语篇翻译

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语篇翻译

语篇翻译

二、语篇翻译之归化翻译 如前所述,语篇是人们运用语言系统进行交际的 结构——意义单位,而翻译作为语言交际的一种 跨语言、跨文化交际活动形式,必然以交际的存 在方式——语篇形式而体现。因此,实际存在的 翻 译 必 然 就 是 语 篇 翻 译 。 我们知道任何一种语言的语篇所表达的意义或信 息均是由无数信息单元组成的,并且这些单元并 非处在同一个层次上,相反,它们有主辅之别, 轻重之分。另一方面,由于不同语言的语篇存在 语篇构建模式、文化差异等等方面的不同,翻译 中,常有的情形是译文语篇做不到对原文语篇意 义、信息百分之百地传递,而是有所遗失,“意 义对等”是柏拉图式幻想( Maria Tymoczko 2001)。
反之,上述英语语篇的主旨却是通过 “There are many factors which contribute in the problem of road safety‖这一主题句而直接 点明。另一方面,就语篇的连接形式来讲, 一般地说,英语语篇多于形连(cohesion), 而汉语语篇则长于意连(coherence)。这一 点,我们可以通过把汉语语篇中所有省略的 词填补进去以及与该语篇相应的汉语译文语 篇 的 对 比 而 显 得 一 目 了 然 :
一. 语篇及英汉语篇的差异 根据篇章语言学(text linguistics)理论,语 篇 (text)是人们利用语言系统进行交际的结 构——意义单位,其产生与理解是以交际双 方共有或假设共有知识的估量为基础。这里 的共有知识(shared knowledge)包含非语言知 识与语言知识两大模块。非语言知识涉及到 语篇建构与解读过程中作者、读者的百科知 识和逻辑知识;而语言知识系语篇编码与解 码时必需遵循的规则,即语篇的属性:一致 性(unity)与连贯性(cohesion)。

语篇翻译——衔接与连贯

语篇翻译——衔接与连贯

Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。

它可以是独白、对话,也可以是众人交谈;可以说文字标志,也可以是诗歌、小说。

它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一两句可成篇,长者可洋洋万言以上。

所以,可以说,无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答,还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿,都可以是语篇。

语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。

衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。

衔接与连贯密不可分,衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提,但并不是说,连贯必须要以衔接为前提。

衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见语言现象。

. Paris I’ve always wanted to go there.7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)两种。

前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction);(后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation))。

(Halliday & Hason)这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络,使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来,从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。

7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说,英语多用连接词来连接,而汉语则通过意义来连接。

2.在语法方面,英语语法是显性的,而汉语语法则属隐性。

3.对英汉互译的启示。

7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。

. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it..Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。

语篇翻译

语篇翻译

Passage OneEnchantment of the South Sea IslandsThe mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls.南海诸岛之魔力浩瀚的太平洋不断冲刷着五大陆的海岸—北美、南美、亚洲、澳大利亚、南极洲。

其东南与大西洋汇合,西南与印度洋分界。

太平洋的魔力即不存在于大陆海岸,也不存在于海岛之中,而是隐藏于神秘的南海诸岛。

语篇的翻译

语篇的翻译
At the edge of the Mississippi River in St. Louis stands the Gateway Arch, the world’s tallest monument. This stainless steel structure, designed by Eero Saarinen, commemorates the Westward Movement.
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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语篇的翻译
2. 主位-述位结构
汉英两种语言在主位-述位结构上的主要 差异主要表现在汉语为主题突出型 (topic-prominent)的语言,而英 语则为主语突出型(subjectprominent)的语言。
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
9
语篇的翻译
The Gateway Arch at the edge of the Mississippi River in St. Louis is the world’s tallest monument. Eero Saarinen designed the stainless steel structure that commemorates the Westward Movement.
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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语篇的翻译
2. 主位-述位结构
见富贵而生谄容者最可耻, 遇贫穷而作骄恣者贱莫甚。
He who grows sycophantic before people of wealth and position is most degrading. He who waxes haughty in front of the poor is far too despicable.

语篇翻译定义--崔萍萍

语篇翻译定义--崔萍萍


翻译案例

原文:There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights. (T.H.Huxley) (选自连淑能著人的思维活动之间存在着 差别,这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉者和一个化验室 在操作方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量, 而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析。其差别 不过如此而已。(选自连淑能著《英汉对比研究》第58页)
案例分析
1 ,由于英语重形合,组篇造句时常用各种形式手段链接 词语、分句或句子,注重显性衔接,注重句子形式和结构 完整,注重以形显义;而汉语重意合,组篇造句时少用或 不用形式连接手段,注重隐形连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序, 注重以神统形。 2 , 如 原 文 中 的 as there is 将 两 个 比 较 句 连 接 起 来 ; batcher 与 chemist 后面分别跟了一个 who 引导的定语从句, 将句子成分与先行词紧密地连接在了一起;而by means of 介词短语将后面的词语连接起来,这些都是英语中的衔接 手段,体现了语义的连贯性。

语篇翻译

语篇翻译

该汉语段落的中心思想就是:历史告诉我 们,只有马克思列宁主义才能救中国。但 这一主题的阐发方式却明显不同于英语论 说文段落模式,它形散神聚,词句的随"意" 自然流动、重文气(气韵)而轻文理(理 则)、乃至断句不严等特点,均可在其中 找到。
It may be that I am a pessimist, for spring it is, not autumn, that makes me sad. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and bitter. The daffodils which challenge so proudly and splendidly the boisterous March winds are soon shriveled and defeated, limply wrinkling to remind us of the inevitable ravages of time. The world is urgent with bursting life, with the wild exciting beauty of youth, but it is an impetuous beauty of scenes racing impatiently in to the florid and surfeited luxury of summer. Here is no comfort and fulfillment, only passionate creation of transitory delight.
情、呼唤功能 2.2.2 广告文本的翻译:商标的翻译;口号的

语篇翻译

语篇翻译

过节中国人过节,吃是主要内容,为了显示过节的气氛和水平,少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。

这样一来,节前的紧张采购暂且不说,节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上,妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的,自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我,是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的,于是节后天天吃剩菜。

所以我不喜欢过节。

Festival-celebratingFor us Chinese,Festival celebration mainly consists in eating.To enhance the festival atmosphere/festive mood and show off the level of festivities,there will at least be a series of meat and vegetarian dishes.In this way,I have to not only assume the tight shopping before the festival but also make over leftovers after that as my wife and children are’t willing to touch the leavings.What’s worse,born in the countryside and deeply subjected to the saying“Every grain comes froms hardworking”,I absolutely refuse to throw away the leftovers.Therefore,it is my nightmare to eat up leftovers day by day after the festival,which really makes me hate festivals.。

语篇与翻译(1)

语篇与翻译(1)
语篇与翻译( ) 语篇与翻译(1)
长句翻译
• 1. 顺序法 On August 1, the gunboat began her mission, which was, in the eyes of the defenders, a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault which had begun on July 31.
• 当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里 当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里, 又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地 接受你捉上来的任何东西时候,如 接受你捉上来的任何东西时候 如 果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过 果你懂得什么叫美的话 时间是过 得很快的! 得很快的
• And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets世界将进入令人瞩目的 不到三年世界将进入令人瞩目的2000 而不到四年---更确切地说 年---,而不到四年 更确切地说 到2001 而不到四年 更确切地说,到 一个新的一千年就将开始. 年1月1日---一个新的一千年就将开始 月 日 一个新的一千年就将开始 对于今后30年中可能发生些什么 年中可能发生些什么,有人 对于今后 年中可能发生些什么 有人 鼓励我谈谈我个人的看法---在很大程 鼓励我谈谈我个人的看法 在很大程 度上,这一看法受到多年来阅读有关文 度上 这一看法受到多年来阅读有关文 章和著作的影响. 章和著作的影响
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The long-awaited recession has apparently arrived and many economists are now saying that the downturn in the nation’s economic activity will be deeper and longer than previously forecast.
• 为什么总是粗野的占有了精致的?男人能占 有他不应占有的女人、女人能占有她不应占 有的男人?
• -- “Will it target only existing customers?”
• -- “At first, yes. But if the TV ads go well, then we’re going to do a larger follow-up mailshot. We’ll see what happens.”
衔接手段的功能
• In the last twenty years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations have at the same time grown faster. The standard of living hasn’t improved. The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. There has been no gain in the productivity of land labour.
• The people were there and the land– the first dazed and bleeding and hungry, and, when winter came, shivering in their rags in the hovels which the bombings had made of their home; the second a vast wasteland of rubble. The German people had not been destroyed, as Hitler, who had tried to destroy so many other peoples and , in the end, when the war was lost, themselves, had wished.
商务语篇的衔接与翻译
• 所谓语篇,即在交际功能上相对完整和 独立的、通常是大于句子的一个语言片
段。它长可以是一本著作,短可以是一
则通知、一首小诗。(李运兴《英汉语 篇翻译》)
• 衔接与连贯
• 衔接(cohesion):是将语句聚合在一起的语 法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见 语言现象。
• 连贯(coherence): 是语篇中语义上的相互 关联。存在于语篇的深层,体现了语篇中 各个成分之间的逻辑关系,也体现了语篇 作者的交际意图和预期的语篇功能。
• 我的词典给“幸福”下的定义是“幸 运”“好运”,但是,我认为对幸福更好的
解释是“能够乐在其中”。我们越能乐
在其中,就越幸福。施人以爱,被人所爱, 友人相伴,对住所的选择随心所欲,乃至身 体健康,这一切所带来的快乐都易为人们 所忽略。(徐丽娜:《中国翻译》2001年 第4期)
Economist Sees a Deeper Slump Than Predicted
• 人民还在那里,土地也还在那里。但人民都茫 茫然、流着血、挨着饿,当冬天到来时,他们 在被炸成断垣残壁的破屋中,穿着破烂的衣服 不停地打着哆嗦;土地则一片荒芜,瓦砾成堆。 曾经企图毁灭其他许多民族的希特勒,在战争 最后失败的时候也想要毁灭德国人民,但与他 的愿望相反,德国人民并没有被毁灭。
衔接手段
• In the last twenty years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, however, have at the same time grown faster, and so their standard of living hasn’t improved. What’s more, their increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. As a result, there has been no gain in the productivity of land labour.
• 他们预言,可上网手机今年将在这里和欧 洲流行。如果你到现在还没有的话,圣诞 节时你也许会在圣诞树下发现一部。
• —I’m not laughing at you, am I? • —You did.
• —He must come back. • —I don’t think so.
• 连接
• 连接是表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段,又 称“逻辑联系语”(黄国文, 1988) 。通 过使用各种连接词语,句子间的语义逻辑 关系可以明确表示出来。(also, but, why, because, at first, then, in front of)
• 对于观光了一天筋疲力尽的游人来说,最后 一站是老城,那里有许多酒吧,日暮时游人可 以在那儿开怀畅饮。
• If that‘s your last stop at the end of an exhausting day of sightseeing, stay in the old city, because there are plenty of bars in which to enjoy an early evening drink. (何善芬:《英汉语言对比研究》)
英汉语篇的连贯与翻译
一、连贯(coherence): 是语篇 中语义上的相互关联。存在于 语篇的深层,体现了语篇中各 个成分之间的逻辑关系,也体 现了语篇作者的交际意图和预 期的语篇功能。
• 语篇的连贯:通过读者的理解来实现 • 语篇的衔接:通过语法或词汇手段来实现。
• It’s lonely at the top. Just ask IBM. While a crowd of Lilliputian competitors is nibbling away at profits by selling “clones” of IBM’s personal computers, larger rivals are teaming up in an attempt to beat the computer colossus in the profitable software and office-network business.
• 照应 (reference) • 省略和替代 (ellipsis and substitution) • 连接词语 (conjunction) • 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
• 照应
• 在语篇中,如果对于一个词语的解释不能从 词语本身获得,而必须从该词语所指的对象 中寻求答案,这就产生了照应关系(Halliday &Hasan, 1976) 。照应是一种语义关系,它 指的是语篇中一个成分做另一个成分的参
• 熟铁几乎就是纯铁。熟铁在校办工厂里不 太常见,因为φ价格很贵。熟铁好锻, 冷热均 易弯曲成型, 还能够焊接。
• wrought iron - it - its - it;
• 汉语句群呈词汇(同词重复)衔接(一处零式 指称φ) :熟铁—熟铁—φ—熟铁。
• In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position.
• -- 这只是面向现有的顾客吗?
• -- 是的,起初是这样的。不过如果电视 广告进展良好,我们将把更多的广告信 函邮寄给潜在的顾客。我们要看一看事 情的发展情况。
• 替代:指的是用替代词来取代语篇的
另一种语言成分。(one, kind, so, do)
• 汉语重重复,英语重替代
• This is the year, they predict, that webenabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. It you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Christmas tree.
• 词汇衔接
• 词汇衔接是通过运用一组意义相关的词语 以达到语篇衔接的目的。同义词、近义词、 上义词、下义词、概括词、反义词 (p111)
• My dictionary defines happy as “lucky” or “fortune”, but I think a better definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (Lynn Peters: Our Pursuit of Happiness)
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