文化冲突现象与应对策略Cultural Conflicts in Sino-U.S.Business Negotiation and Countermeasures93.英汉姓名的跨文化研究A Cross-cultural Study of English and Chinese Names94.中美商务谈判中的时空观的差异分析A Cross-cultural Study on Views of Timeand Space in Sino-U.S. Business Negotiations95.中西广告文化内涵比较分析A Comparison of Cultural Connotations in Chineseand English Advertisements96.从中英谚语看中西方的文化差异On Chinese and English Proverbs: from aCross-cultural Perspective。

不同文化中的肢体语言

不同文化中的肢体语言Body Language in Different Cultures1. Eye Contact: In the United States and Canada, INTERMITTENTeye contact is extremely important in conveying interest and attention. In many Middle Eastern cultures, INTENSE eye contactbetween the same genders is often a symbol of trust and sincerityhowever, between opposite genders, especially in Muslimcultures, anything more than BRIEF eye contact is considered inappropriate. Additionally, in Asian, African, and Latin Americancultures, extended eye contact is considered a “challenge.” TheJapanese tend to consider even brief eye contact uncomfortable.And, in some cultures, a woman should look down when talking toa man (thanks to thank Denise Gerdes, a former Peace Corpsvolunteer from Minnesota for that information).2. Handshakes: In my handshake article Networking 101: YouBetter Get A Grip and Read This, I talked about the handshake inWestern cultures. Between cultures, however, there are differencesthat could throw you off! For example, in parts of Northern Europe a quick firm “one-pump” handshake is the norm. In partsof Southern Europe, Central and South America, a handshake islonger and warmer – meaning the left hand usually touches theclasped hands, the elbow, or even the lapel of the shakee.Bewarethat in Turkey, a firm handshake is considered rude andaggressive. In certain African countries, a limp handshake is thestandard. Men in Islamic countries never shake the hands of women outside the family.3. Touching:This is a big no-no. It may look okay, but you could befooled. For example, did you know that in some sects of Judaism,the only woman that a man will touch in his lifetime is the womanhe is married to? In Japan, Scandinavia, and England, touching isless frequent. In Latino cultures, touching is encouraged.This maynot have a place in this article, but still interesting: NEVER toucha person’s head. This can be religiously offensive. Really, whenyou are out netw orking, just DON’T touch – except to shake hands. If you are comfortable, let the other person guide what is appropriate to them.4. Personal Dress and Hygiene: I don’t know of any culture whereit is acceptable to not brush your teeth. I could be wrong.H owever, everything else can vary! Some cultures don’t shave –their mens’ faces (or womens’ legs or underarms). Some cultures never wear deodorant and others don’t bathe as frequently. You must be careful to make sure you do not offend anyone. And yes, sometimes odors that are quite odd to you might be veryacceptable in another culture.5. Gestures:They mean different things everywhere. Seriously, keepyour gestures to yourself. If you want to flip off the business card warrior, it might not have any effect at all if he/she is from a different culture. In fact, in some cultures, it’s used as a pointer.The thumbs-up has all different meanings too. At the peril of destroying my reputation, I am not even going to write about them. Also be careful with the Amer ican “A-Ok” sign and putting your hands on your hips.。

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跨文化交际中的肢体语言On Body Language in InterculturalCommunication摘要：肢体语言与学外语一样，都是文化的一部分。

除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。

跨文化交际时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。

关键字：肢体语言；跨文化交际；外语学习Abstract:: Body language，like verbal language，is also a part of culture ．Different culture shave different body languages except some world known ones．And in intercultural communication，the same body language may mean different things．This paper，on the basis of some examples，emphasizes the significance of body languages in intercultural communication by comparing the body languages in the United States and China，and briefly introducing some body languages often used in foreign countries．The author reaches the conclusion that while learning foreign languages，it is also important as well to know some body languages in foreign countries．Key words: body language；intercultural communication；foreign languages earning 肢体语言（body language）也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。

1．面部表情语言的运用。

达尔文说：“面部与身体的富于表达力的动作，极有助于发挥语言的力量．”法国作家罗曼．罗兰也曾说过：“面部表情是多少世纪培养成功的语言，是比嘴里讲的更复杂到千百倍的语言。

”心理学家阿尔伯特。

玛洛比恩发明了一个规则：总交流量＝7%的文字交流38%的口头交派55%的面部表情交流。

通过脸色的变化，眉、目、鼻、嘴的动作，能极好地实现信息交流。

2．手势动作语言的运用。

手势动作语言是一种表现力极强的肢体语言，它不仅丰富多样化，而且简便、直观性强，所以运用范围广、频率高、收效好。

一个很好的例子就是荣获2005年中心电视台春节联欢晚会最受观众喜爱的歌舞类节目非凡奖的《千手观音》，二十一位生活在无声世界里的姑娘用她们的手势语向全国亿万观众传递信息，表达了新春的祝福．3．身体姿态语言的运用。

身体姿态语言是通过身体各种动态或静态的姿势传递交流信息的一种形式．俗话说“坐有坐相站有站相”、“坐如钟立如松”，这都是对身体姿态的要求。

我们同别人交际时，交际的手段不只是局限于话语，尽管我们有时没有意识到这一点。

我们的表情、手势、身体其他部分的动作都向四周的人传递信息。

微微一笑伸出手表示欢迎，皱眉表示不满，点头表示同意，挥手表示再见，听报告或讲演时，身子往椅背上一靠，伸一下舌头表示厌烦，不感爱好。

这些都是交际手段的一部分。

肢体语言与学外语一样，都是文化的一部分。

“跨文化交际”的英文名称是cross－cultural communication或intercultural communication，指的是不同文化背景的人之间所发生的相互作用。

由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，各自的语言环境便产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等诸语境因素，因而在不同的文化中，肢体语言的意义也不完全相同。

各民族有不同的肢体语言交际方式。

例如：法国人讲话就像个浪漫法国人，而英国男子和美国男子翘腿的样子，是否绅士风度，就不一样。

美国人讲完一句话时可能会低一下头或垂一下手，还可能垂一下眼帘。

他们问完一个问题会抬一下手或昂起下巴或睁大眼睛。

近年来，随着改革开放步伐的加快，非凡是我国加人WTO以来，对外交往日益频繁，国与国之间的交流越来越广泛，国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨文化交际。

跨文化交际研究的基本内容之一就是非语言交际，而肢体语言又是非语言交际的重要内容，因此，在跨文化交际中，假如肢体语言信息处理不好，有时会产生误解。

作为外语学习者，在学习、运用外语进行跨文化交际的时候，同样应了解外国常用的肢体语言，以免造成误解，闹出笑话。

下面就是几则在跨文化交际中发生的有趣的事情：案例一：一个日本人问一个美国旅客，机场是否提供行李车服务。

美国人想告诉他，机场不但提供行李车服务，而且还是免费提供！于是他用了人人皆知的表示“OK”的圆形手势作答。

然而对那个日本人来说，这个手势表示“钱”，因此，日本人断定行李车服务收费昂贵。

而这时，旁边一位突尼斯人看到了这一幕，于是认为美国人在对日本人暗示“他是一个卑鄙无耻的小偷”，让他小L点，否则杀死他。

瞧，真够乱的。

案例二：一名撒丁女子向一位英国男子询问，在希思罗机场是否很轻易找到出租车。

她得到的回答是英国式的翘大拇指。

她即刻甩起手提包，狠狠地揍那可怜的男子，因为她认为他做了诬蔑性的暗示。

顺便说一句，这个例子正好说明了为什么在撒丁岛用这个手势搭拦便车不是个好主意。

因此，要用外语进行有效的交际，在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势、动作、举止等所表示的意思。

笔者在此从“身体距离”、“目光接触”、“手势动作”等几个方面比较一下各国的异同。

1）身体距离。

我们可以观察一下阿拉伯人同英国人的谈话。

阿拉伯人按照自己的民族习惯认为站得近些表示友好。

英国人按照英国的习惯会往后退，因为他认为保持适当的距离才合适．阿拉伯人往前挪，英国人往后退。

谈话结束时，两个人离原来站的地方可能相当远了！在这个例子里，双方的距离是关键。

不同的民族或种族的人在谈话时，对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法。

据说，在美国进行社交或公务谈话时，有四种距离表示四种不同情况：关系亲密，私人交往，一般社交，公共场合。

交谈双方关系亲密，那么身体的距离从直接接触到相距约45厘米之间，这种距离适于双方关最为亲密的场合，比如说夫妻关系。

朋友、熟人或亲戚之间个人交谈一般以相距45－80厘米为宜。

在进行一般社交活动时，交谈双方相距1．30 米至3米；在工作或办事时，在大型社交聚会上，交谈者一般保持1．30米至2米的距离。

在公共场合，交谈者之间相距更远，如在公共场所演说，教师在课堂上讲课，他们同听众距离很远．多数讲英语的人不喜欢人们离得太近，当然，离得太远也有些别扭．离得太近会使人感到不舒适，除非另有原因，如表示喜爱或鼓励对方与自己亲近等，但这是另一回事。

记住这一点很重要。

在英语国家里，一般的朋友和熟人之间交谈时，应避免身体任何部位与对方接触，即使仅仅触摸一下也可能引起不良的反应。

假如一方无意中触摸了对方一下，他（她）一般会说：'Sorry" ；"Oh，I'm sorry" ；"Excuse me”等表示“对不起”的道歉话。

中国人喜欢抚摩别人的孩子以示喜爱，而西方妇女却对这种抚爱“毫不领情”。

不论是摸摸、拍拍，或是亲亲孩子，都使那些西方的母亲感到别扭。

她们知道这种动作毫无恶意，只是表示亲近和爱抚而已，所以也不好公开表示不满。

但在她们自己的文化中，这种动作会被认为是无礼的，也会引起对方强烈的反感和厌恶。

所以，碰到这种情况，西方的母亲往往怀着复杂的感情站在一旁不说话，感到窘迫，即使抚弄孩子的是自己的中国朋友或熟人。

除轻轻触摸外，再谈一谈当众拥抱的问题。

在许多国家里，两个妇女见面拥抱亲吻是很普遍的现象。

在多数工业发达的国家里，夫妻或亲人久别重逢也经常互相拥抱。

两个男人应否互相拥抱，各国习惯不同。

阿拉伯人、俄国人、法国人以及东欧和地中海沿岸的一些国家里，两个男人也热烈拥抱、亲吻双颊表示欢迎，有些拉丁美洲国家的人也是这样。

不过，在东亚和英语国家，两个男人很少拥抱，一般只是握握手。

若干年前，发生了这样一件事：当时日本首相福田纠夫到美国进行国事访问，他在白宫前下车，美国总统上前紧紧拥抱，表示欢迎．福田首相吃了一惊，日本代表团成员也停住了．许多美国人也感到希奇，这种情况少见，完全出乎人们的意料。

假如美国总统按日本人的习惯深鞠一躬，大家也不会那么惊奇。

因为在美国和日本，男人之间很少用拥抱这种方式表示欢迎。

在英语国家，同性男女身体接触也是个难以处理的问题。

一过了童年时期，就不应两个人手拉手或一个人搭着另一个人的肩膀走路，因为这意味着同性恋。

2）目光接触：肢体语言的另一个重要方面是目光接触。

在这一方面可以有许多“规定”：看不看对方，什么时候看，看多久，什么人可以看，什么人不可以看。

这里引用朱利叶斯．法斯特的《肢体语言》一书中的两段，很有意思，可供参考：“两个素不相识的人面对面坐着，在火车餐车里他们可以自我介绍一下，吃饭的时候，说些无关紧要或者是无聊的话；也可以互不理睬，极力避免与对方的目光相遇。

”有个作家在一篇文章里描写过这种情况：“他们翻来覆去地看菜单，摆弄刀叉，看着指甲—似乎头一回看见它们．免不了目光相遇时，立即转移视线，注视窗外沿途景色。

”该书作者指出，对素不相识的人的态度是：我们既应避免盯着看，也要避免显出不把他们放在眼里的样子，要看他们一下表示看见了，随后马上把目光移开。

注视对方的不同情况，决定于相遇的场所。

假如在街上相遇，可以看着迎面走来的人。

直到八英尺远时再移开视线走过去。

但在到达此距离之前，双方都用眼睛暗示一下自己要往哪边走，打算往哪边走就往哪边看一眼。

然后，双方侧身略变方向，即可错开，顺利通过。

根据美国习惯，同相识的人谈话时，说话的人和听话的人都应注视对方。

任何一方不看对方，都可以表示某种意味，如：害怕对方，轻视对方，心神不定，感到内疚，漠不关心等。

甚至在对公众讲话时也要时时直视听众，和许多人的目光接触。