2015年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题16 阅读理解之科普类说明文 Word版含解析

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2015·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Spac e Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Mean while your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。

63.A细节理解题。

根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challen ges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。

故选A项。

64. C细节理解题。

根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。

故选C项。

65. D细节理解题。

根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

故选D项。

66.B细节理解题。

根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and th e future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。

故选B项。

【考点定位】说明文阅读【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。

考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。

2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。

科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。

导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。

背景交待一个事实的起因。

主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。

结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。

3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。

2.【2015·北京卷】CLife in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it.To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering. Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.A. stay in groupsB. can be easily damagedC. appear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creatures64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.A. silentlyB. graduallyC. regularlyD. completely65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.A. change the direction of light travelB. gather materials to scatter light.C. avoid the absorption of lightD. grow bigger to stop light.66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.A. move more slowly in deep waterB. stay see-through even after deathC. produce more tissues for their survivalD. take effective action to reduce light spreading【解析】试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。

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最新精编高考英语真题分类汇编：专题16-科普类说明文(含答案解析)

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2021·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Mea nwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can beannoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to makea round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

2021年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2020·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Mean while your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why somepeople feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

2015年高考真题——英语(上海卷)_Word版含解析

2015 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分150 分。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12 页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13 页），全卷共13 页。

所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（填空题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

第Ⅰ卷（共103 分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections : In section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questionwill be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the fourpossible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you haveheard.1.A. impatient B. confused C. pleased D. regretful2. A. at a bus stopB. at a laundryC. at the dentist ’s D. at the chemist ’s3. A. An actor B. A salesman C. A translator D. A writer4. A. He lost his classmate ’ s homework.B. He can ’ t help the woman with her math.C. He broke the woman ’ s calculator.D. He doesn ’ t know where the “ on” button is.5. A. The woman should go to another counter.B. The woman gives the man so many choices.C. The man dislike the sandwiches offered there.D. The man is having trouble deciding what to eat.6. A. She has no idea where to find the man ’ s exam result.B. She isn ’ t allowedtetlol students their grades.C. Dr. White hasn ’ t finish grading the papers.D. Dr. White doesn ’ t want to be contacted while he ’ s away.7. A. Move to a neat dormitory?C. Clean the room with the roommate ?? B. Find a person to share their apartmentD. Write an article about their roommate8. A. Bob won ’ t take her adviceB. Bob doesn ’ t want to go abroadC. She doesn ’ t think Bob should study overseasD. She hasn ’ t talked to Bob since he went aboard9. A. The snack bar isn ’ t usually so empty. B. Dessert is served in the snack bar.C. The snack bar is near the library.D. Snacks aren ’ t allowed in the library.10. A. Take her bicycle to the repair shop. B. Leave her bicycle outside.C. Clean the garage after the rain stops.D. Check if the garage is dry.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions oneach of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one wouldbe the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It helps care for customers ’dogs.B. You have to buy food for dogs.C. None of the dogs are caged.D. There is a dog named Princess.12. A. She likes the food there.B. She enjoys the fun with a pet.C. She can have free coffee.D. She doesn ’ t like to be alone.13. A. A new kind of cafe.B. A new brand of cafe.C. A new home for pets.D. A new way to raise pets.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passages.14. A. A trend that high achievers are given a lower salary.B. A view that life quality is more important than pay.C. A dream of the young for fast-paced jobs.D. A new term created by high achievers.15. A. 10% B. 12% C. 6% D. 7%16. A. People are less satisfied with their lives.B. The financial investment may increase.C. Well-paid jobs are not easy to find.D. Unexpected problems may arise.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.SRTService NotesAccount No.: 17Service Request: Check the 18Solutions: Send another 19 (2 pm on 20 )Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.In what way are these climbers special? They are all 21 .22 .Why did they choose to conquerMount Kilimanjaro?What did they do in time of difficulty????????? They persevered, 23 each other.How did they record their adventure? By keeping 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of thegiven word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Gift from a strangerMy local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'dnoticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) I was in a good mood, I let her have it. Onthe edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot —it was a tight fit.Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I(26) (empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling womanreverse park（倒车）.Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me(27) odd look —half puzzled, half intent ( 热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As Isqueezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) (look) in at me. "Hello," she said,hesitantly. "This (29) sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off atthe chari ty bins. ” You are just so much (30) her. ” You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy. ” She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. “ I thin would like you to have it. ”(31) (shock), I tookheitrfraoumtomatically. She smiled and walkedaway.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was(32) (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was aroundmy neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.(B)Ask helpful HannahDear helpful Hannah,I ’ ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and hetook it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has aconstant urge (33) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’ssoaddicted to it that he just can ’ t stand the idea (34th)ere may be an important text. He can ’thelp checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking tohim! He behaves (35) any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check hisphone even when he know he shouldn ’ t. The temptation to see (36) is connecting him is justtoo great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) (ignore) me, he say, “ In a minute. ” but still checks to see if (38) has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (39)(interrupted). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawalsymptom. May this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem.I recently read an article about “nomophobia, (4”0)is a real illness people can ’stufferfrom the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illnessbecause he feels anxious if he doesn ’ t have his phone with him, even for a short time.Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so much trouble!Sick and Tired SadieSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be usedonce. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. accessB. alternativesC. designedD. confirmedE. conflictingF. elementsG. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supportingConsidering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed.Well- designed office spaces help create a corporation ’ s image. They motivate workers and they makean impression on people who visit and might be potential, or 41 , customers. They makebusiness work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designerscome up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry hasmoved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “ strategic management environments. These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies （等级制度）have flattened or decreased, office designers ’ response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and createfewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been 44 by changes inworkstation design. Office and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanentbasis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement ofdesks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication,which designers have improved by breaking the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have47 to h e’a v i l y trafficked areasalso created informal gathering places and upgradedemployeessuch as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing andoften 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technologicalinnovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with theneed to create interiors ( 内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company ’ s image and will enable employees to 49 and their best.All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like goodmarriage —the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for eachother.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine theirmeaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty ofanimals with people running after them. Life for ancient people ’esarned to center on hunting andgathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 inpeople ’ s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to dowith love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask,what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teethgo only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard thatopposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set instone.First ImpressionTo help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and hadthem talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other ’ s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. Afternine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an earlystage who would best fit into their lives.The 60 KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animalsgive off pheromones —natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in,other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or isfeeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals atdetecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although wemay not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of informationthrough smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we findattractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to vieweach face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time tostudy the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happythinking.51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle54. A. tested B. impressed C. changed D. created55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted63. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritating第二部分：阅读理解（第一节共20 小题，第二节 5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分50 分）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（ A 、B 、C 和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

高考英语阅读理解科普类说明文4篇 -- 较难 (有答案)

高考英语说明文4篇1Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t makeus tire. It sounds absurd/əb'sɜːd/荒谬的. But a years ago, scientists tried to find outhow long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage 阶段of fatigue /fə'tiːg/(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we tooka drop of blood from a day laborer劳动者, we would find it full offatigue toxins /'tɒksɪn/ (毒素) and fatigue products. But if we tookblood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatiguetoxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly很快地at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mentaland emotional(情绪的) attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists, J.A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which wesuffer is of mental origin /'ɒrɪdʒɪn/起源. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction?No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety/æŋ'zaɪətɪ/焦虑, tenseness紧张, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated---those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.B. Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn after a day’s work.C. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D. A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.2. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Unpleasant emotions.C. Endless tasks.D. Physical labo3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ idea?A. He agrees with them.B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them.D. He hesitates to accept them.4. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to ________.A. have some good food.B. enjoy their workC. exercise regularlyD. discover fatigue toxins2They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quietbut alert /ə'lɜːt/（警觉）. Twenty centimeters厘from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, hergaze（凝视）starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots,is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did atthe previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, butwith three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest whenthe number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness 名，新奇? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地）when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.5. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s__.A. sense of hearingB. sense of sightC. sense of touch D sense of smell6. Babies are sensitive to the change in______.A. the size of cardsB. the colour of picturesC. the shape of patternsD. the number of objects7. Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B. To see howbabies recognize sounds.C. To carry their experiment further.D. To keep the babies’interest.8. Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction.B. Children’s literature.C. An advertisement.D.A science report3Last night’s meteor(流星) 英/'miːtɪə/ shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’s mayor市长, people gathered in the suburbs /'sʌbɜːb/ of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brighteneby the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be ahuge disappointments.”Astronomers- /ə'strɒnəmə/n. 天文学家--scientists who study stars and planets----have beencomplaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur /ˈæmətə(r)/美 /'æmə.tʃʊr/n. 爱好者star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100million birds a year throughoutNorth America die in crashes 撞碎with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, butsome scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase pers on’s chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona/,æri'zəunə/美 /,æri'zəunə/n. 美国亚利桑那州, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.英 /əb'zɜːvət(ə)rɪ/美 /əb'zɝvətɔri/n. 天文台；气象台；瞭望台Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway 进行中的to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.9.It happened last night thatA. the city’s lights affected the meteor watchingB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing10. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than beforeB. Their observation equipment is in poor repairC. Light pollution has remained unsolved for yearsD. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting11. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration pathsB. Animals living habits may changesuddenlyC. Varieties of animals will become sharplyreducedD. Animals’ survival is threatened by outdoorlighting12. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona areput into effect toA. Lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony13.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselvesB. Great efforts should be made to save energyC. Human activities should be environmentally friendlyD. New equipment should be introduced for space study4Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5，100 years old. Evidence suggests thatwheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . Thiscould be because animals did a perfectly good job of carryingfarming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfacesweren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demandfor them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There hadbeen no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before thearrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design ofroad--a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer ofsmaller stones. A Scotsman苏格兰人improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around thesame time, metal hubs英 /hʌb/美 /hʌb/n. 中心；毂；木片(the central part of a wheel)、came into being, followed by the Wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(泊油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.14. What might explain why transport wheels didn’t become popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.C. Animals were a good means of transport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.15. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.16. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C.By following time order.D.By making classifications.17.What is the passage mainly about ?A.The beginning of road deaign.B.The development of transport wheel.C.The history of public transport.D.The invention of fast-moving vehicles.。

2019年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题16-科普类说明文(含答案解析)

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2015·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Mea nwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to makea round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

专题16科普类说明文三年高考(20152017)英语试题(无答案)

2015-2017年高考英语分项解析精编版专题16科普类说明文2017高考题科普知识类[2017·北京卷]DHollywood's theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: ―If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.‖A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but noteasy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just ―switch them off‖ as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, ―Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.‖ However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________．A．run out of human controlB．satisfy human's real desiresC．command armies of killer robotsD．work faster than a mathematician68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________．A．prevent themselves from being destroyedB．achieve their original goals independentlyC．do anything successfully with given ordersD．beat humans in international chess matches69．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ________．A．help super intelligent machines work betterB．be secure against evil human beingsC．keep machines from being harmedD．avoid robots' affecting the world70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A．It will disappear with the development of AI.B．It will get worse with human interference.C．It will be solved but with difficulty.D．It will stay for a decade.[2017·江苏卷]BBefore birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：OrnithologicalAdvances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ―feed me！‖ call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. ―As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？‖Kleindorfer asks. ―Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.‖58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means ―________‖．A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be just as bad D．be just as good59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________．A．can receive quality signalsB．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment betterD．make the loudest call[2017·江苏卷]DOld problem，new approachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：―There is no ‗onesize fits all‘ adaptation.‖ Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on it s list of ―100 ideas to save the planet‖．More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________．A．adaptation is an ever-changing processB．the cost of adaptation varies with timeC．global warming affects adaptation formsD．adaptation to climate change is challenging66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?A．The project receives government support.B．Different organizations work with each other.C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?A．Storing ice for future use.B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.C．Changing the irrigation time.D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.68．What do we learn from the Peru example?A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C．This country is heating up too quickly.D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________．A．adapt to carbon pollutionB．plant highly profitable cropsC．leave carbon emission aloneD．fight against carbon pollution70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?A．Setting up a new standard.B．Reducing carbon emission.C．Adapting to climate change.D．Monitoring polluting industries.[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]DA build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the US Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5′×5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A．It's delicate. B．It's expensive.C．It's complex. D．It's portable.33．What does the underlined phrase ―the water catcher‖ in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．The tube. B．The still.C．The hole. D．The cup.34．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?A．Dig a hole of a certain size.B．Put the cup in place.C．Weight the sheet's centre down.D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________．A．the plastic tube B．outside the holeC．the open air D．beneath the sheet[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]CTerrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition，a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．The basic data of the Transition.B．The advantages of flying cars.C．The potential market for flying cars.C．The designers of the Transition.29．Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A．It causes traffic jams.B．It is difficult to operate.C．It is very expensive.D．It burns too much fuel.30．What is the government's attitude to the development of the flying car?A．Cautious. B．Favourable.C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.31．What is the best title for the text?A．Flying car at Auto ShowB．The Transition's first flightC．Pilots' dream coming trueD．Flying car closer to reality[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named ―DriveLAB‖ in order to underst and the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health andwell-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: ―For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.―But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop drivin g before they really need to.‖Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ―The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.―For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.―We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.‖32．What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?A．To explore new means of transport.B．To design new types of cars.C．To find out older drivers' problems.D．To teach people traffic rules.33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A．It keeps them independent.B．It helps them save time.C．It builds up their strength.D．It cures their mental illnesses.34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A．Improve their driving skills.B．Develop driver-assist technologies.C．Provide tips on repairing their cars.D．Organize regular physical checkups.35．What is the best title for the text?A．A new model electric carB．A solution to traffic problemsC．Driving services for eldersD．Keeping older drivers on the road[2017·浙江卷6月考]BGetting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: Most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal (理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10-to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.―More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone，‖ says Dr Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers' bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. American kids' sleeping habits.B. Teenagers' sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.26．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A. 7 hours.B. 8 hours.C. 10 hours.D. 18 hours.27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.B. They tend to do things that excite them.C. They follow their parents' examples.D. They don't need to go to school early.2016高考题1.【2016·全国新课标II】CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of Boo kCrossing, says, ―The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.‖Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ―real‖ and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundredthirty-five countries.9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A. To explain what they are.B.To introduce BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading.D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.10. What does the underlined word ―it‖ in Paragraph 2refer to?A. The book.B.An adventure.C.A public place.D. The identification number.11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?A. Meet other readers to discuss it.B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.C. Pass it on to another reader.D. Mail it back to its owner.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Online Reading: A Virtual TourB. Electronic Books: A new TrendC. A Book Group Brings Tradition BackD. A Website Links People through Books2.【2016·北京】CCalifornia Condor‘s Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North America‘s largest birds,with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s,electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drovethem to dying out. Now, electric shock training andmedical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off. ―As they go in to rest for the night, they just don‘t see the power lines,‖ says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout‘s team thinks that the California condors‘ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. ―Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,‖ he says. ―They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ‖63.California condors attract researchers‘ interest because they .A.are active at nightB.had to be bred in the wildC.are found on in CaliforniaD.almost died out in the 1980s64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .A.blocking condors‘ journey homeB. big killers of Califorbnia condorasC. rest places for condors at nightD. used to keep condors away65. According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .A.makes condors too nervous to flyB. has little effect on condors‘ kidneysC. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors‘ bloodD. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds66. The passage shows that .A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryB.Rideout‘s research interest lies in electric engineeringC.the efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsD.researchers have found the final answers to the problem3.【2016·天津】CWhen John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. ―Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,‖said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. ―And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.‖Vaillant‘s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men‘s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and。

专题16阅读理解之科普类-高考英语试题分项版解析(解析版)

高中英语学习材料（灿若寒星*制作整理）2014年高考英语分项解析精编版专题16 阅读理解之科普类【2014·重庆卷】CThe idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid --- we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard（蜥蜴）native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we’ll need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting.”But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “non-Newtonian” liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water. Now if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles（粒子）in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.Fun though all this may sound, it’s still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink --- and take a shower afterward!【小题1】. Walking on water hasn’t become a reality mainly because humans _______.A. are not interested in itB. have biological limitationsC. have not invented proper toolsD. are afraid to make an attempt【小题2】. What do we know about Basilicus basilicas from the passage?A. It is light enough to walk on water.B. Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.C. It can run across water at a certain speedD. Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water【小题3】. What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?A. To create a thick liquid.B. To turn the water into solid.C. To help the liquid behave normally.D. To enable the water to move rapidly.【小题4】. What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of human’s walking on water?A. It is risky but beneficial.B. It is interesting and worth tryingC. It is crazy and cannot become a realityD. It is impractical; though theoretically possible【2014·山东卷】DHow fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone.The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don’t f orget the insides of the teeth!) and make sure you’re brushing long enough. “It’s kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor.The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun,” Several says.Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The U.S. is the first target market.Serval says that one day, it’ll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.【小题1】56. Which is one of the feature of the Kolibree toothbrush?A. It can sense how users brush their teeth.B. It can track users’ school performance.C. It can detect users’ fear of seeing a dentist.D. It can help users find their phones.【小题2】57. What can we learn from Serval’s words in Paragraph 3?A. You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.B. You should see your dentist on a day-to –day basis.C. You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.D. You’d like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.【小题3】58. Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?A. It can be used to update mobile phones.B. It can be used to play mobile phone gamesC. It can send messages to other usersD. It can talk to its developers.【小题4】59. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush【小题5】60. What can we infer about Serval’s children?A. They were unwilling to brush their teethB. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.【小题6】61. What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?A. The brush handle will be removed.B. A mobile phone will be built into it.C. It will be used to fill holes in teethD. It will be able to check users’ teeth 【答案】【小题1】A【小题2】C【小题3】B【小题4】D【小题5】A【小题6】D【2014·北京卷】CChoosing the Right Resolution (决定)Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construce goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based onoutput, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not knoe how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control.As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.63. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because _______ .A. it is hard to achieve for most AmericansB. it is focused too much on the resultC. it is dependent on too many thingsD. it is based on actionable decisions64. In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because ______ .A. they obeyed all the general rulesB. they paid more attention to examsC. they were motivated by their classmatesD. they were rewarded for reading some books65. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?A. “I’ll give up desert.”B. “I’ll study harder.”C. “I’ll cut down my expense”D. “I’ll spend more time with my family”66. The writer strongly believes that we should ________ .A. develop good habits and focus on the outcomeB. be optimistic about final goals and stick to themC. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsD. set ambitious goals that can balance the input ang output【答案】measure your success easily”可知，作者实际上是建议人们采取可形成好习惯的行动来实现目标。

三年高考高考英语试题分项版解析专题16科普类说明文(含解析)

专题16科普类说明文2016高考题1.【2016·全国新课标II】CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A. To explain what they are.B.To introduce BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading.D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to?A. The book.B.An adventure.C.A public place.D. The identification number.11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?A. Meet other readers to discuss it.B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.C. Pass it on to another reader.D. Mail it back to its owner.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Online Reading: A Virtual TourB. Electronic Books: A new TrendC. A Book Group Brings Tradition BackD. A Website Links People through Books【答案】9. B 10. A11. C 12. D11.C 推理判断题。

备战2015年高考英语_6年高考真题分项版精解精析专题18_阅读理解之科普类(解析版)Word版含解析

【2014高考试题】一、（2014安徽卷）BRecordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)-either recorded or real-may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer's crops.In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops. But before she asked farmer to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, which burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a close to each family.From a distance, Lucy switched on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees. Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them. When Lucy Played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn't tested enough groups yet to know, but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers. She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.60. We know from the passage that elephants may he frightened of .A. loud noisesB. some cropsC. video camerasD. angry bees61. As mentioned in the passage, LucyA. works by herself in AfricaB. needs to test more elephant groupsC. has stopped elephants eating cropsD. has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms62. Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?A. To record the sound of bees.B. To make a video of elephants.C. To see if elephants would run away.D. To find out more about the behavior of bees.63. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Young elephants ignore African honeybees.B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.C. Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.D. Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.63. 【答案】C【解析】推理题。

(完整word版)高考英语考前精讲精练16科普类说明文含解析

专题16 科普类说明文2018高考题D【2018·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。

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