中英婚俗文化及差异
中国传统婚俗中英文互译版
一、婚前（Premarriage）
一、婚前（Premarriage）
（二）送彩礼 Betrothal Gifts
由媒人列出男方需送彩礼细目并与男方家长商讨决定。 The matchmaker writes out the betrothal card and negotiated with the bride’s family to decide the items that the bridegroom’s family should provide as gifts.
3.夫妻对拜 The Third Bow 夫妻对拜表示夫妻要恩爱到白头。（夫妻友爱）
The third bow is that the new couple bow to each other that means they should love to old age.
（一）订婚 Engagement ♀合八字♂
媒人将男女双方生辰八字交予算命先 生算出是否匹配。
Horoscope — the matchmaker takes the eight characters about both the bride and bridegroom’s birthdays to the fortune-teller to decide whether it is a good match.
二、婚礼（ Wedding Ceremony）
（一）迎亲Escorting Bride to Groom's House
新郎胸前戴一朵大红花，骑在高头大马上。 The bridegroom rides on a big horse with a red Silk flower .
二、婚礼（ Wedding Ceremony）
中西婚礼差异 中英对照
双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚. 整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新 娘一拜天地,二拜高堂,夫妻对拜,然后送入洞 房. Both parents sat in the last, and the bride and groom married the next hall. The whole wedding presided over by MC, under his command, the bride and groom a BaiTianDe, thanks to a hall with high ceiling, couples to worship, and then into the bridal chamber.
western
banquet
首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节 奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走 到新郎面前,由她的父亲将 她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师 会要求新郎新娘对对方作出 一辈子的承诺,这也是整个 婚礼的高潮
First, as the wedding march rhythm the bride pull her father‘s hands go before the groom by her father she personally delivered the hands of the groom. pastor will ask the bride and groom on the other side to make a lifetime commitment委托, this is the climax高潮 of the whole wedding.
在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头 戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就 穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。 In the traditional wedding, the bride usually wear red Luo Yi, head Daifeng Guan, above there is a red scarf. While the groom wore a red gown jacket, wearing a red brimmed hat.
浅析中西方传统婚礼习俗中体现的文化差异
礼中” 再做讨论） 。这一娶亲程式，周代即已确立，最早见于 《礼记 · 。以后各代大多沿袭周礼。 这每一项礼仪都有严格的标准，是新 昏义》 一、纳采： 六礼之首礼。 男方欲与女方结亲，请媒妁往女方提亲， 。 二、 问名： 六礼中 得到应允后，再请媒妁正式向女家纳 “采择之礼 ” 第二礼。即男方遣媒人到女家询问女方姓名，生辰八字。 取回庚贴后， 卜吉合八字。三、纳吉： 六礼中第三礼。 是男方问名、 合八字后，将卜 婚的吉兆通知女方，并送礼表示要订婚的礼仪。 四、 纳征： 亦称纳成、 五、请期： 又称告期，俗称选日子。 六礼中第五礼。 是男家派人到 女家去通知成亲迎娶的日期。 六、 亲迎： 又称迎亲。 六礼中第六礼。 是 西方人的订婚远比中国人的随意简单，但也不失庄重。 经过一段时 间的交往如果 双 方 认 可 了 彼 此，这 时 男 士 要 正 式 地 向 女 士 提 出 请 求： “你愿意嫁给我吗？ ” 虽然只是简单的一句话，但却是促成婚姻必不可少 的步骤。如果女士接受了请求，他们就会办一个简单的订婚仪式，请一 些亲密的人参加，规模不大，旨在向他人传递 “我们要结婚了 ” 这样一 个信息。西方人中意的结婚日期是法定假期、 节日或周末大家比较轻松
三、结语
婚礼习俗是中西方文化差异的一个体现。 我们在学习一种外国文化 的时候，不仅要学习不同的文化形式，还有了解这些不同中所体现的文 化差异，掌握这些文化差异才能更好的彼此交流和学习 。 随着全球一体 化的加速发展，中西方跨文化交际越来越频繁，了解彼此文化中的差异 对提高跨文化交际有着极其重要的意义。 很好的掌握这些差异才能在多 元文化发展迅速的今天正确认识自己的文化，同时促进与其他文化的融 合，跟紧文化发展的浪潮。
参考文献：
［ 1］ Samovar， Larry A and Richard E. Communication between Cultures ［A］ . Beijing. Peking University Press，2004 ［ 2］ 杜学增 . 中 英 文 化 习 俗 比 较 ［M］ . 外 语 教 育 与 研 究 出 版 社，2004 ［ 3］ 鸿宇 . 婚嫁 ［ M］ . 广西： 宗教文化出版社，2004 ［ 4］ 李 荣 建， 宋 和 平 . 外 国 习 俗 与 礼 仪 ［M］ . 武 汉 大 学 出 版 社，1996 ［ 5］ 完颜绍元 . 婚嫁 ［ M］ . 上海： 上海古文出版社，2003 ［ 6］ 万建中 . 婚俗 ［ M］ . 北京： 中国旅游出版社，2004 ［ 7］ 岳娟娟 . 嫁娶 ［ M］ . 山东： 山东画报出版社，2004 ［ 8］ 杜学增 . 中英文化习俗比较 ［M］ . 上海： 外语教育与研究出 版社，2004 ［ 9］ 李荣建，宋和平 . 外国习俗与礼仪 ［M］ . 武汉： 武汉大学出 版社，1996 （ 责任编辑： 吴 超）
浅析中西方婚礼习俗的差异
浅析中西方婚礼习俗的差异作者：申丽晓来源：《读天下》2019年第05期摘要：中西方文化差异，这个我们都知道，从学习中可以学习到很多相关知识，生活、饮食、习俗等方面都存在着差异。
本文主要就中西方婚礼习俗的差异进行分析。
关键词：中西方婚礼;习俗;差异一、中西传统婚礼过程的差异婚礼习俗是一个国家民族文化的体现，中西文化的不同折射在婚姻生活中，造成了二者之间在婚礼习俗方面的差异。
（一）宗教不同在中国传统社会中举行婚礼会有一系列繁复的流程，有许多都体现了“天人合一”的宗教观念。
例如，在中国古代社会中，新人在结婚时所进行的拜天地习俗就很明确地体现了这一观念，从中表现了这对新人的结合得到天和地的祝福。
道教《易传》云，“乾道成男，坤道成女，乾知大始，坤作成物。
乾以易知，坤以简能……易简而天下之理得矣，天下之理得，而成位乎其中矣”，也就是说天如父地如母。
万物皆生于天地之间，人亦然。
《易传》又云，“有天地，然后有万物;有万物，然后有男女;有男女，然后有夫妇。
夫妇之道，不可以不久也，固受之以恒，恒者久也”，这就把男女两性放在了一个天地宇宙论的宗教图式里面，使男女两性具有了本原和神圣的意义，同时也使男女两性的结合具有了宗教的神圣性。
除此之外，在婚礼之前的准备中，媒人会把双方的八字进行计算，这样的方式也为中国传统婚礼带来了种种的神秘色彩，表达了新人双方对未来幸福生活的祈求，这是道家“宿命论”的集中反映。
在西方国家中，亚当、夏娃的婚姻传说是西方婚姻的源头。
西方婚姻的开始受到宗教教义的影响和支配，随着时代的发展，婚姻逐渐摆脱了宗教的支配，但是基督教的影响还是存在的。
（二）婚礼地点按照中国传统的婚俗，办婚礼的地点一定是在男方家，婚后女方要住在男方家以方便照顾丈夫与公婆。
这一点也反映出了中国女性在婚姻当中的附属地位。
在西方国家中，出于对基督教教义的尊崇，人们更希望他们的婚礼受到上帝的见证及祝福，教堂是最理想的婚礼地点。
也有人在婚姻注册处简单地完成婚礼，同样会受到神职人员的祝福。
中西方婚俗差异--商务英语本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：中西方婚俗差异姓名： 00000班级、学号： 0000000000系 (部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师： 00000开题时间： 2009-04-10完成时间： 2009-11-082009 年11 月08 日目录课题中西方婚俗差异一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献On Differences of Marriage CustomsBetween China and Western Countries00000000Abstract:There are many procedures in Chinese Marriage custom. The book Propriety and Ceremony,which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of Marriage customs. In Chinese Marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western Marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people havetended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.key words：Marriage custom; differences; reasonsIntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy). As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason.1.Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same developmentand evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage."In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage custom.. Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should betaken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home.The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.1.1 ProposingProposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. Ifthe girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.1.2 Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage.First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, theman’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today. Many marriage does not nee this process.1.3 Asking for FortunedAfter asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s deathand four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.1.4 Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars inHan dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.1.5 Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to it.1.6 Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day.And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.2. Western Marriage CustomIn the middle ages children were married at a young age. Girls were as young as 12 when they got married, and boys as young as 14. The arrangement of the marriage was based on monetary worth. The family of the girl who was to be married gave a dowry, or donation, to the boy she was to marry. The dowry went with her when the marriage was held and stayed with the boy forever after the marriage. After the marriage was arranged, a wedding notice was posted on the door of the church. The notice was put up to ensure that there were no grounds for prohibiting the marriage. The notice stated who was to be married, and if anyone knew any reasons that the two could not marry, they were to come forward with the reason. If the reason was a valid one the wedding would be prohibited.There are many reasons for prohibiting a marriage. One reason was consanguinity, if the two were too closely related. If the boy or the girl had taken a monastic or religious vow, the marriage was also prohibited. Sometimes widows or widowers took vows of celibacy on the death of their spouse, and laterregretted doing so when they could not remarry. Other reasons which also prohibited marriage, but were not grounds for a divorce, were rape, adultery, and incest. A couple could not be married during a time of fasting, such as lent or advent. Nor could a couple be married by someone who had killed someone.In the middle ages there were few reasons the wedding could be dissolved. One reason was if either the man or woman were not of legal age, 12 for girls and 14 for boys. If the husband or wife had previously made a religious or monastic vow or were not Christian, the marriage would be dissolved. The last reason a marriage could end was if the woman, not the man, was incapable of sexual relations.2.1 ProposalWhen the prospective groom had obtained his father’s consent to marry, a formal marriage proposal had to be made. The prospective groom did not propose in person but sent his friends or members of his family to represent his interest to the prospective bride and her family. If they saw a blind man, a monk or a pregnant woman during their journey, it was believed that the proposal would not be accepted as these signs were thought to bring bad luck. If, however, they saw nanny goats, pigeons or wolves, this was a good omen which would bring goodfortune to the marriage.During Medieval times in western countries, the man proposed by leaving a hawthorn branch at the door of his beloved on the first of May. By leaving the branch at the door she accepted his proposal. She made known her refusal by replacing the hawthorn branch with a cauliflower.2.2 Changing SurnamesIt was thought unlucky for a woman to marry a man whose surname began with the same letter as hers. The sentiment was summarized in the following thyme: To change the name and not the letter is to change for the worst and not the better. The bride should not practice writing her new name before the wedding. This was thought to bring bad luck by tempting fate.2.3 Choosing the DayAlthough most weddings now take place on a Saturday, it was considered unlucky in the past. Fridays were also considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th. The famous old rhyme advised a wedding in the first half of the week:Monday for wealthTuesday for healthWednesday the best day of allThursday for lossesFriday for crosses (= funerals)Saturday for no luck at allAdvice on which month to marry in was given by the following rhyme:Married when the year is new, he'll love, kind and true. When February birds do mate, you neither wed nor dread your fate.If you wed when March winds blow, joy and sorrow both you'll know.Marry in April when you can, Joy for Maiden and for Man. Marry in the month of May, and you'll surely rue the day. Marry when June roses grow, over land and sea you'll go. Those who in July do wed, must labor for their daily bred. Whoever wed in August be, many a change is sure to see Marry in September's shrine, your living will be rich and fine. If in October you do marry, love will come but riches tarry. If you wed in bleak November, only joys will come, remember. When December snows fall fast, marry and true love will last. Marry in May and you'll live to rue the dayMay had been considered an unlucky month to marry in for a number of reasons. In Pagan times the Feast of the Dead and the festival of the goddess of chastity both occurred in May.The advice was taken more seriously in Victorian times than it is today. In most Churches the end of April was a busy time for weddings as coupes wanted to avoid being married in May. Queen Victoria was thought to have forbidden her children from marrying in May.June was considered to be a lucky month to marry in, because it was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of love and marriage.The summer as a whole was considered a good time to marry and this was partly to do with the sun's association with fertility. In Scotland one popular custom was for the bride to "walk with the sun" to bring her good. She would walk from east to west on the south side of the church and then continue walking around the church three times.2.4 Holding the WeddingThe wedding ceremony was finally held.The church ceremony in the middle ages took place outside the church door before entering the church for a nuptial mass. During the ceremony in front of the church doors the man stood on the right side and the woman stood on the left side, facing the door of the church. “The reason was that she was formed out of a rib in the left side of Adam.” The priest began by asking if anyone knew of any reason the couple should not be married. He also asked thisof the man and woman so they might confess any reasons for prohibiting their marriage.The ceremony proceeded with the priest saying, “N (amen) wilt though have this woman to thy wedded wife, wilt the love her, and honor her, keep her and guard her, in health and in sickness, as a husband should a wife, and forsaking all others on account of her, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?” Then the priest, changing the wording of “as a husband should a wife”, asked the same of the woman. Both the man and the woman should answer by saying” I will.” At this time the woman was given by her father. The wedding continued with the saying of vows. Both the man and the woman, with the exception of the words wife and husband, said, “I N. take thee N. to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness, and in health, till death do us part, if the holy church will ordain it. And thereto I plight thee my troth.” At this time the ring exchange occurred. They bowed their heads and the priest gave them a blessing. As husband and wife they entered the church, where they knelt before the altar. At the altar the priest gave a prayer and a blessing, thus ending the marriage ceremony.If the bridegroom and bride did not belong to England ofChurch, they must use the second marriage form, according to the law, that was go to the marriage registrant to hold a secular marriage ceremony.3. Differences between themIt is clear that Chinese marriage custom and western marriage custom differ from each other in many aspects. In Chinese marriage custom the matchmaker has many functions and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest has functions and the youths, particular the man, have legal right to choose whom they wanted to marry and men and women are equal.3.1 Different Marriage MediaMatchmaker and priest are different. Matchmaker has many functions. Almost in every process in marriage in old times, the matchmaker would attend. First, it was the matchmaker that introduced a man to a woman or a woman to a man, most the former. If matchmaker did not introduce them to each other, they would not know about each other for ever. If some accident event happened, that is they knew each other not through the matchmaker, they would be called “committing adultery with each other “or “a thief if a man and a whore if a woman”.Second, the other procedures after introduction in marriage were also done by the matchmaker.There are three conditions in marriage in old China that were the matchmaker’s proposals, six gifts and meet, people kept honoring the ancestors as the center in these three conditions. The regulation of listening to matchmaker’s proposals was the rule that people must abide by. The reason was not only the function the matchmaker had in society, but also the meaning that the matchmaker had in later generation reproduction.In modern times, matchmaker still has some of above functions such as the function of introduction.Priest does not always function. It is his duty only when he hosts the wedding ceremony. It was not the priest who introduces the man to the woman or the woman to the man.In Christian’s opinions, wedding ceremony is considered as an important way to get god’s save and wedding ceremony is a very important part of marriage. Priest plays an essential role in it. And marriage is not valid, unless the ceremony is hosted by priest. There are three conditions in marriage too. First, there should be some correct things that is used when go to church; second, correct means to go to church especiallycorrect reading prayer book; third, correct motive to go to church which emphasizes action by church’s order. It can be seen that church is important in western people’s eyes, so the priest is necessary when holding a marriage. And marriage is tinged with mystery because of these conditions.3.2 Differences on freedomIn old China, people looked at the country and society as the standard, thus, “behest of parents” played an absolute important role in marriage. It was the principles of heaven and earth—right and proper when parents dealt with the son's or daughter's marriage only by their own opinions. Marriage in China was arranged by family. “Behest of parents and proposals of matchmaker” decided everything about marriage. Usually the husband and the wife did not meet each other before getting married. They did not know what their husband or wife liked. Even sometimes they did not know the names of each. If they did not agree the marriage, it was no use because the right of decision belonged to their parents. The marriage would still be held. The youths are not free when chose the lover in some places even today.Marriage marks the beginning of complete independence from the parents. According to the English law, no one was allowedto get married under the age of sixteen. Marriage between the age of sixteen and eighteen must have the parents’ consent. But when the girl was over eighteen, she was free to choose her love. Youths in Britain were relatively free. In Britain, church pointed out “agreement principle” which pointed out that the marriage was valid only when the two persons involved in marriage expressed freely and openly in front of at least two chief witness at wedding ceremony; the marriage was not valid when there existing misunderstanding or force in marriage. Under this “agreement principle”, the father should listen to the daughter’s suggestion, and the father should not force the daughter to marry with the man whom she did not want to marry. Thus, it can be seen from this point that, one’s willing was superior to anything.3.3 Differences on rightChinese men were hold up as “sky” and women were considered as “earth” in old times. Sky was superior to earth in old people’s eyes. And women must comply with three obedience and four virtues. But man could have a wife and many concubines. In north of China in some places, husband and wife are still unequal.The Bible says that husband should respect wife becauseboth of them are blessed by God. And it emphasizes that the relations between husband and wife should include duty.3.4 Different Purposes of MarriageThe main purpose of getting marriage in China is to continue the male offspring. The so-called “there are three forms of filial impiety, of which the most serious is to have no heir”reflects the importance to serve ancestors. And the filial piety is traditional virtues.In western countries, they are influenced deeply by religion, especially the Christianity. They think that it is the God who has created marriage. There are three purposes of the marriage created by God. First, the couple is lifelong companion with each other; they serve God together. Then get married, start career and produce an heir to carry on the pious descendants. The final purpose is carrying on the pious descendants to serve to God. So they do not stress the blood relationship. They can remedy the defect of non-child by adopting other children.4. Reasons for the Differences4.1 ReligionsAmong all the religion by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the west. Everyphase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of western culture. British dominant religious belief is Christian faith; or rather the U.K. is a country of Christianity.Bishop ordered marriage law as the fourth chapter in 1234. After issuing the law, it was carried on under the strong church control. In 1917, the marriage law referred: wedding ceremony should be held by priest or at least two witness; the willing should be true and not be forced.Most Chinese people believes Buddhism which advocates “why and because relationship”. In this point of view, sky is the reason, and earth is the result; parents are the reason, and sons or daughters are the result; husband is the reason, and wife is the result.4.2 Cultural OriginsTraditional Chinese traditional marriage custom was characterized by a distinctive patriarchal clan system. “Three obedience and four virtues” decided that women should become an appendage to the men and be subordinated to the family interest. It was also characterized by strong feudal political color. Marriage sometimes was a kind of ways to ally in political. The policy of cementing friendly relations throughpolitical marriages was a typical example in history. The traditional marriage custom was influenced deeply by Confucianism.There sill exists differences between males and females in marriage custom today. This phenomenon is also caused by the traditional Chinese culture.Western marriage custom is influenced deeply by religion, however, which emphasizes both men and women are God’s sons and daughters, so they are equal unlike Chinese who pay more attentions to boys. Western people consider girls are also the fruit of love.4.3 Marriage ConceptsChinese people once thought that marriage was a kind of ways to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position. Marriage would add a girl of a clan other than one’s own, so marriage was looked as the important event of family but not one’s own event. The love between the man and the woman was not the first condition of marriage. Today the marriage concepts have not changed much especially in some backward places. The aim of getting marriage for them is till to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position.In western countries, marriage is the love’s home to return to. The aim of marriage is to make the woman and the man live together all the life. It is the personal affair. They have no duty to increase family, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position. The marriage just make them live together. Thus those westerners stress feeling not the family’s interest or reputation when they are choosing lover.4.4 GeographiesBritain is over one thousand kilometers from south to north. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with the longest coastlines in the world. In Britain no place is over one hundred and twenty kilometers from the sea. During the fight with the sea, British people feel the strong force of the nature that is difficult to control. Thus they believed God. They think God is omnipotent and they respect God very much.China’s geography is extremely varied and complex, including mountains, plateaus, plains, grasslands, basins, hills, islands, desert, glaciers, and frozen earth. Mountain areas cover about two-thirds of the total land area. This geography decides that Chinese people live mainly by farming and live in groups, and later formed the patriarchal clan system with rigidly stratified. This makes Chinese people respect the。
中西方婚俗文化比较研究
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蔓堡壁砬．
２０１中年ｆ月甲日
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参考文献……………………………………………………………………………………一２９
附录………………………………………………………………………………………一３１ 致谢……………………………．…………………………………………………………．３５
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ一章绪论
第一章
绪论
一、
选题背景与研究意义
中国是一个拥有五千年历史的文明古国，是世界最古老的文明古国之一。自进入近 代社会以来，我国国门日益向世界敞开，西方文化逐渐传播开来，并对我国的影响日深， 特别是１９７８年改革开放以来，中国的经济、文化等已走向世界。随着社会经济的全球 化以及国与国之间的文化交流的日益频繁，中国逐渐被世界所了解，同时，我国的传统
ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………．．ＩＩＩ
目
录…………………………………………………………………………………………Ｖ 绪论…………………………………………………………………………………ｌ
第一章
中西方婚姻观念比较
中西方婚姻观念比较汉语1001蔡亮在天愿做比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。
——白居易婚姻就好比桥梁，沟通了两个全然孤寂的世界。
——基尔·凯丝勒由于文化、历史、宗教等方面的差异，中西方在婚姻观念上存在着本质的区别。
爱情和婚姻实质是一个民族深层文化的体现，反过来文化背景的差异又影响限制着一个民族的恋爱方式和婚姻习俗。
西方人的婚姻观与中国人的婚姻观有着极大的不同，因为他们认为：婚姻纯属个人私事，任何人不能干涉；同时婚姻不属于道德问题，一个人有权选择自己喜欢的人生活在一起，一旦发现现有的婚姻是一个错误，就有权做第二次选择；如果夫妻一方爱上了第三者，任何一方都不会受谴责，在他们看来强迫两个不相爱的人生在一起是残忍的。
中国的传统婚姻观，一般都是讲百年好合，一定终身，问题是在现实生活中，因为这样那样的问题家庭中出现裂缝甚至解构的也为数不少，小问题可以调节，大问题像原则性问题就难说了，硬撑着，于己于人都未见是好……中西方婚姻观念在婚姻目的、择偶标准、婚礼以及婚姻中夫妻关系等方面都存在着一定的差异。
所谓的婚姻目的是男女双方想经由建立婚姻关系的方式而达到某种预期的结果。
《礼记·昏义》：“合两性之好，上以事宗庙而下以继后世也，故君子重之”中国传统的婚姻目的是：一是通过联姻合两个家族之优势，扩大亲属同盟，即“结缘”；二是为了男性家庭继承家庭的血统，传宗接代，即“继统”。
现今的中国社会，这种观念受到极大的冲击，往往选择“爱情至上”的婚姻。
而西方人的结婚目的：一是坠入爱河的恋人希望恋情有个完满的结果；二是寻找长久的异性生活伴侣，从而使自己在生理上心理上的需要得到满足。
由于婚姻目的的不同致使中西方文化在择偶标准上也存在显著的差异。
中国人往往以家庭背景、门当户对、经济条件、学历知识水平为择偶标准；而西方人的择偶标准，最主要是两个人的互相契合，其余的条件像家庭背景、教育程度等因素则可以不在考虑之列。
由于文化、习俗、观念、宗教等差异，在婚礼的内容与形式上存在明显的差异。
Wedding Customs Differences 中西方婚礼习俗差异
Wedding Customs Differencesbetween China and the WesternⅠ. IntroductionThe 21st century is dominated by science and technology, which makes the whole world develop quite rapidly. Along with the development of the global tendency, different nations increasingly communicate with each other. In order to promote a better understanding between different nations, it is worthwhile to know more about different cultures. Since wedding is a moment that the couple promise to go though the rest of their lives with each other. There is no doubt that the wedding day must be one of the most splendid and unforgettable days in one’s lifetime. Therefore this paper aims to explore the different cultures between China and Western countries from the point of view of wedding customs and will list the major differences of Chinese and Western wedding so as to find out the interior factors that result in the differences.There are a lot of differences between Chinese wedding customs and Western wedding customs from preparation stage for the wedding to the end of wedding. Chinese wedding customs are much more complex than Western wedding customs, especially in the wedding ceremony aspects. In the Chinese traditional wedding customs people stress more, for Chinese people are more conservative and traditional, but the open-minded Western people’s wedding is much simpler.Besides, their different thoughts, different religions and different attitudes to marriage influence their wedding customs much, too. Chinese people mostly believe in Buddhism but Westerners have faith in Christianity, which decide the palace where the wedding is held and how complex the whole process is. Chinese people’s marriage is relatively stable. Because Chinese people always consider marriage as one of the most important things in life. Westerners’ concepts of marriage are extremely different from Chinese. They believe that marriage is purely a private matter, and no one caninterfere.This thesis addresses the differences between Chinese wedding customs and Western wedding customs by analyzing the wedding procedures and the influences of different thoughts, attitudes and religions on the wedding customs. It is extremely important to understand the different cultures between China and Western countries, which will help us to correctly understand the words and deeds of Westerners in the intercultural communication, fully understand, and respect each other’s customs so as to get the best effect of communication.Ⅱ.The Differences of Wedding Customs between China and the West2.1. Pre-weddingIn china, the parents always prepare some dowry for their daughter. The bride’s dowry includes a scissor, a ruler, some sugar tablets, vases, a copper pot and a pair of shoes, which indicate fortune. There are also pairs of quilts, bed linen and pillows, some sets of clothes and so on, which means a good wish for their rich and nice life. Every item has its different meanings.At the bridegroom’s home, there are also many things to be prepared. At first they must tidy and layout the bridal chamber, and the whole chamber must be decorated with red things, such as red candles, red quilts. People paste congratulatory couplets and large red Chinese character meaning “Happiness”in English on the doorframes and walls. And then they need to prepare some food, fruit, tea, and wine on the table, which will be used at the night of the wedding. At the same time the bridegroom must prepare some money packaged in red paper bags to thank some people on the day of the wedding, such as his bride’s brother and people who helped him. People think the money in a red paper bag from the bridegroom will bring them good luck and nice life.In Western countries, when it comes to the preparations, we must talk about Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue,2.2. Wedding2.2.1 Wedding LocationIn China, the wedding location usually is a better hotel around which the transportation is convenient, and the space is spacious. Because all kinds of ceremonies will be held there and many friends and relatives will be receipted there, the space must be enough big.While in the Western, in order to highlight the solemn and holy, the wedding is generally held in the church or other relatively quiet places in good order. Relatively speaking, the Western wedding is less exciting than the Chinese wedding. Whatdeserves to pay more attention is that the Westerners focus on the expression of emotion and pursuit the perfect combination of romance and reality.2.2.2 Wedding Dress。
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岳阳职业技术学院学报
住让年月
中英婚俗文化及差异段淑萍岳阳职业技术学院公共课部湖南岳阳
摘要中国是一个文明古国有特殊的婚俗礼仪文化西方英语国家的婚俗也有其特色与中国
婚俗
的差异表现在文化根源不同婚姻目的不同婚神信仰不同审美情趣不同等
方面
关键词中英婚俗
差
异
中图分类号文献标识码文章编号一《以拓
一一
男大当婚女大当嫁婚嫁是人生中的一件大
事在中国这个古老的东方国度里人们对婚嫁礼仪非常重视《礼记昏义》曰昏礼者礼之本也可见古人把婚礼作为礼的本源和发端中国悠久的历史和灿烂的文化不断向婚姻风俗渗透沉淀所以中国的婚俗文化凝聚了中华文化的精华具有独特的东方魅力而西方英语国家由于地理民族历史宗教等诸多方面的原因他们的婚嫁礼仪习俗与中国不尽相同带有鲜明的西方色彩中西方婚嫁习俗都是在本国长期的历史文化积淀中形成的因此通过对比不同国家的婚俗就能从一些侧面反映出国家之间文化的差异有利于促进不同国家的文化交流中国的婚俗礼仪一中国古代的婚俗《礼记昏义》对婚姻的描述是昏礼者合二姓之好上以事宗庙而下以继后世也故君子重之因此在中国所有传统的人生礼仪中婚礼最受人们重视婚礼的程序也极为讲究在最早记载中国婚礼仪式程序的《仪礼》中对婚礼仪式有明确的规定“婚有六礼纳采问名纳吉纳征请期亲迎”从此婚姻六礼就成了中国传统婚礼的规范模式一纳采纳采是嫁娶的第一礼是男女双方家庭的第一次碰撞因此意义很重大通俗地讲纳采就是求亲如果男方家长认为某家之女可以作为儿媳候
选人便请媒人到女方家献采摘之礼进行说合如
果女方家也有结为婚姻的意向就会“乃后使人纳其采而择之礼当然在纳采之前男方已派媒人到女方家征求了意见并得到了女方家庭的初步同意纳采时一定要用雁而且一定要用活雁清人胡培晖在《仪礼正义》中对用雁之事解释
说
取其随时南北不失其节明不夺女子之时也又取其飞成行止成列明婚娶之礼长幼有序不
相逾越也可见纳采这样重视用雁原因有三第一大雁
随着季节的改变而南飞北还定时而且有规律这
象征了婚嫁有时不可耽搁第二雁是一种“随阳”之鸟喜欢往暖和的地方飞古者夫为阳妻为阴用雁为礼有夫唱妇随不离不弃之意第三大雁
飞征必成行列则嫁娶之礼要长幼有序不可
逾
越雁在古代婚礼中是很重要的礼物六礼中除
“纳征外其余五礼都要用雁
二问名
问名就是请教女子的姓名在古代女子的姓
名不外传到了议婚之时才告诉夫家宋代梦梁录嫁娶》中说婚娶之礼先凭媒氏以草帖子通于
男家男家以草帖子问卜或祷鉴得吉无克方回草帖由此可见问名不仅仅是了解一下女子的姓名
收稿日
期
一一
基金项目湖南省哲学社会科学成果评审委员会资助课题《英汉语言文化对比研究》编号本文为该课题阶段性
成果作者简介段淑萍一女湖南岳阳人岳阳职业技术学院中文讲师主要研究方向中国古典文
学与高职教育第卷第期段淑萍
还要在草帖上写下女子的生辰八字以供男方占卜之用有的还写下曾祖父祖父父亲三代人的官职以及可资提供的陪嫁为男方选择提供参考有趣的是在问名的过程中起联系沟通作用的不是男方也不是女方而是媒人在婚礼的其它几礼中媒人的身影也无时不在因为中国的传统婚姻历来都信奉“父母之命”“媒灼之言唐代的《唐律疏义户婚律》中甚至规定为婚之法必有行媒”把媒灼之言作为了婚姻有效的法律依据《诗经卫风氓》中写一小伙子向姑娘求婚姑娘对他也满意却拒绝了小伙子姑娘拒绝的理由是匪我想期子无良媒这位姑娘为何作出让今天的人们觉得匪夷所思的行为呢因为在古代没有媒人的自由结合就是私奔野合是为封建伦理道德所不耻的可见媒人在传统婚姻中有着举足轻重的作用当然媒人也良芬不齐她们有的因骗婚被人们称作“媒婆以示轻蔑厌恶也有些媒人因撮合有功就被冠以“月老“红娘的美名而被人们所喜爱三纳吉问名之后男方有了女方的生辰八字就会拿去问卜问卜包括两方面的内容一是卜妇德《白虎通嫁娶》说娶妻卜之何卜女之德知相宜否”古人把“妇德”放在“三从四德”之首十分看重妇德钟离春诸葛亮的夫人都是相貌丑陋而妇德高尚的代表更何况古人常有“三妻四妾为了家庭内部的团结稳定也要重视妇德所以又有“娶妻娶德纳妾取色之说二是卜吉克如果女子的生辰算出来两人八字不合甚至克夫婚事就会告吹如果算出来与男子相合有“旺夫”之运便大吉大利男方便会遣媒人告知女方并送去“小聘之礼欢欢喜喜地上门交换帖子这桩婚事就基本议定了嫁娶进人实质性阶段四纳征在汉代学者所注的《仪礼》一书中把纳征又称为纳币民间把它称作“下聘就是男方向女方家送聘札《礼记曲礼》中说非受币不交亲所以是否授受聘礼是女方是否许婚的标志一旦女方接受了男方的聘礼就表示两家已定下了婚姻不能随便更改民间的聘礼讲究三金即“金金镯金黑被而富豪人家对聘礼就更重视了如《红楼梦》中贾宝玉和薛宝钗结婚前贾家下的聘礼就有金项圈金珠首饰八十件妆蟒四十匹各色绸缎一百二中英婚俗文化及差异十匹四季衣服一百二十件还有折羊酒的银子下聘礼有两层意义第一是对女方的父母表示感谢因为女子出嫁后便是“泼出去的水是夫家的人了第二是给女方家置办嫁妆之用五请期通俗地讲“请期就是“定日子是男方定
好
黄道吉日之后差遣媒人到女方家告知让女方作好嫁女的准备古人对结婚时间的选择也很慎重他们一般会请人查看黄历或进行占卜古人喜欢把
婚娶时间定在春季或秋季因为春天是万物复苏生命阴阳交接之时有利于生命的孕育秋天是收获
的季节人们劳作了一年之后有了收人可操办婚
嫁之礼当然有些特殊的婚礼它的日期就没那么多讲究如《红楼梦》中贾宝玉失了那块通灵宝玉”之
后变得有些疯疯癫癫贾家为了给宝玉冲喜便匆匆忙忙地给他娶了亲
六亲迎
经过了五道郑重而繁琐的礼仪之后迎娶之期终于千呼万唤始出来婚礼进人到了最热闹最华美甚至最残酷的时刻这一天新郎要骑着高头
大马着礼帽披红花带着花轿到女方家亲自迎娶新娘当新郎到达后女方的亲戚朋友们也会借机考间和捉弄一下新郎馆比如有的地方新郎要
和
女方的朋友们对歌直到女方家满意才允许新郎
进屋现在民间还流传着“苏小妹三难新郎的故事可此时闺房里的新娘却没有一丝喜庆之色反而号陶大哭这就是“哭嫁《礼记曾子问》中记载孔子说“嫁女之家三夜不熄烛思相离也娶妇之家三日不举乐思嗣亲也其实哭嫁的原因还有①哭嫁起源于原始社会的抢劫婚女子被抢
之后必然会痛哭后来的婚姻虽不是抢劫婚但这一古老的习俗却保持了下来②妇女地位低下小媳难当新妇对婆家感到畏惧③婚前新娘对新郎
所知甚少新娘忐忑不安面对无法预知的未来新娘只有痛哭在新娘的啼哭声中吉时到了身着漂亮新嫁衣的新娘子就被蒙上红盖头被人抱进了花轿在一路热闹的吹打声中新娘到了夫家新娘下花轿之后双脚不能沾地而是踩着青毡米袋来到厅堂拜
花烛行大礼礼成之后新人就会被送人洞房直到
这时新郎才能揭去新娘头上的喜帕当眼前出现的是如意美眷时自然皆大欢喜可当眼前出现的是岳阳职业技术学院学报万既
《年月
狠琐丑陋之貌时也为时已晚没有了回天之力这
一对年轻的陌生人就被命运之绳牢牢地拴在了一
起开始了他们的悲喜人生而这一幕在古老的东方大地上被我们的祖先反复地演绎着成了中国传统婚礼的典型模式二中国现代的婚俗
中国现代的婚俗是在传统婚俗礼仪的基础上经过不断地移风易俗发展而来它对传统婚俗有继承更有创新中国现代婚俗呈现出两大特点一是传统婚俗的影响依然存在现代婚俗虽体现了年轻人求新求变的思想但在现代婚俗中却能常常看到传统婚俗的影子这一点在农村的婚俗中表现尤其突出二是西方婚俗的影响越来越大现代社会信息畅达交流便利西方婚俗已被很多中国人所了解而那些追求时尚思想活跃的年轻人更是在自己的婚礼中加人了西方的元素所以中西合璧的婚俗在中国现代的婚俗中已十分常见中国现代婚俗一般要经过自由恋爱订婚结婚“三步曲一自由恋爱在中国古代的婚俗中注重“父母之命“媒灼之言”而作为婚姻当事人的男女双方却没有选择权只能被动地接受但在中国现代婚俗中父母之命已不重要媒也不是男女婚嫁的唯一合法条件很多年轻人都是自由恋爱而且非常注重自身的感受有人用“十相来形象地归纳现代年轻人的择偶标准一是志向相同二是爱好相似三是年龄相近四是文化相当五是感情相投六是心心相印七是性格相融八是语言相通九是平等相待十是有事相商当青年人认为已经找到理想的伴侣时即便是父母反对他们也会坚持大多数父母为了孩子的幸福也会尽量尊重孩子的选择所以“梁祝悲剧在现代社会已很少见年轻人找到自己爱慕的对象经过多则几年少则几个月的自由恋爱后双方觉得他们的感情很深对方就是自己理想的终身伴侣于是就开始谈婚论嫁婚俗就进人到订婚阶段二订婚在城市订婚仪式已经被弱化常见的就是男方家长带着礼物到女方家里拜访女方父母女方家里则会设宴热情款待对方通过这次见面男女双方家长增加了对对方家庭的了解并就婚期新房的购置婚礼用品的置办等重要的结婚事宜进行商议当双方达成一致后男方就会拿出精心准备的订婚戒指由男方亲自给女方带上以前男方基本上都送金戒指现在随着人们生活水平的提高大多送钻戒同时为了表示诚意男方家长也会给未来的亲家准备礼物当然女方也会拿出礼物回赠给男方订婚仪式完成之后这桩婚事就基本确定下来不能随意更改在农村订婚仪式要隆重得多女方的父母不但亲自到男方家查看而且还带上一些亲戚同行
这种风俗有的地方叫做访人家”当男方家里的情
况让女方满意时双方就会高高兴兴地喝订婚酒
商量结婚的事宜女方离开时男方不但要给未来的儿媳妇送上金项链金戒指金耳环等贵重礼物还要给女方家送上少则几千多则几万的彩礼在一些偏远的乡村很多贫困家庭无力承担彩礼钱
许多成年男子找不到老婆光棍队伍越来越
大即
便是在一些经济较活跃的农村地区男女双方因彩
礼数目达不成一致而大伤感情甚至反目成仇婚
事告吹的事情也时有所闻送彩礼已成为影响农村青年人婚姻幸福的绊脚石是农村婚俗
中的陋习
巫待新一代农民去改变它订婚时除了给女方家
送彩礼外男方还要给女方同行的亲戚每人准备一份礼物所以对农村的男方家庭来说订婚的花费很大一旦订婚女方就不能反悔否则不但会被视为一种不道德的行为而且还要赔偿男方订婚的经济损失三结婚
如果说两情相悦是结婚的前提条件那么结婚
登记则是婚姻的法律保障我国的《婚姻法》和《婚姻登记法》规定在举行正式婚礼之前要完成法律
规定的登记手续所以适婚男女婚前必须持身份证户口本等证件到相应的婚姻登记机关申请登
记领取结婚证从礼俗的角度看法律是最大的礼俗是人们必须无条件遵守的
当婚前准备就绪后婚俗就进人到最高潮的部分—举行结婚典礼这天一大早新娘子就会到美容院化好妆梳好头然后在家等候新郎的到来新郎则会带上几辆贴有大红喜字装饰一新的婚车
到女方家迎娶新娘子在中午十二时前新郎身着西装新娘披着婚纱两人胸前带着红色的胸花站在即将举行婚礼的酒店前接受亲朋好友的祝贺来宾坐好后结婚仪式就开始了新人踏着婚礼进行曲》步人仪式现场主婚人为新人主婚后热情
的
司仪插科打浑不但要新人介绍恋爱史而且还来点恶作剧为难一下新人把仪式的气氛推向高潮仪式结束后新人在长辈的带领下向来宾一一敬